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Zheng W, Zhang Y, Gu Q, Liang Q, Long Y, Wu Q, Xian S. Development of an indirect ELISA against Orf virus using two recombinant antigens, partial B2L and F1L. J Virol Methods 2024; 326:114891. [PMID: 38336349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Orf is a highly contagious viral disease affecting goats and sheep. It is caused by Orf virus (ORFV) and has caused severe economic losses to the global goat industry, including in China. In this study, an indirect ELISA method for recombinant proteins based on truncated dominant antigenic epitopes of B2L and F1L genes of ORFV was established. A series of conditions and its performance were comprehensively evaluated. The optimized ELISA reaction conditions were: the optimal coating amount of antigen was 0.25 μg/mL, 5% skim milk powder was closed for 1 h, the optimal dilution of serum was 1:200, the optimal incubation time of the rabbit anti-goat IgG was 1:8000, the optimal color development time of TMB was 15 mins, and the threshold value of negative-positive was 0.358. The method specifically detects anti-ORFV antibodies and does not cross-react with positive sera for other common goat pathogenic bacteria antiserum. ORFV-positive sera were still positive after 1:512 dilution, with intra-batch coefficient of variation (CV) between 7.1% and 9.5% and inter-batch CV between 5.0% and 7.6%; 51% (92/180) of immunized goat serum samples were tested positive and 14.44% (14/63) of non-immunized goat serum samples were positive. The results show that the indirect ELISA antibody assay established in this study has good specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, and provides a technical tool for clinical ORFV serum antibody detection and epidemiological investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihao Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - You Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinglin Gu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Liang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Youci Long
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Wu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Simei Xian
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
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Dalton CS, Tomaselli M, Rothenburger JL, Mavrot F, Di Francesco J, Leclerc LM, Ytrehus B, Checkley S, Kutz S, Abdul-Careem MF, van der Meer F. Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Orf Virus and Muskox Rhadinovirus 1 from Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) in the Canadian Arctic. J Wildl Dis 2024; 60:461-473. [PMID: 38334201 DOI: 10.7589/jwd-d-22-00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus) has been associated with gross skin lesions on muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) from Victoria Island, Nunavut, Canada, where muskox populations are experiencing population declines. Orf virus causes painful proliferative and necrotizing dermatitis upon viral replication and shedding, which may lead to animal morbidity or mortality through secondary infections and starvation. Herpesvirus, known to cause gross lesions on skin and mucosa during active viral replication, has also been documented in muskoxen but to date has not been associated with clinical disease. Our objective was to characterize the variation of orf virus and herpesvirus in wild muskoxen of the Canadian Arctic. Tissue samples including gross skin lesions from the nose, lips, and/or legs were opportunistically collected from muskoxen on Victoria Island, Nunavut and Northwest Territories, and mainland Nunavut, Canada, from 2015 to 2017. Sampled muskoxen varied in age, sex, location, hunt type, and body condition. Tissues from 60 muskoxen were tested for genetic evidence of orf virus and herpesvirus infection using PCR targeting key viral genes. Tissues from 38 muskoxen, including 15 with gross lesions, were also examined for histological evidence of orf virus and herpesvirus infection. Eleven muskoxen (10 from Victoria Island and one from mainland Nunavut) with gross lesions had microscopic lesions consistent with orf virus infection. Muskox rhadinovirus 1, a gammaherpesvirus endemic to muskoxen, was detected in 33 (55%) muskoxen including 17 with gross lesions. In all tissues examined, there was no histological evidence of herpesvirus-specific disease. Sequencing and characterization of amplified PCR products using phylogenetic analysis indicated that a strain of orf virus, which appears to be unique, is likely to be endemic in muskoxen from Victoria Island and mainland Nunavut. Many of the muskoxen are also subclinically infected with a known muskox-endemic strain of herpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimoné Stefni Dalton
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Matilde Tomaselli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Polar Knowledge Canada, Canadian High Arctic Research Station, 1 Uvajuq Rd., P.O. Box 2150, Cambridge Bay, Nunavut X0B 0C0, Canada
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Fabien Mavrot
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Juliette Di Francesco
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lisa-Marie Leclerc
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, P.O. 377, Kugluktuk, Nunavut X0B 0E0, Canada
| | - Bjørnar Ytrehus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvia Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Susan Kutz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Németh C, Boros Á, Mészáros E, Gyömörei C, Albert E, Pankovics P, Reuter G. Human orf virus (family Poxviridae) infection following a lamb bite in Hungary. Arch Virol 2024; 169:59. [PMID: 38430421 PMCID: PMC10908620 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Human orf disease (called ecthyma contagiosum or contagious/infectious pustular dermatitis in animals) was confirmed on the fingers of both hands of a 24-year-old female, after feeding diseased lambs with a nursing bottle in April 2023. In addition to skin symptoms, she had low-grade fever (37.6°C) and swollen lymph nodes in both axilla. The presence of orf virus (genus Parapoxvirus, family Poxviridae) was confirmed, and this strain, Baja/2023/HUN (OR372161-OR372163), was found to have > 98% nucleotide sequence identity to sheep-origin orf viruses in four tested genome regions (ORF011/B2L, ORF019, ORF020/VIR, and ORF056). This is the first report of a human case of infection with the neglected zoonotic orf virus in Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Németh
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Boros
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Csaba Gyömörei
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ervin Albert
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Pankovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Reuter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624, Pécs, Hungary.
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Onoja BA, Adamu AM, Anyang AS, Oragwa AO, Omeiza GK, Olabode OH, Horwood PF. Detection and genetic characterization of orf virus from sheep and goats in Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:77. [PMID: 38351341 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Orf is a contagious, viral epitheliotropic disease of small ruminants. We investigated the molecular epidemiology of orf virus (ORFV) in breeds of small ruminants to determine the evolutionary diversity in Nigeria. Out of 54 small ruminants screened, the number of animals that were positive for ORFV in the three locations were 25. The distribution of positive animals by location were FCT 45.0% (n = 9/20), Oyo State 42.9% (6/14), and Plateau State 50.0% (n = 10/20). ORFV sequences from this study clustered with viruses detected in Taiwan, Iran, USA, and France. Our findings highlight the risk of transmission across geographic boundaries in Nigeria and West Africa, and reinforces the need for increased surveillance to prevent and control spread. Comprehensive characterization of ORFV in small ruminants as well as in humans in Nigeria is required to better elucidate the epidemiological dynamics and the virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Onoja
- Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200005, Nigeria.
| | - A M Adamu
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - A S Anyang
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - A O Oragwa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, University of Jos, Jos, 930003, Nigeria
| | - G K Omeiza
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - O H Olabode
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Abuja, Abuja, 900105, Nigeria
| | - P F Horwood
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Coradduzza E, Scarpa F, Rocchigiani AM, Cacciotto C, Lostia G, Fiori MS, Rodriguez Valera Y, De Pascali AM, Brandolini M, Azzena I, Locci C, Casu M, Bechere R, Pintus D, Ligios C, Scagliarini A, Sanna D, Puggioni G. The Global Evolutionary History of Orf Virus in Sheep and Goats Revealed by Whole Genomes Data. Viruses 2024; 16:158. [PMID: 38275968 PMCID: PMC10820850 DOI: 10.3390/v16010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) belongs to the genus Parapoxvirus (Poxviridae family). It is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma (CE) that is an economically detrimental disease affecting small ruminants globally. Contagious ecthyma outbreaks are usually reported in intensive breeding of sheep and goats but they have also been reported in wildlife species. Notably, ORFV can infect humans, leading to a zoonotic disease. This study aims to elucidate the global evolutionary history of ORFV genomes in sheep and goats, including the first genomes from Central America in the analyses. In comparison to the last study on ORFV whole genomes, the database now includes 11 more sheep and goat genomes, representing an increase of 42%. The analysis of such a broader database made it possible to obtain a fine molecular dating of the coalescent time for ORFV S and G genomes, further highlighting the genetic structuring between sheep and goat genomes and corroborating their emergence in the latter half of 20th century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Maria Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Mediterranean Center for Disease Control, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giada Lostia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Mariangela Stefania Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Alessandra Mistral De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Brandolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Chiara Locci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Università di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.M.D.P.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.); (C.L.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (A.M.R.); (G.L.); (M.S.F.); (R.B.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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Ewies SS, Tamam SM, Abdel-Moneim AS, Rouby SR. Contagious ecthyma in Egypt: Clinical, virological and molecular explorations. Virology 2024; 589:109924. [PMID: 37977083 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Contagious Ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats with worldwide distribution. The present study aimed to provide a clinical description of contagious ecthyma in four sheep flocks and screen the possible genetic variation in the B2L gene of the detected isolates. Oral lesions were collected and inoculated into chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11 days embryonated chicken eggs. Polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of the B2L gene was conducted. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia with a development of nodular lesions evolving in proliferative thick scabs around oral commissures. The inoculated CAM showed small-sized white pock lesions accompanied with thickening of CAM. The partial length of B2L gene (592 bp) was successfully amplified in samples collected from four flocks. The isolated strains belong to genotype I/I and I/II. Sequence and evolutionary analysis illustrate that B2L gene (ORF011) are highly conserved among Orf viruses isolated from different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar S Ewies
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Sabry M Tamam
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Moneim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Taif University, Al-Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherin R Rouby
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Yao X, Jing T, Geng Q, Pang M, Zhao X, Li S, Chen D, Ma W. Dual analysis of wild-type and attenuated Orf virus and host cell transcriptomes revealed novel virus-host cell interactions. mSphere 2023; 8:e0039823. [PMID: 37982609 PMCID: PMC10732022 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00398-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Currently, the only available commercial vaccines for Orf virus (ORFV) are live attenuated vaccines, which present a potential risk of reversion to virulence. Therefore, understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of different virulent strains of ORFV and host immune responses triggered by these viruses is crucial for developing new vaccines and interventions. In this study, we found that the attenuated strain downregulates the host innate immune response and antiviral activity. In addition, we noted that the wild-type strain can induce the immune response pattern centered on interferon-stimulated genes and interferon regulatory factor gene family. We predicted that STAT1 and STAT2 are the main transcription factors upstream of target gene promoters through gene regulatory networks and exert significant regulatory effects on co-expressed genes. Our study elucidated the complex interaction between ORFV strains and host cell immune responses, providing new insights into vaccine research for ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Jing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingru Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuanduo Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaofei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Yu D, Yao K, Deng D, Liu Y, Wu R, Li Y, Gao J, Wang X, Fu L, Yang Y, Mu Q, Ma L. A transmission chain from sheep to sheep and human of zoonotic orf virus during the mpox epidemic. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2233636. [PMID: 37427540 PMCID: PMC10360991 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2233636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yu
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaihu Yao
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danyu Deng
- The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Comprehensive Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- Department of Dermatology, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Hohhot, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinling Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Dengkou County People’s Hospital, Bayannur, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Libing Fu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiri Mu
- Department of Dermatology, International Mongolian Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus inhibits dsDNA-mediated type I IFN expression via STING-dependent and STING-independent signalling pathways. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37882657 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical in the host defence against viruses. They induce hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) many of which have an antiviral role. Poxviruses induce IFNs via their pathogen-associated molecular patterns, in particular, their genomic DNA. In a majority of cell types, dsDNA is detected by a range of cytoplasmic DNA sensors that mediate type I IFN expression via stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Orf virus (ORFV) induces cutaneous pustular skin lesions and is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ORFV modulates dsDNA-induced type I IFN expression via STING-dependent signalling pathways in human dermal fibroblasts (hNDF) and THP-1 cells. We showed that ORFV infection of these cell types treated with poly(dA:dT) resulted in strong inhibition of expression of IFN-β. In hNDFs, we showed using siRNA knock-down that STING was essential for type I IFN induction. IFN-β expression was further reduced when both STING and RIG-I were knocked down. In addition, HEK293 cells that do not express STING or Toll-like receptors also produce IFN-β following stimulation with poly(dA:dT). The 5' triphosphate dsRNA produced by RNA polymerase III specifically results in the induction of type I IFNs through the RIG-I receptor. We showed that ORFV infection resulted in strong inhibition of IFN-β expression in HEK293 cells stimulated with poly(dA:dT). Overall, this study shows that ORFV potently counteracts the STING-dependent and STING-independent IFN response by antagonizing dsDNA-activated IFN signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Li S, Jing T, Zhu F, Chen Y, Yao X, Tang X, Zuo C, Liu M, Xie Y, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Li D, Li L, Gao S, Chen D, Zhao H, Ma W. Genetic Analysis of Orf Virus (ORFV) Strains Isolated from Goats in China: Insights into Epidemiological Characteristics and Evolutionary Patterns. Virus Res 2023; 334:199160. [PMID: 37402415 PMCID: PMC10410590 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an acute infectious zoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV) that mainly infects sheep and goats and causes obvious lesions and low market value of livestock, resulting in huge economic losses for farmers. In this study, two strains of ORFV were isolated from Shaanxi Province and Yunnan Province in China, named FX and LX. The two ORFVs were located in the major clades of domestic strains respectively, and exhibited distinct sequence homology. We analyzed the genetic data of core genes (B2L, F1L, VIR, ORF109) and variable genes (GIF, ORF125 and vIL-10) of ORFV to investigate its epidemiological and evolutionary characteristics. The sequences from 2007 to 2018 constituted the majority of the viral population, predominantly concentrated in India and China. Most genes were clustered into SA00-like type and IA82-like type, and the hotspots in East and South Asia were identified in the ORFV transmission trajectories. For these genes, VIR had the highest substitution rate of 4.85 × 10-4, both VIR and vIL-10 suffered the positive selection pressure during ORFV evolution. Many motifs associated with viral survival were distributed among ORFVs. In addition, some possible viral epitopes have been predicted, which still require validation in vivo and in vitro. This work gives more insight into the prevalence and phylogenetic relationships of existing orf viruses and facilitate better vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Tian Jing
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xiaoting Yao
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xidian Tang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Chenxiang Zuo
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yanfei Xie
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yuecai Jiang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Dengliang Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Shikong Gao
- Shenmu Animal Husbandry Development Center, Shenmu, Shaanxi Province 719399, China
| | - Dekun Chen
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
| | - Wentao Ma
- Veterinary Immunology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China.
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do Nascimento GM, Bugybayeva D, Patil V, Schrock J, Yadagiri G, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. An Orf-Virus (ORFV)-Based Vector Expressing a Consensus H1 Hemagglutinin Provides Protection against Diverse Swine Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:994. [PMID: 37112974 PMCID: PMC10147081 DOI: 10.3390/v15040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV-S) belonging to the H1 subtype are endemic in swine worldwide. Antigenic drift and antigenic shift lead to a substantial antigenic diversity in circulating IAV-S strains. As a result, the most commonly used vaccines based on whole inactivated viruses (WIVs) provide low protection against divergent H1 strains due to the mismatch between the vaccine virus strain and the circulating one. Here, a consensus coding sequence of the full-length of HA from H1 subtype was generated in silico after alignment of the sequences from IAV-S isolates obtained from public databases and was delivered to pigs using the Orf virus (ORFV) vector platform. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the resulting ORFVΔ121conH1 recombinant virus were evaluated against divergent IAV-S strains in piglets. Virus shedding after intranasal/intratracheal challenge with two IAV-S strains was assessed by real-time RT-PCR and virus titration. Viral genome copies and infectious virus load were reduced in nasal secretions of immunized animals. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the frequency of T helper/memory cells, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), were significantly higher in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of the vaccinated groups compared to unvaccinated animals when they were challenged with a pandemic strain of IAV H1N1 (CA/09). Interestingly, the percentage of T cells was higher in the bronchoalveolar lavage of vaccinated animals in relation to unvaccinated animals in the groups challenged with a H1N1 from the gamma clade (OH/07). In summary, delivery of the consensus HA from the H1 IAV-S subtype by the parapoxvirus ORFV vector decreased shedding of infectious virus and viral load of IAV-S in nasal secretions and induced cellular protective immunity against divergent influenza viruses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Dina Bugybayeva
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Food Animal Health, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Dalton CS, Workentine ML, Leclerc LM, Kutz S, van der Meer F. Next-generation sequencing approach to investigate genome variability of Parapoxvirus in Canadian muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). Infect Genet Evol 2023; 109:105414. [PMID: 36775047 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the first orf virus, a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus of the genus parapoxvirus, from a muskox was isolated on Victoria Island, Nunavut (NU), Canada. We used deep sequencing on DNA extracted from orf virus-positive tissues from wild muskoxen from locations on Victoria Island and the adjacent mainland. Orf virus sequence reads derived from four samples were nearly identical. The consensus sequences generated from pooled reads of MxOV comprises of a large contiguous sequence (contig) of 131,759 bp and a smaller right terminal contig of 3552 bp, containing all coding sequences identified as Parapoxvirus. Individual gene comparisons reveal that MxOV shares genetic characteristics with reference strains from both sheep and goat origin. Recombination analysis using Bootscan, MAXCHI, GENECONV, CHIMAERA, SISCAN, and RDP algorithms within the RDP4 software predicted recombination events in two virulence factors, and a large 3000 bp segment of the MxOV genome. Partial B2L nucleotide sequences from strains around the world and other North American isolates were compared to MxOV using MUSCLE alignments and RAxML phylogenetic trees. MxOV was identical to our previously characterized isolate, and shared similarity with orf virus isolated from sheep and goats. The phylogenetic grouping of partial B2L nucleotide sequences did not follow the sample geographic distribution. More full genomes of orf virus, or at least full B2L gene squences, in wildlife are needed especially in North America to better understand the epidemiology of the disease in muskoxen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimone S Dalton
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Lisa-Marie Leclerc
- Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut, P.O. 377, Kugluktuk, NU X0B 0E0, Canada
| | - Susan Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem & Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Hussain I, Khan MUR, Aslam A, Rabbani M, Masood S, Anjum A. Identification, molecular characterization, and pathological features of orf virus in sheep and goats in Punjab province, Pakistan. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 55:24. [PMID: 36562854 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes an acute, contagious, skin disease of sheep and goats which is economically important. The objectives of this study were to identify ORFV and to explore its pathological and phylogenetic profiles in 350 goats and 91 sheep of 14 districts of Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2020 to July 2021. Skin scrapings (total no. of samples = 441) of suspected animals were subjected to polymerase chain reactions, phylogenetic analysis, and pathological observations. The partial length of GIF/IL-2 gene (408 bp) was successfully amplified in 58/441 samples. Phylogenetic analysis of GIF/IL2 gene showed that the study isolates belonged to ORFV-cluster I, together with the viruses reported in India and China. Pakistan ORFV isolates were shared 97.6-98.7% nucleotide and 97.6-100% amino acid identities with the reference strain (NC_005336). Moreover, Chinese ORFV-isolates were detected unique multiple amino acid substitutions (F11L, Q21H, D27N, I46V, N49S, N82D, D103N, S129G) with study isolates. Naturally infected animals were anorexic, emaciated, dull, and depressed. The macroscopic lesions included multifocal to coalescing, ulceration followed by proliferative papules, pustules, and crust formation on the epidermis of gums, lips, mouth commissure, muzzles, nose, and udder. Histopathological examination revealed hyperplasia, anastomosing rete ridges formation and degenerative changes, including spongiosis and vacuolation of epidermal cells. Keratinocytes exhibited eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies with pyknotic and karyorrhexis nuclei. This is the first report on molecular characterization of ORFV from Pakistan, with insight into its pathogenesis and comparative analysis of pathological alterations and genetic diversity between ORFV strains reported in different geographical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irtaza Hussain
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muti Ur Rehman Khan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Asim Aslam
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Masood Rabbani
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Masood
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahsan Anjum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Zhu Z, Qu G, Du J, Wang C, Chen Y, Shen Z, Zhou Z, Yin C, Chen X. Construction and characterization of a contagious ecthyma virus double-gene deletion strain and evaluation of its potential as a live-attenuated vaccine in goat. Front Immunol 2022; 13:961287. [PMID: 36119021 PMCID: PMC9478544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.961287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious viral disease with zoonotic significance caused by orf virus (ORFV) that affects domestic, ruminants and humans. Live attenuated virus and attenuated tissue culture vaccines are widely used in the fight against ORFV, however, the conventional attenuated vaccine strains have many drawbacks. The aim of this project was to construct a promising contagious ecthyma vaccine strain with safety, high protection efficacy and accessibility by genetic manipulation to against the disease. Using a natural ORFV-GS14 strain as the parental virus, recombinant virus, rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, with double deletions in the genes encoding the chemokine binding protein (CBP) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibitory factor (GIF) was generated and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that the growth kinetics curve of rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF and parental virus was consistent, both reaching plateau phase at 48 h post infection, which indicated that the double deletion of cbp and gif genes had little impact on the replication properties of the recombinant virus in primary goat testis (PGT) cell cultures compared with the parental virus. The safety of the double gene-deleted virus was evaluated in lambs. The lambs were monitored for 21 days post infection of the recombinant virus and no ORFV associated symptoms were observed in 21 days post-infection except for slight fever and anorexia in 5 days post-infection, and all lambs inoculated with either recombinant virus or PBS exhibited no clinical signs. To assess the protection efficacy of the rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, groups of four lambs each were inoculated with rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, rGS14-ΔCBP, rGS14-ΔGIF or PBS and challenged by a wild type virulent ORFV strain that was isolated from proliferative scabby lesions tissues of infected goat at 21-day post-inoculation. During 14 days post-challenging, lambs inoculated with rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF all remained healthy with unimmunized group all infected, while the single gene-deleted viruses only protected 40% to 50% animals. These results indicated that the double gene-deleted recombinant virus could provide complete protection against virulent ORFV challenging. In conclusion, the double gene-deleted recombinant virus strain, rGS14-ΔCBP-ΔGIF, would be a promising candidate vaccine strains with safety, high protection efficacy and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Guanggang Qu
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Jige Du
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanning Shen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chunsheng Yin
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
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15
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Wang R, Mo J, Luo X, Zhang G, Liu F, Luo S. ORFV infection enhances CXCL16 secretion and causes oncolysis of lung cancer cells through immunogenic apoptosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:910466. [PMID: 35959371 PMCID: PMC9358046 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.910466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have been emerging as a promising therapeutic option for cancer patients, including lung cancer. Orf virus (ORFV), a DNA parapoxvirus, can infect its natural ungulate hosts and transmit into humans. Moreover, the ORFV has advantages of low toxicity, high targeted, self-amplification and can induce potent Th1-like immunity. This study explored the therapeutic potential of ORFV infection for human lung cancer therapy and investigated the molecular mechanisms. We used a previously described ORFV NA1/11 strain and tested the oncolysis of ORFV NA1/11 in two lines of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of both cell lines with ORFV NA1/11 resulted in a decrease in cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, suppressing cyclin B1 expression and increasing their apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner. The ORFV NA1/11-infected lung cancer cells were highly immunogenic. Evidently, ORFV NA1/11 infection of lung cancer cells induced oncolysis of tumor cells to release danger-associated molecular patterns, and promoted dendritic cell maturation, and CD8 T cell infiltration in the tumors by enhancing CXCL16 secretion. These findings may help to understand the molecular mechanisms of ORFV oncolysis and aid in the development of novel therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jingying Mo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Xiaoshan Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Guixian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhong Luo,
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Coradduzza E, Sanna D, Scarpa F, Azzena I, Fiori MS, Scivoli R, Rocchigiani AM, Bechere R, Dettori MA, Pintus D, Evangelista E, Casu M, Ligios C, Puggioni G. A Deeper Insight into Evolutionary Patterns and Phylogenetic History of ORF Virus through the Whole Genome Sequencing of the First Italian Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071473. [PMID: 35891452 PMCID: PMC9318404 DOI: 10.3390/v14071473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is distributed worldwide and is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma that mainly occurs in sheep and goats. This disease was reported for the first time at the end of 18th century in Europe but very little is currently known about the temporal and geographic origins of this virus. In the present study, the use of new Italian whole genomes allowed for better inference on the evolutionary history of ORFV. In accordance with previous studies, two genome types (S and G) were described for infection of sheep and goats, respectively. These two well-differentiated groups of genomes originated for evolutive convergence in the late 1800s in two different areas of the world (Europe for S type and Asia for G type), but it was only in the early 1900s that the effective size of ORFV increased among hosts and the virus spread across the whole European continent. The Italian strains which were sequenced in the present study were isolated on the Mediterranean island of Sardinian and showed to be exclusive to this geographic area. One of them is likely representative of the early European forms of ORFV which infected sheep and became extinct about one century ago. Such an ancient Sardinian strain may have reached the island simple by chance, where it quickly adapted to the new habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Coradduzza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Daria Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fabio Scarpa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
| | - Ilenia Azzena
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (F.S.); (I.A.)
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Mariangela S. Fiori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Rosario Scivoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Angela M. Rocchigiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Roberto Bechere
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Maria A. Dettori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Davide Pintus
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Eloisa Evangelista
- Ames Polydiagnostic Group Center SRL, Casalnuovo di Napoli, 80013 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marco Casu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Ciriaco Ligios
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Giantonella Puggioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.F.); (R.S.); (A.M.R.); (R.B.); (M.A.D.); (D.P.); (C.L.); (G.P.)
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Sahu BP, Majee P, Singh RR, Sahoo N, Nayak D. Recombination drives the emergence of orf virus diversity: evidence from the first complete genome sequence of an Indian orf virus isolate and comparative genomic analysis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1571-1576. [PMID: 35546377 PMCID: PMC9094603 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Contagious pustular dermatitis is a disease that primarily infects small ruminants and possesses zoonotic potential. It is caused by orf virus (ORFV), a member of the genus Parapoxvirus. In this study, we evaluated an ORFV outbreak in goats in Madhya Pradesh, a state in central India, during 2017. The transboundary potential of this virus was evaluated by constructing phylogenetic trees. The complete genome sequence of an ORFV isolate named Ind/MP/17 was found to be 139,807 bp in length with 63.7% GC content and 132 open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by 3,910-bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). An investigation into evolutionary parameters such as selection pressure (θ = dN/dS) and nucleotide diversity (π) demonstrated that ORFV has undergone purifying selection. A total of 40 recombination events were identified, 21 of which were evident in the Ind/MP/17 genome, indicating its ability to generate new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Pravas Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, MP, 453331, India
| | - Prativa Majee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, MP, 453331, India
| | - Ravi Raj Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, MP, 453331, India
| | - Niranjana Sahoo
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, 462066, India.
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Müller M, Reguzova A, Löffler MW, Amann R. Orf Virus-Based Vectors Preferentially Target Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells, Activate the STING Pathway and Induce Strong Antigen-Specific T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873351. [PMID: 35615366 PMCID: PMC9124846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orf virus (ORFV)-based vectors are attractive for vaccine development as they enable the induction of potent immune responses against specific transgenes. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms of immune activation remain unknown. This study therefore aimed to characterize underlying mechanisms in human immune cells. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected with attenuated ORFV strain D1701-VrV and analyzed for ORFV infection and activation markers. ORFV entry in susceptible cells was examined using established pharmacological inhibitors. Using the THP1-Dual™ reporter cell line, activation of nuclear factor-κB and interferon regulatory factor pathways were simultaneously evaluated. Infection with an ORFV recombinant encoding immunogenic peptides (PepTrio-ORFV) was used to assess the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Results ORFV was found to preferentially target professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vitro, with ORFV uptake mediated primarily by macropinocytosis. ORFV-infected APCs exhibited an activated phenotype, required for subsequent lymphocyte activation. Reporter cells revealed that the stimulator of interferon genes pathway is a prerequisite for ORFV-mediated cellular activation. PepTrio-ORFV efficiently induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell recall responses in a dose-dependent manner. Further, activation and expansion of naïve antigen-specific CD8+ T cells was observed in response. Discussion Our findings confirm that ORFV induces a strong antigen-specific immune response dependent on APC uptake and activation. These data support the notion that ORFV D1701-VrV is a promising vector for vaccine development and the design of innovative immunotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Müller
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alena Reguzova
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus W. Löffler
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) ‘Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies’, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Amann, ; Markus W. Löffler,
| | - Ralf Amann
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Amann, ; Markus W. Löffler,
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Al-Bayati HAM. Assessment of Contagious Ecthyma Virus in Camels of Wasit Province, Iraq. Arch Razi Inst 2022; 77:565-571. [PMID: 36284963 PMCID: PMC9548283 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356862.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an infectious disease caused by the Paravox virus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. Due to the importance of the camel breeding industry in tropical and subtropical regions, the present study aimed to isolate the causative agent of camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) using cell culture and molecular confirmation of virus isolate. A total of 210 camels aged 6 months to 4 years were selected from different districts in Wasit province (Iraq) from August 2017 to April 2019. These animals, which included 117 females and 93 males, displayed signs of papules, blisters, pustules, and scabs on the skin. To isolate the CCE virus, primary and secondary cell cultivation was performed using the lamb testis (LT) cells. The findings pointed out that there were cytopathic effects during the second passage of the virus, characterized by rounding and cells aggregation after 72 h. Furthermore, there were dramatic changes, including sloughing off and detachment from the surface of the monolayer, in monolayer cells after 48-72 h. The titration values of the isolated Orf virus in LT cells were obtained at 10-5 TCI50 /0.05 and 10-6 TCID 50 / 0.05 ml in the third and fourth passages, respectively. As expected, the B2L gene of affected camels was amplified from a skin biopsy DNA sample to produce nearly 594 base pairs. In conclusion, the results of the current study focused on epidemiological and virological characteristics of CCE in Wasit province; moreover, the virus was confirmed by a specific gene called the B2L gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A M Al-Bayati
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Wasit University, Wasit, Iraq
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20
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Yu Y, Lian Z, Cui Y. The OH system: A panorama view of the PPV-host interaction. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 98:105220. [PMID: 35066165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a family of specialized cytoplasm-parasitic DNA viruses that replicate and assembly in virus factory. In Parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, with the orf virus (ORFV) as a representative species of this genus, their behaviors are significantly different from that of Orthopoxvirus, and the plots of viral practical solutions for evading host immunity are intricate and fascinating, particularly to anti-host and host's antiviral mechanisms. In order to protect the virus factory from immune elimination caused by infection, PPVs attempt to interfere with multiple stress levels of host, mainly by modulating innate immunity response (IIR) and adaptive immunity response (AIR). Given that temporarily constructed by virus infection, ORFV-HOST (OH) system accompanied by viral strategies is carefully managed in the virus factory, thus directing many life-critical events once undergoing the IIR and AIR. Evolutionarily, to reduce the risk of system destruction, ORFV have evolved into a mild-looking mode to avoid overstimulation. Moreover, the current version of development also focus on recognizing and hijacking more than eight antiviral security mechanisms of host cells, such as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and PKR systems, the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), and so on. In summary, this review assessed inescapable pathways as mentioned above, through which viruses compete with their hosts strategically. The OH system provides a panoramic view and a powerful platform for us to study the PPV-Host interaction, as well as the corresponding implications on a great application potential in anti-virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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21
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus inhibits IFN-β expression induced by dsRNA. Virus Res 2022; 307:198619. [PMID: 34742812 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. Type I interferons (IFN) are critical in the host defence against viruses. They induce hundreds of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) many of which have an antiviral role. The ability of ORFV to modulate type I IFN production was undertaken to investigate whether ORFV could inhibit IFN-β expression via dsRNA dependant signalling pathways. HEK293 cells are known to lack DNA pattern-recognition receptors and Toll-like receptors however, they do express the cytosolic dsRNA receptors RIG-I and MDA5. HEK293 cells were shown to produce high levels of IFN-β when cells were stimulated with poly(I:C) and this was shown to be predominantly via RIG-I-dependant signalling as confirmed by siRNA knock-down of RIG-I. Further we showed that HEK293 cells are permissive for ORFV and caused potent inhibition of IFN-β transcription when cells were stimulated with poly(I:C) post-viral infection. Studies using heat inactivated ORFV suggested that de novo synthesis of early genes was required. In addition our findings showed that the ORFV encoded factor ORF020, that is known to bind dsRNA, is involved in antagonising IFN expression. Overall, this study has shown for first time the ability of ORFV to counteract type I IFN expression by antagonising dsRNA-activated RIG-I signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Adedeji AJ, Adole JA, Asala OO, Gamawa AA, Maurice NA, Jambol A, Bolajoko MB, Chima NC, Ifende VI, Wungak YS, Woma TY, Luka PD. A survey of contagious ecthyma and molecular characterization of Orf virus in sheep and goats in Nigeria (2014-2016). Open Vet J 2022; 12:551-561. [PMID: 36118719 PMCID: PMC9473363 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i4.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma (CE) are frequently reported in sheep and goat flocks in Nigeria with severe clinical outcomes. CE is a debilitating and economically important disease primarily affecting sheep and goats caused by the Orf virus (ORFV). Despite field reports of CE in the country, there is no concise country-wide epidemiological data on the disease and limited genetic data of circulating Nigerian ORFV are available in the public domain. Aim: An epidemiological survey of CE and molecular characterization of ORFV circulating in Nigeria from 2014 to 2016. Method: Data were collected using designed questionnaires, administered to veterinarians and farmers in selected States of Nigeria. Samples were collected during passive surveillance for CE from 2014 to 2016 which were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The A32L and B2L genes of circulating ORFV were also characterized. Results: Analysis of the questionnaire showed that 69.54% (n = 82/118) of the farmers claimed to have experienced CE in their flocks with average morbidity and mortality rates of 25% and 15%, respectively. A total of 113 veterinarians participated in the study, with 69.9% (n = 79) familiar with CE and claimed CE causes morbidity rates of 25%–37% and mortality rates of 10%–15% in sheep and goats. Laboratory results revealed that ORFV was detected in 72% (18/25) of outbreak samples analyzed by real-time PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of A32L and B2L genes revealed that Nigerian ORFV sequences belong to clusters I and II and are similar to viruses from India, Ethiopia, and China. Conclusions: This study is the first nationwide epidemiological data on the status of CE in sheep and goats in Nigeria. It is also the first report of molecular characterization of two genes of ORFV circulating and causing outbreaks in small ruminants in the country. This study showed that CE is under-reported, widespread and of economic importance to sheep and goat farmers in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
- Corresponding Author: Adeyinka Jeremy Adedeji. National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | | | - Anvou Jambol
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy Yusufu Woma
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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Shehata AA, Elsheikh HA, Abd-Elfatah EB. Molecular detection and characterization of Orf virus from goats in Egypt. Open Vet J 2022; 12:273-280. [PMID: 35603066 PMCID: PMC9109842 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2022.v12.i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Orf is a highly contagious viral skin disease in sheep and goats caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus. Although sheep and goats are considered an essential food resource, particularly in Africa, ORFV infection represents an increasing challenge to animal productivity causing high economic losses. Aim: This study aimed to detect and characterize the ORFV in suspected clinically diseased goats in two neighboring Egyptian governorates, Al-Sharkia and Ismailia, flocks during April 2020 and July 2021by using PCR and phylogenetic analysis of partial B2L sequence. he present study indicate the necessity for establishing normal heart values in conscious and anaesthetized individuals. Methods: Kids from two Egyptian governorates showed the clinical picture of ORFV infection. Samples were collected (n = 15) from two different flocks during April 2020 and July 2021. PCR was carried out to detect the ORFV by targeting a highly conserved sequence within ORFV (B2L) gene. To determine the phylogenetic relationship with other ORFV strains, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed. Results: ORFV infection was confirmed in 12 samples of oral scabs (80%) by PCR targeting a highly conserved sequence within B2L gene. Sequencing of DNA products was performed and obtained sequences revealed 100% identity at the nucleotide level. Two ORFVs, one from each outbreak showed 98.2% nucleotide identity with a previous Egyptian ORFV (KP984529) whereas our isolates showed higher nucleotide identities, 99.1% and 98.7% with ORFV strains from neighboring countries, Sudan and Ethiopia, respectively. The phylogenetic tree grouped isolates into two main clusters, cluster I included isolates of this study and foreign ones mainly from China, India, and Sudan. Interestingly, the vaccine strains of ORF used in different countries were grouped in cluster II with previous Egyptian isolate (KP984529), Ethiopian and Israeli ORFV isolates. Conclusion: Molecular characterization of B2L gene of ORFV isolates revealed higher sequence identities and more close genetic relationships with other ORFV strains circulating in neighboring countries than with the Egyptian isolates. These findings provide an insight into the genetic diversity of field ORFV isolates circulating in goats in the Egyptian governorates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Ahmed Shehata
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Shohada, Moawwad, Qesm Awel AZ Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
- Corresponding Author: Ayman Ahmed Shehata. Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Shohada, Moawwad, Qesm Awel AZ Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hussein Abdalatif Elsheikh
- The Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Shohada, Moawwad, Qesm Awel AZ Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Eman Beshry Abd-Elfatah
- The Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Shohada, Moawwad, Qesm Awel AZ Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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Chen G, He X, Jia H, Fang Y, Wang X, Lou Z, Yang F, Li W, Jing Z. Identification and screening of host proteins interacting with ORFV-ORF047 protein. Virol J 2021; 18:27. [PMID: 33499896 PMCID: PMC7836158 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orf virus (ORFV) is a member of the genus Parapoxvirus and family Poxviridae. The virus has a worldwide distribution and infects sheep, goats, humans, and wild animals. However, due to the complex structure of the poxvirus, the underlying mechanism of the entry and infection by ORFV remains largely unknown. ORFV ORF047 encodes a protein named L1R. Poxviral L1R serves as the receptor-binding protein and blocks virus binding and entry independently of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The study aimed to identify the host interaction partners of ORFV ORF047. METHODS Yeast two-hybrid cDNA library of sheep testicular cells was applied to screen the host targets with ORF047 as the bait. ORF047 was cloned into a pBT3-N vector and expressed in the NMY51 yeast strain. Then, the expression of bait proteins was validated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Sheep SERP1and PABPC4 were identified as host target proteins of ORFV ORF047, and a Co-IP assay further verified their interaction. CONCLUSIONS New host cell proteins SERP1and PABPC4 were found to interact with ORFV ORF047 and might involve viral mRNA translation and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhongzi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Weike Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
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Asadi Samani L, Saffar B, Mokhtari A, Arefian E. Lentivirus expressing shRNAs inhibit the replication of contagious ecthyma virus by targeting DNA polymerase gene. BMC Biotechnol 2020; 20:18. [PMID: 32293394 PMCID: PMC7092477 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-020-00611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contagious ecthyma or Orf is known as a zoonotic disease remains prevalently worldwide despite the application of some control strategies against it. RNAi particularly shRNA provides us with the chance to tackle this obstacle by an encouraging new approach. The current study indicates the design and experiment of third-generation lentivirus packaging systems delivering shRNAs to inhibit Orf virus (ORFV) replication and infection. Given the importance of DNA-pol gene in virus replication, in this study, three shRNAs against this gene were designed and cloned into lentiviral vectors to stabilize the expression of shRNAs. After producing lentivectors expressing ORFV-DNA- pol in HEK293T cells, the synthesized shRNAs were applied to downregulate viral replication and gene expression. The reduction in viral titer and RNA was evaluated by TCID50 test as well as real-time RT-PCR. The results were then analyzed in comparison with the control group. RESULTS Designed shRNAs significantly reduced virus yield approximately 90 to 97% and 96.8 to 99.4%, respectively compared to the control groups (cells infected with ORFV and infected with ORFV and scrambled vector) by TCID50 test. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a dramatic reduction in the expression of viral RNA approximately 99% compared to cells infected with ORFV and from 92.6 to 99%, respectively compared to cells infected with ORFV and scrambled vector. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, it can be stated that RNAi is capable of being used as a potent therapeutically option against viruses like ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Asadi Samani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Rahbar Boulevard, Postal Box: 115, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Behnaz Saffar
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahrekord University, Rahbar Boulevard, Postal Box: 115, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Azam Mokhtari
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Pang F, Wang X, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Wang C, Yang X, An Q, Du L, Wang F. Integrated Analysis of Differentially Expressed miRNAs and mRNAs in Goat Skin Fibroblast Cells in Response to Orf Virus Infection Reveals That cfa-let-7a Regulates Thrombospondin 1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010118. [PMID: 31963559 PMCID: PMC7019303 DOI: 10.3390/v12010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf is a zoonotic disease that has caused huge economic losses globally. Systematical analysis of dysregulated cellular micro RNAs (miRNAs) in response to Orf virus (ORFV) infection has not been reported. In the current study, miRNA sequencing and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were performed in goat skin fibroblast (GSF) cells at 0, 18, and 30 h post infection (h.p.i). We identified 140 and 221 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs at 18 and 30 h.p.i, respectively. We also identified 729 and 3961 DE genes (DEGs) at 18 and 30 h.p.i, respectively. GO enrichment analysis indicates enrichment of apoptotic regulation, defense response to virus, immune response, and inflammatory response at both time points. DE miRNAs and DEGs with reverse expression were used to construct miRNA-gene networks. Seven DE miRNAs and seven DEGs related to "negative regulation of viral genome replication" were identified. These were validated by RT-qPCR. Cfa-let-7a, a significantly upregulated miRNA, was found to repress Thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) mRNA and protein expression by directly targeting the THBS1 3' untranslated region. THBS1 has been reported to induce apoptosis; therefore, the cfa-let-7a-THBS1 axis may play an important role in cellular apoptosis during ORFV infection. This study provides new insights into ORFV and host cell interaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Xinying Wang
- Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, 550003, China;
| | - Zhen Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Chengqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Qi An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Li Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
| | - Fengyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction & Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Haikou 570228, China; (F.P.); (Z.C.); (Z.Z.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (Q.A.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Orf (ecthyma contagiosum) is an infection of the skin caused by a DNA virus belonging to the genus Parapoxvirus. We recently observed 7 cases of orf in Muslim men living in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy, who acquired the infection after the Feast of Sacrifice.
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Andreani J, Fongue J, Bou Khalil JY, David L, Mougari S, Le Bideau M, Abrahão J, Berbis P, La Scola B. Human Infection with Orf Virus and Description of Its Whole Genome, France, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:2197-2204. [PMID: 31742503 PMCID: PMC6874271 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.181513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of parapoxvirus from animals to humans has been reported; clinical manifestations are skin lesions on the fingers and hands after contact with infected animals. We report a human infection clinically suspected as being ecthyma contagiosum. The patient, a 65-year-old woman, had 3 nodules on her hands. She reported contact with a sheep during the Aïd-el-Fitr festival in France during 2017. We isolated the parapoxvirus orf virus from these nodules by using a nonconventional cell and sequenced the orf genome. We identified a novel orf virus genome and compared it with genomes of other orf viruses. More research is needed on the genus Parapoxvirus to understand worldwide distribution of and infection by orf virus, especially transmission between goats and sheep.
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da Costa RA, Cargnelutti JF, Schild CO, Flores EF, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F. Outbreak of contagious ecthyma caused by Orf virus (Parapoxvirus ovis) in a vaccinated sheep flock in Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 50:565-569. [PMID: 30835059 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) causes contagious ecthyma (CE), a highly transmissible, zoonotic disease of small ruminants. CE most commonly affects lambs and unvaccinated sheep. This work reports epidemiologic, clinicopathologic, and virologic findings in a CE outbreak in a vaccinated sheep flock in Uruguay and failure to detect ORFV in a commercial vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Almeida da Costa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | - Carlos Omar Schild
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Setor de Virologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Ruta 50 Km 11, La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay.
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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Nagendraprabhu P, Khatiwada S, Chaulagain S, Delhon G, Rock DL. A parapoxviral virion protein targets the retinoblastoma protein to inhibit NF-κB signaling. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006779. [PMID: 29244863 PMCID: PMC5747488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses have evolved multiple strategies to subvert signaling by Nuclear Factor κB (NF-κB), a crucial regulator of host innate immune responses. Here, we describe an orf virus (ORFV) virion-associated protein, ORFV119, which inhibits NF-κB signaling very early in infection (≤ 30 min post infection). ORFV119 NF-κB inhibitory activity was found unimpaired upon translation inhibition, suggesting that virion ORFV119 alone is responsible for early interference in signaling. A C-terminal LxCxE motif in ORFV119 enabled the protein to interact with the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) a multifunctional protein best known for its tumor suppressor activity. Notably, experiments using a recombinant virus containing an ORFV119 mutation which abrogates its interaction with pRb together with experiments performed in cells lacking or with reduced pRb levels indicate that ORFV119 mediated inhibition of NF-κB signaling is largely pRb dependent. ORFV119 was shown to inhibit IKK complex activation early in infection. Consistent with IKK inhibition, ORFV119 also interacted with TNF receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2), an adaptor protein recruited to signaling complexes upstream of IKK in infected cells. ORFV119-TRAF2 interaction was enhanced in the presence of pRb, suggesting that ORFV119-pRb complex is required for efficient interaction with TRAF2. Additionally, transient expression of ORFV119 in uninfected cells was sufficient to inhibit TNFα-induced IKK activation and NF-κB signaling, indicating that no other viral proteins are required for the effect. Infection of sheep with ORFV lacking the ORFV119 gene led to attenuated disease phenotype, indicating that ORFV119 contributes to virulence in the natural host. ORFV119 represents the first poxviral protein to interfere with NF-κB signaling through interaction with pRb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuraj Nagendraprabhu
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Sushil Khatiwada
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Sabal Chaulagain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GD); (DLR)
| | - Daniel L. Rock
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GD); (DLR)
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Jia H, Zhan L, Wang X, He X, Chen G, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Wei Y, Zhang Y, Jing Z. Transcriptome analysis of sheep oral mucosa response to Orf virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186681. [PMID: 29073164 PMCID: PMC5658058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma is a highly contagious disease with worldwide distribution, which is caused by the Orf virus (ORFV) belonging to the Parapoxvirus. To study the alteration of host gene expression in response to ORFV infection at the transcriptional level, several young small-tailed Han sheep were inoculated with ORFV, and their oral mucosa tissue samples (T0, T3, T7 and T15) were collected on day 0, 3, 7 and 15 after ORFV infection respectively. RNA-seq transcriptome comparisons were performed, showing that 1928, 3219 and 2646 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among T3 vs. T0, T7 vs. T0, and T15 vs. T0 respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses of the DEGs from these comparisons, revealed that ORFV might provoke vigorous immune response of the host cells during the early stage of infection. Moreover, GO and network analysis showed that positive and negative regulative mechanisms of apoptosis were integrated in the host cells through up or down-regulating the expression level of DEGs involved in apoptotic pathways, in order to reach a homeostasis of oral mucosa tissues during the exposure to ORFV infection. In conclusion, our study for the first time describes the direct effects of ORFV on the global host gene expression of its host using high-throughput RNA sequencing, which provides a resource for future characterizing the interaction mechanism between the mammalian host and ORFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaijie Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Leilei Zhan
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaobing He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yaxun Wei
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Center for Genome Analysis, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Laboratory for Genome Regulation and Human Health, ABLife Inc., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhizhong Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail:
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Selim A, Elhaig M, Höche J, Gaede W. Molecular detection and analysis of Sheeppox and Orf viruses isolated from sheep from Qalubia, Egypt. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2016; 129:310-317. [PMID: 27529993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study an outbreak with Sheeppox virus (SPPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) in one sheep herd in the Qalubia province, Egypt, was investigated. Both, SPPV and ORFV caused clinically manifest infections among sheep. The affected sheep showed skin lesions around the mouth or all over the body. Therefore, reliable diagnosis should confirm the aetiology of the infection and then reduce spread of the diseases in the affected areas. Clinical samples were investigated by virus isolation, PCR and real-time PCR assays. Furthermore, PCR-products of SPPV and ORFV isolates were sequenced and alignment to reference isolates was performed for phylogenetic analyses. The laboratory diagnosis showed that real-time PCR assay was more accurate and sensitive than conventional PCR and virus isolation. In phylogenetic analysis of the A29L gene genetic differences between SPPV field strains were not observed and the strains showed 100% homology with two SPPV isolates from Kazakhstan and one isolate from Turkey. The ORFV field strains are in the P55 gene genetically distinct from another and from other published isolates from Egypt 2006 and 2009.
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Xiao B, Hao W, Du Z, Liao X, Luo S. [Preparation,Identification,and Application of Monoclonal Antibody against Orf Virus 118 Protein]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:292-297. [PMID: 29963789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to prepare a monoclonal antibody against Orf virus 118 protein and explore the biological properties of ORFV118 using this antibody. We constructed a recombinant plasmid pET33b-ORFV118 that contained a full-length ORFV118 gene. The plasmid was transformed into E.coli BL21,and the expression of ORFV118 was induced by isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG).Prokaryotic ORFV118 was purified via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and was subsequently used as an antigen to immunize mice. An anti-ORFV118 antibody was prepared using hybridoma technology. The titer and specificity of this antibody were tested by an indirect ELISA and Western blot/immunohistochemistry, respectively. We successfully obtained three antibody-secreting hybridomas,1A2,3B5,and 5D10.The titers of the three hybridomas were 1:10000,1:6400,and 1:8000.The monoclonal antibody (mAb),1A2 and the highest titer was selected for further research. The mAb 1A2,an IgG1 type antibody was bonded to its immunizing antigen, both the eukaryotic and natural ORFV118 with high specificity. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that the focal specific staining was restricted to the epidermal layer and subcutaneous tissue, which conformed to the characteristics of an ORFV infection. The mAb 1A2 recognized ORFV118with high specificity. Further study of mAb 1A2 will facilitate our understanding of ORFV118 and provide potentially novel methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of Orf.
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Qiao J, Yang HB, Peng YL, Meng QL, Chen C, Ma Y, Xie K, Liu TL, Cai XP, Chen CF. Effect of ORF119 gene deletion on the replication and virulence of orf virus. Acta Virol 2015; 59:257-64. [PMID: 26435149 DOI: 10.4149/av_2015_03_257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Orf is a severe infectious disease of sheep and goats caused by orf virus (ORFV). To investigate the role of ORF119 gene of ORFV, we constructed ORFV with deleted ORF119 gene and LacZ as reporter gene (ORFV-Δ119-LacZ) via homologous recombination. The results showed that wild-type ORF-SHZ1 and ORFV-Δ119-LacZ deletion viruses replicated in Vero cells to similar titers. Relative transcriptional levels of virulence genes OVIFNR, GIF, VEGF and VIL-10 of ORFV-Δ119-LacZ deletion virus were slightly but not significantly lower after 24 hr compared with the wtORF-SHZ1 virus. In vivo experiments showed that 2-month-old lambs inoculated with ORFV-Δ119-LacZ deletion virus exhibited a similar total clinical score compared with those inoculated with wtORF-SHZ1 virus. Based on these results, we conclude that deletion of the ORF119 gene has no significant effect on ORFV replication and virulence.
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Davari SA, Sayyari M, Mohammadi A. Histopathological study and F1L gene sequence analysis of contagious ecthyma in small ruminants of Shiraz suburb, Iran. Trop Biomed 2015; 32:335-343. [PMID: 26691262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma, also known as Orf, is a common viral skin disease of sheep and goats caused by a Parapoxvirus. This research was conducted with the aims of histopathological study and genetic analysis of Orf virus with PCR technique based on F1L gene in 50 sheep and goats suspicious of contagious ecthyma in affected areas of Shiraz suburb. All 50 contagious ecthyma-like tissue samples were maintained in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, sectioned into 5μm slices and dyed with hematoxylin-eosine. The histopathological examination showed 100% positivity. Epidermal hyperplasia with prominent rete ridges, hydropic degeneration of the necrotic keratinocytes, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in vacuolated cells and subcorneal pustules were the main hallmarks of this disease. For molecular analysis, after DNA extraction, all samples were amplified by PCR method and the outcome demonstrated positivity in 25 specimens (50%). Of these, 10 definitely positive specimens were analyzed for nucleotide sequencing. Thus, a strain named Orf-059-Shiraz was recorded in the GeneBank and subsequently underwent phylogenetic analysis. The outcome of the molecular study approved half of the positive ecthyma specimens in histopathological method. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis based on 059 gene showed that this gene is highly conserved. Utilization of histopathology and clinical signs can assist with rapid and low-cost diagnosis of infectious ecthyma whereas PCR is able to dissociate from similar diseases among clinical samples of endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Davari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Sayyari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Venkatesan G, Bhanuprakash V, Balamurugan V. Development and comparative evaluation of loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for simple visual detection of orf virus in sheep and goats. Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:193-5. [PMID: 25828693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting DNA Pol gene was optimized and evaluated for the rapid detection of orf virus in clinical samples. The LAMP assay was found to be specific and sensitive. The detection rate of LAMP (89.3%) was better than PCR (67.9%) and comparable to real-time PCR (91.1%) in clinical samples by gel electrophoresis and visual detection methods. This LAMP assay is simple and does not rely upon any special equipment and could be employed in clinical diagnosis and epidemiological survey of orf infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Venkatesan
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital (Distt.), Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital (Distt.), Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560 024, India
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Fleming SB, Wise LM, Mercer AA. Molecular genetic analysis of orf virus: a poxvirus that has adapted to skin. Viruses 2015; 7:1505-39. [PMID: 25807056 PMCID: PMC4379583 DOI: 10.3390/v7031505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the family Poxviridae. It induces acute pustular skin lesions in sheep and goats and is transmissible to humans. The genome is G+C rich, 138 kbp and encodes 132 genes. It shares many essential genes with vaccinia virus that are required for survival but encodes a number of unique factors that allow it to replicate in the highly specific immune environment of skin. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that both viral interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor genes have been "captured" from their host during the evolution of the parapoxviruses. Genes such as a chemokine binding protein and a protein that binds granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 appear to have evolved from a common poxvirus ancestral gene while three parapoxvirus nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway inhibitors have no homology to other known NF-κB inhibitors. A homologue of an anaphase-promoting complex subunit that is believed to manipulate the cell cycle and enhance viral DNA synthesis appears to be a specific adaptation for viral-replication in keratinocytes. The review focuses on the unique genes of orf virus, discusses their evolutionary origins and their role in allowing viral-replication in the skin epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Fleming
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Lyn M Wise
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 720 Cumberland St, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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Martins M, Cargnelutti JF, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Pathogenesis in lambs and sequence analysis of putative virulence genes of Brazilian orf virus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:69-77. [PMID: 25293399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) is the agent of contagious ecthyma, an ubiquitous mucocutaneous disease of sheep and goats that may present variable clinical presentations. We herein studied the pathogenesis of ORFV infection in lambs and analyzed three putative virulence genes of four Brazilian ORFV isolates. Lambs inoculated in the labial commissures with each ORFV isolate (n=4, viral titer 10(5.6) TCID50/ml) developed classical orf lesions, characterized by a progressive course of erythema/macules, vesicles, pustules and proliferative scabs. Lesions lasted an average of 22.9 days (18-26) and virus shedding was detected for approximately 24.6 days (18-30). Two isolates (SV269/11 and SV820/10) produced more severe, long-lasting lesions resulting in highest clinical scores. Lambs inoculated with isolate SV581/11 developed lesions markedly milder (lower clinical scores [p<0.05]) and more limited than the other groups. Virus shedding by SV581/11 group, however, lasted similarly or even longer than the other groups. Sequence analysis of three virulence genes (VEGF, VIR and IL-10v) revealed amino acid deletions and mutations in VEGF and IL-10v genes of SV581/11 and SV252/11, the isolate(s) producing milder lesions. Additionally, the VEGF gene of isolate SV581/11 presented the lowest amino acid identity with the other isolates and with ORFV standard strain OV-IA82. Thus, these results demonstrate that ORFV isolates may display differential virulence in lambs and these differences might be associated with genetic changes in putative virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana F Cargnelutti
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
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Zhang Q, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li R, Ji T, Zhao Q, Chen C. [Characterization of a recombinant goatpox virus expressing Orfv F1L gene]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2014; 54:813-820. [PMID: 25252463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to establish the vaccine against the contagious ecthyma, we constructed and characterized recombinant goatpox virus expressing F1L protein of Orf virus. METHODS The F1L gene was amplified and cloned into the vector pUC-TK12 carrying the LacZ gene and a bidirectional promoter. With the help of lipidosome, the recombinant plasmid pTL-F1L was transfected into the BHK-21 cells, which had been infected by Gpv. The aim is to make the Gpv and pTL-F1L recombined randomly and get the recombinant virus, which was defined as rGpv-F1L. The rGpv-F1L was screened by blue plaque, and then the F1L recombination and translation were identified by PCR, indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot. By the means of TCID50, we evaluated the physicochemical properties of rGpv-F1L. Female mice were immunized with the rGpv-F1L, and the specific antibodies levels in serum were detected by ELISA. RESULTS We obtained rGpv-F1L, which was stably expressing F1L protein. The results of biological characteristics showed the rGpv-F1L was sensitive to acids, alkalis, organic solvents and ultraviolet. The activity of specific antibodies significantly increased in mice infected by rGpv-F1L more than Gpv (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In this research, we have successfully obtained the candidate vaccine, which is stably expressing F1L of Orf virus. Thereby the candidate vaccine with excellent antigenicity and biological activity provides new avenues for the prevention of contagious ecthyma and capripox.
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Hosamani M, Scagliarini A, Bhanuprakash V, McInnes CJ, Singh RK. Orf: an update on current research and future perspectives. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 7:879-93. [PMID: 19735227 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Hosamani
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-263138, Nainital Distt., India and Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore-24, India.
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Rohde J, Amann R, Rziha HJ. New Orf virus (Parapoxvirus) recombinant expressing H5 hemagglutinin protects mice against H5N1 and H1N1 influenza A virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83802. [PMID: 24376753 PMCID: PMC3869816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated the versatile utility of the Parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV) as a vector platform for the development of potent recombinant vaccines. In this study we present the generation of new ORFV recombinants expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) or nucleoprotein (NP) of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1. Correct foreign gene expression was examined in vitro by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and flow cytometry. The protective potential of both recombinants was evaluated in the mouse challenge model. Despite adequate expression of NP, the recombinant D1701-V-NPh5 completely failed to protect mice from lethal challenge. However, the H5 HA-expressing recombinant D1701-V-HAh5n mediated solid protection in a dose-dependent manner. Two intramuscular (i.m.) injections of the HA-expressing recombinant protected all animals from lethal HPAIV infection without loss of body weight. Notably, the immunized mice resisted cross-clade H5N1 and heterologous H1N1 (strain PR8) influenza virus challenge. In vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T-cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection implicated the relevance of CD4-positive T-cells for induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-HAh5n, whereas the absence of CD8-positive T-cells did not significantly influence protection. In summary, this study validates the potential of the ORFV vectored vaccines also to combat HPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Rohde
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Amann
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hanns-Joachim Rziha
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Island of Riems, Greifswald, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Wang G, He W, Song D, Li J, Bao Y, Lu R, Bi J, Zhao K, Gao F. In vitro RNA interference targeting the DNA polymerase gene inhibits orf virus replication in primary ovine fetal turbinate cells. Arch Virol 2013; 159:915-20. [PMID: 24178308 PMCID: PMC4010719 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Orf, which is caused by orf virus (ORFV), is distributed worldwide and is endemic in most sheep- and/or goat-raising countries. RNA interference (RNAi) pathways have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions. In this study, the specific effect of RNAi on the replication of ORFV was explored. The application of RNA interference (RNAi) inhibited the replication of ORFV in cell culture by targeting the ORF025 gene of ORFV, which encodes the viral polymerase. Three small interfering RNA (siRNA) (named siRNA704, siRNA1017 and siRNA1388) were prepared by in vitro transcription. The siRNAs were evaluated for antiviral activity against the ORFV Jilin isolate by the observation of cytopathic effects (CPE), virus titration, and real-time PCR. After 48 h of infection, siRNA704, siRNA1017 and siRNA1388 reduced virus titers by 59- to 199-fold and reduced the level of viral replication by 73-89 %. These results suggest that these three siRNAs can efficiently inhibit ORFV genome replication and infectious virus production. RNAi targeting of the DNA polymerase gene is therefore potentially useful for studying the replication of ORFV and may have potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaili Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Wenqi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Jida Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Yingfu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Rongguang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Jingying Bi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 Xi’an Road, Changchun, 130062 China
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Yu YZ, Tong CY, Song BF, An HB, Yu LY, Yu L, Cui YD. [Molecular mechanism of ORFV intervention strategies based on the UPS of host cell: a review]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2013; 29:662-666. [PMID: 24520774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to compete the antiviral effects of the host cell in the process of infection, ORFV(known as Orf virus) relies on a series of functional genes developed through long-term population evolution, such as interferon resistance genes, Bcl-2 protein genes and cell cycle inhibitor gene and so on, with these weapons this virus is able to effectively counteract immune clearance and immune regulation from a host cell. Concurrently, ORFV also focuses on exploiting signal transduction pathways of the ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS), circumvents the intracellular signal transduction and CD8+ T activation, for shielding virus particles towards maturation and releasing outside. This review introduced inner link between the UPS of host cell and intervention mechanism by virus, and analyzed the key roles of certains components in UPS, these all together showed the evolution tendency of ORFV that was involved in the designing of inhibition to immune response and for intracellular immune escape upon the selection pressure in host cell infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Chun-Yu Tong
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Bai-Fen Song
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hong-Boi An
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Li-Yun Yu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu-Dong Cui
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
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Chi X, Zeng X, Hao W, Li M, Li W, Huang X, Wang S, Luo S. Heterogeneity among orf virus isolates from goats in Fujian Province, Southern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66958. [PMID: 24143166 PMCID: PMC3797069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus is a parapoxvirus that causes recurring contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat, sheep and other wild and domestic ruminants. Infected animals show signs of pustular lesions on the mouth and muzzle and develop scabs over the lesions. Although the infection is usually cleared within 1–2 months, delayed growth and associated secondary infections could still impact the herds. Orf virus can also infect humans, causing lesions similar to the animals in pathological histology. Prior infection of orf virus apparently offers little protective immunity against future infections. Several gene products of orf virus have been identified as responsible for immunomodulatory functions. In our recent study of orf virus isolates from an area along the Minjiang River in northern Fujian Province, we found a high heterogeneity among isolates from 10 farms within a 120-kilometer distance. Only two isolates from locations within 1 km to each other had same viral genes. There is no correlation between the geographical distance between the corresponding collection sites and the phylogenetic distance in ORFV011 or ORV059 genes for any two isolates. This finding suggests that there are diverse populations of orf virus present in the environment. This may in part contribute to the phenomenon of recurring outbreaks and heighten the need for better surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Chi
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancheng Zeng
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthc re in Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shihua Wang
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (SL)
| | - Shuhong Luo
- College of Life Sciences,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (SW); (SL)
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Turan E, Yesilova Y, Ucmak D. A case of orf (ecthyma contagiosum) with multiple lesions. J PAK MED ASSOC 2013; 63:786-787. [PMID: 23901689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Orf, also known as ecthyma contagiosum or contagious pustular dermatitis, is a viral zoonotic disease resulting from the direct or indirect contact of damaged skin with infected animals. The causative microorganism is the orf virus, an epitheliotropic DNA virus from the Parapoxvirus group, which generally infects sheep, goats, and various other domestic and wild ovine animals. A male patient presented to our outpatient clinic with multiple nodular lesions on his right wrist after incurring an injury during ovine slaughter. Diagnoses other than ecthyma contagiosum were eliminated by punch biopsy. Orf generally manifests as solitary lesions on hands and fingers, but it may rarely present as multiple nodular lesions. Here we present the case of a 42-year-old man diagnosed with orf based on clinical and histopathological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Turan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Harran, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Ning Z, Zheng Z, Hao W, Duan C, Li W, Wang Y, Li M, Luo S. The N terminus of orf virus-encoded protein 002 inhibits acetylation of NF-κB p65 by preventing Ser(276) phosphorylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58854. [PMID: 23536830 PMCID: PMC3594181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Orf virus-encoded protein 002 (ORFV002) inhibits NF-κB signaling pathway by decreasing the acetylation of NF-κB-p65 through interference of NF-κB p65′s association with NF-κB p300. However, the precise mechanism of how ORFV002 interferes with the NF-κB p65/p300 association is still unknown. Due to similarities of the amino acid sequences of ORFV002 and the adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) E1A protein (E1A-12), we hypothesized that the N-terminal 52 amino acids of ORFV002 might play an important role in this inhibition and constructed several in-frame fusions of ORFV002 to an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter, including C-terminal and N-terminal deletion mutants of ORFV002. When the N-terminus of ORFV002 was absent, the localization of ORFV002 shifted mainly from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and it's inhibition of NF-κB transactivation was lost. NF-κB p65 Lys310 acetylation and Ser276 phosphorylation were detected in co-transfection experiments with NF-κB p65 and ORFV002 or its mutants with, or without, the N-terminal region. The results showed that the N-terminus of ORFV002 plays a crucial role in inhibiting both the acetylation and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Further investigation indicated that ORFV002 and its C-terminal deletion mutants interfered with NF-κB p65 (Ser276) phosphorylation induced by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) and the interaction between NF-κB p65 and MSK1. Since phosphorylated NF-κB p65 recruits transcriptional co-activators such as p300 and CBP, we concluded that the N-terminus of ORFV002 inhibits acetylation of NF-κB p65 by blocking phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 at Ser276.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zewei Zheng
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohui Duan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhong Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Rintoul JL, Lemay CG, Tai LH, Stanford MM, Falls TJ, de Souza CT, Bridle BW, Daneshmand M, Ohashi PS, Wan Y, Lichty BD, Mercer AA, Auer RC, Atkins HL, Bell JC. ORFV: a novel oncolytic and immune stimulating parapoxvirus therapeutic. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1148-57. [PMID: 22273579 PMCID: PMC3369287 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating viruses for the treatment of cancer have a number of advantages over traditional therapeutic modalities. They are highly targeted, self-amplifying, and have the added potential to act as both gene-therapy delivery vehicles and oncolytic agents. Parapoxvirus ovis or Orf virus (ORFV) is the prototypic species of the Parapoxvirus genus, causing a benign disease in its natural ungulate host. ORFV possesses a number of unique properties that make it an ideal viral backbone for the development of a cancer therapeutic: it is safe in humans, has the ability to cause repeat infections even in the presence of antibody, and it induces a potent T(h)-1-dominated immune response. Here, we show that live replicating ORFV induces an antitumor immune response in multiple syngeneic mouse models of cancer that is mediated largely by the potent activation of both cytokine-secreting, and tumoricidal natural killer (NK) cells. We have also highlighted the clinical potential of the virus by demonstration of human cancer cell oncolysis including efficacy in an A549 xenograft model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Rintoul
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chantal G Lemay
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marianne M Stanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa J Falls
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christiano T de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manijeh Daneshmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yonghong Wan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian D Lichty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca C Auer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harold L Atkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Yu YZ, Wu ZJ, Zhu ZB, Pan QZ, Cui YD. [Molecular characteristics and immune evasion strategies of ORFV: a review]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2012; 28:278-284. [PMID: 22764532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (also known as orf) is an acute skin zoonosis caused by orf virus (ORFV), which affects sheep, goats and humans. As one of the typical species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, orf virus has distinctive and unique characteristics of these species. A range of immuno-modulatory/pathogenesis -related genes acquired by virus that function is to limit (at least transiently) the effectiveness of host immunity during its evolution. This review is aimed to describe the latest progress on the molecular characteristics of ORFV, and upon which we analyzed molecular mechanism of the immune escape designed and a set of strategies developed for ORFV to effective against immune clearance of the host. Known as an essential component in evolutionary system, host is regulated by ORFV for using in population evolution. By the ORFV evolutional immune regulation components and its effect approach, we can understand the viral biological characteristics of ORFV, and it is helpful for us to further study the counter-measures of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
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Fiebig HH, Siegling A, Volk HD, Friebe A, Knolle P, Limmer A, Weber O. Inactivated orf virus (Parapoxvirus ovis) induces antitumoral activity in transplantable tumor models. Anticancer Res 2011; 31:4185-4190. [PMID: 22199278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV, Parapoxvirus ovis) possesses strong immunomodulating activity including the induction of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12) expression. Antiviral effects have been described which appeared to be facilitated by an ORFV-induced Type 1 helper T-cell (Th1-type) immune response. In this study, we investigated the potential antitumoral activity of inactivated ORFV in transplantable tumor models. We show that parenteral administration of inactivated ORFV mediates antitumor effects in various models including the murine syngenic B16 F10 melanoma and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer xenograft. Inhibition of natural killer (NK) and NKT cell activity through administration of an anti-mouse NK-1.1 antibody led to a reduction of ORFV-mediated antitumoral effects. However, residual antitumoral activity was observed. This observation was confirmed in MDA-MB-231 tumor-bearing NOD/LtSz-scid/j mice which not only lack functional T and B lymphocytes but, in addition, have virtually no cells positive for the NK 1.1 cell surface marker. Thus, administration of inactivated ORFV induced inhibitory effects on the growth of transplantable tumors even under conditions of severe immunosuppression.
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Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Bora DP, Yogisharadhya R, Prabhu M, Bhanuprakash V. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of an Indian isolate of orf virus from sheep. Vet Ital 2011; 47:323-332. [PMID: 21947970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The authors describe the isolation and identification of orf virus (ORFV) from an outbreak in a flock of sheep at Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India, in 2009. The causative agent, ORFV was successfully isolated in primary lamb testes cells and identified using a semi-nested diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence and phylogenetic analyses of immunogenic envelope protein (B2L) coding gene. The affected animals showed characteristic proliferative skin lesions around the mouth and on nostrils and, in a few animals, lesions were also noticed on the tongue irrespective of age and sex. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates observed were 6%, 45% and 13%, respectively. Clinical samples were initially screened by counter immuno-electrophoresis and the serum neutralisation test; further positive skin scabs were tested with diagnostic PCR and virus isolation was performed on primary or secondary lamb testes cultures. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the sheep isolate based on the B2L gene revealed that the isolate was closest to a goat isolate retrieved from an outbreak at the same geographic location in 2000. Furthermore, it also showed close genetic similarities with other Indian isolates reported earlier. Regular and systematic investigation of outbreaks is necessary to monitor the disease in susceptible populations. The development of rapid diagnostic methods as well as effective vaccine to control this infection not only from India but also other parts of the world is called for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, 263 138 Nainital District, Uttarakhand, India.
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