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Govindaraj GN, Balamurugan V, Mohanty BS, Kumari S, Tapase J, Naveenkumar GS, Roy P, Shome BR. Flock level socio-economic and other associated risk factors for Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) exposure in sheep and goats in Madhya Pradesh state, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:127. [PMID: 38625603 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
To effectively control and eradicate PPR, the comprehensive understanding of risk factors associated with PPR exposure is vital. Hence, this study investigated socioeconomic and other associated risk determinants for PPR exposure at flock level in sheep and goats in a non-vaccination programme implemented Madhya Pradesh state India. A total of 410 sheep and goat flocks, comprised mostly of goats but also some mixed flocks, were surveyed during 2016 using a multistage random sampling procedure. Further, 230 blood samples were also collected from the farmers-reported PPR affected flocks and sera were tested using c-ELISA to confirm PPR exposure. The primary data on socioeconomic factors, farm management factors, health status, vaccination details and other epidemiological risk factors were collected from flock owners and descriptive statistics, chi-square analysis and logistic regression models were fitted to identify the significant risk factors for PPR incidence. The farmer's education, flock size, rearing pattern, and awareness of PPR vaccination were found to be significant pre-disposing risk factors for PPR exposure in the flocks. Hence, the control and eradication strategy need to be designed comprehensively considering the key social factors like education and vaccination awareness along with other flock level risk factors to eradicate PPR by 2030 in consonance with the global plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India.
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Barada Shankar Mohanty
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Sowjanya Kumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Jayant Tapase
- State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal, 462001, India
| | - G S Naveenkumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560064, India
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Sharma N, Radha, Kumar M, Kumari N, Rais N, Pundir A, Anitha T, Balamurugan V, Senapathy M, Dhumal S, Natta S, Deshmukh VP, Kumar S, Pandiselvam R, Lorenzo JM, Mekhemar M. Beneath the rind: A review on the remarkable health benefits and applications of the wood apple fruit. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29202. [PMID: 38623209 PMCID: PMC11016700 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Limonia acidissima Groff, commonly referred to as the Wood apple, is a tropical fruit belonging to Rutaceae family. Indigenous to Sri Lanka, India, and Myanmar, it is extensively cultivated throughout Southeast Asia. This fruit holds a profound historical significance in traditional medicine due to its exceptional nutritional and therapeutic attributes. Wood apple pulp is significantly abundant in β-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A, and contains a substantial amount of vitamin B, including riboflavin and thiamine, as well as trace amounts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Moreover health-benefitting properties associated with L. acidissima, such as, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spermatogenic, analgesic, antiulcer, and antihyperlipidemic properties, are attributed to a diverse range of phytochemicals. These encompass polyphenolic compounds, saponins, phytosterols, tannins, triterpenoids, coumarins, amino acids, tyramine derivatives, and vitamins. From the findings of the various studies, it was observed that wood apple fruit shows significant anticancer activity by inhibiting the proliferation of cancer. Furthermore, wood apple finds wide-ranging commercial applications in the formulation of ready-to-serve beverages, syrups, jellies, chutneys, and various other food products. In summary, this review highlights the nutritional and phytochemical constituents of wood apple, depicts its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic capabilities, and explores its potential in value-added product development. Nevertheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the molecular mechanisms supporting these properties remain an underexplored domain. To ensure the safe integration of wood apple fruit into the realms of the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical sectors, rigorous clinical trials, including toxicity assessments, are required. These endeavors hold the potential to promote innovation and contribute significantly to both research and industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sharma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Neeraj Kumari
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, 305004, India
| | - Ashok Pundir
- School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - T. Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, 625604, India
| | - V. Balamurugan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Suman Natta
- ICAR—National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong, 737106, India
| | - Vishal P. Deshmukh
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Yashwantrao Mohite Institute of Management, Karad, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram, 250110, India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR – Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n◦ 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900, Ourense, Spain
| | - Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrecht's University, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Prakash S, Radha, Sharma K, Dhumal S, Senapathy M, Deshmukh VP, Kumar S, Madhu, Anitha T, Balamurugan V, Pandiselvam R, Kumar M. Unlocking the potential of cotton stalk as a renewable source of cellulose: A review on advancements and emerging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129456. [PMID: 38237828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cotton stalk (CS) is a global agricultural residue, with an annual production of approximately 50 million tons, albeit with limited economic significance. The utilization of cellulose derived from CS has gained significant attention in green nanomaterial technologies. This interest stems from its unique properties, including biocompatibility, low density, minimal thermal expansion, eco-friendliness, renewability, and its potential as an alternative source for chemicals, petroleum, and biofuels. In this review, we delve into various extraction and characterization methods, the physicochemical attributes, recent advancements, and the applications of cellulose extracted from CS. Notably, the steam explosion method has proven to yield the highest cellulose content (82 %) from CS. Moreover, diverse physicochemical properties of cellulose can be obtained through different extraction techniques. Sulfuric acid hydrolysis, for instance, yields nanocrystalline cellulose fibers measuring 10-100 nm in width and 100-850 nm in length. Conversely, the steam explosion method yields cellulose fibers with dimensions of 10.7 μm in width and 1.2 mm in length. CS-derived products, including biochar, aerogel, dye adsorbents, and reinforcement fillers, find applications in various industries, such as environmental remediation and biodegradable packaging. This is primarily due to their ready availability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainable nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Prakash
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India.
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, SNNPR, Ethiopia
| | - Vishal P Deshmukh
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Yashwantrao Mohite Institute of Management, Karad, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- ICAR - Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Division of Computer Applications, Meerut, India
| | - Madhu
- ICAR - Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - T Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam 625604, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR - Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Kumari N, Kumar M, Radha, Rais N, Puri S, Sharma K, Natta S, Dhumal S, Damale RD, Kumar S, Senapathy M, Deshmukh SV, Anitha T, Prabhu T, Shenbagavalli S, Balamurugan V, Lorenzo JM, Kennedy JF. Exploring apple pectic polysaccharides: Extraction, characterization, and biological activities - A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128011. [PMID: 37951444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) is a popular and ancient fruit of the Myrtaceae family. Apple fruit is well-known for its great nutritional and phytochemical content consisted of beneficial compounds such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, sterols, and organic acids. Polysaccharides extracted from different parts of the apple fruit, including the peel, pomace, or the whole fruit, have been extensively studied. Researchers have investigated the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides, such as molecular weight, type of monosaccharide unit, type of linkage and its position and arrangement. Besides this, functional properties and physicochemical and of apple polysaccharides have also been studied, along with the effects of extraction procedures, storage, and processing on cell wall polysaccharides. Various extraction techniques, including hot water extraction, enzymatic extraction, and solvent-assisted extraction, have been studied. From the findings, it was evident that apple polysaccharides are mainly composed of (1 → 3), (1 → 6): α-β-glycosidic linkage. Moreover, the apple polysaccharides were demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, hypoilipidemic, and enzyme inhibitory properties in vitro and in vivo. The potential applications of apple polysaccharides in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical industries have also been explored in the present review. Overall, the research on apple polysaccharides highlights their significant potential as a source of biologically active compounds with various health benefits and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumari
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India.
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305004, India
| | - Sunil Puri
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Suman Natta
- ICAR-National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong 737106, India
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Rahul D Damale
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur 413255, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram 250110, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Sheetal Vishal Deshmukh
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Yashwantrao Mohite Institute of Management, Karad, India
| | - T Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam 625604, India
| | - T Prabhu
- Department of Spices and Plantation Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam 625604, India
| | - S Shenbagavalli
- Department of Natural Resource and Management, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam 625604, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, Avd. Galicia n° 4, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, Kyrewood House, Tenbury Wells, Worcs WR15 8FF, UK
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Menamvar S, Kumar KV, Alamuri A, Kumar E, Swamy HM, Govindaraj G, Nagalingam M, Belaganahally VM, Reddy YN, Shome BR, Balamurugan V. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in bovine dairy farms in Telangana state, India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:352. [PMID: 37804390 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The current cross-sectional study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in bovine dairy farms in the Telangana state of India, as well as the associated risk factors, in order to implement effective preventive measures for disease control. A total of 469 blood samples were collected from 67 herds/farms in different areas, covering 20 administrative districts in the state. These samples consisted of 253 from cattle and 216 from buffaloes. Questionnaires were used to collect data on host and epidemiological factors. The collected sera were tested using the gold standard serological test, the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), which employed a panel of 18 reference serovars for Leptospira exposure. The statistical analysis of epidemiological data was carried out to identify the risk factors associated with Leptospira exposure. The overall observed seroprevalence at the animal and farm levels was 41.4% and 77.6%, respectively. The most prevalent anti-leptospiral antibodies were observed against the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (32.4%), Pomona (22.2%), Javanica (19.1%), Australis (17.0%), Bataviae (15.5%), Autumnalis (12.9%), Hebdomadis (12.9%), and others, in the total reacting samples. At the animal level, the significant risk factors associated with exposure to Leptospira species were breed (p = 0.03) and health status (p = 0.03). Furthermore, the multivariate statistical analysis of farm factors revealed that farm size (p = 0.05), presence of dogs (p = 0.04) and rodents (p = 0.01) on the farm, use of fodder from wet soils (p = 0.04), and proximity to water bodies (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with exposure to Leptospira in the studied region. This study provides the first report from India highlighting the important risk factors at the herd/farm and animal level associated with Leptospira infections in cattle and buffaloes. The findings contribute to strengthening the one-health strategy by facilitating the design and planning of appropriate control measures to alleviate the burden of leptospirosis in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Menamvar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
- (KVAFSU), Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024, Karnataka, India
- P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Enumula Kumar
- P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - H Manjunath Swamy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohandoss Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Yella Narasimha Reddy
- P.V. Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad, 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.
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Sharma N, Radha, Kumar M, Kumari N, Puri S, Rais N, Natta S, Dhumal S, Navamaniraj N, Chandran D, Mohankumar P, Muthukumar M, Senapathy M, Deshmukh V, Damale RD, Anitha T, Balamurugan V, Sathish G, Lorenzo JM. Phytochemicals, therapeutic benefits and applications of chrysanthemum flower: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20232. [PMID: 37860517 PMCID: PMC10582400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant belonging to a genus of the dicotyledonous herbaceous annual flowering plant of the Asteraceae (Compositae) family. It is a perpetual flowering plant, mostly cultivated for medicinal purposes; generally, used in popular drinks due to its aroma and flavor. It is primarily cultivated in China, Japan, Europe, and United States. These flowers were extensively used in various healthcare systems and for treating various diseases. Chrysanthemum flowers are rich in phenolic compounds and exhibit strong properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-obesity, immune regulation, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities. The main aim of the present review was to investigate the nutritional profile, phytochemistry, and biological activities of flowers of different Chrysanthemum species. Also, a critical discussion of the diverse metabolites or bioactive constituents of the Chrysanthemum flowers is highlighted in the present review. Moreover, the flower extracts of Chrysanthemum have been assessed to possess a rich phytochemical profile, including compounds such as cyanidin-3-O-(6″-O-malonyl) glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-(6" -O-malonyl) glucoside-3', rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, rutinoside, and others. These profiles exhibit potential health benefits, leading to their utilization in the production of supplementary food products and pharmaceutical drugs within the industry. However, more comprehensive research studies/investigations are still needed to further discover the potential benefits for human and animal utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niharika Sharma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Neeraj Kumari
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Sunil Puri
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, 305004, India
| | - Suman Natta
- ICAR—National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong, 737106, India
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur, 416004, India
| | - Nelson Navamaniraj
- Seed Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Kerala, Palakkad 679335, Kerela, India
| | - Pran Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Muthamilselvan Muthukumar
- Department of Entomology, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu 603201, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Vishal Deshmukh
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Yashwantrao Mohite Institute of Management, Karad, India
| | - Rahul D. Damale
- ICAR—National Research Centre on Pomegranate, Solapur 413255, Maharashtra, India
| | - T. Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, 625604, India
| | - V. Balamurugan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, India
| | - G. Sathish
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam, 625604, India
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n◦ 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900, Ourense, Spain
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Govindaraj GN, Gs N, Balamurugan V, Shome BR, Roy P. Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) vaccine R&D investment: financial assessment of vaccine development and administration in India. J Vet Med Sci 2023:23-0021. [PMID: 37258128 PMCID: PMC10372261 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed the financial viability of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) vaccine Research & Development (R&D) investment in India and the Gross Technology Revenue (GTR) accrual to the different stakeholders. The Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of PPR vaccine development and administration were USD 16326.6 million (INR 130612 crore), USD 18454.2 million (INR 147633 crore) and USD 21645.6 million (INR 173164 crore); 162.2%, 167.6% and 169.7% and 43.3:1, 48.8:1 and 57.1:1, respectively under low, medium and high disease incidence scenarios. The estimated cumulative GTR accrued during 2001-02 to 2017-18 by the innovating public research institutions (Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI) and Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)), private vaccine producers, public sector biologicals and government revenues in terms of taxes was USD 0.696 million (INR 5.568 crore) for ICAR-IVRI and USD 0.033 million (INR 0.26 crore) for TANUVAS; USD 5.00 million (INR 40 crore); USD 7.141 million (INR 57.1 crore) and USD 0.671 million (INR 5.36 crore), respectively. Overall, financial benefits of PPR vaccine development and administration to control PPR in India outweighs the investment in manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveenkumar Gs
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI)
| | | | - Bibek Rajan Shome
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI)
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI)
- Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony
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SowjanyaKumari S, Bokade PP, Kumar KV, Bharath V, Shome B, Balamurugan V. Potential diagnostic application of the baculovirus-expressed recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein of peste des petits ruminants in ELISA. J Immunol Methods 2023; 516:113469. [PMID: 37004876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The study describes the expression of recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein (NP) of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus in the baculovirus system (PPRV-rBNP) and its potential application as a diagnostic antigen in ELISA for diagnosis of PPR in sheep and goats. The PPRV N-terminal immunogenic region (1-266 aa) of the NP coding sequence was amplified and cloned into the pFastBac HT A vector. The PPRV-rBNP with a molecular weight of ~30 kDa was expressed in an insect cell system using generated recombinant baculovirus through Bac-to-Bac® Baculovirus Expression System. The crude PPRV-rBNP or Ni-NTA affinity-purified NP was characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot using standard PPRV-specific sera. The PPRV-rBNP reacted well with PPRV anti-N specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and PPRV-specific antiserum, suggesting that the expressed PPRV-rBNP is in its native form. The crude PPRV-rBNP as a diagnostic antigen was evaluated either as a coating antigen or standard positive control antigen in the Avidin-Biotin ELISA using the known standard panel reagents. The results showed that the expressed PPRV-rBNP can be an alternative diagnostic antigen to E. coli expressed recombinant PPRV-NPN and the utility of PPRV-rBNP avoids the need to use live PPRV antigen in the diagnostic ELISA. Hence, this allows scope in the future for large-scale field application of the recombinant antigen-based assays for diagnosis/surveillance and monitoring of PPR at the eradication as well as post-eradication phases in endemic or non-endemic countries.
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Kumar M, Hasan M, Sharma A, Suhag R, Maheshwari C, Radha, Chandran D, Sharma K, Dhumal S, Senapathy M, Natarajan K, Punniyamoorthy S, Mohankumar P, Dey A, Deshmukh V, Anitha T, Balamurugan V, Pandiselvam R, Lorenzo JM, Kennedy JF. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson polysaccharides: A review on extraction, characterization, and bioactivities. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:463-475. [PMID: 36563821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human awareness of the need for health and wellness practices that enhance disease resilience has increased as a result of recent health risks. Plant-derived polysaccharides with biological activity are good candidates to fight diseases because of their low toxicity. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson polysaccharides extract from different plant parts have been reported to possess significant biological activity such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, radioprotective and hepatoprotective. Several extraction and purification techniques have been used to isolate and characterize T. cordifolia polysaccharides. Along with hot-water extraction (HWE), other novel techniques like microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) are used to extract T cordifolia polysaccharides. SFE is a revolutionary technology that gives the best yield and purity of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides. According to the findings, polysaccharides extracted and purified from T. cordifolia have a significant impact on their structure and biological activity. As a result, the methods of extraction, structural characterization, and biological activity of T. cordifolia polysaccharides are covered in this review. Research on T. cordifolia polysaccharides and their potential applications will benefit greatly from the findings presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India; Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville 27858, USA.
| | - Muzaffar Hasan
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal 462038, India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni 173230, India
| | - Rajat Suhag
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India
| | - Chirag Maheshwari
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 12, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India.
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, SNNPR, Ethiopia
| | - Krishnaprabu Natarajan
- Department of Agronomy, VIT School of Agricultural Innovations and Advanced Learning, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Sheela Punniyamoorthy
- Department of Food Science and Technology, SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, SRMIST-Vendhar Nagar, Baburayanpettai, Chengalpet 603201, India
| | - Pran Mohankumar
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Vishal Deshmukh
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Yashwantrao Mohite Institute of Management, Karad, India
| | - T Anitha
- Department of Postharvest Technology, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam 625604, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India
| | - Ravi Pandiselvam
- Division of Physiology, Biochemistry and Post-Harvest Technology, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala 671124, India
| | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, rúa Galicia n° 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain; Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, Kyrewood House, Tenbury Wells, Worcs WR15 8FF, UK
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Govindaraj GN, Balamurugan V, Reddy GBM, Yogisharadhya R, Reddy TS, Naveenkumar GS, Kumar KV, Chaithra HR, Bi AZ, Parida S, Njeumi F, Roy P, Shome BR. Towards Eradication of PPR: Disease Status, Economic Cost and Perception of Veterinarians in Karnataka, India. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050778. [PMID: 36899635 PMCID: PMC10000058 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the PPR disease status, its economic cost, the financial viability of vaccination, and the perspectives of field veterinarians on the PPR vaccination programme implemented in Karnataka state, India. In addition to secondary data, cross-sectional surveys undertaken during 2016-17 (survey I) and 2018-19 (survey II) from 673 sheep and goat flocks and data collected from 62 veterinarians were analysed. The economic costs and perceptions of veterinarians were analysed using deterministic models and the Likert scale, respectively, and the financial viability of vaccination programmes under the best (15%), base (20%), and worst-case (25%) PPR incidence scenarios, considering two different vaccination plans (plan I and plan II), was assessed. The disease incidence in sheep and goats was found to be 9.8% and 4.8% in survey I and survey II, respectively. In consonance with the increased vaccination coverage, the number of reported PPR outbreaks in the state declined significantly. The estimated farm-level loss of PPR varied between the surveyed years. Even under the best-incidence scenario, under vaccination plan-I and plan-II, the estimated benefit-cost ratio (18.4:1; 19.7:1), the net present value (USD 932 million; USD 936 million) and the internal rate of return (412%) implied that the vaccination programmes were financially viable and the benefits outweighed the cost. Though the majority of veterinarians perceived that the control programme was well planned and rolled out in the state, a few of them disagreed or were neutral towards the plan per se, towards the coordination between functionaries, the availability of funding, and the programme acceptance by farmers. Despite many years of vaccination, PPR still persists in the Karnataka state for various reasons and in order to eradicate the disease, a review of the existing control programme with strong facilitation from the federal government is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
- Correspondence: or
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | | | - Revanaiah Yogisharadhya
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Timmareddy Sreenivasa Reddy
- Animal Disease Surveillance Scheme, Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Karnataka, Bengaluru 560024, India
| | | | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Hosahalli Rajanna Chaithra
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Afrin Zainab Bi
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Satya Parida
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Njeumi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
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Balamurugan V, Bokade PP, Kumar KV, SowjanyaKumari S, Nagalingam M, Hemadri D, Shome BR. Comparative diagnostic efficacy of Avidin-Biotin recombinant nucleoprotein competitive ELISA for serosurveillance and monitoring of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats. J Immunol Methods 2023; 512:113409. [PMID: 36535308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study extensive evaluation of Avidin-Biotin recombinant nucleoprotein competitive ELISA (ABrC-ELISA) was carried out by mass screening of a large number of sera to make use of this assay for serosurveillance and seromonitoring of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats to evaluate its diagnostic efficacy value and strengthen findings associated with the assay. The recombinant PPR virus (PPRV) nucleoprotein was over-expressed in E. coli, Ni-NTA affinity-purified, and characterized and used as coating diagnostic antigen in ABrC-ELISA, and evaluated using the field sera from animals. On evaluation of the diagnostic performance or efficacy of this assay using the pre-vaccinated and post-vaccinated sera of sheep and goats (n = 1437), the ABrC-ELISA showed a relative diagnostic sensitivity of 87.2% (95% CI: 84.1-90%) and diagnostic specificity of 92.0% (95% CI: 90-93.7%), against well-established existing indigenous H protein-specific PPR competitive ELISA kit with an accuracy of 90.1% (95% CI: 88.5-91.7%) and good or substantial agreement of Cohen's Kappa value of 0.79 ± 0.017 SE (95% CI: 0.76 to 0.82). These findings suggest that the ABrC-ELISA is a potential additional diagnostic tool of a rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection of the PPRV nucleoprotein antibodies in sera of sheep and goats. This PPR Ab Chek kit can be used extensively under field conditions for serosurveillance, and seromonitoring of PPR in sheep and goats at the eradication /post-eradication phase in disease-controlled countries or PPR non-enzootic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Prajakta P Bokade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - D Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Muthuchelvan D, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P, Shome BR. Assessment of post-vaccination immune response to peste des petits ruminants virus in small ruminants in the central and western regions of India. Virusdisease 2022; 33:413-421. [PMID: 36447813 PMCID: PMC9701301 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-sectional serosurvey for post-vaccination assessment of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus (PPRV) antibodies in sheep and goats was carried out in different states in the central and western regions of India after the implementation of vaccination under the PPR control programme. The serum samples (n = 4687) were collected from sheep (n = 1539) and goats (n = 3148) from August 2017 to March 2018 at various epidemiological units (n = 301) of the studied regions using a stratified random sampling method and PPR competitive ELISA kit was employed to detect PPRV antibodies. The results revealed 34, 21, 52, 74, 68, and 65% of prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan states, respectively, with a difference in seropositivity in sheep and goats across the states in sheep (p < 0.01) and goats (p < 0.01). Further, this serosurvey revealed that 60% of the epi-units (n = 185) had > 50% prevalence of post vaccination PPRV antibodies across states due to variations in vaccination rates and patterns. The vaccination coverage and the reported outbreaks varied between the states in the studied regions. Due to continuous vaccination under the control program, the reported PPR outbreaks have progressively declined in most of the studied states, and the PPR risk areas are confined to a few districts and sporadically, outbreaks are reported indicating the effectiveness of vaccination. These findings provide valuable information on potential PPRV episystems, and will assist with activities regarding intensive surveillance, vaccination, biosecurity, and modification of policy decisions towards designing and implementing control and eradication measures. Further, the present situation necessitates continuous mass vaccination and active surveillance programs to make these regions free from PPR in consonance with the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy under the PPR Global Eradication Program. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00796-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - B. Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - S. SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - K. Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - D. Muthuchelvan
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
| | - G. Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - K. P. Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - D. Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - P. Roy
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - B. R. Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka India
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Balamurugan V, Kumar KV, Alamuri A, Sengupta PP, Govindaraj G, Shome BR. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Leptospira spp., and Coxiella burnetii-associated antibodies in dairy cattle with reproductive disorders. Vet World 2022; 15:2844-2849. [PMID: 36718332 PMCID: PMC9880826 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2844-2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim In cattle dairy farms, abortions and other reproductive problems due to major infectious diseases are overlooked, and identifying their causative agents is very challenging without a confirmatory diagnosis. Further, a prevalence study in animals will provide important hints of pathogen reservoirs and provide necessary direction to disease burden with appropriate control and biosecurity measures at the farm level. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dairy cattle associated with reproductive problems along with coexisting antibodies against abortifacient zoonotic (Coxiella burnetii and Leptospira spp.) pathogens. Materials and Methods Cattle sera (n = 246) from dairy farms (n = 35) situated in different locations in India were screened for anti-T. gondii and C. burnetii antibodies with enzyme-linked immunoassay and Leptospira spp. antibodies with microscopic agglutination test. Results The overall prevalence of 11.4% (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 7.99%-15.96%) antibodies in cattle associated with reproductive problems (p < 0.021) with farm-level seropositivity of 43% was observed. Further, on analysis of screened sera, 49.8% (95% CI: 42.6%-55%) and 77.6% (95% CI: 72%-82.4%) of samples were found to be positive for C. burnetii and Leptospira spp. antibodies, respectively. Moreover, the seropositivity of 91.9% (226/246) for at least one of the screened zoonotic pathogens was observed, indicating antibodies against either of these organisms in association with reproductive disorders (p < 0.005). The percentage of cattle found to have T. gondii antibodies was only 1.8%, whereas 11.5% and 41.6% of cattle were found to have C. burnetii and Leptospira spp. antibodies, respectively. Nevertheless, the predominantly mixed infections observed were of Leptospira and C. burnetii (34.5%), followed by all three infections (4.9%); toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis (3.5%); and toxoplasmosis and Q fever (2.2%). Conclusion The serological detection of antibodies against these pathogens in cattle may have significant implications for the livestock industry and public health, suggesting the need for continuous surveillance and monitoring of these infections to prevent their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Corresponding author: V. Balamurugan, e-mail: Co-authors: KVK: , AA: , PPS: , GG: , BRS:
| | - K. Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P. P. Sengupta
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G. Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B. R. Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Guptha NS, Balamurugan V, Megharaj G, Sattar KNA, Rose JD. Cross Lingual Handwritten Character Recognition Using Long Short Term Memory Network with aid of Elephant Herding Optimization Algorithm. Pattern Recognit Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2022.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kumar A, Venkatesan G, Hosamani M, Bhanuprakash V, Balamurugan V, Ramakrishnan MA, Singh RK. The complete genome sequence of Indian sheeppox vaccine virus and comparative analysis with other capripoxviruses. Gene 2022; 810:146085. [PMID: 34843879 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox virus (SPPV) is responsible for a significant economic loss to sheep husbandry in enzootic regions of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia including the Indian subcontinent. In this study, we present the complete genome sequence of SPPV vaccine strain SPPV-Srin38/00 from India determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Illumina technology. The attenuated Srinagar vaccine strain of SPPV (SPPV-Srin38/00) was developed by serial passaging the virus initially in lamb testes (LT) cells followed by Vero cell line. The SPPV-Srin38/00 virus has a genome size of 150, 103 bp, which encodes for 147 functional putative genes and consists of a central coding region flanked by two identical 2353 bp inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). Comparative phylogenetic analysis based on complete genome sequences of Capripoxviruses formed three distinct groups each for SPPV, GTPV, and LSDV with clustering of SPPV-Srin38/00 strain with SPPV-A strain. Nine ORFs of SPPV-Srin38/00 namely SPPV-Srin_002/SPPV-Srin_155, SPPV-Srin_004/SPPV-Srin_153, SPPV-Srin_009, SPPV-Srin_013, SPPV-Srin_026, SPPV-Srin_132, and SPPV-Srin_136 were found to be fragmented as compared to LSDV, whereas only one ORF (such as SPPV-Srin_136) was found to be fragmented as compared to GTPV. SPPV genomes, including the SPPV-Srin38/00 strain, shared 99.78-99.98% intraspecies nucleotide identity, indicating that SPPV strains have extremely low genetic diversity. The strain shared 96.80-97.08% and 97.11-97.61% nt identity with GTPV and LSDV strains, respectively. Its ORFs 016, 021, 022, 130 and 138 are the least identical ORFs among three species of the genus Capripoxvirus with 72.5-93% aa identity to GTPV and LSDV strains and may be potentially used for differentiation of CaPV species. This study may contribute to a better understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of capripoxviruses as well as the development of specific detection methods, better expression vectors, and vaccines with improved safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Hosamani
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bengaluru campus, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M A Ramakrishnan
- Pox Virus Laboratory, Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Balamurugan V, Muruganandam L, Chandra Mohan S. Synthesis, characterisation, antioxidant, antimicrobial and DNA cleavage studies of copper(II) complex of Schiff base derived from (2E,2′E)-2,2′-(pyridine-2,3-Diylbis(Azanylylidene))bis(1,2 diphenylethanol). Results in Chemistry 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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SowjanyaKumari S, Bhavya AP, Akshata N, Kumar KV, Bokade PP, Suresh KP, Shome BR, Balamurugan V. Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Atypical Hosts and Wildlife: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence between 2001 and 2021. Arch Razi Inst 2021; 76:1589-1606. [PMID: 35546985 PMCID: PMC9083865 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356900.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) or goat plague is considered a leading, highly contagious, and most lethal infectious viral disease of small ruminants affecting the worldwide livestock economy and international animal trade. Although sheep and goats are the primarily affected, the PPR Virus (PPRV) host range has expanded to other livestock (large ruminants) and wildlife animals over the last few decades, resulting in serious concern to the ongoing PPR global eradication program, which is primarily optimized, designed, and targeted towards accessible sheep and goat population. A systematic review and meta-analysis study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and spill-over infection of PPRV in large ruminants (bovine and camel) and wildlife. Published articles from 2001 to October 2021 on the "PPR" were searched in four electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Science direct, and Google Scholars. The articles were then selected using inclusion criteria (detection/prevalence of PPRV in bovine, camel, and wildlife population), exclusion criteria (only sheep or goats, lack of prevalence data, experimental trial, test evaluation, and reviews written in other languages or published before 2001), and the prevalence was estimated by random effect meta-analysis model. In the current study, all published articles belonged to Africa and Asia. The overall pooled prevalence of PPR estimates was 24% (95% CI: 15-33), with 30% in Asia (95% CI: 14-49) and 20% in Africa (95% CI: 11-30). The overall estimated pooled prevalence at an Africa-Asia level in bovine and camel was 13% (95% CI: 8-19), and in wildlife, it was 52% (95% CI: 30-74) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97%) in most pooled estimates with a high prevalence in atypical hosts and wildlife across Asia and Africa. Over the last two decades, the host range has increased drastically in the wildlife population, even for prevalent PPR in the unnatural hosts only for a short time, contributing to virus persistence in multi-host systems with an impact on PPR control and eradication program. This observation on the epidemiology of the PPRV in unnatural hosts demands appropriate intervention strategies, particularly at the livestock-wildlife interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A P Bhavya
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - N Akshata
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K V Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Bokade
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Balamurugan V, Alamuri A, Kumar KV, Varghese B, Govindaraj G, Hemadri D, Roy P. Prevalence of anti-leptospiral antibodies and frequency distribution of Leptospira serovars in small ruminants in enzootic South Peninsular India. Vet World 2021; 14:2023-2030. [PMID: 34566317 PMCID: PMC8448631 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2023-2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: For understanding the epidemiology of leptospirosis, the confined abundance of several species of pathogenic leptospires and knowledge on the serovar(s) prevalent in the reservoir and carrier hosts may be a useful indicator of transmission to incidental/accidental hosts in a geographical niche. The present study was carried out to ascertain the frequency distribution of Leptospira serovars and the prevalence of anti-leptospiral antibodies in small ruminants (sheep and goats) in the epidemiological units (villages) in the coastal districts of enzootic regions in South Peninsular India. Materials and Methods: A total of 1167 serum samples (sheep n=299 and goats n=868) from apparently healthy animals, randomly collected from various epidemiological units were tested in microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 18 reference Leptospira serovars antigens. Results: The overall seroprevalence of 40% (at 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 36.82-42.43) in small ruminants (44% [95% CI: 40.49-52.26] in sheep and 38% [95% CI: 34.96-41.41] in goats) was observed with the predominance of Icterohaemorrhagiae, Javanica, Australis, Hurstbridge, and Pyrogenes serogroup anti-leptospiral antibodies in the studied region. The Chi-squared test revealed that the presence of anti-leptospiral antibodies is significantly not independent (associated) across the administrative division (Chi-square=105.80, p<0.05) as well as for sheep (Chi-square=34.67, p<0.01) and goats (Chi-square=68.78, p<0.01). Among seropositive samples (n=462 reactors), the MAT was positive for more than one serovar in 73% of sheep (95/131) and 53% of goats (177/331), representing an overall 59% cross-reactive prevalence in small ruminants. The determined frequency distribution (varied among small ruminants) of the employed serovars representing major reactive serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (29.87), Javanica (20.78), Australis (20.35), Hurstbridge (16.23), Pyrogenes (15.8), Djasmin (15.58), Bataviae (15.37), Autumnalis (14.5), Canicola (14.5), Hebdomadis (14.07), Shermani (13.64), Panama (13.42), Sejroe (12.77), etc. Conclusion: This study indicates alarmingly high seroprevalence of leptospirosis in small ruminants with existing endemicity in the studied region in South Peninsular India. Further, these prevalent serovars in the administrative division may be of use in the reference panels of antigens in the MAT in both humans and animal disease diagnostic laboratories for effective and timely diagnosis of leptospirosis and to combat the challenges in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, SowjanyaKumari S, Vinod Kumar K, Muthuchelvan D, Nagalingam M, Hemadri D, Roy P, Shome BR. Avidin-Biotin recombinant nucleoprotein competitive ELISA for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus antibodies in sheep and goats. J Virol Methods 2021; 295:114213. [PMID: 34119607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the development of a truncated recombinant peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) nucleoprotein (rPPRV-NPN) and its polyclonal antibodies-based immuno-diagnostic assay, Avidin-Biotin (AB) recombinant nucleoprotein competitive ELISA (ABrC-ELISA) for the detection of PPRV antibodies in the sheep and goats. The PPRV N-terminal immunogenic region (1-266 aa) of nucleoprotein (NPN) coding sequence was amplified and cloned into the pETite vector. The rPPRV-NPN with a molecular weight of ∼ 30 kDa was expressed in E. coli, purified, and characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot using standard PPRV specific sera. The Ni-NTA affinity-purified rPPRV-NPN as coating antigen and its hyperimmune serum as competitive antibodies raised in guinea pigs were evaluated as diagnostic reagents in ABrC-ELISA using the known standard panel of sera. The threshold (cut-off) Percentage Inhibition (PI) value was determined as 45 (mean ± 3 SD) based on the reactivity of the known sheep and goats sera to PPRV antibodies [negative (n = 140) and positive (n = 98)] and the assay had a sensitivity of 97 % (95 % Confidence Interval (CI): 91.3-99.4 %) and specificity of 100 % (95 % CI: 97.4-100 %) with an excellent Area under curve (AUC) of 0.997 (95 % CI: 0.99-1.0). On evaluation of diagnostic performance of the assay using the sheep and goats sera (n = 391) from vaccinated, infected, and non-vaccinated animals, the ABrC-ELISA showed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 95.88 % (95 % CI: 92.56-98.01 %) & 98.77 % (95 % CI: 96.43-99.74 %) and diagnostic specificity of 97.97 % (95 % CI: 94.19-99.58 %) & 90.54 % (95 % CI: 84.64-94.73 %) against indigenous PPR competitive ELISA kit & IDvet Screen® PPR Competition kit, respectively. The study showed that ABrC-ELISA is rapid, sensitive, and specific and can be a better alternative assay for the detection of the PPRV antibodies in the sera of small ruminants for serosurveillance / seromonitoring of PPR not only at the eradication and post-eradication phases in the disease-controlled endemic countries but also in the PPR non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar-263 138, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - D Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, 600 051, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B R Shome
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
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Chethan Kumar HB, Hiremath J, Yogisharadhya R, Balamurugan V, Jacob SS, Manjunatha Reddy GB, Suresh KP, Shome R, Nagalingam M, Sridevi R, Patil SS, Prajapati A, Govindaraj G, Sengupta PP, Hemadri D, Krishnamoorthy P, Misri J, Kumar A, Tripathi BN, Shome BR. Animal disease surveillance: Its importance & present status in India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:299-310. [PMID: 33906992 PMCID: PMC8204830 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_740_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal disease surveillance encompasses systematic collection of long-term data on disease events, risk factors and other relevant parameters followed by analyzing the same with reference to temporal and spatial characteristics to arrive at a conclusion so that necessary preventive measures can be taken. In India, the animal disease surveillance is done through National Animal Disease Reporting System, which is a web-based information technology system for disease reporting from States and Union Territories with the aim to record, monitor livestock disease situation and to initiate the preventive and curative action in a swift manner during disease emergencies. National Animal Disease Referral Expert System is a dynamic geographic information system and remote sensing-enabled expert system that captures an incidence of 13 economically important livestock diseases from all over the country and also provides livestock disease forecasting. The laboratories under State and Central governments, several research institutes under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and veterinary colleges are involved in livestock disease diagnosis including zoonotic diseases. An integrated surveillance system is necessary for early detection of emerging/zoonotic diseases in humans. This review provides information on disease reporting and surveillance systems in animal health sector and the need for One Health approach to improve and strengthen the zoonotic disease surveillance system in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Chethan Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Yogisharadhya
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Suresh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - R Sridevi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S S Patil
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Awadesh Prajapati
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P P Sengupta
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakar Hemadri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P Krishnamoorthy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - B N Tripathi
- Division of Animal Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology & Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Nagalingam M, Basheer TJ, Balamurugan V, Shome R, Kumari SS, Reddy GBM, Shome BR, Rahman H, Roy P, Kingston JJ, Gandham RK. Comparative evaluation of the immunodominant proteins of Brucella abortus for the diagnosis of cattle brucellosis. Vet World 2021; 14:803-812. [PMID: 33935431 PMCID: PMC8076471 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.803-812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The present serodiagnosis of brucellosis in livestock is based on the whole cell or smooth lipopolysaccharide of the Brucella organism in which specificity is hampered by the cross-reactivity, especially with the antibodies against Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 organism. The problem can be addressed by screening for better immunodominant antigens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to screen protein antigens of Brucella abortus for their diagnostic potential in cattle brucellosis. Materials and Methods: Protein antigens of B. abortus (n=10) non-reactive to antibodies against Y. enterocolitica O:9 were selected, expressed in Escherichia coli, assessed the reactivity of expressed recombinant proteins by Western blot, standardized indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting Brucella antibodies in cattle serum, and comparative evaluation was done. Results: All the selected protein antigens were expressed and in the Western blot with Brucella antibodies positive cattle serum, six recombinant (Brucella protein 26 [BP26], Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase [SodC], B. abortus I-1885, Serine protease, Bacterioferritin, and Brucella Lumazine Synthase [BLS]) proteins showed reaction whereas none of the proteins showed reactivity with Brucella negative cattle serum. ELISA has been done using known Brucella positive and negative cattle sera samples (n=113 each) in which the performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosing brucellosis was in the order of BP26 > BLS > SodC followed by rest of the proteins. BP26 based ELISA was found to be better with area under the curve as 0.953, and diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, and Youden’s index of 90.27%, 95.58%, and 0.8584, respectively, with the excellent agreement (k=0.85). Conclusion: BP26 could be a potential diagnostic antigen among the immunodominant proteins of B. abortus in ruling out Y. enterocolitica O:9 infection while diagnosing brucellosis in cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohandoss Nagalingam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Thaslim J Basheer
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajeswari Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sowjanya Kumari
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G B Manjunatha Reddy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibek Ranjan Shome
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Habibur Rahman
- International Livestock Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - R K Gandham
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Balamurugan V, Vinod Kumar K, Dheeraj R, Kurli R, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, Shome BR, Roy P. Temporal and Spatial Epidemiological Analysis of Peste Des Petits Ruminants Outbreaks from the Past 25 Years in Sheep and Goats and Its Control in India. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030480. [PMID: 33804146 PMCID: PMC8001942 DOI: 10.3390/v13030480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to understand the temporal and spatial epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in India using national surveillance data available in the National Animal Diseases Referral Expert System (NADRES) along with its control plan undertaken. On analysis of the outbreaks/cases reports in sheep and goats in NADRES database from 1995 to 2019, it was observed that PPR features among the top ten diseases and stands first among viral diseases, and among reported deaths, PPR accounts for 36% of mortality in sheep and goats. PPR outbreaks occur round the year in all the seasons but are encountered most frequently during the lean period especially, in the winter season (January to February) in different regions/zones. The reported outbreaks have been progressively declined in most of the states in India due to the implementation of a mass vaccination strategic program since 2011. On state-wise analysis, the PPR risk-areas showed wide variations with different levels of endemicity. Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka were the top three outbreaks reported states during 1995-2010, whereas Jharkhand and West Bengal states reported more outbreaks during 2011-2015 and 2016-2019 periods. The temporal and spatial distribution of PPR in India provides valuable information on the hotspot areas/zones to take appropriate policy decisions towards its prevention and control in different regions/zones of India. The study also identifies when and where intensive surveillance and vaccination along with biosecurity measures need to be implemented for the control and eradication of the disease from India in consonance with the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy.
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Balamurugan V, Thirumalesh SRA, Alamuri A, SowjanyaKumari S, Vinod Kumar K, Linshamol L, Bharath V, Nagalingam M, Roy P. Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of recombinant leptospiral OMP A-like protein (Loa22) and transmembrane (OmpL37) protein in latex agglutination test for serodiagnosis of leptospirosis in animals. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 72:730-740. [PMID: 33590504 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by pathogenic Leptospira, which has major public health concerns. The study is aimed to express the recombinant outer membrane protein (OMP) A-like protein (rLoa22) and transmembrane (rOmpL37) protein of Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo in the Escherichia coli and their evaluation as a diagnostic antigen in the latex agglutination test (LAT) to detect anti-leptospiral antibodies in the sera of animals. The Loa22 and OmpL37 genes lacking signal peptide coding sequences were individually amplified (522 and 963 bp), by polymerase chain reaction, and directionally cloned into a pETite N-His Kan vector for expression. The expressed purified proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot, which confirmed leptospiral specific reactive protein with a molecular weight of ~19 and 36 kDa, respectively. The sensitized latex beads coated with these OM proteins separately were evaluated in LAT using cattle sera of microscopic agglutination test (MAT) confirmed positive (n = 53) and negative (n = 52) cases of leptospirosis. The rLoa22 LAT and rOmpL37 LAT revealed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 94·34 and 96·23%, diagnostic specificity of 92·31 and 96·15% and accuracy of 93·33 and 96·19%, with the excellent agreement of Cohen's kappa value of 0·87 and 0·92, respectively. After extensive evaluation, this rapid recombinant protein-based field diagnostic test can be applied as a screening test for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in the sera of animals in the field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S R A Thirumalesh
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - A Alamuri
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - L Linshamol
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Bharath
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - P Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Sowjanya Kumari S, Vinod Kumar K, Muthuchelvan D, Nagalingam M, Roy P. Avidin-Biotin recombinant antigen capture ELISA for the detection of peste des petits ruminants virus in the clinical specimens of sheep and goats. J Virol Methods 2021; 291:114103. [PMID: 33610651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development of Avidin-Biotin recombinant Antigen Capture ELISA (ABrAC ELISA) for the detection of the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) antigens in the clinical specimens of sheep and goats. The assay uses the truncated recombinant PPRV N-terminal immunogenic region of nucleoprotein (rPPRV-NPN) as a reference positive antigen and its polyclonal antibodies as capture/detective antibodies and the rabbit PPRV polyclonal antibodies as coating antibodies. The cut-off value was determined as double times the mean reactivity of blank control based on the reactivity of the PPR confirmed negative and positive control panel samples. On assessing the specificity with the related differential diagnosis of the disease-causing viruses and bacteria, the assay showed specific detective reactivity to PPRV. Further, on evaluation using clinical specimens (n-274) of sheep and goats, the assay showed that the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 86.49 % (95 % confidence interval (CI): 71.23-95.46 %) and diagnostic specificity of 96.20 % (95 % CI: 92.91-98.25 %) against PPRV nucleoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody-based sandwich-ELISA (PPR s-ELISA) kit, with an accuracy of 94.89 % (95 % CI: 91.58-97.18 %) and Cohen's Kappa value of 0.791 + 0.055 SE (95 % CI: 0.68-0.90) with substantial agreements. The ABrAC-ELISA is an alternative method of an immunoassay for the rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of the PPRV antigens m the clinical specimens of sheep and goats for surveillance or diagnosis of PPR. This study also shows that the rPPRV-NPN and its specific polyclonal antibodies could be the sustainable source of safe diagnostic reagents without the need to handle the infectious virus during the eradication and post-eradication phases in endemic countries like India or PPR non-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sowjanya Kumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, 263 138, Uttarakhand, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
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Alamuri A, Vinod Kumar K, Varghese B, Palkhade R, Mahadeviah SN, Chaudhari S, Roy P, Balamurugan V. Evaluation of recombinant leptospiral surface antigen (Lsa27) lipoprotein for serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis by latex agglutination test. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 39:212-217. [PMID: 33535068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Leptospirosis has wide clinical presentations often mimicking other illnesses, thus rapid and simple diagnostics will have facilitated the initial patient management and therapy compared to other inaccessible and laborious tests/assays. METHOD In this study, the sensitized latex beads coated with purified recombinant outer membrane (OM)-leptospiral surface antigen (Lsa27) lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira was evaluated as a diagnostic antigen in latex agglutination test (LAT) for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in the human sera. The prepared rLsa27 latex beads were evaluated with the confirmed microscopic agglutination test (MAT) reactive (at 1:50) Leptospira-specific positive (n = 42) and non-reactive negative (n = 80) sera from human cases suspected of leptospirosis with the history of pyrexia of unknown origin. RESULT The results revealed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 90.48 % (confidence interval (CI) at 95 % : 77.4-97.3 %) and diagnostic specificity of 91.35 % (CI at 95 %: 82.8-96.4 %), with an accuracy of 90.98 % (CI at 95 %: 84.44-95.41 %), and the kappa value of 0.8036 ± 0.056 SE (CI at 95 %: 0.69-0.91) with a substantial agreement against gold standard serological MAT. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the rLsa27 protein-based LAT can be useful as a simple rapid screening diagnostic test for the detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies in the sera of humans. This rapid test can be complemented by other confirmatory diagnostics for the early detection of Leptospira antibodies which may in turn help in the prompt treatment and mitigates the public health problem at primary health care level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajendra Palkhade
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR-NIOH), Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, 380 016, Gujarat, India
| | - Sumana N Mahadeviah
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College, Mysuru, 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Chaudhari
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440 006 Maharashtra, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560 064, Karnataka, India.
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Towards eradication of peste des petits ruminants: post-vaccination evaluation in sheep and goats in Southern Peninsular India. Virusdisease 2020; 31:539-548. [PMID: 33381627 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-sectional seroprevalence study of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats was carried out in the Southern Peninsular region of India to ascertain the prevalence of PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies at the epidemiological units (epi-units) level in the small ruminant population. The serum samples were collected from various epi-units (villages) in the different states and union territory (UT) in Southern Peninsular region using a stratified random sampling methodology from August 2017 to March 2018. A total of 6643 serum samples [sheep (n = 2785) and goats (n = 3858)] were collected from 360 epi-units and were screened by PPR competitive ELISA kit for the detection of PPRV antibodies. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala states, and Puducherry UT was 87.0%, 66.4%, 64.3%, 47.8%, 11.4%, and 50.4%, respectively in the studied region. Further, the results of the chi-squared test revealed that the PPRV antibodies across different states and UT in the region were associated (sheep-χ2 = 218.8, p < 0.01; goats-χ2 = 827.1, p < 0.01), as all the states and UT adopted the PPR vaccination programme. The study also implies that the small ruminants in some of the epi-units (n = 102) had < 30% seroprevalence, which necessitates comprehensive intensive vaccination and active surveillance programmes to make this region as PPR free zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - B Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Campus Mukteswar, Nainital, Uttarakhand India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - G Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - D Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - P Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
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Alamuri A, Kumar KV, SowjanyaKumari S, Linshamol L, Sridevi R, Nagalingam M, Roy P, Balamurugan V. Expression of Recombinant Leptospiral Surface Lipoprotein-Lsa27 in E. coli and Its Evaluation for Serodiagnosis of Bovine Leptospirosis by Latex Agglutination Test. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:598-610. [PMID: 33006126 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The expressed recombinant leptospiral surface adhesion lipoprotein (Lsa27) of pathogenic Leptospira in E. coli was evaluated for the detection of Leptospira antibodies in cattle sera by latex agglutination test (LAT). The Lsa27 lacking signal peptide coding gene sequences from L. interrogans serovar Pomona was amplified (~ 660 bp) by PCR and the amplicon was cloned into pETiteN-HisKan vector. The expressed recombinant Lsa27 histidine-tagged fusion protein (rLsa27) was Ni-NTA affinity purified under denaturation followed by renaturation methods. The purified rLsa27 was characterized by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot, which confirmed the leptospiral protein with a MW of ~ 25 kDa. Further, the prepared sensitized latex beads coated with rLsa27 were evaluated as a diagnostic antigen for detection of pathogenic Leptospira antibodies by using known microscopic agglutination test (MAT) positive (n = 74) and negative (n = 62) sera for Leptospira antibodies in LAT, which revealed the relative diagnostic sensitivity of 91.89% and specificity of 87.10% against the gold standard serological test, MAT. Furthermore, on evaluation of developed rLsa27 LAT using serum samples from cattle associated with the history of abortions and reproductive disorder (n = 309), the relative sensitivity of 96.15%, and specificity of 89.11% were observed. Therefore, this rapid field test using the rLsa27 is first of its kind and it could be used as a screening test for the detection of Leptospira antibodies or it can be complemented by other diagnostics for the diagnosis /surveillance of bovine leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India.,Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - L Linshamol
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - R Sridevi
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - M Nagalingam
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research -National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Post Box No. 6450, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 064, India.
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Kumar KV, Muthuchelvan D, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India. Vet World 2020; 13:1573-1580. [PMID: 33061229 PMCID: PMC7522954 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1573-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, World Organization for Animal Health notifiable, economically important, transboundary morbilliviral disease of sheep and goats. Studying seroprevalence of PPR from different geographical areas under varying agro-climatic conditions may help in formulating effective and appropriate disease control strategies under the ongoing national PPR control program. The present cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of PPR virus antibodies in sheep and goats in the various epidemiological units in different states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh [HP], Jammu and Kashmir [J&K], Punjab, Uttarakhand [UK], and Uttar Pradesh [UP]) of the northern region of India. Materials and Methods: A total of 5843 serum samples (sheep [n=2463] and goats [n=3380]) were collected by stratified random sampling method from 322 epidemiological units in the studied region during 2017-2018 and tested for PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies by competitive ELISA. Results: The results revealed that an overall seroprevalence of 44.05% (2574/5843) with 57.32%, 55.22%, 65.69%, 37.09%, 32.73%, and 29.35% prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Haryana, Punjab, UP, HP, J&K, and UK states, respectively. Further, Chi-squared test revealed an association of PPRV antibodies in goats (χ2=252.28, p<0.01) and sheep (χ2=192.12, p<0.01) across different states in the region. Conclusion: The seroprevalence in majority of the epidemiological units (n=130) in sheep and goats in the studied region had <30%. This necessitates comprehensive, rigorous, continuous vaccination and active surveillance programs for few more years to achieve the desired 70% seroprevalence level of PPRV antibodies in population and to make the northern region of India, as PPR free zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurrappanaidu Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Divakar Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Vinod Kumar K, Dheeraj R, Govindaraj G, Suresh KP, Hemadri D, Roy P. Seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants in small ruminants in the North Eastern Region of India. Vet Ital 2020; 56. [PMID: 32343096 DOI: 10.12834/vetit.1985.10631.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A seroprevalence study of the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants was carried out in the different states (Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura) in the North Eastern Region (NER) of India using serum samples collected from April 2017 to March 2018. A total number of 4,163 sera [sheep (n = 508) and goats (n = 3,655)] collected from 345 epi‑units/villages covering 176 municipalities in NER were screened by competitive ELISA kit for the detection of PPR virus antibodies. The results revealed that the seroprevalence of PPR in small ruminants in Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura was 34.3%, 10.3%, 4.7%, 15.7%, 14.7%, and 5.5%, respectively with an overall 14.5% prevalence.Association between the presence of antibodies and goats has been showed to be significant (p < 0.01) at the NER level level and within every single state. This manuscript highlights the need for continuous monitoring of this important disease as for the severe economic impact PPR may have in the affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research,National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI),Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Bibitha Varghese
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research,National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI),Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - D Muthuchelvan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - R Dheeraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - G Govindaraj
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - K P Suresh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - D Hemadri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064, Karnataka, India.
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Chandan S, Umesha S, Prasad KS, Balamurugan V, Chandrashekar S, Santosh Kumar SR, Ramu R, Shirahatti P, Syed A, Elgorban A. Potential antileptospiral constituents from Phyllanthus amarus. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_10_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Balamurugan V, Govindaraj G, SowjanyaKumari S, Nagalingam M, Tapase J, Manjunathareddy GB, Rahman H. Scorecard method for assessing the severity of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats. Virusdisease 2019; 30:574-578. [PMID: 31890755 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A methodology to assess the clinical severity of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats in the field condition was developed using a scorecard by considering five specific cardinal clinical signs (pyrexia, oculo-nasal discharge, oral lesions, respiratory signs, and diarrhoea) of disease. The scores were assigned for the signs based on the severity of the disease that ranged from 1 (low) to 4 (high). The assigned weightage for signs, morbidity, and mortality was 0.75, 0.05 and 0.2, respectively summing up to unity. The scoring and weightages and guidelines were devised by Delphi technique based on the field investigation, field veterinarian's assessment and specific inputs from PPR experts. The estimated Weighted Score Index (WSI) was considered to classify the severity into mild (WSI < 40) or moderate (WSI 41-60) or severe (WSI > 60) form. This scorecard will help preliminarily to the extent for the identification of the suspected flocks with a required case definition at the first instance, before making decisions on what merits further field investigation. This is first of its kind of methodology to assess the disease pattern in small ruminants and could be used as a disease severity assessment tool in different geographical areas in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- 1Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - G Govindaraj
- 1Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - S SowjanyaKumari
- 1Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - M Nagalingam
- 1Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - Jayant Tapase
- State Disease Investigation Unit, Department of Animal Husbandry, Bhopal, India
| | - G B Manjunathareddy
- 1Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
| | - H Rahman
- 1Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Post Box No. 6450, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 064 India
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Balamurugan V, Varghese B, Muthuchelvan D, SowjanyaKumari S, Kumar KV, Suresh KP, Govindaraj G, Sunder J, Hemadri D, Roy P. Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in goats in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Alamuri A, Thirumalesh SRA, Kumari SS, Kumar KV, Roy P, Balamurugan V. Seroprevalence and distribution of serogroup-specific pathogenic Leptospira antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vet World 2019; 12:1212-1217. [PMID: 31641299 PMCID: PMC6755396 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1212-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim In this study, the prevalence and the distribution status of Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies among cattle and buffaloes in enzootic districts of Andhra Pradesh, a South Indian state was carried out. Materials and Methods A total of 426 serum samples were randomly sampled from various villages from Prakasam, Kurnool, Guntur, Chittoor, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh between 2016 and 2017. Serum samples from cattle (n=106) and buffaloes (n=320) having a history of pyrexia, and reproductive problems such as agalactia, infertility, abortions, and stillbirth. The serum samples were screened for Leptospira-specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test using a reference panel of 18 live cultures of pathogenic Leptospira serovars. Results The overall seropositivity of 68.08% (290/426) was observed with 70.8% (75/106) in cattle and 67.18% (215/320) in buffaloes. The frequency distribution of predominant serogroup-specific Leptospira antibodies in the sampled areas was determined against the employed serovars as follows: Icterohaemorrhagiae - 21.38%, Hebdomadis - 18.97%, Australis - 18.62%, Pomona - 17.24%, Sejroe - 15.86%, Tarassovi - 15.86%, Autumnalis - 15.52%, Panama - 14.83%, Shermani - 12.07%, Javanica - 11.38%, Hurstbridge - 11.03%, and Pyrogenes - 10.69%. Conclusion It was evident that bovines had a role in maintaining several predominant Leptospira serovars with the change in the trend over a period. The results from this study would also help in strategizing and mitigating the disease burden in cattle and buffaloes of the enzootic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushma R A Thirumalesh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sowjanya Kumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Govindaraj GN, Roy G, Mohanty BS, Balamurugan V, Pandey AK, Sharma V, Patel A, Mehra M, Pandey SK, Roy P. Evaluation of effectiveness of Mass Vaccination Campaign against Peste des petits ruminants in Chhattisgarh state, India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1349-1359. [PMID: 30839170 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effectiveness of 'Mass Vaccination Campaign (MVC)' implemented against the contagious transboundary OIE notified Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) in sheep and goats on the lines of 'pulse polio campaign' for humans in Chhattisgarh state, India. The effectiveness was evaluated on the axes of adequacy, financial viability under with and without MVC through differencing under various scenarios and options and programme impact from a farmer's perspective. The adequacy evaluation revealed that the reported outbreaks, diagnosed and death cases declined under PPR-MVC inconsonance with increased vaccination coverage. Furthermore, the seroconversion increased during post PPR-MVC implies elevated immunity levels in the sheep and goat population. The estimated mean mortality loss was USD 45.2 and USD 16.5 per animal in goats and sheep, respectively, whereas the treatment and opportunity cost of labour was USD 1.9 and USD 2.5 per animal respectively. Under the low PPR incidence scenario, benefit: cost ratio, net present value and internal rate of return were 4.9:1, 48.9 million USD and 146.6%, whereas it was 12.4:1,142.7 million USD and 430.4% and 13.5:1,156.7 million USD and 430.4% under medium and high incidence scenarios. Furthermore, the option of vaccinating 100% risk population during the first year followed by 30% during subsequent years to cover naïve population will maximize benefits than 100% coverage every year; nevertheless, benefits outweighs cost manifolds in both of these options. The farmers had a positive opinion on the overall services provided under PPR-MVC and the results provide the empirical evidence on effectiveness of 'mass vaccination' for its replication in other states of India or countries with similar socio-economic and rearing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurrappa Naidu Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | - Goutam Roy
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Barada Shankar Mohanty
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Arvind Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
| | - Varsha Sharma
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Aparna Patel
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Mausam Mehra
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - S K Pandey
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Government of Chhattisgarh, Raipur, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bangalore, India
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Jose LR, Mahadeviah SN, Balamurugan V, Kini KR. Evaluation of an in-house LipL32 polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of leptospirosis and its correlation with various serological diagnostic techniques. Indian J Med Microbiol 2018; 36:385-390. [PMID: 30429392 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_17_355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of ubiquitous distribution. During rainy seasons, in spring and summer and also during harvest times, the risk of leptospirosis increases as there are chances of frequent contact with infected rat population which is common in Karnataka as farming is a main source of income to the people here. There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalent serovars from Karnataka. This study was undertaken as an attempt to compare a battery of tools such as immunochromatographic test (ICT), microscopic agglutination test (MAT), immunoglobulin M (IgM) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and in-house polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect leptospirosis. Settings and Design This study using consecutive sampling technique was conducted in a tertiary care centre, Mysore, Karnataka. Subjects and Methods Samples from 783 suspected cases of leptospirosis in and around Mysore between April 2013 and April 2016 were processed. Samples from 783 patients suspected of leptospirosis were subjected to ICT, IgM ELISA, MAT and in-house PCR. Statistical Analysis Used The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software version. Results Among 783 samples tested, only 14 (1.7%) were positive by ICT, 341 (44%) were positive by IgM ELISA, 368 (47%) were positive by MAT and 393 (50.2%) were positive by in-house PCR. Conclusions Mysore can be considered endemic for leptospirosis. The in-house PCR based on LipL32 gene proved to be useful in the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rose Jose
- Department of Microbiology, JSS Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - V Balamurugan
- Department of Microbiology, ICAR-NIVEDI, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Ramachandra Kini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Venkatesan G, Kumar A, Manimuthu P, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK. Sequence analysis of haemagglutinin gene of camelpox viruses shows deletion leading to frameshift: Circulation of diverse clusters among camelpox viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1920-1934. [PMID: 30105893 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Orthopoxviruses (OPVs) have broad host range infecting a variety of species along with gene-specific determinants. Several genes including haemagglutinin (HA) are used for differentiation of OPVs. Among poxviruses, OPVs are sole members encoding HA protein as part of extracellular enveloped virion membrane. Camelpox virus (CMLV) causes an important contagious disease affecting mainly young camels, endemic to Indian subcontinent, Africa and the Middle East. This study describes the sequence features and phylogenetic analysis of HA gene (homologue of VACV A56R) of Indian CMLV isolates. Comparative analysis of CMLV HA gene revealed conserved nature within CMLVs but considerable variability was observed between various species of OPVs. Most Indian CMLV isolates showed 99.5%-100% and 96.3%-100% identity, at nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) levels respectively, among themselves and with CMLV-M96 strain. Importantly, Indian CMLV strains along with CMLV-M96 showed deletion of seven nucleotides resulting in frameshift mutation at C-terminus of HA protein. Phylogenetic analysis displayed distinct clustering among CMLVs which might point to the circulation of diverse CMLV strains in nature. Despite different host specificity of OPVs, comparative sequence analysis of HA protein showed highly conserved N-terminal Ig V-set functional domain with tandem repeats. Understanding of molecular diversity of CMLVs and structural domains of HA protein will help in the elucidation of molecular mechanisms for immune evasion and design of novel antivirals for OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prabhu Manimuthu
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.,ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India.,ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ghosh KK, Prakash A, Shrivastav P, Balamurugan V, Kumar M. Evaluation of a novel outer membrane surface-exposed protein, LIC13341 of Leptospira, as an adhesin and serodiagnostic candidate marker for leptospirosis. Microbiology (Reading) 2018; 164:1023-1037. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karukriti Kaushik Ghosh
- 1Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aman Prakash
- 1Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Prateek Shrivastav
- 1Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- 2Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Bengaluru, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- 1Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Kshirsagar D, Savalia C, Balamurugan V, Kalyani I. Zoonotic significance and molecular characterization of predominant leptospiral serogroups circulating in animals of South Gujarat ecosystem in India. Int J Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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39
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Govindaraj G, Sridevi R, Nandakumar SN, Vineet R, Rajeev P, Binu MK, Balamurugan V, Rahman H. Economic impacts of avian influenza outbreaks in Kerala, India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e361-e372. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Govindaraj
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
| | - R. Sridevi
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
| | - S. N. Nandakumar
- Chief Disease Investigation Office (CDIO); Palode, Thiruvanantapuram Kerala India
| | - R. Vineet
- Chief Disease Investigation Office (CDIO); Palode, Thiruvanantapuram Kerala India
| | - P. Rajeev
- Department of Animal Husbandry; Government of Kerala; Thiruvanathapuram Kerala India
| | - M. K. Binu
- Department of Animal Husbandry; Government of Kerala; Thiruvanathapuram Kerala India
| | - V. Balamurugan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
| | - H. Rahman
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI); Yelahanka Bangalore India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research; New Delhi India
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Shruthi G, Prasad KS, Vinod TP, Balamurugan V, Shivamallu C. Green Synthesis of Biologically Active Silver Nanoparticles through a Phyto-Mediated Approach Using Areca catechu
Leaf Extract. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Govindaraju Shruthi
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Division of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University; Mysore, Karnataka - 570 015 India
| | - Kollur Shiva Prasad
- Chemistry Group; Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences; Manipal University, Karnataka -; 576104 India
| | - T. P. Vinod
- Chemistry Group; Manipal Centre for Natural Sciences; Manipal University, Karnataka -; 576104 India
| | - Vinayagamurthy Balamurugan
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), ICAR, Yelahanka; Bangalore - 560 064, Karnataka India
| | - Chandan Shivamallu
- Faculty of Life Sciences; Division of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics; Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University; Mysore, Karnataka - 570 015 India
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Sengupta PP, Ligi M, Rudramurthy GR, Balamurugan V, Rahman H. Development of ELISA Exploring Recombinant Variable Surface Glycoprotein for Diagnosis of Surra in Animals. CURR SCI INDIA 2016. [DOI: 10.18520/cs/v111/i12/2022-2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Apsana R, Balamurugan V, Veeregowda B, Abraham S, Raju D, Rathnamma D, Byregowda S, Rahman H, Shaila M. Expression and characterization of immunodominant region of fusion protein of peste des petits ruminants virus in E. coli. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Balamurugan V, Roy M, Sowjanyakumari S, Abraham S, Apsana R, Nagalingam M, Hemadri D, Rahman H. Development of Recombinant Nucleocapsid Protein based indirect ELISA for Serodiagnosis of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep and Goats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.6.301.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Balamurugan V, Govindaraj GN, Rahman H. Planning, Implementation of Peste des Petits Ruminants Control Programme and Strategies Adopted for Disease Control in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.bjv/2016.3.3s.53.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Govindaraj GN, Balamurugan V, Rahman H. Estimation of Economic Loss of PPR in Sheep and Goats in India: An Annual Incidence Based Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.17582/journal.bjv/2016.3.3s.77.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gomes AR, Byregowda SM, Veeregowda BM, Balamurugan V. An Overview of Heterologous Expression Host Systems for the Production of Recombinant Proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.7.346.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Bhanuprakash V, Singh R, Pandey A. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of sheep pox and goat pox viruses in clinical samples. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:174-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Balamurugan V. Investigation on the Distribution of Leptospira Serovars and its Prevalence in Bovine in Konkan Region, Maharashtra, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.14737/journal.aavs/2016/4.2s.19.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mukherjee J, Balamurugan V, Hundal MS, Mukherjee R. Fixation of CO2 in air: Synthesis and crystal structure of a μ3-CO3-bridged tricopper(II) compound. J CHEM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03356104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
<p>Research on tracked vehicle dynamics is by and large limited to multi-rigid body simulation. For realistic prediction of vehicle dynamics, it is better to model the vehicle as multi-flexible body. In this paper, tracked vehicle is modelled as a mass-spring system with sprung and unsprung masses of the physical tracked vehicle by Finite element method. Using the equivalent vehicle model, dynamic studies are carried out by imparting vertical displacement inputs to the road wheels. Ride characteristics of the vehicle are captured by modelling the road wheel arms as flexible elements using Finite element method. In this work, a typical tracked vehicle test terrain viz., Trapezoidal blocks terrain (APG terrain) is considered. Through the simulations, the effect of the road wheel arm flexibility is monitored. Result of the analysis of equivalent vehicle model with flexible road wheel arms, is compared with the equivalent vehicle model with rigid road wheel arms and also with the experimental results of physical tracked vehicle. Though there is no major difference in the vertical bounce response between the flexible model and the rigid model, but there is a visible difference in the roll condition. Result of the flexible vehicle model is also reasonably matches with the experimental result.</p><p><strong>Defence Science Journal, Vol. 66, No. 1, January 2016, pp. 19-25, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.9201</strong></p>
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