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Kouamou V, Gundidza P, Ndhlovu CE, Makadzange AT. Factors associated with CD4 + cell count recovery among males and females with advanced HIV disease. AIDS 2023; 37:2311-2318. [PMID: 37598355 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV/AIDS mortality remains significantly high in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly driven by opportunistic infections and advanced HIV disease (AHD). This study aimed to assess CD4 + cell count recovery following ART initiation and factors associated with immune reconstitution. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study between 2015 and 2016. HIV-infected adults (≥18 years) with AHD (CD4 + cell count ≤100 cells/μl) receiving care at 20 outpatient HIV treatment facilities in Harare, Zimbabwe were enrolled. CD4 + cell count recovery (CD4 + cell count >200 cells/μl) was assessed following 12-month ART initiation and factors associated with immune reconstitution were investigated using logistic regression analysis. All statistical analyses were performed on Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. RESULTS 1320 participants were enrolled and 56.4% were males. The median (interquartile range, IQR) age was 37 (32-43) years. Tuberculosis was seen in 16.0%. Of the 739 participants that had CD4 + cell count at 12 months, CD4 + cell count recovery above 200 cells/μl was observed in 163 (22.1%) participants. Median (IQR) CD4 + cell count at 12-months increased to 127 (75-190) cells/μl from 31 (14-55) at baseline. Factors associated with CD4 + cell count recovery were younger age at baseline [odds ratio (OR) ≥40/<40 = 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.40-0.85, P = 0.005), sex (OR female/male = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.44-2.99, P < 0.0001) and baseline CD4 + cell count (OR ≥50/<50 = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.10-2.33, P = 0.013). CONCLUSION A significant proportion (77.9%) of patients seeking care with AHD in a resource limited setting failed to recover a CD4 + cell count >200 cells/μl. Male sex, older age and low CD4 + cell count at ART initiation were factors associated with poor immune reconstitution. Better differentiated care deliveries targeting this vulnerable population are critical for improving clinical outcomes and quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinie Kouamou
- Charles River Medical Group
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Primary Healthcare Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Chiratidzo Ellen Ndhlovu
- Charles River Medical Group
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Primary Healthcare Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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Chalchisa D, Belay Y, Befekadu E, Kassaw M, G/Egzeabher L, Gebremicael G, Lengiso B, Chala D, Sahlemariam Z, Kebede E, Abate E, Tsegaye A. Reference Intervals for Absolute and Percentage CD4+ T Lymphocytes among an Apparently Healthy Population in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5361-5367. [PMID: 35677805 PMCID: PMC9167834 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s357237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reference intervals for clinical laboratory parameters differ based on several factors, including age, sex, genetic variation, and geographic location. This variation influences clinical decisions and treatment monitoring. Currently, Ethiopia has used adopted reference intervals from manufacturer values derived from non-Africans. Therefore, the aim this study was to determine reference intervals for absolute and percentage CD4+ T cells for an apparently healthy population in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 361 apparently healthy people in four subcities in Addis Ababa from January to June 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire after informed consent had been obtained. Blood samples were collected and CD4+ T-lymphocyte enumeration performed using a BD FACSPresto near-patient CD4 counter. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS 20. Reference intervals were determined by a nonparametric test estimating percentiles 2.5 (lower limit) and 97.5 (upper limit) with 95% CIs. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 337 (183 female and 154 male) healthy participants of median age 28 (IQR 17–35) years were included in the final analysis. Medians of absolute and percentage CD4+ T-cell counts (932.0 and 42.9, respectively) of female participants were significantly higher than male participants (802.5 and 38.7, respectively; P<0.05). Reference intervals for absolute CD4+ T-cell count and percentages in males were 483.8–1,310 cells/µL and 18.1–57.3 and in females 447.8–1,479.8 cells/µL and 25.6–58.9, respectively. Conclusion The CD4+ T-count reference intervals established in this study showed some inconsistency from the manufacturer’s provided values and other studies and also revealed sex differences, necessitating sex-specific locally established reference intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinkenesh Chalchisa
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Dinkenesh Chalchisa, National HIV Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, 1242, Ethiopia, Tel + 251-91-064-0900, Email
| | - Yohannes Belay
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Endalkachew Befekadu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Melkitu Kassaw
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Letebrhan G/Egzeabher
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Yekatit 12 Medical College Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Boki Lengiso
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Chala
- National HIV Reference Laboratory, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Ebba Abate
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aster Tsegaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bakr S, AlFattani A, Al-Nounou R, Bakshi N, Khogeer H, Alharbi M, Almousa N, Alomaim W, Aguilos A, Almashary M, Owaidah T. Hematologic reference intervals for healthy adult Saudis in Riyadh. Ann Saudi Med 2022; 42:191-203. [PMID: 35658586 PMCID: PMC9167458 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2022.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory hematological tests are widely used in clinical practice to assess health and disease conditions. Reference ranges provided by laboratory reports are considered the most authoritative medical tools to assist in the decision-making phase. International standards institutes recommend that reference ranges be established for each region. OBJECTIVES Provide reference values of routine hematological parameters in Saudi adults according to age and gender. DESIGN Cross-sectional SETTING: Central province of Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Apparently healthy Saudi adults were subjected to laboratory testing of routine hematological parameters (full blood count, hemostatic profile, and serum hematinics), after completing a detailed health medical questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Hematological reference values based on the local population. SAMPLE SIZE AND CHARACTERISTICS 637 after screening 827 potentially healthy Saudi adults with ages ranging from 15 to 65 years. RESULTS The reference values of routine hematological parameters for the full population and by gender are presented with 90% CI as the lower and upper limits. Reference ranges mostly differed from universal established ranges shown in textbooks. CONCLUSION The reference ranges of routine hematologic parameters for accurate assessment and appropriate management will help improve the routine clinical care of the adult Saudi population. LIMITATIONS Difficulty in assessing health status of participants, who could have subclinical illnesses not reflected in the evaluated blood measurement. Lack of ability to eliminate individuals who might be carriers for haemoglobinopathies. Studies with larger sample sizes from different areas of the country are required to achieve a more accurate representation of the whole Saudi population. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Bakr
- From the Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.,From the College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej AlFattani
- From the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Randa Al-Nounou
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir Bakshi
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haitham Khogeer
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alharbi
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Almousa
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Alomaim
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amelita Aguilos
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - May Almashary
- From the College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek Owaidah
- From the Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,From the Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Fiseha T, Ebrahim H, Ebrahim E, Gebreweld A. CD4+ cell count recovery after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected Ethiopian adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265740. [PMID: 35324948 PMCID: PMC8947242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ cell count recovery after effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an important determinant of both AIDS and non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. Data on CD4+ cell count recovery after initiation of ART are still limited in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to assess CD4+ cell count recovery among HIV-infected adults initiating ART in an Ethiopian setting. Methods A retrospective cohort study of HIV-infected adults initiating ART between September 2008 and June 2019 was carried out. CD4+ cell count recovery was defined as an increase in CD4+ cell count of >100 cells/mm3 from baseline or achievement of a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm3 at 12 months after ART initiation. Factors associated with CD4+ cell count recovery were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 566 patients included in this study, the median baseline CD4+ cell count was 264 cells/mm3 (IQR: 192–500). At 12 months after ART initiation, the median CD4+ cell count increased to 472 cells/mm3, and the proportion of patients with CD4+ cell count < 200 cells/mm3 declined from 28.3 to 15.0%. A total of 58.0% of patients had an increase in CD4+ cell count of >100 cells/mm3 from baseline and 48.6% achieved a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm3 at 12 months. Among patients with CD4+ cell counts < 200, 200–350 and >350 cells/mm3 at baseline, respectively, 30%, 43.9% and 61.7% achieved a CD4+ cell count >500 cells/mm3 at 12 months. In multivariable analysis, poor CD4+ cell count recovery (an increase of ≤100 cells/mm3 from baseline) was associated with older age, male sex, higher baseline CD4+ cell count and zidovudine-containing initial regimen. Factors associated with poor CD4+ cell count recovery to reach the level >500 cells/mm3 included older age, male sex and lower baseline CD4+ cell count. Conclusions CD4+ cell count failed to recover in a substantial proportion of adults initiating ART in this resource-limited setting. Older age, male sex and baseline CD4+ cell count are the dominant factors for poor CD4+ cell count recovery. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed focusing on high risk patients to maximize CD4+ cell count recovery and improve outcomes during therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen Fiseha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hussen Ebrahim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Endris Ebrahim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Angesom Gebreweld
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Perazzio SF, Palmeira P, Moraes-Vasconcelos D, Rangel-Santos A, de Oliveira JB, Andrade LEC, Carneiro-Sampaio M. A Critical Review on the Standardization and Quality Assessment of Nonfunctional Laboratory Tests Frequently Used to Identify Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721289. [PMID: 34858394 PMCID: PMC8630704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), which were previously termed primary immunodeficiency diseases, represent a large and growing heterogeneous group of diseases that are mostly monogenic. In addition to increased susceptibility to infections, other clinical phenotypes have recently been associated with IEI, such as autoimmune disorders, severe allergies, autoinflammatory disorders, benign lymphoproliferative diseases, and malignant manifestations. The IUIS 2019 classification comprises 430 distinct defects that, although rare individually, represent a group affecting a significant number of patients, with an overall prevalence of 1:1,200-2,000 in the general population. Early IEI diagnosis is critical for appropriate therapy and genetic counseling, however, this process is deeply dependent on accurate laboratory tests. Despite the striking importance of laboratory data for clinical immunologists, several IEI-relevant immunoassays still lack standardization, including standardized protocols, reference materials, and external quality assessment programs. Moreover, well-established reference values mostly remain to be determined, especially for early ages, when the most severe conditions manifest and diagnosis is critical for patient survival. In this article, we intend to approach the issue of standardization and quality control of the nonfunctional diagnostic tests used for IEI, focusing on those frequently utilized in clinical practice. Herein, we will focus on discussing the issues of nonfunctional immunoassays (flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and turbidimetry/nephelometry, among others), as defined by the pure quantification of proteins or cell subsets without cell activation or cell culture-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Félix Perazzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Palmeira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dewton Moraes-Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-56), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rangel-Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Belay YB, Ali EE, Chung KY, Gebretekle GB, Sander B. Cost-Utility Analysis of Dolutegravir- Versus Efavirenz-Based Regimens as a First-Line Treatment in Adult HIV/AIDS Patients in Ethiopia. PHARMACOECONOMICS - OPEN 2021; 5:655-664. [PMID: 34133017 PMCID: PMC8611130 DOI: 10.1007/s41669-021-00275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several countries, the dolutegravir (DTG)-based regimen is generally preferred as first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) over the efavirenz (EFV)-based regimen, but the evidence in low-income countries is limited. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of DTG- versus EFV-based first-line human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment in Ethiopia. METHODS We developed a microsimulation model for the progression of HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to examine the cost effectiveness of DTG-based first-line ART compared with an EFV-based regimen from a healthcare payer perspective. We used a lifetime horizon with a 1-month cycle length and a 3% annual discount rate. The primary outcomes were a lifetime cost in US dollars ($), quality-adjusted life-months (QALMs) that converted to QALYs using the formula QALY = QALM/12, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Deterministic sensitivity analysis was conducted to account for parameter uncertainty. RESULTS Compared with the EFV-based regimen, the DTG-based regimen was associated with an expected lifetime cost of $12,709 (vs. $12,701) and expected QALYs of 15.3 (vs. 14.7 QALYs) per patient, resulting in an ICER value of $13.33 per QALY. From an alternative analysis with a 5-year time horizon, DTG-based ART was found to be dominant, with expected gains of 0.17 QALYs at a lower cost of $1 per patient. The deterministic sensitivity analysis depicted that the maximum increase in ICER value was $72 per QALY, and all ICER values were below the estimated threshold value. CONCLUSIONS The DTG-based first-line regimen appears to be cost effective compared with the EFV-based regimen for the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients in an Ethiopian setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Belete Belay
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, PO Box 1871, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Eskinder Eshetu Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Karen Y Chung
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Torono, ON, Canada
| | - Gebremedhin Beedemariam Gebretekle
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Torono, ON, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, University Health Network, Torono, ON, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Wolday D, Ndungu FM, Gómez-Pérez GP, de Wit TFR. Chronic Immune Activation and CD4 + T Cell Lymphopenia in Healthy African Individuals: Perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693269. [PMID: 34220854 PMCID: PMC8249933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic immune activation has been considered as the driving force for CD4+ T cell depletion in people infected with HIV-1. Interestingly, the normal immune profile of adult HIV-negative individuals living in Africa also exhibit chronic immune activation, reminiscent of that observed in HIV-1 infected individuals. It is characterized by increased levels of soluble immune activation markers, such as the cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and cellular activation markers including HLA-DR, CD-38, CCR5, coupled with reduced naïve and increased memory cells in CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. In addition, it is accompanied by low CD4+ T cell counts when compared to Europeans. There is also evidence that mononuclear cells from African infants secrete less innate cytokines than South and North Americans and Europeans in vitro. Chronic immune activation in Africans is linked to environmental factors such as parasitic infections and could be responsible for previously observed immune hypo-responsiveness to infections and vaccines. It is unclear whether the immunogenicity and effectiveness of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will also be reduced by similar mechanisms. A review of studies investigating this phenomenon is urgently required as they should inform the design and delivery for vaccines to be used in African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Wolday
- Department of Medicine, Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Francis M. Ndungu
- Department of Global Health, Kenyan Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) – Wellcome Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gloria P. Gómez-Pérez
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tobias F. Rinke de Wit
- Amsterdam Institute of Global Health and Development, Department of Global Health, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Joep-Lange Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Gebere YF, Bimerew LG, Malko WA, Fenta DA. Hematological and CD4+ T- cell count reference interval for pregnant women attending antenatal care at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa Southern Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249185. [PMID: 33831053 PMCID: PMC8031454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy is a state characterized by physiological, hematological, and immunological changes. However, the reference intervals (RI) being used in clinical practice in Ethiopia are derived from non-local general populations. Therefore; this study was aimed to determine the reference interval of hematological and immunological profiles among healthy pregnant mothers attending Hawassa University Hospital. METHODS A cross-sectional study in a total of 360 healthy pregnant women was enrolled from January to April 2019, at Hawassa University hospital. Sociodemographic and obstetric data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples collected from each participant were used to define the hematological parameters. The median and 95% intervals were calculated for the immunological and hematological profiles. P-value 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULT A total of 360 healthy pregnant women were enrolled in this study. The age range of the participants was 18-45 years. 342(95%) were married and 270 (75%) of the participants were multigravida. The overall median CD4+ T-cell and total WBC counts (cells/mm3) were 602 and 7.58 respectively. The overall median value for lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophil count was (cells/mm3) was 2.21, 6.74, .63, .53, and 0.09 respectively. Whereas the median RBC and platelet count was 4.48×106/μLand 212×106/μL. The median value of hematological profiles in the first, second, and third trimesters was TWBC (103/μL) (7.90, 8.30, 8.65), RBC (106/μL) (4.5, 4.6, 4.62), and PLT (103/μL) (210, 209,161) respectively. The CD4 T cell count median value was (600, 598, and 591) in the first, second, and third trimesters. Significant changes were observed in hematological and immunological parameters between trimesters (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Significant changes were observed in hematological and immunological parameters between trimesters (P < 0.05). Considerable differences were also seen between the values in this study and other studies from Ethiopia and other countries, indicated the need for the development of local reference intervals for pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidnekachew Fiseha Gebere
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
| | - Lealem Gedefaw Bimerew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health Faculty of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Adissu Malko
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health Faculty of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Oromiya Region, Ethiopia
| | - Demissie Assegu Fenta
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Sidama Region, Ethiopia
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Sing’oei V, Ochola J, Owuoth J, Otieno J, Rono E, Andagalu B, Otieno L, Nwoga C, Copeland NK, Lawlor J, Yates A, Imbach M, Crowell TA, Eller LA, Kamau E, Modjarrad K, Cowden J, Ake J, Robb ML, Polyak CS. Clinical laboratory reference values in adults in Kisumu County, Western Kenya; hematology, chemistry and CD4. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249259. [PMID: 33784358 PMCID: PMC8009432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical laboratory reference intervals (RIs) are essential for diagnosing and managing patients in routine clinical care as well as establishing eligibility criteria and defining adverse events in clinical trials, but may vary by age, gender, genetics, nutrition and geographic location. It is, therefore, critical to establish region-specific reference values in order to inform clinical decision-making. Methods We analyzed data from a prospective observational HIV incidence cohort study in Kombewa, Kenya. Study participants were healthy males and females, aged 18–35 years, without HIV. Median and 95% reference values (2.5th percentile to 97.5th percentile) were calculated for laboratory parameters including hematology, chemistry studies, and CD4 T cell count. Standard Deviation Ratios (SDR) and Bias Ratios (BR) are presented as measures of effect magnitude. Findings were compared with those from the United States and other Kenyan studies. Results A total of 299 participants were analyzed with a median age of 24 years (interquartile range: 21–28). Ratio of males to females was 0.9:1. Hemoglobin range (2.5th—97.5th percentiles) was 12.0–17.9 g/dL and 9.5–15.3 g/dL in men and women respectively. In the cohort, MCV range was 59-95fL, WBC 3.7–9.2×103/μL, and platelet 154–401×103/μL. Chemistry values were higher in males; the creatinine RI was 59–103 μmol/L in males vs. 46–76 μmol/L in females (BRUL>.3); and the alanine transferase range was 8.8–45.3 U/L in males vs. 7.5–36.8 U/L in females (SDR>.3). The overall CD4 T cell count RI was 491–1381 cells/μL. Some parameters including hemoglobin, neutrophil, creatinine and ALT varied with that from prior studies in Kenya and the US. Conclusion This study not only provides clinical reference intervals for a population in Kisumu County but also highlights the variations in comparable settings, accentuating the requirement for region-specific reference values to improve patient care, scientific validity, and quality of clinical trials in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Sing’oei
- HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu, Kenya
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Jew Ochola
- HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu, Kenya
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John Owuoth
- HJF Medical Research International, Kisumu, Kenya
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - June Otieno
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Eric Rono
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ben Andagalu
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Lucas Otieno
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Chiaka Nwoga
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | - John Lawlor
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Adam Yates
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Michelle Imbach
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Trevor A. Crowell
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leigh Anne Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Edwin Kamau
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jessica Cowden
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate–Africa, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Julie Ake
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Christina S. Polyak
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Araya S, Wordofa M, Mamo MA, Tsegay YG, Hordofa A, Negesso AE, Fasil T, Berhanu B, Begashaw H, Atlaw A, Niguse T, Cheru M, Tamir Z. The Magnitude of Hematological Abnormalities Among COVID-19 Patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:545-554. [PMID: 33688198 PMCID: PMC7936683 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s295432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a systemic infection with cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, neurological, and hematological manifestations. Abnormal hematological findings are thought to have a role in early risk stratification and prognostication of COVID-19 patients. However, the data on hematological abnormalities associated with the disease among Ethiopian COVID-19 patients are limited. Objective To determine the magnitude of hematological abnormalities among COVID-19 patients admitted at Millennium COVID-19 referral treatment center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among COVID-19 patients admitted to Millennium COVID-19 referral treatment center from May to July, 2020. A total of 334 COVID-19 patients were included using convenience sampling. Socio-demographic data and disease severity status of admitted patients were recorded. Three milliliters of venous blood was collected and analyzed by Beckman Coulter DXH-600 automated analyzer to determine complete blood count (CBC). The data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 23 software. Association of age, sex, and disease severity with hematological abnormalities was analyzed using binary logistic regression. An odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to measure the strength of association. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results Of 334 admitted COVID-19 patients, the majority were males (62.3%) and 69.8% had moderate disease conditions. The overall magnitude of any cytopenia and pancytopenia was 41% and 1.8%, respectively. The magnitude of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia was 24.9%, 21.6%, and 5.4%, respectively. Lymphopenia (72.2%) was the most common hematological abnormality. COVID-19 patients with severe and critical disease were more likely to develop anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and combined neutrophilia-lymphopenia than those with moderate disease condition, with a significant association. Conclusion Lymphopenia was the most common hematological abnormality observed among COVID-19 patients. Hematological abnormalities such as anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and combined neutrophilia-lymphopenia were significantly associated with disease severity. Monitoring and evaluation of hematological parameters could provide prognostic insight into the management and risk stratification of COVID-19 patients. However, further studies are required to fully understand the utility of hematological parameters for the prognosis of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambel Araya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Laboratory, Millennium COVID-19 Treatment and Care Centre, St. Paul Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moges Wordofa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mintesnot Aragaw Mamo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Millennium COVID-19 Treatment and Care Centre, St. Paul Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yakob Gebregziabher Tsegay
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Millennium COVID-19 Treatment and Care Centre, St. Paul Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.,Research and Development Center, College of Health Sciences, Defense University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Hordofa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Millennium COVID-19 Treatment and Care Centre, St. Paul Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Medical Laboratory, Legehare General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Edao Negesso
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tewodros Fasil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Betelhem Berhanu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hermela Begashaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asegdew Atlaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Millennium COVID-19 Treatment and Care Centre, St. Paul Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tirhas Niguse
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mahlet Cheru
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Zemenu Tamir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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11
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Mengistu Sissay T, Tibebu M, Wasihun T, Tsegaye A. Hematological reference intervals for adult population of Dire Dawa town, East Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244314. [PMID: 33591978 PMCID: PMC7886208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reference interval (RI) for hematological parameters is used to interpret laboratory test results in the diagnosis, management and monitoring of hematologic disorders. Several factors including sex, age, dietary patterns, pregnancy status, ethnicity and geographic location affect hematological RIs. However, manufacturers derived reference value is currently in use in most developing countries including Ethiopia. This study aimed to establish hematological RIs for adult population living in Dire Dawa town, East Ethiopia. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 513 apparently healthy adults of Dire Dawa town were enrolled from January to March 2019. From these, 342 (171 males and 171 non-pregnant females) were aged 18–65 years while 171 were pregnant women aged 15–49 years. After obtaining written informed consent, 5ml fresh whole blood was collected of which 2ml was used for hematologic analysis using Mindray BC-3000plus hematology analyzer and 3ml for serological tests. The 2.5th and 97.5th RI was computed by non-parametric test employing SPSS version 24. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result Males had significantly higher reference value for most of red cell parameters (Hgb, RBC, HCT, MCH and MCHC) than females (p <0.05), while most of the WBC parameters were significantly higher in females than males. Moreover, non-pregnant women had higher values for most of red cell parameters than pregnant women. Pregnant women had higher WBC parameters than their non-pregnant counterparts. Conclusion The hematologic RIs obtained in this study shows variation between genders, between pregnant and non-pregnant women, from the clinical practice currently utilised in Dire Dawa town and from studies conducted in Ethiopia, African countries as well as the Western population. It underscores the need for utilising gender and pregnancy specific, locally derived hematologic RI for better management, diagnosis and monitoring of hematologic disorders for adults of both genders and pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melatwork Tibebu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Aster Tsegaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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12
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Wolday D, Legesse D, Kebede Y, Siraj DS, McBride JA, Striker R. Immune recovery in HIV-1 infected patients with sustained viral suppression under long-term antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240880. [PMID: 33091053 PMCID: PMC7580989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is very little data on long-term immune recovery responses in patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the setting of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Thus, we sought to determine CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cell and CD4/CD8 ratio responses in a cohort of HIV infected individuals on sustained suppressive ART followed up for more than a decade. METHODS The cohort comprised adult patients who started ART between 2001 and 2007 and followed for up to 14 years. Trends in median CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells and CD4/CD8 ratio were reviewed retrospectively. Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with achieving normalized T-cell biomarkers. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the probability of attaining normalized counts while on suppressive ART. RESULTS A total of 227 patients with a median duration of follow-up on ART of 12 (IQR: 10.5-13.0) years were included. CD4 cell count increased from baseline median of 138 cells (IQR: 70-202) to 555 cells (IQR: 417-830). CD4 cell increased continuously up until 5 years, after which it plateaued up until 14 years of follow up. Only 69.6% normalized their CD4 cell count within a median of 6.5 (IQR: 3.0-10.5) years. In addition, only 15.9% of the cohort were able to achieve the median reference CD4+ T-cell threshold count in Ethiopians (≈760 cells/μL). CD8+ T-cell counts increased initially until year 1, after which continuous decrease was ascertained. CD4/CD8 ratio trend revealed continuous increase throughout the course of ART, and increased from a median baseline of 0.14 (IQR: 0.09-0.22) to a median of 0.70 (IQR: 0.42-0.95). However, only 12.3% normalized their ratio (≥ 1.0) after a median of 11.5 years. In addition, only 8.8% of the cohort were able to achieve the median reference ratio of healthy Ethiopians. CONCLUSION Determination of both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, along with CD4/CD8 ratio is highly relevant in long-term follow-up of patients to assess immune recovery. Monitoring ratio levels may serve as a better biomarker risk for disease progression among patients on long-term ART. In addition, the findings emphasize the relevance of initiation of ART at the early stage of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Wolday
- Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yazezew Kebede
- Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Dawd S. Siraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. McBride
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert Striker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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13
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Establishment of reference range of CD4 T-lymphocyte in healthy Nepalese adults. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:316. [PMID: 32616011 PMCID: PMC7330941 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective CD4 T lymphocytes are the most widely used cellular markers to assess the course of HIV infection, clinical staging and, monitoring the effect of antiretroviral therapy. The regional reference range for Eastern, Central and Western development region of Nepal had already been established whereas the same was still lacking in Mid-western and Far-western development region. The objective of this study was to establish reference range of CD4 T lymphocyte in the remaining two development regions and finally the national reference range using data from previous study. Results The average values (mean ± SD) of CD4 and CD3 T cell in present study was (819 ± 294) cells/μl and (1546 ± 532) cells/μl, respectively. The absolute CD4 T cell (914 ± 303) and CD3 T cell (1671 ± 560) count in female were significantly higher than those from male, CD4 (757 ± 270) and CD3 (1465 ± 499) (p value-0.000). National reference value of CD4 was determined to be (798 ± 335) cells/μl for healthy Nepalese adults.
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14
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Wolday D, Kebede Y, Legesse D, Siraj DS, McBride JA, Kirsch MJ, Striker R. Role of CD4/CD8 ratio on the incidence of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy followed up for more than a decade. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233049. [PMID: 32442166 PMCID: PMC7244128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of CD4/CD8 ratio on the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is unknown. Thus, we sought to determine whether the CD4/CD8 ratio was associated with development of TB in a cohort of HIV infected individuals on ART followed up for more than a decade in the setting of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods The cohort comprised adult patients who started ART between 2001 and 2007 and followed for up to 15 years. Clinical data were collected in retrospective manner. Patients with an AIDS defining illness or a CD4 count <200 cell/μL were started with a combination of ART. The participants have clinic visits every 6 months and/or as needed. Poisson regression models were used to identify factors associated with development of incident TB. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the probability of incident TB while on ART. Results A total of 347 patients with a median duration of follow-up on ART of 11.5 (IQR: 10.0–12.5) years were included. Incident TB developed in 47 patients during the 3259 person-years of follow-up, the majority (76.6%) occurred within five year of ART initiation. On univariate analysis, poor ART adherence (RR:2.57, 95% CI: 1.28–5.17), time-updated CD4 cell count of lower than 200 (RR: 4.86, 95%CI 2.33–10.15), or CD4 cell count between 200 and 500 (RR: 4.68, 95% CI: 2.17–10.09), time-updated CD8 cell count lower than 500 (RR: 2.83 95% CI 1.31–6.10), or CD8 cell count over 1000 (RR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.12–4.45), time-updated CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 (RR: 6.00, 95% CI: 2.96–12.14), lack of normalization of CD4 T-cell count (RR: 6.13, 95% CI: 2.20–17.07), and virological failure (RR: 2.35 (95% CI: 1.17–4.71) were all associated with increased risk of incident TB. In multivariate analysis, however, time-updated CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 (adjusted RR: 4.08, 95% CI: 1.31–12.68) was the only factor associated with increased risk of developing incident TB (p = 0.015). Similar results were obtained in a sensitivity analysis by including only those virally suppressed patients (n = 233, 69% of all patients). In this group, CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 was associated with development of incident TB (adjusted RR: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.14–14.19, p = 0.031). Overall, the incidence rate of TB in patients with an updated CD4/CD8 ratio of less than 0.30 was more than 5-fold higher when compared with those with a ratio more than 0.45. Conclusion Low CD4/CD8 ratio is independently associated with an increased risk of incident TB despite viral suppression. CD4/CD8 ratio may serve as a biomarker for identifying patients at risk of TB in patients on ART in the setting of SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Wolday
- Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yazezew Kebede
- Mekelle University College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | - Dawd S. Siraj
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. McBride
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell J. Kirsch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert Striker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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15
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Kahase D, Solomon A, Alemayehu M. Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Parameters of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Comparative Study. J Blood Med 2020; 11:115-121. [PMID: 32308514 PMCID: PMC7136486 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s237317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pulmonary tuberculosis is still among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Different hematological abnormalities are commonly associated with pulmonary tuberculosis even though inconsistent results have been described. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the hematological parameters of pulmonary tuberculosis patients visited St. Paul’s hospital millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods From April to September 2018, a comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among pulmonary tuberculosis patients (n=40) and control patients (n=40). About 5 mL venous blood and 2–5 mL sputum samples were collected and examined by Cell Dyn 1800 hematology analyzer and cultured using Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (BACTEC MGIT 960), respectively. Independent t-test was performed with the help of SPSS version 20 software, and p-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant difference. Results The proportion of male to female in the pulmonary tuberculosis patients (PTB) and the control patients was 1.7 (25/15). Two-sample independent t-test revealed that the mean values of hemoglobin level (P=0.002), hematocrit (P=0.018), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (P=0.001) and relative lymphocyte percentage (P=0.036) of PTB were significantly lower than the control group. Moreover, significantly higher mean values were also observed in total white blood cell count (P=0.004), platelet count (P<0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P<0.001). Among the hematologic abnormalities detected, thrombocytosis and anemia presented in 65% and 25% of PTB patients, respectively. Conclusion Statistically significant mean differences were observed in hemoglobin, hematocrit (HCT), MCHC, relative lymphocyte percentage, WBC, platelet count, relative neutrophil percentage and ESR values. So, the utilization of such data is important in providing preliminary information for diagnosis and management of pulmonary tuberculosis. In fact, a further large scale study is needed to substantiate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kahase
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Gubrie, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Absra Solomon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Gubrie, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Alemayehu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wolkite University, Gubrie, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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16
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Prevalence of Anemia and Its Associated Factors in Antiretroviral-Treated HIV/AIDS-Positive Adults from 2013 to 2018 at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Adv Hematol 2020; 2020:2513578. [PMID: 32231702 PMCID: PMC7086413 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2513578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level of less than or equal to 13.9 g/dl for male and less than or equal to 12.2 g/dl for female adults. It is one of the most common hematological abnormalities in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and is a determining factor for disease progression and death. Among the countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Ethiopia is one of the most affected nations by HIV. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among HIV-positive adults that had received antiretroviral treatment (ART) at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital. Methods An institution-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 263 adults with HIV/AIDS that had undergone ART at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. Data were collected from patient charts using systematic sampling with a pretested data extraction tool and entered using EpiData 3.1. Variables having a p value ≤0.25 in the bivariate were fitted to a multivariable regression model with a 95% confidence interval. p value ≤0.25 in the bivariate were fitted to a multivariable regression model with a 95% confidence interval. Results Among the 263 HIV-positive patients, 237 (90.11%) were included in the final analysis. The overall prevalence of anemia was 26.2%. Factors that were significantly associated with anemia were past opportunistic infections, patients being in WHO clinical stage III and IV, and a BMI <18.5. Conversely, those patients who took anti-TB medication were less likely to have anemia. Conclusion Our study shows that the severity of anemia among HIV/AIDS patients that had undergone ART is lower than most studies conducted in Ethiopia. We also found that opportunistic infection, WHO clinical staging, anti-TB treatment, and low BMI were significantly associated with anemia. Therefore, routine screening of patient nutritional status and opportunistic infections may be useful in predicting and controlling anemia in HIV/AIDS patients.
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17
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Yibalih NK, Wolday D, Kinde S, Weldearegay GM. External Quality Assessment on CD4+ T-Cell Count Using in-House Proficiency Testing Panels for CD4 Count Laboratories in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2020; 29:309-320. [PMID: 31447499 PMCID: PMC6689725 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v29i3.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ T-cell count External Quality Assessment program is important for the evaluation of performance of CD4 count laboratories. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of CD4count laboratory performance using in-house Proficiency testing panels that perform routine CD4 counts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2013/14. Methods Participating laboratories were 20, 23 and 25 in trials 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In-house prepared fresh whole blood samples both with “normal” and “low” CD4 values were sent to participating laboratories. Percentage and absolute counts of CD4+ T-lymphocytes were done using their routine procedures. Data were analyzed for each trial including trimmed mean, standard deviation (SD), percent coefficient of variation (%CV), residual, and standard deviation index (SDI) values for both absolute counts and percentages of CD4+ lymphocytes (%CD4). Results Most participating laboratories produced results that were within 2SD of the mean. Average inter-laboratory precision (trimmed %CV) was 10.87% and 5.14% for CD4 absolute counts and %CD4, respectively. For normal material, the trimmed mean %CV was 9.59% and3.23% for CD4 absolute counts and %CD4, respectively. For low material, the trimmed mean % CV was 12.15% and 7.05% for CD4 absolute counts and %CD4 respectively. BDFACSCount™ users showed the best accuracy and precision as evidenced by longitudinal analysis. Conclusion This study was found to help facilities in early identifying their gaps with regard to their CD4 count performance and in avoiding the challenges encountered during participation in external EQA providers like the high cost, transportation problem, feedback delay and CD4laboratory coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natnael Kidanu Yibalih
- School of Medicine, Aksum University, College of Health Science and Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Aksum, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Wolday
- Manager of Medical Biotech Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samuel Kinde
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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18
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Rhodes D, Carcelain G, Keeney M, Parizot C, Benjamins D, Genesta L, Zhang J, Rohrbach J, Lawrie D, Glencross DK. Assessment of the AQUIOS flow cytometer - An automated sample preparation system for CD4 lymphocyte PanLeucogating enumeration. Afr J Lab Med 2019; 8:804. [PMID: 31850159 PMCID: PMC6909423 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flow cytometry has been the approach of choice for enumerating and documenting CD4-cell decline in HIV monitoring. Beckman Coulter has developed a single platform test for CD4+ T-cell lymphocyte count and percentage using PanLeucogating (PLG) technology on the automated AQUIOS flow cytometer (AQUIOS PLG). Objectives This study compared the performance of AQUIOS PLG with the Flowcare PLG method and performed a reference interval for comparison with those previously published. Methods The study was conducted between November 2014 and March 2015 at 5 different centres located in Canada; Paris, France; Lyon, France; the United States; and South Africa. Two-hundred and forty samples from HIV-positive adult and paediatric patients were used to compare the performances of AQUIOS PLG and Flowcare PLG on a FC500 flow cytometer (Flowcare PLG) in determining CD4+ absolute count and percentage. A reference interval was determined using 155 samples from healthy, non-HIV adults. Workflow was investigated testing 440 samples over 5 days. Results Mean absolute and relative count bias between AQUIOS PLG and Flowcare PLG was −41 cells/µL and −7.8%. Upward and downward misclassification at various CD4 thresholds was ≤ 2.4% and ≤ 11.1%. The 95% reference interval (2.5th – 97.5th) for the CD4+ count was 453–1534 cells/µL and the percentage was 30.5% – 63.4%. The workflow showed an average number of HIV samples tested as 17.5 per hour or 122.5 per 8-hour shift for one technician, including passing quality controls. Conclusion The AQUIOS PLG merges desirable aspects from conventional flow cytometer systems (high throughput, precision and accuracy, external quality assessment compatibility) with low technical operating skill requirements for automated, single platform systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rhodes
- Clinical Affairs, Beckman Coulter Immunotech, Marseille, France
| | | | - Mike Keeney
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre and St. Joseph's Health Care, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jin Zhang
- Life Science Flow Cytometry, Beckman Coulter Incorporated, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Justin Rohrbach
- Clinical affairs, Beckman Coulter Incorporated, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Denise Lawrie
- National Health Laboratory Service, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Deborah K Glencross
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Rosenfeld LG, Malta DC, Szwarcwald CL, Bacal NS, Cuder MAM, Pereira CA, Figueiredo AW, Silva AGD, Machado ÍE, Silva WAD, Vecina Neto G, Silva Júnior JBD. Reference values for blood count laboratory tests in the Brazilian adult population, National Health Survey. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2019; 22Suppl 02:E190003.SUPL.2. [PMID: 31596374 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720190003.supl.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe reference values for blood counts obtained from laboratory tests in the Brazilian adult population according to laboratory results from the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde - PNS), by gender, age group and skin color. METHODS The initial sample consisted of 8,952 adults. To determine the reference values, individuals with prior diseases and outliers were excluded. Mean values, standard deviation and limits were stratified by gender, age group and skin color. RESULTS For red blood cells, men presented a mean value of 5.0 million per mm3 (limits: 4.3-5.8) and women, 4.5 million per mm3 (limits: 3.9-5.1). Hemoglobin levels were higher among men with a mean of 14.9 g/dL (13.0-16.9), and in women, 13.2 g/dL (11.5-14.9). The mean number of white blood cells among men was 6.142/mm3 (2.843-9.440) and 6.426/mm3 (2.883-9.969) for women. Other parameters showed close values between the genders. Regarding age groups and skin color, mean values, standard deviation and limits of the exams presented small variations. CONCLUSION Hematological reference values based on the national survey allow for the establishment of specific reference limits for gender, age and skin color. The results presented here may contribute to the establishment of better evidence and criteria for the care, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Carvalho Malta
- Departamento de Enfermagem Materno Infantil e Saúde Pública. Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Célia Landmann Szwarcwald
- Instituto de Comunicação e Informação Científica e Tecnológica em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil
| | | | | | - Cimar Azeredo Pereira
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil
| | - André William Figueiredo
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil
| | - Alanna Gomes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Ísis Eloah Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Belo Horizonte (MG), Brasil
| | - Wanessa Almeida da Silva
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasil
| | - Gonzalo Vecina Neto
- Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo (SP), Brasil
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20
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Murray LW, Satti I, Meyerowitz J, Jones M, Willberg CB, Ussher JE, Goedhals D, Hurst J, Phillips RE, McShane H, Vuuren CV, Frater J. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Impairs Th1 and Th17 Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T-Cell Responses. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1782-1792. [PMID: 29546381 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have a higher risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) than HIV-uninfected individuals, but the mechanisms underpinning this are unclear. We hypothesized that depletion of specific components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses contributed to this increased risk. Methods Mtb-specific T-cell responses in 147 HIV-infected and 44 HIV-uninfected control subjects in a TB-endemic setting in Bloemfontein, South Africa, were evaluated. Using a whole-blood flow cytometry assay, we measured expression of interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 2, and interleukin 17 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to Mtb antigens (PPD, ESAT-6/CFP-10 [EC], and DosR regulon-encoded α-crystallin [Rv2031c]). Results Fewer HIV-infected individuals had detectable CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to PPD and Rv2031c than HIV-uninfected subjects. Mtb-specific T cells showed distinct patterns of cytokine expression comprising both Th1 (CD4 and CD8) and Th17 (CD4) cytokines, the latter at highest frequency for Rv2031c. Th17 antigen-specific responses to all antigens tested were specifically impaired in HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions HIV-associated impairment of CD4+ and CD8+Mtb-specific T-cell responses is antigen specific, particularly impacting responses to PPD and Rv2031c. Preferential depletion of Th17 cytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells suggests this T-cell subset may be key to TB susceptibility in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle W Murray
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Iman Satti
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Jones
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - James E Ussher
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dominique Goedhals
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney E Phillips
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cloete van Vuuren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.,Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, United Kingdom.,Oxford Martin School, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Zhong L, Yan P, Lam WC, Yao L, Bian Z. Coriolus Versicolor and Ganoderma Lucidum Related Natural Products as an Adjunct Therapy for Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:703. [PMID: 31333449 PMCID: PMC6616310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer incidence and mortality rates keep rising globally. Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum related natural products are commonly applied as a complementary therapeutic option for different stages and types of cancers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the products for cancer therapy. Methods: Randomized controlled trials were identified by systematic search over seven databases from inceptions to May 10, 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the study quality. Meta-analyses were performed to pool hazard ratio (HR), risk ratio (RR), mean differences (MD), and 95% CI using random-effects models. The sources of heterogeneity were explored by subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was detected by Funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test. Results: Twenty-three trials involving 4,246 cancer patients were included in this work. C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products were significantly associated with lower risks of mortality (HR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.94) and higher total efficacy (RR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.55), but not associated with control rate (RR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.14) compared with control treatment. There was no significant difference between C. versicolor related natural products and control treatment in the effect on relapse-free survival (HR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.55). Compared with control treatment, C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products had a favorable effect on elevated levels of CD3 (MD: 9.03%; 95% CI: 2.10, 16.50) and CD4 (MD: 9.2%; 95% CI: 1.01, 17.39), but had no effect on the levels of CD8 (MD: -5.52%; 95% CI: -23.17, 12.13), CD4/CD8 (MD: 0.73; 95% CI:-0.45, 1.91), or NK(MD: 5.87%; 95% CI: -1.06, 12.8). Conclusion: In this meta-analysis, we found that C. versicolor and G. lucidum related natural products might have potential benefits on the overall survival and quality of life in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zhong
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Peijing Yan
- Institution of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wai Ching Lam
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Liang Yao
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- Hong Kong Chinese Medicine Clinical Study Centre, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
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22
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Ejigu Y, Magnus JH, Sundby J, Magnus M. Health outcomes of asymptomatic HIV-infected pregnant women initiating antiretroviral therapy at different baseline CD4 counts in Ethiopia. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 82:89-95. [PMID: 30802623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare health outcomes following initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for asymptomatic HIV-infected pregnant women at different CD4 levels. METHODS We analyzed data from 706 asymptomatic HIV-infected Ethiopian women initiating ART during pregnancy between February 2012 and October 2016. The outcomes evaluated were CD4 gain, CD4 normalization (CD4 count ≥750cells/mm3) and occurrence of HIV-related clinical events after twelve months of treatment. RESULT On average, CD4 count (cells/mm3) increased from 391 (95% CI: 372-409) at baseline to 523 (95% CI: 495-551) after twelve months of treatment. Rate of CD4 gain was higher among women with baseline CD4 between 350 and 499 compared to CD4 ≥500 (207 versus 6, p<0.001). But women with baseline CD4 between 350 and 499 could not catch up with women with CD4 ≥500. Women with baseline CD4 ≥500 had significantly higher likelihood of achieving CD4 normalization as compared to those with CD4 between 350 and 499 (AOR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.76). No strong evidence of differential risk in the occurrence of HIV-related clinical events. CONCLUSION Starting ART for asymptomatic HIV-infected women with CD4 count ≥500cells/mm3 was beneficial to preserve or recover immunity after 12 months of treatment in a resource limited setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Ejigu
- International Center for Health Monitoring and Evaluation, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jeanette H Magnus
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, USA; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johanne Sundby
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Magnus
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, United Kingdom; Centre for Fertility and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Ayemoba O, Hussain N, Umar T, Ajemba-Life A, Kene T, Edom U, Ogueri I, Nwagbara G, Ochai I, Eneja C. Establishment of reference values for selected haematological parameters in young adult Nigerians. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213925. [PMID: 30939142 PMCID: PMC6445461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haematological reference values are necessary for accurate diagnosis of diseases, clinical decision-making, treatment monitoring and clinical research. Due to unavailability of pan-Nigerian reference values, local results interpretation is based on the use of Western values. Objective This study aims to establish national reference values for some haematological parameters in apparently healthy young adult Nigerians. Methods Seven Thousand, Seven Hundred and Ninety-Seven (7,797) volunteers aged 18 to 26 years participated in the study. Participants’ interviewer-administered questionnaires and blood samples were collected, analyzed and those with confounding factors (HIV infection, Hepatitis B sero-positivity, Malaria and Pregnancy) were excluded from statistical analysis. The 95-percentile reference range was determined for each haematological parameter using SPSS Version 16®. The result obtained was reviewed with reference to already established reference values in two West African and Western countries. Results Blood specimens from 6153 (78.9%) participants [comprising 5915 (96.1%) males and 238 (3.9%) females] were analyzed after exclusion of 1,644 (21.1%) participants with confounding variables. Reference ranges among males and females varied and these were consistent with findings from two other West African countries. The median platelets count in this study was 218 x 109/l while commonly used Western value is 280 x 109/l. Other haematological parameters in the study were similar to Western values. Conclusion The findings of this study will improve clinical and research decision-making. Considering that this study is limited to young adult participants, there is a need to conduct future pan-Nigerian studies that will include all age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojor Ayemoba
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Nurudeen Hussain
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Tahir Umar
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Terfa Kene
- Ave Health Sense Ltd, Area II, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Uchechukwu Edom
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu Ogueri
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Inalegwu Ochai
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chikwado Eneja
- Ministry of Defence Health Implementation Programme, Abuja, Nigeria
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Bimerew LG, Demie T, Eskinder K, Getachew A, Bekele S, Cheneke W, Sahlemariam Z, Adisu W, Asres Y, Yemane T, Tesfaye G, Tesfaw G, Gudina EK, Mekonnen Z. Reference intervals for hematology test parameters from apparently healthy individuals in southwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med 2018; 6:2050312118807626. [PMID: 30397473 PMCID: PMC6207960 DOI: 10.1177/2050312118807626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical laboratory reference intervals are an important tool to identify abnormal laboratory test results. The generating of hematological parameters reference intervals for local population is very crucial to improve quality of health care, which otherwise may lead to unnecessary expenditure or denying care for the needy. There are no well-established reference intervals for hematological parameters in southwest Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE To generate hematological parameters reference intervals for apparently healthy individuals in southwest Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted involving 883 individuals from March to May 2017. Four milliliter of blood sample was collected and transported to Jimma University Medical Center Laboratory for hematological analysis and screening tests. A hematological parameters were measured by Sysmex XS-500i hematology analyzer (Sysmex Corporation Kobe, Japan). The data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 statistical software. The non-parametric independent Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test (Mann-Whitney U test) were used to compare the parameters between age groups and genders. The 97.5 percentile and 2.5 percentile were the upper and lower reference limit for the population. RESULTS The reference interval of red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet count in children were 4.99 × 1012/L (4.26-5.99 × 1012/L), 7.04 × 109/L (4.00-11.67 × 109/L), and 324.00 × 109/L (188.00-463.50 × 109/L), respectively. The reference interval of red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet count in adults was 5.19 × 1012/L (4.08-6.33 × 1012/L), 6.35 × 109/L (3.28-11.22 × 109/L), and 282.00 × 109/L (172.50-415.25 × 109/L), respectively. The reference interval of red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet count in geriatrics were 5.02 × 1012/L (4.21-5.87 × 1012/L), 6.21 × 109/L (3.33-10.03 × 109/L), and 265.50 × 109/L (165.53-418.80 × 109/L), respectively. Most of the hematological parameters showed significant differences across all age groups. CONCLUSION Most of the hematological parameters in this study showed differences from similar studies done in the country. This study provided population-specific hematological reference interval for southwest Ethiopians. Reference intervals should also be established in the other regions of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lealem Gedefaw Bimerew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Demie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Eskinder
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Aklilu Getachew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Bekele
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Waqtola Cheneke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdineh Sahlemariam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Adisu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yaregal Asres
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Yemane
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Girum Tesfaye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Tesfaw
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Kebede Gudina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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25
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Yeshanew AG, GebreSilasie YM, Mengesha HT. Establishment of Immunohematological Reference Values among HIV Sero-negative Pregnant Women at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci 2018; 27:641-650. [PMID: 29487473 PMCID: PMC5811943 DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v27i6.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Normal pregnancy is characterized by profound changes in almost every organ and system. Immunohematological parameters are important in clinical practice for the assessment of health and disease. Therefore, this study was aimed to establish immunohematological reference range among HIV sero-negative pregnant women. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV sero-negative pregnant women at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 20/1-30/6/ 2016. Whole blood was collected and immunological and hematological parameters were measured following the standard procedure. Data were entered in to Epi Info version 3.5, checked for completeness and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis. The mean ± SD and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) values were calculated for different immunohematological parameters. Results A total of 400 women with mean age ±SD (27.3 ±4.7) ranging from 18-40 years were enrolled. The mean ± SD reference value of white blood cells count with 95% CI was 8.3 ±2.3 (8.1-8.6) ×109 cells/L and for CD4+, CD8+, and CD4 to CD8 ratio cells absolute count with 95% CI were 906 ±404 (867-946), 698± 378 (662-736) cell/µl, and 1.5±0.9 (1.4-1.6), respectively.The mean ± SD reference values for red blood cells count with 95% CI was 4.5±0.5(4.4-4.5) 1012/L, for hemoglobin 14±7.2(13.3-14.7) gm/dl, and for hematocrite was 39.5± 4(39-39.9). Conclusions These values were lower than the one from developed countries but not lower than the one from other African studies. It suggests the need for further large study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisu Gize Yeshanew
- Microbiolgy department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Hirut Tadesse Mengesha
- Laboratory department, St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Omuse G, Maina D, Mwangi J, Wambua C, Radia K, Kanyua A, Kagotho E, Hoffman M, Ojwang P, Premji Z, Ichihara K, Erasmus R. Complete blood count reference intervals from a healthy adult urban population in Kenya. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198444. [PMID: 29879171 PMCID: PMC5991659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are racial, ethnic and geographical differences in complete blood count (CBC) reference intervals (RIs) and therefore it is necessary to establish RIs that are population specific. Several studies have been carried out in Africa to derive CBC RIs but many were not conducted with the rigor recommended for RI studies hence limiting the adoption and generalizability of the results. METHOD By use of a Beckman Coulter ACT 5 DIFF CP analyser, we measured CBC parameters in samples collected from 528 healthy black African volunteers in a largely urban population. The latent abnormal values exclusion (LAVE) method was used for secondary exclusion of individuals who may have had sub-clinical diseases. The RIs were derived by both parametric and non-parametric methods with and without LAVE for comparative purposes. RESULTS Haemoglobin (Hb) levels were lower while platelet counts were higher in females across the 4 age stratifications. The lower limits for Hb and red blood cell parameters significantly increased after applying the LAVE method which eliminated individuals with latent anemia and inflammation. We adopted RIs by parametric method because 90% confidence intervals of the RI limits were invariably narrower than those by the non-parametric method. The male and female RIs for Hb after applying the LAVE method were 14.5-18.7 g/dL and 12.0-16.5 g/dL respectively while the platelet count RIs were 133-356 and 152-443 x10(3) per μL respectively. CONCLUSION Consistent with other studies from Sub-Saharan Africa, Hb and neutrophil counts were lower than Caucasian values. Our finding of higher Hb and lower eosinophil counts compared to other studies conducted in rural Kenya most likely reflects the strict recruitment criteria and healthier reference population after secondary exclusion of individuals with possible sub-clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Omuse
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Daniel Maina
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth Kagotho
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mariza Hoffman
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter Ojwang
- Department of Pathology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Zul Premji
- Formerly of Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kiyoshi Ichihara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Rajiv Erasmus
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Enawgaw B, Birhan W, Abebe M, Terefe B, Baynes HW, Deressa T, Melku M. Haematological and immunological reference intervals for adult population in the state of Amhara, Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:765-773. [PMID: 29752840 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reference intervals (RIs) currently being used in Ethiopia are derived from western populations. Thus, this study aimed to establish locally derived haematological and immunological RIs. METHOD The study was conducted in Amhara State, Ethiopia with a total of 967 (55.2% males) participants. 56.9% of males and 43.1% of females were eligible for haematological and immunological RI determination. A non-parametric test was used for the determination of upper (97.5th percentile) and lower (2.5th percentile) reference interval limits with 95% CI. The Harris and Boyd Rule was used to determine the need of partitioning of reference intervals based on gender. RESULT The established 95% reference intervals (2.5th-97.5th percentile) were: for WBC: 3-11.2 × 109 /l; for platelet: 90-399 × 109 /l; for RBC: 4-6 × 1012 /l for males and 3.5-5.6 × 1012 /l for females; for haemoglobin: (Hgb) 12-18.9 g/dl for males and 10.7-17.5 g/dl for females; for PCV: 35.7-55.3% for males and 32.2-50.1% for females; for CD4: 400-1430 × 109 /l for males and 466-1523 × 109 /l for females; for CD4 percentage: 18-49.1% for males and 21.3-52.9% for females; for MCV: 81-100 fl; for MCH: 25.3-34.6 pg; MCHC: 28.8-36.9%; for RDW: 11.6-15.4% and for MPV: 8-12.3 fl. Males had significantly higher RBC, Hgb and PCV than females. CD4 counts and CD4 percentage were significantly higher in females. CONCLUSION The reference intervals established in this study differ from others and thus should be used for the interpretation of laboratory results in diagnosis and safety monitoring in clinical trials in Amhara.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamlaku Enawgaw
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Wubet Birhan
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molla Abebe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Betelihem Terefe
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Wondifraw Baynes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tekalign Deressa
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Melku
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Kityo C, Makamdop KN, Rothenberger M, Chipman JG, Hoskuldsson T, Beilman GJ, Grzywacz B, Mugyenyi P, Ssali F, Akondy RS, Anderson J, Schmidt TE, Reimann T, Callisto SP, Schoephoerster J, Schuster J, Muloma P, Ssengendo P, Moysi E, Petrovas C, Lanciotti R, Zhang L, Arévalo MT, Rodriguez B, Ross TM, Trautmann L, Sekaly RP, Lederman MM, Koup RA, Ahmed R, Reilly C, Douek DC, Schacker TW. Lymphoid tissue fibrosis is associated with impaired vaccine responses. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2763-2773. [PMID: 29781814 DOI: 10.1172/jci97377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine responses vary by geographic location. We have previously described how HIV-associated inflammation leads to fibrosis of secondary lymph nodes (LNs) and T cell depletion. We hypothesized that other infections may cause LN inflammation and fibrosis, in a process similar to that seen in HIV infection, which may lead to T cell depletion and affect vaccine responses. We studied LNs of individuals from Kampala, Uganda, before and after yellow fever vaccination (YFV) and found fibrosis in LNs that was similar to that seen in HIV infection. We found blunted antibody responses to YFV that correlated to the amount of LN fibrosis and loss of T cells, including T follicular helper cells. These data suggest that LN fibrosis is not limited to HIV infection and may be associated with impaired immunologic responses to vaccines. This may have an impact on vaccine development, especially for infectious diseases prevalent in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cissy Kityo
- Joint Clinical Research Center, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Krystelle Nganou Makamdop
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rama S Akondy
- Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jodi Anderson
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eirini Moysi
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Suboptimal immune recovery during antiretroviral therapy with sustained HIV suppression in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2018; 32:1043-1051. [PMID: 29547445 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess incidence, determinants and clinical consequences of suboptimal immune recovery in HIV-1 infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa with sustained viral suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN Multicountry prospective cohort. METHODS Suboptimal immune recovery was defined as proportions of participants who failed to attain clinically relevant CD4+ cell count thresholds (>200, >350 and >500 cells/μl) despite sustained viral suppression on continuous first-line ART. Participants were censored at the earliest of death, loss to follow-up, last viral load less than 50 copies/ml, or database closure. Determinants of immune recovery were assessed using multivariable Cox regression. We estimated incidence rates of AIDS, pulmonary tuberculosis and all-cause mortality for CD4+ strata. RESULTS One thousand, five hundred and ninety-two participants were included; 60% were women, median age was 37 years (IQR 31-43) and median pre-ART CD4+ cell count was 147 cells/μl (IQR 76-215). After 6 years of ART, suboptimal immune recovery at CD4+ cell counts less than 200 cells/μl, less than 350 cells/μl, and less than 500 cells/μl occurred in 7, 27, and 57% of participants, respectively. Compared with participants with CD4+ cell count greater than 500 cells/μl, on-ART incidence rates were 12.5, 4.1, 0.9 times higher for AIDS and 16.9, 3.5, and 2.3 times higher for pulmonary tuberculosis in participants with CD4+ cell count less than 200, 200-349, and 350-499 cells/μl, respectively. All-cause mortality was highest in participants with CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/μl, and comparable across the higher CD4+ strata. Older age, male sex, and lower pre-ART CD4+ cell count were strongly associated with suboptimal immune recovery. CONCLUSION These findings warrant close clinical and laboratory monitoring until adequate immune reconstitution is achieved and support early ART initiation before decline of CD4+ cell count.
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Bedri EH, Bitew A, Redleaf M. HIV Positivity per se Does Not Affect Tympanoplasty Outcomes. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 127:249-252. [PMID: 29405737 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418755796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The English language literature finds no clear protocols for otologic surgery for HIV+ patients. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that simple tympanoplasty and type III tympanoplasty in HIV+ patients with CD4 >400 cells/cc results in tympanic membrane closures and hearing improvements equivalent to the same procedures in controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective review documents the otologic conditions and operative results of 32 HIV+ patients and 32 controls. The controls were healthy and had no opportunistic infections or other medications. RESULTS Genders, ages, sizes of tympanic membrane perforations, severity of air bone gaps, and type of operation were equivalent between the HIV+ and the control groups. Thirty of 32 patients in each group had closure of their perforations after 1 operation. Air bone gaps improved significantly for each group ( P = .001): 22 dB (SD = 11 dB) in the HIV+ group and 26 dB (SD = 10 dB) in the control group. And there was no statistically significant difference in change in hearing between the 2 groups. There were no complications of infection, wound dehiscence, worsened sensorineural levels, dizziness, or facial weakness in either group. CONCLUSION HIV+ patients whose CD4 counts are above 400 cells/cc can undergo simple tympanoplasty or type III tympanoplasty with acceptable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Es-Hak Bedri
- 1 University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,2 OtoRhino-ENT Specialty Clinic, Gurd Shola, Yeka SubCIty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Asnake Bitew
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Miriam Redleaf
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Rasouli M, Pourmokhtar M, Sarkardeh S. Hematological Reference Intervals for Healthy Iranian Blood Donors. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2017; 11:305-312. [PMID: 29340128 PMCID: PMC5767292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of locally-derived hematological reference intervals is necessary for improving the quality of health care and clinical trials. However hematological reference intervals are affected by several variables including age, gender and environmental factors. Therefore this study was conducted to determine the gender and age-specific hematological reference intervals of healthy Iranian blood donors. Materials and Methods: Selected hematological indices of 394 healthy blood donor volunteers, donating blood at Tehran Blood Transfusion Center were analyzed. Hematological reference intervals, stratified by age and gender were compared. The results of current study were also compared with those of US population. Results: There were significant gender-related differences for mean values of hematological indices, with males having higher mean values of RBC, HCG, HCT and MCV than females. While the mean of PLT and MCH were higher in women. Age-related differences for mean values of RBC and MCH were also significant. The comparison of reference intervals, stratified by both gender and age showed that RBC, HGB and HCT values were higher in males than females in all age groups. But MCH values of females in all age groups and WBC and PLT counts in females older than 30 years were higher compared to the males in the same age group. The results of this study showed some similarity with US population, with narrower intervals. Conclusion: This study suggests that gender and age-specific, locally derived hematological reference intervals should be referred to, before interpretation of any laboratory test result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Rasouli
- Department of Biostatics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Pourmokhtar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Sarkardeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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32
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Mandala WL, Gondwe EN, MacLennan JM, Molyneux ME, MacLennan CA. Age- and sex-related changes in hematological parameters in healthy Malawians. J Blood Med 2017; 8:123-130. [PMID: 28919829 PMCID: PMC5587168 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s142189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of the study was to determine how values for white blood cell (WBC) counts, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (mcv), and platelet counts vary with age and sex in healthy Malawians. Methods We recruited 660 (316 male and 344 female) participants in 12 different age groups. An ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-anticoagulated blood sample collected from each participant was analyzed using a hematological analyzer. Results WBC counts decreased with age with the lowest counts observed in the 20 to <60 years old group. Median WBC counts for 20 to <60 year old females (5.9×109/L) were significantly higher than those for men (4.7×109/L; p=0.015) of the same age. Hb and Hct increased between 5 and 10 years in males and 10 and 15 years in females to adult levels. Males aged 5 to <10 years had significantly higher Hb (13.05 g/dL) and Hct (42.50%) compared to females of the same age (10.40 g/dL and 32.55%, respectively; p<0.0001 for both parameters). Platelet counts in males, which were highest between 3 and 5 years (376×109/L), decreased to lowest counts among 5 to <10 year olds (238×109/L), while in females these decreased from 402×109/L in 6 to <10 years olds to 226×109/L in 10 to <15 year olds. mcv median values were high in neonates reaching a nadir at 13–18 months and then increased throughout life. Females aged 0 to <6 months had significantly higher mcv values (81.85 fL) than males of the same age (69.3 fL; p<0.0001). Conclusion This study provides hematological values according to age and sex that are suitable for reference use in studies among Malawian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson L Mandala
- The Malaria Immunology Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Biomedical Sciences Department, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
| | - Esther N Gondwe
- The Malaria Immunology Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jenny M MacLennan
- The Malaria Immunology Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Malcolm E Molyneux
- The Malaria Immunology Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- The Malaria Immunology Group, Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.,The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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33
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Mulu W, Abera B, Mekonnen Z, Adem Y, Yimer M, Zenebe Y, Amuamuta A, Gebeyehu W. Haematological and CD4+ T cells reference ranges in healthy adult populations in Gojjam zones in Amhara region, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181268. [PMID: 28723945 PMCID: PMC5516999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Establishing national population haematological and immunological reference ranges are essential for clinical management of patients. However, there is scarcity of information on community based haematological reference ranges established from Ethiopian population. Therefore, this study aimed at determining haematological and CD4+ T cells reference ranges in healthy adults from East and West Gojjam zones, Ethiopia. Methods Community based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2015 to December 2015 in healthy adult residents of Gojjam zone. A total of 481(246 females and 235 males) healthy adults enrolled in the study. Healthy adults were defined by medical history, physical examination and laboratory screening for HIV, HBV, HCV and intestinal parasitosis. Haematological parameters were measured using haematology analyzer MindrayBC320 (Mindray Biomedical electronic Corporation, China). CD4+Tcells were enumerated using FACS count (Becton Dickinson). Results The median age of the participants was 25 years. The overall median and 95th percentile of CD4+ T cells count were 869 cells/mm3 and396–1598 cells/mm3, respectively. Females had a significantly higher CD4+ T cell counts compared to males (P = 0.002). The 95th percentile range for red blood cells (RBCs) was 3.93–6.1 x 106cells/mm3and for hematocrit (Hct) was 40–58% while for hemoglobin (Hb) was 15.69–17.84g/dl. Males had significantly higher values of RBC and Hct than females (P < 0.001). Females (120–379 x 106 cells/mm3) had significantly higher platelet counts than males (106–352 x106 cells/mm3) (P < 0.001). The overall median of WBC was6.78 x103/mm3and its95thpercentile range was3.5–11.5 x103/mm3. The overall 95th percentile range of MCV, MCH and MCHC were 89.5–107.5 fl, 28–34 pg and 30–33.2g/dl, respectively. The higher mean absolute count of RBCs was found in the youngest age groups (P = 0.03). The mean count of RBCs and Hct were significantly higher in highschool completed and above than other participants (P < 0.001). The lower and upper limit of platelet counts was significantly higher in highland (118 -383x106 cells/mm3) compared to lowland residents (107–352 x106 cells/mm3) (P < 0.001). Moreover, it was significantly higher in residents with better monthly income (124–383 x106 cells/mm3) compared to the counters (115–368 x106 cells/mm3) (P = 0.02). Conclusions Some of the haematological and CD4+ T cells reference ranges of the healthy adults in this study showed variations with the reference ranges used and reported so far in Ethiopia, Africa and Western countries. We recommend further study considering gender, altitude, and residency in other parts of Ethiopia to establish national reference ranges for Ethiopian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wondemagegn Mulu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Bayeh Abera
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Mekonnen
- Biomedical Research Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yesuf Adem
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulat Yimer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes Zenebe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmare Amuamuta
- Biomedical Research Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimu Gebeyehu
- Amhara Region Health Research Laboratory Center, Bahir Dar, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Gitaka J, Ogwang C, Ngari M, Akoo P, Olotu A, Kerubo C, Fegan G, Njuguna P, Nyakaya G, Otieno T, Mwambingu G, Awuondo K, Lowe B, Chilengi R, Berkley JA. Clinical laboratory reference values amongst children aged 4 weeks to 17 months in Kilifi, Kenya: A cross sectional observational study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177382. [PMID: 28493930 PMCID: PMC5426761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reference intervals for clinical laboratory parameters are important for assessing eligibility, toxicity grading and management of adverse events in clinical trials. Nonetheless, haematological and biochemical parameters used for clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa are typically derived from industrialized countries, or from WHO references that are not region-specific. We set out to establish community reference values for haematological and biochemical parameters amongst children aged 4 weeks to 17 months in Kilifi, Kenya. We conducted a cross sectional study nested within phase II and III trials of RTS, S malaria vaccine candidate. We analysed 10 haematological and 2 biochemical parameters from 1,070 and 423 community children without illness prior to experimental vaccine administration. Statistical analysis followed Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute EP28-A3c guidelines. 95% reference ranges and their respective 90% confidence intervals were determined using non-parametric methods. Findings were compared with published ranges from Tanzania, Europe and The United States. We determined the reference ranges within the following age partitions: 4 weeks to <6 months, 6 months to less than <12 months, and 12 months to 17 months for the haematological parameters; and 4 weeks to 17 months for the biochemical parameters. There were no gender differences for all haematological and biochemical parameters in all age groups. Hb, MCV and platelets 95% reference ranges in infants largely overlapped with those from United States or Europe, except for the lower limit for Hb, Hct and platelets (lower); and upper limit for platelets (higher) and haematocrit(lower). Community norms for common haematological and biochemical parameters differ from developed countries. This reaffirms the need in clinical trials for locally derived reference values to detect deviation from what is usual in typical children in low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Gitaka
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Caroline Ogwang
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Moses Ngari
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pauline Akoo
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ally Olotu
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Christine Kerubo
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Greg Fegan
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Swansea Trials Unit, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Nyakaya
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Tuda Otieno
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Mwambingu
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Ken Awuondo
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Brett Lowe
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roma Chilengi
- Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James A Berkley
- Clinical Trials Facility, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.,The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition Network (CHAIN), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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35
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Kone B, Maiga M, Baya B, Sarro YDS, Coulibaly N, Kone A, Diarra B, Sanogo M, Togo ACG, Goita D, Dembele M, Polis MA, Warfield J, Belson M, Dao S, Orsega S, Murphy RL, Diallo S, Siddiqui S. Establishing Reference Ranges of Hematological Parameters from Malian Healthy Adults. JOURNAL OF BLOOD & LYMPH 2017; 7:154. [PMID: 29423342 PMCID: PMC5800422 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7831.1000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measurement of immuno-hematological parameters has been historically helpful in the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of many infectious diseases and cancers. However, these parameters have not yet been established in many developing countries where patient care strongly relies on such low-cost tests. This study describes the immuno-hematological parameter ranges for Malian healthy adults. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted from August 2004 to May 2013. We included 213 healthy volunteers (173 male and 40 female), aged between 18-59 years. Median, 2.5 and 97.5 percentile ranges for each immuno-hematological parameter are presented. RESULTS In our study population, the hematological parameters' ranges were mostly different to the universal established ranges. We found in our population a Median white blood cell (WBC) count of 5200 cells/μL [3237.5-11900], Red Blood Cell (RBC) count of 4.94 10^6 [3.56-6.17], hemoglobin (Hb) of 14.2 g/dL [12.2-17.38], platelet count (Plt) of 275 10^3/μL [145.4-614.4], lymphocytes 2050/μL [1200-3800], neutrophils 2200/μL [1040-6220]; monocytes 200/μL [100-660]; eosinophils 131/μL [0-1026]; CD4 902 cells/μL [444-1669] and CD8 485 cells/μL [0-1272]. We found significant gender differences in RBC, Hb level and MPV. However, RBC and Hb were higher in males median values compared to females (median values) (p<0.001), whereas the Mean platelet volume lower values (MPV) in males than females (P<0.047). The hemoglobin level for some West African countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, and Nigeria) ranged from 13.5 to 15.1 g/dL for males and 12 to 13 g/dL for females. However in East and Southern Africa, the values were anywhere from 14.1 to 16.1 for males and 11.2 to 14.4 for females. CONCLUSION Our data may help physicians to better define hematological abnormalities in patients. They may also be used to define new "normal hematological values" in Malian population or in the whole West African population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kone
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - M Maiga
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., in support to NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - B Baya
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - YDS Sarro
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - N Coulibaly
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - A Kone
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - B Diarra
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - M Sanogo
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - ACG Togo
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - D Goita
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - M Dembele
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - MA Polis
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J Warfield
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., in support to NIAID, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Belson
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - S Dao
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - S Orsega
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - RL Murphy
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - S Diallo
- University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
| | - S Siddiqui
- National Institute of Allergic and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Genetu M, Damtie D, Workineh M, Mathewos Tebeje B, Enawgaw B, Deressa T. Immunological and hematological reference intervals among HIV-seronegative pregnant women in northwest Ethiopia. Int J Womens Health 2017; 9:145-150. [PMID: 28424562 PMCID: PMC5344411 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s126916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pregnancy is a state characterized by profound physiological hematological changes. However, hematological reference intervals being used in clinical practice in Ethiopia are derived from nonlocal general populations, despite the significant variations reported previously. The aim of this study was to determine the immunological and hematological reference intervals in healthy pregnancy among HIV-seronegative pregnant women in northwest Ethiopia. Materials and methods A total of 200 healthy, HIV-seronegative pregnant women were enrolled from February 2015 to June 2015 in a cross-sectional study setting at Gondar University Hospital. Sociodemographic and obstetric data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples collected from each participant were used to define the immunological and hematological parameters. The mean, median, and 95% interval values were calculated for the immunological and hematological parameters. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all variables. Results This study found that there were changes in CD4+ T-cell count, platelet count, and hematocrit (HCT) values as pregnancy advances. The calculated combined reference intervals for the absolute CD4+ T-cell count and platelet count were 712.47–760.67 and 221.25–240.14, respectively. A progressive decline in the platelet count was observed as pregnancy advanced, with 95% intervals of 224.53–253.21, 209.50–237.38, and 213.70–247.86 in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively (P=0.27). There was a statistically significant increase in mean (±standard deviation [SD]) HCT with gestational age, being 39.18±6.70, 41.96±3.70, and 40.53±3.77 in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively (P=0.03). The overall 95% interval for hemoglobin (HB) concentration was 12.99–13.36 g/dL, HCT 40.19%–41.49%, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 93.33–94.63 fL, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 28.88–34.81 pg. Compared with the reference ranges derived from other studies, we found considerable variations in CD4+T-cell count, HB, HCT, and MCV values. Conclusion The findings of this study highlight the differences in immunohematological profile among pregnant women and nonpregnant women from Ethiopia and other countries, in addition to suggesting the need for such establishment of local reference values for different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaza Genetu
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Workineh
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Mathewos Tebeje
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bamlaku Enawgaw
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tekalign Deressa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Yalew A, Terefe B, Alem M, Enawgaw B. Hematological reference intervals determination in adults at Gondar university hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:483. [PMID: 27806729 PMCID: PMC5093958 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hematological reference values are important for the clinical decisions in laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of patients. The correct interpretation of laboratory results depends entirely on the reference intervals that have been established for the locality. But, in sub-Saharan African countries particularly in Ethiopia, locally derived reference intervals were not established and they are forced to use intervals established from western population. Thus this study aimed to establish locally derived hematological reference values that could be used in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted from April to May 2014 with 120 male and 120 female apparently health adult blood donors at Gondar University Hospital. A structured pretested questionnaire was used for socio demographic and clinical data collection. About 4 ml of blood was collected with EDTA test tube and analyzed using Cell-Dyn 1800 to enumerate the hematological parameters. The data were collected and entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Mann–Whitney U test was used to determine reference intervals and Harris and Boyd test was used to determine the reference intervals that need partition. The 95th percentile of measurements was taken as a reference interval. Results Median and 95th percentile of WBC for general population were lower than Caucasian population, Addis Ababa, Burkina Faso and Kenya of similar studies. The RBC, Hgb and PCV lower 95% limit values of both sex were lower than studies in Addis Ababa, Kenya, Burkina Faso and text book. While PCV upper limit values higher than the above countries. MCV values of the current study were higher than those countries while MCHC values were lower. Similarly, the absolute values of neutrophils in the current study were lower than Caucasian and Afro Caribbean but higher than African countries and Jamaica but lymphocyte count was higher. Conclusions The hematological reference intervals established in this study was different from those reported in other part of Ethiopia or African countries as well as Caucasian population. The RBC, PCV, Hgb and MCHC reference intervals were different in gender. Thus, using of locally determined reference range is advisable. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2288-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aregawi Yalew
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Betelihem Terefe
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Alem
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bamlaku Enawgaw
- Department of Hematology & Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, P.O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Mugisha JO, Seeley J, Kuper H. Population based haematology reference ranges for old people in rural South-West Uganda. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:433. [PMID: 27604101 PMCID: PMC5013643 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Haematology reference values are needed to interpret haematology results and make clinical decisions, but these have not been established for old people in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study was to establish haematology reference values for people aged 50 years and above in Uganda, to compare the haematology reference values for those aged 65 years and over with those less than 65 years and to compare these haematology reference values with established haematology reference values for old people from high income countries. Methods A total of 1449 people aged 50 years and above were recruited from the Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute general population cohort between January 2012 and January 2013 (response rate 72.3 %). From the blood samples collected, we did haematology, HIV testing and malaria tests. We also obtained stool samples and tested them for hookworm infection. Questionnaire data were obtained through interviews. In the analysis, we excluded those with HIV infection, malaria infection, hookworm infection and those not feeling well at the time of recruitment. Medians and reference ranges for 12 haematology parameters were determined, based on the Clinical Laboratory and Standards institute’s guidelines. Results In total, 903 people aged 50 years and above were included in the analysis with the majority 545 (60.3 %) being female. Men had significant difference in median haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocytes counts and white blood cells counts, which were higher than those of women. Women had significant difference in mean platelet counts and neutrophil percentages which were higher than those of men. Comparing those aged 65+ and those aged less than 65 years, the following parameters were significantly lower in those aged above 65 years: haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocytes counts, platelets and mean corpuscular volume. Compared to the reference intervals from old people in high income countries, all the haematology parameters from our study population were low. Conclusion The differences between haematology reference ranges in old people compared to adults and the very old (65+) compared to those between 50 and 65 call for more population based studies using nationwide surveys to be carried out among old people in other study settings in Uganda and the rest of Africa to explore the differences in haematology reference ranges between these different age groups with a view of establishing whether there is need to have separate reference range for these different categories of old people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Mugisha
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda. .,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Janet Seeley
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of International Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Hannah Kuper
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Gezie LD. Predictors of CD4 count over time among HIV patients initiated ART in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, northwest Ethiopia: multilevel analysis. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:377. [PMID: 27475982 PMCID: PMC4967525 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The response of HIV patients to antiretroviral therapy could be measured by its strong predictor, the CD4+ T cell (CD4) count for the initiation of antiretroviral therapy and proper management of disease progress. However, in addition to HIV, there are other factors which can influence the CD4 cell count. Patient’s socio-economic, demographic, and behavioral variables, accessibility, duration of treatment etc., can be used to predict CD4 count. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine the predictors of CD4 count among ART users enrolled in the first 6 months of 2010 and followed upto mid 2014. The covariance components model was employed to determine the predictors of CD4 count over time. Results A total of 1196 ART attendants were used to analyze their data descriptively. Eight hundred sixty-one of the attendants had two or more CD4 count measurements and were used in modeling their data using the linear mixed method. Thus, the mean rates of incensement of CD4 counts for patients with ambulatory/bedridden and working baseline functional status were 17.4 and 30.6 cells/mm3 per year, respectively. After adjusting for other variables, for each additional baseline CD4 count, the gain in CD4 count during treatment was 0.818 cells/mm3 (p value <0.001). Patient’s age and baseline functional status were also statistically significantly associated with CD4 count. Conclusion In this study, higher baseline CD4 count, younger age, working functional status, and time in treatment contributed positively to the increment of the CD4 count. However, the observed increment at 4 year was unsatisfactory as the proportion of ART users who reached the normal range of CD4 count was very low. To see their long term treatment outcome, it requires further research with a sufficiently longer follow up data. In line with this, the local CD4 count for HIV negative persons should also be investigated for better comparison and proper disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemma Derseh Gezie
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
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Chisenga CC, Kelly P. T cell subset profile in healthy Zambian adults at the University Teaching Hospital. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 23:103. [PMID: 27231509 PMCID: PMC4867728 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.23.103.8547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Symptom-free human immunodeficiency virus antibody-negative Zambian adults (51 subjects, aged 20 to 62 years, 33.3% women and 66.7% men) were studied to establish T cell subset reference ranges. Methods We carried out across sectional study at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka. Blood samples were collected from healthy donor volunteers from hospital health care staff, between February and March 2015. Immunopheno typing was undertaken to characterize Tcell subsets using the markers CD3, CD4, CD8, α4β7, Ki67, CD25, CCR7, CD54RA, CD57, CD28, CD27 and HLA-DR. Results Among 51 volunteers, Women had significantly higher absolute CD4 count (median 1042; IQR 864, 1270) than in men (671; 545, 899) (p=0.003). Women also had more CD4 cells expressing homing, naïve, effector and effector memory T cell subsets compared to men. However, in the CD8 population, only the effector cells were significantly different with women expressing more than the males. Conclusion We provide early reference range for T cell subsets in Zambian adults and conclude that among the African women some T cell subsets are higher than men.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia; Blizard Institute Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK and TROPGAN Group Department of Internal Medicine University of Zambia School of Medicine Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
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Chisale MR, Kumwenda P, Ngwira M, M'baya B, Chosamata BI, Mwapasa V. A pilot study to determine the normal haematological indices for young Malawian adults in Blantyre, Malawi. Malawi Med J 2016; 27:96-100. [PMID: 26715954 DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v27i3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reference ranges for haematological and other laboratory tests in most African countries are based on populations in Europe and America and, because of environmental and genetic factors, these may not accurately reflect the normal reference ranges in African populations. AIM To determine the distribution of haematological parameters in healthy individuals residing in Blantyre, Malawi. We also examined the effect of sociodemographic and nutritional factors on the haematological variables. METHODS We conducted a proof-of-concept cross-sectional study, involving 105 healthy blood donors at Malawi Blood Transfusion Service in Blantyre. Eligible participants were HIV-negative males and females, aged 19 to 35 years, who did not have any evidence of acute or chronic illness, or blood-borne infection. We performed the haematological tests at the Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Trust laboratory in Blantyre, and the screening tests at Malawi Blood Transfusion Service laboratories. RESULTS Out of 170 consenting healthy volunteers, haematological results were available for 105 participants. The proportions of results which were below the lower limit of the manufacturer's reference ranges were 35.2% (37/105) for haemoglobin, 15.2% (16/105) for neutrophils, 23.8% (25/105) for eosinophils, and 88.6 % (93/105) for basophils. The proportions of results that were above the upper limit of the manufacturer's reference ranges were 9.5% (10/105) for platelets and 12.4% (13/105) for monocytes. We also observed that the mean leucocyte and basophil counts were significantly higher in males than females (p = 0.042 and p = 0.015, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in haematological results observed among different ethnic, age, and body mass index groups. CONCLUSIONS Over half of otherwise healthy study participants had at least one abnormal haematological result, using previously established foreign standards. More detailed studies are needed to establish locally relevant normal ranges for different age groups and other demographic characteristics of the Malawian population. This will lead to accurate interpretation of laboratory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Chisale
- Laboratory Section, Mzuzu Central Hospital, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - P Kumwenda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - M Ngwira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mzuzu University, Mzuzu, Malawi
| | - B M'baya
- Malawi Blood Transfusion Service, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - B I Chosamata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre Malawi
| | - V Mwapasa
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
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Marbou WJT, Kuete V. Bacterial resistance and immunological profiles in HIV-infected and non-infected patients at Mbouda AD LUCEM Hospital in Cameroon. J Infect Public Health 2016; 10:269-276. [PMID: 27133911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the variations in some cells of the immune system, as well as the antibiotic resistance of the bacteria responsible for enteric infections among HIV+ patients compared to HIV- patients in Mbouda AD LUCEM Hospital, Cameroon. A cross-sectional study was performed from September 2014 to February 2015 in 67 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive (HIV+) and 37 HIV-seronegative (HIV-) patients. Blood collected from these patients was used to perform cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) lymphocyte blood counts and a white blood cell count, as well as to measure C-reactive protein (CRP) blood by flow cytometry and perform optical and immuno-turbidimetric detection. Enteric bacteria were isolated from the stool of patients, and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined using agar diffusion methods. The results showed that Escherichia coli was the main pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tracts of HIV+ (85.3%) and HIV- (81.1%) patients, and infections with Klebsiella sp. were also predominant among HIV- patients (29.4%). Resistance of Klebsiella sp. to ceftriaxone (CRO; P=0.001), gentamicin (GEN; P=0.005), chloramphenicol (CHL; P=0.0004), ciprofloxacin (CIP; P=0.005) and doxycycline (DOX; P<0.0001) was significantly higher in HIV+ patients than in HIV- patients. Enterobacter sp. showed high resistance to GEN (P=0.009) and CIP (P=0.001) in HIV+ patients compared to HIV- patients. Citrobacter sp. was resistant to GEN (P=0.009) in HIV+ patients compared to HIV- patients. Salmonella sp. showed high resistance to CHL (P<0.0001) and DOX (P<0.0001) in HIV+ patients compared to HIV- patients. Resistance of Serratia sp. to AMO (P=0.005), AMC (P=0.005) and CHL (P=0.005) was significantly higher in HIV+ patients than in HIV- patients. Lymphopenia was higher in HIV+ patients (36.8%) than in HIV- patients (2.7%). In 45.9% of the HIV- patients, the CRP rate was higher than 6mg/L compared to 16.2% in HIV+ patients. In general, bacterial multi-drug resistance in HIV+ patients (79.4%) was significantly higher (P<0.0001) than in HIV- patients (29.7%). The present study revealed that the resistance profiles of bacteria should be considered in HIV-infected patients to improve their health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiliane J T Marbou
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon; Laboratory of Biochemistry, Haematology and Bacteriology of the Mbouda AD LUCEM Hospital, Department of Bamboutos, West-Cameroon, Cameroon.
| | - Victor Kuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon.
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Valiathan R, Ashman M, Asthana D. Effects of Ageing on the Immune System: Infants to Elderly. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:255-66. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Valiathan
- University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
| | - M. Ashman
- University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
| | - D. Asthana
- University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine; Miami FL USA
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Kassa E, Enawgaw B, Gelaw A, Gelaw B. Effect of anti-tuberculosis drugs on hematological profiles of tuberculosis patients attending at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26751690 PMCID: PMC4706672 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-015-0037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) treatment may present significant hematological disorder and some anti-TB drugs also have serious side effects. Although many other diseases may be reflected by the blood and its constituents, the abnormalities of red cells, white cells, platelets, and clotting factors are considered to be primary hematologic disorder as a result of tuberculosis treatment. The aim of this study was to determine hematological profiles of TB patients before and after intensive phase treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine hematological profiles of TB patients before and after intensive phase treatment. METHODS Smear positive new TB patients were recruited successively and socio-demographic characteristics were collected using pre-tested questionnaire. About 5 ml of venous blood was collected from each patient and the hematological profiles were determined using Mindry BC 3000 plus automated hematology analyzer. RESULT The hematological profiles of TB patients showed statistically significant difference in hematocrit (38.5 % versus 35.7 %), hemoglobin (12.7 g/lversus11.8 g/l) and platelet (268 × 10(3)/μlversus239 × 10(3)/μl) values of patients before initiation of treatment and after completion of the intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment, respectively (P < 0.05). The red cell distribution width (RDW) of treatment naïve TB patients was by far lower (17.6 ± 7.09 %) than the corresponding RDW (31.9 ± 5.19 %) of intensive phase treatment completed patients. Among TB patients that had high platelet distribution width (PDW) (n = 11) before initiation of TB treatment, 10 demonstrated lower PDW values after completion of the intensive phase. There was no significant difference on total white blood cell count among TB patients before and after completion of the 2 month treatment. CONCLUSION The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet count of the TB patients were significantly lowered after completion of the intensive phase of TB treatment. Significant variation of the RDW and PDW were also observed among treatment naïve and treatment completed patients. Hematological abnormalities resulted from TB treatment should be assessed continuously throughout the course of tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyuel Kassa
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), University of Gondar (UOG), Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bamlaku Enawgaw
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences (CMHS), University of Gondar (UOG), Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Aschalew Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Baye Gelaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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A Venue-Based Survey of Malaria, Anemia and Mobility Patterns among Migrant Farm Workers in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143829. [PMID: 26619114 PMCID: PMC4664424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile populations present unique challenges to malaria control and elimination efforts. Each year, a large number of individuals travel to northwest Amhara Region, Ethiopia to seek seasonal employment on large-scale farms. Agricultural areas typically report the heaviest malaria burden within Amhara thereby placing migrants at high risk of infection. Yet little is known about these seasonal migrants and their malaria-related risk factors. METHODS AND FINDINGS In July 2013, a venue-based survey of 605 migrant laborers 18 years or older was conducted in two districts of North Gondar zone, Amhara. The study population was predominantly male (97.7%) and young (mean age 22.8 years). Plasmodium prevalence by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was 12.0%; One quarter (28.3%) of individuals were anemic (hemoglobin <13 g/dl). Nearly all participants (95.6%) originated from within Amhara Region, with half (51.6%) coming from within North Gondar zone. Around half (51.2%) slept in temporary shelters, while 20.5% regularly slept outside. Only 11.9% of participants had access to a long lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). Reported net use the previous night was 8.8% overall but 74.6% among those with LLIN access. Nearly one-third (30.1%) reported having fever within the past two weeks, of whom 31.3% sought care. Cost and distance were the main reported barriers to seeking care. LLIN access (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30, P = 0.04) and malaria knowledge (OR = 0.50, P = 0.02) were significantly associated with reduced Plasmodium infection among migrants, with a similar but non-significant trend observed for reported net use the previous night (OR = 0.16, P = 0.14). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of malaria and anemia were observed among a young population that originated from relatively proximate areas. Low access to care and low IRS and LLIN coverage likely place migrant workers at significant risk of malaria in this area and their return home may facilitate parasite transport to other areas. Strategies specifically tailored to migrant farm workers are needed to support malaria control and elimination activities in Ethiopia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In some countries, HIV surveillance is based on case-reporting of newly diagnosed infections. We present a new back-projection method for estimating HIV-incidence trends using individuals' CD4 cell counts at diagnosis. METHODS On the basis of a review of CD4 cell count distributions among HIV-uninfected people, CD4 cell count following primary infection, and rates of CD4 cell count decline over time among people with HIV, we simulate the expected distribution in time between infection and diagnosis. Applying this to all diagnosed individuals provides a distribution of likely infection times and estimates for population incidence, level of undiagnosed HIV, and the average time from infection to diagnosis each year. We applied this method to the national HIV case surveillance data of Australia for 1983-2013. RESULTS The estimated number of new HIV infections in Australia in 2013 was 912 (95% uncertainty bound 835-1002). We estimate that 2280 (95% uncertainty bound 1900-2830) people were living with undiagnosed HIV at the end of 2013, corresponding to approximately 9.4% (95% uncertainty bound 7.8-10.1%) of all people living with HIV. With increases in the average CD4 count at diagnosis, the inferred HIV testing rate has been increasing over time and the estimated mean and median times between infection and diagnosis have decreased substantially. However, the estimated mean time between infection and diagnosis is considerably greater than the median, indicating that some people remain undiagnosed for long periods. Differences were found between cases attributable to male homosexual exposure versus other cases. CONCLUSION This methodology provides a novel way of estimating population incidence by combining diagnosis dates and CD4 cell counts at diagnosis.
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Assefa M, Abegaz WE, Shewamare A, Medhin G, Belay M. Prevalence and correlates of anemia among HIV infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy at Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Ethiopia. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2015; 15:6. [PMID: 26045966 PMCID: PMC4455710 DOI: 10.1186/s12878-015-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethiopia is one of the most seriously HIV affected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Anemia is a known predictor of disease progression and death among HIV infected patients. In this study, we investigated the magnitude and correlates of anemia among HIV infected patients receiving HAART at a referral hospital in Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted from November 2011 to February 2012 in Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Records of 1061 patients on HAART were selected using simple random sampling technique. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients were collected using standardized data extraction instrument. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11.0. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to quantify the strength of association between anemia and its potential predictors. Results The prevalence of anemia at baseline was 42.9%. However, the prevalence significantly decreased to 20.9% at 6 months (p < 0.001) and to 14.3% at 12 months (p = 0.001) after HAART initiation. At baseline, male sex (AOR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.18-2.03), clinical stage III/IV (AOR = 2.03; 95% CI: 1.45-2.83) and TB co-infection (AOR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.08-2.13) were independently associated with the odds of being anemic. After 6 months of HAART, male sex (AOR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.13-2.23), baseline anemia (AOR = 2.38; 95% CI: 1.71-3.33) and TDF-based HAART (AOR = 2.87; 95% CI: 1.80-4.60) were independently associated with the odds of being anemic. Besides, anemia was independently associated with older age at 6 months. After 12 months of HAART, baseline anemia (AOR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.36-2.97), age group 25–34 years (AOR = 5.92; 95% CI: 1.39-25.15), age group 45–54 years (AOR = 4.78; 95% CI: 1.07-21.36), CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.21-3.82) and 200–350 cells/mm3 (AOR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.13-3.25) were independently associated with the odds of being anemic. Conclusions Although a remarkable reduction in the prevalence of anemia was observed following initiation of HAART, a significant proportion of HIV patients remained anemic after 12 months of HAART suggesting the need for routine screening and proper treatment of anemia to mitigate its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Assefa
- Mizan Aman Health Science College, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Regional Health Bureau, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia ; Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Girmay Medhin
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Torres AJL, Cisneiros P, Guedes R, Grassi MFR, Meyer R, Bendicho MT, Lopes TGSL, Félix G, Netto EM, Brites C, Abe-Sandes K, Brandão C, Alcantara-Neves N, Freire SM. Lymphocyte subset reference intervals in blood donors from northeastern Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2015; 87:1019-25. [PMID: 25923166 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520130114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The reference intervals for leukocytes and lymphocytes currently used by most clinical laboratories present limitations as they are primarily derived from individuals of North American and European origin. The objective this study was to determine reference values for peripheral blood B lymphocytes, T lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, naïve, memory, regulatory, TCRαβ and TCRγδ+) and NK cells from blood donors in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. RESULTS The proportion of included male subjects was 73.7% and the median ages of males (34) and females (35) were found to be similar. Absolute counts total lymphocytes subsets to both gender was 1,956 (1,060-4,186) cells and relative values 34%. The T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes relative values was 51% (20-62) and 24% (9-28), respectively. The most statistically significant finding observed was a higher percentage of B lymphocytes (p=0.03) in females. Commonly cited subset reference intervals were found to be consistent with values in several populations from different geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J L Torres
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Cisneiros
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Rosa Guedes
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Roberto Meyer
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Maria T Bendicho
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Tais G S L Lopes
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Félix
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Eduardo M Netto
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Carlos Brites
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Kiyoko Abe-Sandes
- Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Claudio Brandão
- Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Songeli M Freire
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Odhiambo C, Oyaro B, Odipo R, Otieno F, Alemnji G, Williamson J, Zeh C. Evaluation of locally established reference intervals for hematology and biochemistry parameters in Western Kenya. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123140. [PMID: 25874714 PMCID: PMC4395286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Important differences have been demonstrated in laboratory parameters from healthy persons in different geographical regions and populations, mostly driven by a combination of genetic, demographic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Despite this, European and North American derived laboratory reference intervals are used in African countries for patient management, clinical trial eligibility, and toxicity determination; which can result in misclassification of healthy persons as having laboratory abnormalities. Methods An observational prospective cohort study known as the Kisumu Incidence Cohort Study (KICoS) was conducted to estimate the incidence of HIV seroconversion and identify determinants of successful recruitment and retention in preparation for an HIV vaccine/prevention trial among young adults and adolescents in western Kenya. Laboratory values generated from the KICoS were compared to published region-specific reference intervals and the 2004 NIH DAIDS toxicity tables used for the trial. Results About 1106 participants were screened for the KICoS between January 2007 and June 2010. Nine hundred and fifty-three participants aged 16 to 34 years, HIV-seronegative, clinically healthy, and non-pregnant were selected for this analysis. Median and 95% reference intervals were calculated for hematological and biochemistry parameters. When compared with both published region-specific reference values and the 2004 NIH DAIDS toxicity table, it was shown that the use of locally established reference intervals would have resulted in fewer participants classified as having abnormal hematological or biochemistry values compared to US derived reference intervals from DAIDS (10% classified as abnormal by local parameters vs. >40% by US DAIDS). Blood urea nitrogen was most often out of range if US based intervals were used: <10% abnormal by local intervals compared to >83% by US based reference intervals. Conclusion Differences in reference intervals for hematological and biochemical parameters between western and African populations highlight importance of developing local reference intervals for clinical care and trials in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Boaz Oyaro
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - George Alemnji
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - John Williamson
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Clement Zeh
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kisumu, Kenya
- * E-mail:
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50
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Determination of lymphocyte subset reference ranges in peripheral blood of healthy adults by a dual-platform flow cytometry method. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:96-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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