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Raab JE, Hamilton DJ, Harju TB, Huynh TN, Russo BC. Pushing boundaries: mechanisms enabling bacterial pathogens to spread between cells. Infect Immun 2024:e0052423. [PMID: 38661369 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00524-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For multiple intracellular bacterial pathogens, the ability to spread directly into adjacent epithelial cells is an essential step for disease in humans. For pathogens such as Shigella, Listeria, Rickettsia, and Burkholderia, this intercellular movement frequently requires the pathogens to manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton and deform the plasma membrane into structures known as protrusions, which extend into neighboring cells. The protrusion is then typically resolved into a double-membrane vacuole (DMV) from which the pathogen quickly escapes into the cytosol, where additional rounds of intercellular spread occur. Significant progress over the last few years has begun to define the mechanisms by which intracellular bacterial pathogens spread. This review highlights the interactions of bacterial and host factors that drive mechanisms required for intercellular spread with a focus on how protrusion structures form and resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Raab
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Desmond J Hamilton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tucker B Harju
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Thao N Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian C Russo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Silnitsky S, Rubin SJS, Zerihun M, Qvit N. An Update on Protein Kinases as Therapeutic Targets-Part I: Protein Kinase C Activation and Its Role in Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17600. [PMID: 38139428 PMCID: PMC10743896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases are one of the most significant drug targets in the human proteome, historically harnessed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and a growing number of other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory processes. Since the approval of the first kinase inhibitors in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the field has grown exponentially, comprising 98 approved therapeutics to date, 37 of which were approved between 2016 and 2021. While many of these small-molecule protein kinase inhibitors that interact orthosterically with the protein kinase ATP binding pocket have been massively successful for oncological indications, their poor selectively for protein kinase isozymes have limited them due to toxicities in their application to other disease spaces. Thus, recent attention has turned to the use of alternative allosteric binding mechanisms and improved drug platforms such as modified peptides to design protein kinase modulators with enhanced selectivity and other pharmacological properties. Herein we review the role of different protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer and cardiovascular disease, with particular attention to PKC-family inhibitors. We discuss translational examples and carefully consider the advantages and limitations of each compound (Part I). We also discuss the recent advances in the field of protein kinase modulators, leverage molecular docking to model inhibitor-kinase interactions, and propose mechanisms of action that will aid in the design of next-generation protein kinase modulators (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel Silnitsky
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Samuel J. S. Rubin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Mulate Zerihun
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nir Qvit
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Henrietta Szold St. 8, Safed 1311502, Israel; (S.S.); (M.Z.)
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Kostow N, Welch MD. Manipulation of host cell plasma membranes by intracellular bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102241. [PMID: 36442349 PMCID: PMC10074913 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of the host cell plasma membrane is critical during infection by intracellular bacterial pathogens, particularly during bacterial entry into and exit from host cells. To manipulate host cells, bacteria deploy secreted proteins that modulate or modify host cell components. Here, we review recent advances that suggest common themes by which bacteria manipulate the host cell plasma membrane. One theme is that bacteria use diverse strategies to target or influence host cell plasma membrane composition and shape. A second theme is that bacteria take advantage of host cell plasma membrane-associated pathways such as signal transduction, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Future investigation into how bacterial and host factors contribute to plasma membrane manipulation by bacterial pathogens will reveal new insights into pathogenesis and fundamental principles of plasma membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kostow
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Listeria monocytogenes Co-Opts the Host Exocyst Complex To Promote Internalin A-Mediated Entry. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0032622. [PMID: 36255255 PMCID: PMC9753705 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00326-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes induces its internalization (entry) into intestinal epithelial cells through interaction of its surface protein, internalin A (InlA), with the human cell-cell adhesion molecule, E-cadherin. While InlA-mediated entry requires bacterial stimulation of actin polymerization, it remains unknown whether additional host processes are manipulated to promote internalization. Here, we show that interaction of InlA with E-cadherin induces the host membrane-trafficking process of polarized exocytosis, which augments uptake of Listeria. Imaging studies revealed that exocytosis is stimulated at sites of InlA-dependent internalization. Experiments inhibiting human N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) demonstrated that exocytosis is needed for efficient InlA-mediated entry. Polarized exocytosis is mediated by the exocyst complex, which comprises eight proteins, including Sec6, Exo70, and Exo84. We found that Exo70 was recruited to sites of InlA-mediated entry. In addition, depletion of Exo70, Exo84, or Sec6 by RNA interference impaired entry without affecting surface levels of E-cadherin. Similar to binding of InlA to E-cadherin, homophilic interaction of E-cadherin molecules mobilized the exocyst and stimulated exocytosis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ligation of E-cadherin induces exocytosis that promotes Listeria entry, and they raise the possibility that the exocyst might also control the normal function of E-cadherin in cell-cell adhesion.
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Zhou J, Kang X, An H, Lv Y, Liu X. The function and pathogenic mechanism of filamin A. Gene 2021; 784:145575. [PMID: 33737122 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamin A(FLNa) is an actin-binding protein, which participates in the formation of the cytoskeleton, anchors a variety of proteins in the cytoskeleton and regulates cell adhesion and migration. It is involved in signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, pseudopodia formation, vesicle transport, tumor resistance and genetic diseases by binding with interacting proteins. In order to fully elucidate the structure, function and pathogenesis of FLNa, we summarized all substances which directly or indirectly act on FLNa so far, upstream and downstream targets which having effect on it, signaling pathways and their functions. It also recorded the expression and effect of FLNa in different diseases, including hereditary disease and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Xinmei Kang
- Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Hanxiang An
- Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Yun Lv
- Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian, China.
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Using proteomics to identify host cell interaction partners for VgrG and IglJ. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14612. [PMID: 32884055 PMCID: PMC7471685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of tularemia. The disease is characterized by the suboptimal innate immune response and consequently by the impaired adaptive immunity. The virulence of this pathogen depends on proteins encoded by a genomic island termed the Francisella Pathogenicity Island (FPI). However, the precise biological roles of most of the FPI-encoded proteins remain to be clarified. In this study, we employed stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with affinity protein purification coupled with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to identify potential protein-effector binding pairs for two FPI virulence effectors IglJ and VgrG. Our results may indicate that while the IglJ protein interactions primarily affect mitochondria, the VgrG interactions affect phagosome and/or autophagosome biogenesis via targeting components of the host’s exocyst complex.
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The Host GTPase Arf1 and Its Effectors AP1 and PICK1 Stimulate Actin Polymerization and Exocytosis To Promote Entry of Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00578-19. [PMID: 31740529 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00578-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne bacterium that causes gastroenteritis, meningitis, or abortion. Listeria induces its internalization (entry) into some human cells through interaction of the bacterial surface protein InlB with its host receptor, the Met tyrosine kinase. InlB and Met promote entry through stimulation of localized actin polymerization and exocytosis. How actin cytoskeletal changes and exocytosis are controlled during entry is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate important roles for the host GTPase Arf1 and its effectors AP1 and PICK1 in actin polymerization and exocytosis during InlB-dependent uptake. Depletion of Arf1 by RNA interference (RNAi) or inhibition of Arf1 activity using a dominant-negative allele impaired InlB-dependent internalization, indicating an important role for Arf1 in this process. InlB stimulated an increase in the GTP-bound form of Arf1, demonstrating that this bacterial protein activates Arf1. RNAi and immunolocalization studies indicated that Arf1 controls exocytosis and actin polymerization during entry by recruiting the effectors AP1 and PICK1 to the plasma membrane. In turn, AP1 and PICK1 promoted plasma membrane translocation of both Filamin A (FlnA) and Exo70, two host proteins previously found to mediate exocytosis during InlB-dependent internalization (M. Bhalla, H. Van Ngo, G. C. Gyanwali, and K. Ireton, Infect Immun 87:e00689-18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00689-18). PICK1 mediated recruitment of Exo70 but not FlnA. Collectively, these results indicate that Arf1, AP1, and PICK1 stimulate exocytosis by redistributing FlnA and Exo70 to the plasma membrane. We propose that Arf1, AP1, and PICK1 are key coordinators of actin polymerization and exocytosis during infection of host cells by Listeria.
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Haqshenas G, Doerig C. Targeting of host cell receptor tyrosine kinases by intracellular pathogens. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/599/eaau9894. [PMID: 31530732 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau9894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens use complex and tightly regulated processes to enter host cells. Upon initial interactions with signaling proteins at the surface of target cells, intracellular microbes activate and co-opt specific host signaling pathways that mediate cell surface-cytosol communications to facilitate pathogen internalization. Here, we discuss the roles of host receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in the establishment of productive infections by major intracellular pathogens. We evaluate the gaps in the current understanding of this process and propose a comprehensive approach for assessing the role of host cell signaling in the biology of intracellular microorganisms and viruses. We also discuss RTK-targeting strategies for the treatment of various infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Haqshenas
- Infection and Immunity, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Christian Doerig
- Infection and Immunity, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia. .,Centre for Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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