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Campos Muzquiz LG, Martínez Gómez D, Reyes Cruz T, Méndez Olvera ET. Evaluation of intracellular survival of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in bovine endometrial cells by qPCR. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2021; 22:94-99. [PMID: 34306105 PMCID: PMC8294819 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.38693.5632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus is the causal agent of sporadic abortion and infertility in bovines that produces economic losses in livestock. AIMS This study evaluates the capability of C. fetus subsp. fetus to invade and survive in bovine endometrial epithelial cells and attempts to describe a pathogenic mechanism of this microorganism. METHODS Primary culture of bovine endometrial epithelial cells was challenged with C. fetus subsp. fetus. Intracellular bacteria, represented by the number of genomic copies (g.c.) were quantified at 0, 2, 4, 10, and 24 hours post-infection (h.p.i.), by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The presence of intracellular bacteria was evaluated by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results showed that only viable C. fetus subsp. fetus could invade endometrial cells. The g.c. number in assays with viable C. fetus subsp. fetus reached an average value of 656 g.c., remained constant until 4 h.p.i., then decreased to 100 g.c, at 24 h.p.i. In assays with non-viable microorganisms, the average value of g.c. was less than 1 g.c. and never changed. The intracellular presence of this bacteria was confirmed at 2 h.p.i. by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION The results suggest that only C. fetus subsp. fetus viable can invade bovine endometrial epithelial cells but will not replicate in them, indicating that the endometrial cells do not represent a replication niche for this pathogen. Nonetheless, this invasion capability suggests that this type of cell could be employed by the pathogen to spread to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. G. Campos Muzquiz
- Department of Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - D. Martínez Gómez
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - T. Reyes Cruz
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E. T. Méndez Olvera
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Agricultural and Animal Production, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
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Rajkowska K, Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Typing and virulence factors of food-borne Candida spp. isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 279:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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ChIP-Seq Analysis of the σE Regulon of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Reveals New Genes Implicated in Heat Shock and Oxidative Stress Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138466. [PMID: 26389830 PMCID: PMC4577112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The alternative sigma factor σE functions to maintain bacterial homeostasis and membrane integrity in response to extracytoplasmic stress by regulating thousands of genes both directly and indirectly. The transcriptional regulatory network governed by σE in Salmonella and E. coli has been examined using microarray, however a genome-wide analysis of σE-binding sites in Salmonella has not yet been reported. We infected macrophages with Salmonella Typhimurium over a select time course. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput DNA sequencing (ChIP-seq), 31 σE-binding sites were identified. Seventeen sites were new, which included outer membrane proteins, a quorum-sensing protein, a cell division factor, and a signal transduction modulator. The consensus sequence identified for σE in vivo binding was similar to the one previously reported, except for a conserved G and A between the -35 and -10 regions. One third of the σE-binding sites did not contain the consensus sequence, suggesting there may be alternative mechanisms by which σE modulates transcription. By dissecting direct and indirect modes of σE-mediated regulation, we found that σE activates gene expression through recognition of both canonical and reversed consensus sequence. New σE regulated genes (greA, luxS, ompA and ompX) are shown to be involved in heat shock and oxidative stress responses.
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Li J, Nakayasu ES, Overall CC, Johnson RC, Kidwai AS, McDermott JE, Ansong C, Heffron F, Cambronne ED, Adkins JN. Global analysis of Salmonella alternative sigma factor E on protein translation. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1716-26. [PMID: 25686268 DOI: 10.1021/pr5010423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The alternative sigma factor E (σ(E)) is critical for response to extracytoplasmic stress in Salmonella. Extensive studies have been conducted on σ(E)-regulated gene expression, particularly at the transcriptional level. Increasing evidence suggests however that σ(E) may indirectly participate in post-transcriptional regulation. In this study, we conducted sample-matched global proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to determine the level of regulation mediated by σ(E) in Salmonella. Samples were analyzed from wild-type and isogenic rpoE mutant Salmonella cultivated in three different conditions: nutrient-rich and conditions that mimic early and late intracellular infection. We found that 30% of the observed proteome was regulated by σ(E) combining all three conditions. In different growth conditions, σ(E) affected the expression of a broad spectrum of Salmonella proteins required for miscellaneous functions. Those involved in transport and binding, protein synthesis, and stress response were particularly highlighted. By comparing transcriptomic and proteomic data, we identified genes post-transcriptionally regulated by σ(E) and found that post-transcriptional regulation was responsible for a majority of changes observed in the σ(E)-regulated proteome. Further, comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data from hfq mutant of Salmonella demonstrated that σ(E)-mediated post-transcriptional regulation was partially dependent on the RNA-binding protein Hfq.
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Identification and characterization of outer membrane vesicle-associated proteins in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2014; 82:4001-10. [PMID: 24935973 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01416-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a primary cause of enteric diseases and has acquired a variety of virulence factors during its evolution into a pathogen. Secreted virulence factors interact with commensal flora and host cells and enable Salmonella to survive and thrive in hostile environments. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from many Gram-negative bacteria function as a mechanism for the secretion of complex mixtures, including virulence factors. We performed a proteomic analysis of OMVs that were isolated under standard laboratory and acidic minimal medium conditions and identified 14 OMV-associated proteins that were observed in the OMV fraction isolated only under the acidic minimal medium conditions, which reproduced the nutrient-deficient intracellular milieu. The inferred roles of these 14 proteins were diverse, including transporter, enzyme, and transcriptional regulator. The absence of these proteins influenced Salmonella survival inside murine macrophages. Eleven of these proteins were predicted to possess secretion signal sequences at their N termini, and three (HupA, GlnH, and PhoN) of the proteins were found to be translocated into the cytoplasm of host cells. The comparative proteomic profiling of OMVs performed in this study revealed different protein compositions in the OMVs isolated under the two different conditions, which indicates that the OMV cargo depends on the growth conditions and provides a deeper insight into how Salmonella utilizes OMVs to adapt to environmental changes.
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Kidwai AS, Mushamiri I, Niemann GS, Brown RN, Adkins JN, Heffron F. Diverse secreted effectors are required for Salmonella persistence in a mouse infection model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70753. [PMID: 23950998 PMCID: PMC3741292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes typhoid-like disease in mice and is a model of typhoid fever in humans. One of the hallmarks of typhoid is persistence, the ability of the bacteria to survive in the host weeks after infection. Virulence factors called effectors facilitate this process by direct transfer to the cytoplasm of infected cells thereby subverting cellular processes. Secretion of effectors to the cell cytoplasm takes place through multiple routes, including two separate type III secretion (T3SS) apparati as well as outer membrane vesicles. The two T3SS are encoded on separate pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and -2, with SPI-1 more strongly associated with the intestinal phase of infection, and SPI-2 with the systemic phase. Both T3SS are required for persistence, but the effectors required have not been systematically evaluated. In this study, mutations in 48 described effectors were tested for persistence. We replaced each effector with a specific DNA barcode sequence by allelic exchange and co-infected with a wild-type reference to calculate the ratio of wild-type parent to mutant at different times after infection. The competitive index (CI) was determined by quantitative PCR in which primers that correspond to the barcode were used for amplification. Mutations in all but seven effectors reduced persistence demonstrating that most effectors were required. One exception was CigR, a recently discovered effector that is widely conserved throughout enteric bacteria. Deletion of cigR increased lethality, suggesting that it may be an anti-virulence factor. The fact that almost all Salmonella effectors are required for persistence argues against redundant functions. This is different from effector repertoires in other intracellular pathogens such as Legionella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan S. Kidwai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ivy Mushamiri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - George S. Niemann
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Roslyn N. Brown
- Center for Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Washington State University, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joshua N. Adkins
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fred Heffron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Deatherage Kaiser BL, Li J, Sanford JA, Kim YM, Kronewitter SR, Jones MB, Peterson CT, Peterson SN, Frank BC, Purvine SO, Brown JN, Metz TO, Smith RD, Heffron F, Adkins JN. A Multi-Omic View of Host-Pathogen-Commensal Interplay in Salmonella-Mediated Intestinal Infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67155. [PMID: 23840608 PMCID: PMC3694140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for commensal microorganisms indigenous to a host (the ‘microbiome’ or ‘microbiota’) to alter infection outcome by influencing host-pathogen interplay is largely unknown. We used a multi-omics “systems” approach, incorporating proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics, and metagenomics, to explore the molecular interplay between the murine host, the pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), and commensal gut microorganisms during intestinal infection with S. Typhimurium. We find proteomic evidence that S. Typhimurium thrives within the infected 129/SvJ mouse gut without antibiotic pre-treatment, inducing inflammation and disrupting the intestinal microbiome (e.g., suppressing Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes while promoting growth of Salmonella and Enterococcus). Alteration of the host microbiome population structure was highly correlated with gut environmental changes, including the accumulation of metabolites normally consumed by commensal microbiota. Finally, the less characterized phase of S. Typhimurium’s lifecycle was investigated, and both proteomic and glycomic evidence suggests S. Typhimurium may take advantage of increased fucose moieties to metabolize fucose while growing in the gut. The application of multiple omics measurements to Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation provides insights into complex molecular strategies employed during pathogenesis between host, pathogen, and the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Deatherage Kaiser
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - James A. Sanford
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott R. Kronewitter
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marcus B. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christine T. Peterson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Scott N. Peterson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bryan C. Frank
- Department of Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel O. Purvine
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Joseph N. Brown
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Fred Heffron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joshua N. Adkins
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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McDermott JE, Yoon H, Nakayasu ES, Metz TO, Hyduke DR, Kidwai AS, Palsson BO, Adkins JN, Heffron F. Technologies and approaches to elucidate and model the virulence program of salmonella. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:121. [PMID: 21687430 PMCID: PMC3108385 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a primary cause of enteric diseases in a variety of animals. During its evolution into a pathogenic bacterium, Salmonella acquired an elaborate regulatory network that responds to multiple environmental stimuli within host animals and integrates them resulting in fine regulation of the virulence program. The coordinated action by this regulatory network involves numerous virulence regulators, necessitating genome-wide profiling analysis to assess and combine efforts from multiple regulons. In this review we discuss recent high-throughput analytic approaches used to understand the regulatory network of Salmonella that controls virulence processes. Application of high-throughput analyses have generated large amounts of data and necessitated the development of computational approaches for data integration. Therefore, we also cover computer-aided network analyses to infer regulatory networks, and demonstrate how genome-scale data can be used to construct regulatory and metabolic systems models of Salmonella pathogenesis. Genes that are coordinately controlled by multiple virulence regulators under infectious conditions are more likely to be important for pathogenesis. Thus, reconstructing the global regulatory network during infection or, at the very least, under conditions that mimic the host cellular environment not only provides a bird's eye view of Salmonella survival strategy in response to hostile host environments but also serves as an efficient means to identify novel virulence factors that are essential for Salmonella to accomplish systemic infection in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E. McDermott
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, USA
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Biological Separations and Mass Spectroscopy Group, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland WA, USA
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Separations and Mass Spectroscopy Group, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland WA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Hyduke
- Systems Biology, University of California San DiegoSan Diego, CA, USA
| | - Afshan S. Kidwai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences UniversityPortland, OR, USA
| | | | - Joshua N. Adkins
- Biological Separations and Mass Spectroscopy Group, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland WA, USA
| | - Fred Heffron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences UniversityPortland, OR, USA
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