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Yutani M, Matsumura T, Fujinaga Y. Effects of antibiotics on the viability of and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:432-437. [PMID: 34219270 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium botulinum causes infant and adult intestinal botulism by colonizing in the intestine and producing botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT). Antimicrobial agents are not currently used for treatment due to the potential facilitation of BoNT production and bacterial cell lysis, which releases toxins into the intestinal lumen. In this study, we analyzed effects of four antibiotics on the viability of and BoNT production by four C. botulinum group I strains. Our results indicate that metronidazole rapidly reduced their viability without enhancing BoNT production. Antibiotics with these properties may promote elimination of C. botulinum from the intestines while maintaining low levels of BoNT. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
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Johnson AL, McAdams-Gallagher SC, Aceto H. Accuracy of a Mouse Bioassay for the Diagnosis of Botulism in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1293-9. [PMID: 27108763 PMCID: PMC5074318 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The laboratory diagnosis of botulism in horses traditionally has relied upon the mouse bioassay (MBA). The accuracy of this test for the diagnosis of botulism in horses is unknown. Hypothesis/Objectives Our goal was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the MBA on laboratory‐processed fecal and gastrointestinal samples for foals and adult horses. Animals Cases included all horses with a final clinical diagnosis of botulism that were admitted between 1986 and 2011 and had MBA testing performed. Controls included horses without botulism that were admitted during the same time period and had MBA testing performed. Methods Retrospective study. Horses suspected of having botulism had fecal or (less commonly) gastrointestinal content samples tested using MBA. For every hospitalized botulism suspect, control samples were obtained from ≥1 additional hospitalized horses not suspected to have botulism. Results One hundred and twenty‐nine adult horses and 253 adult controls were identified. Overall sensitivity of the MBA was only 32% but specificity was 97%. Forty‐three foal cases and 21 foal controls were evaluated; sensitivity of the MBA was 53% and specificity was 100%. Positive predictive value was substantially higher (100% for foals and 89% for adults) than negative predictive value (51% for foals and 67% for adults). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Mouse bioassay has low sensitivity but high specificity for the diagnosis of botulism in horses. Positive results are highly suggestive of botulism but negative results do not exclude the diagnosis. Unaffected horses and foals rarely shed C. botulinum in their feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Johnson
- Botulism Reference Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA.,Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - S C McAdams-Gallagher
- Botulism Reference Laboratory, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
| | - H Aceto
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Krüger M, Neuhaus J, Herrenthey AG, Gökce MM, Schrödl W, Shehata AA. Chronic botulism in a Saxony dairy farm: sources, predisposing factors, development of the disease and treatment possibilities. Anaerobe 2014; 28:220-5. [PMID: 24997242 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate Clostridium botulinum at a Saxony dairy farm with 159 cows and 18 heifers. The animals exhibited clinical symptoms of chronic botulism. To determine the source of the infection, feces, blood, organs, and gastrointestinal fluids of dead or euthanized cows; as well as soil, water, silage and manure were tested for C. botulinum spores and BoNTs using ELISA. BoNT/C and C. botulinum type C were detected in 53% and 3% of tested animals, respectively, while BoNT/D and C. botulinum type D were detected in 18% of the animals. C. botulinum also was detected in organs, gastrointestinal fluids, drinking water and manure. To evaluate possible treatments, animals were given Jerusalem artichoke syrup (JAS), Botulism vaccine (formalinised aluminum hydroxide gel adsorbed toxoid of C. botulinum types C and D) or a suspension of Enterococcus faecalis. After four weeks treatment with JAS, BoNT/C and C. botulinum type C were not detected in feces. In contrast, BoNT/D and C. botulinum type D were not significantly influenced by the JAS treatment. Vaccination with botulism vaccine and the E. faecalis suspension significantly decreased BoNT/D and C. botulinum type D. A significant increase of Enterococci was detected in animals treated with E. faecalis. Interestingly, there was a negative correlation between the detection of both BoNT and C. botulinum with the concentration of Enterococci in feces. Although C. botulinum C and D antibodies increased significantly (p < 0.0001) after vaccination with the botulism vaccine, the reduction of C. botulinum and BoNT in feces did not result in recovery of the animals because they were deficient of trace elements [manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se)]. Animals treated with trace elements recovered. It appears that intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and trace element deficiency could explain the extensive emergence of chronic Botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krüger
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Jürgen Neuhaus
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Anke Große Herrenthey
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - M Mourat Gökce
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany
| | - Awad A Shehata
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Germany; Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt.
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Shehata AA, Schrödl W, Aldin AA, Hafez HM, Krüger M. The effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. Curr Microbiol 2013; 66:350-8. [PMID: 23224412 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of glyphosate modifies the environment which stresses the living microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to determine the real impact of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. The presented results evidence that the highly pathogenic bacteria as Salmonella Entritidis, Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium botulinum are highly resistant to glyphosate. However, most of beneficial bacteria as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus badius, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus spp. were found to be moderate to highly susceptible. Also Campylobacter spp. were found to be susceptible to glyphosate. A reduction of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract microbiota by ingestion of glyphosate could disturb the normal gut bacterial community. Also, the toxicity of glyphosate to the most prevalent Enterococcus spp. could be a significant predisposing factor that is associated with the increase in C. botulinum-mediated diseases by suppressing the antagonistic effect of these bacteria on clostridia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awad A Shehata
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Krüger M, Shehata AA, Schrödl W, Rodloff A. Glyphosate suppresses the antagonistic effect of Enterococcus spp. on Clostridium botulinum. Anaerobe 2013; 20:74-8. [PMID: 23396248 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, an increase of Clostridium botulinum associated diseases in cattle has been observed in Germany. The reason for this development is currently unknown. The normal intestinal microflora is a critical factor in preventing intestinal colonisation by C. botulinum as shown in the mouse model of infant botulism. Numerous bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) produce bacteriocines directed against C. botulinum and other pathogens: Lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) such as lactobacilli, lactococci and enterococci, generate bacteriocines that are effective against Clostridium spp. A reduction of LAB in the GIT microbiota by ingestion of strong biocides like glyphosate could be an explanation for the observed increase in levels of C. botulinum associated diseases. In the present paper, we report on the toxicity of glyphosate to the most prevalent Enterococcus spp. in the GIT. Ingestion of this herbicide could be a significant predisposing factor that is associated with the increase in C. botulinum mediated diseases in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Krüger
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Sullivan NM, Mills DC, Riemann HP, Arnon SS. Inhibition of Growth ofClostridium botulinumby Intestinal Microflora Isolated from Healthy Infants. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608809141534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine M. Sullivan
- California Public Health Foundation, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel C. Mills
- SIDS-Infant Botulism Research and Prevention Program, California Department of Health Services, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hans P. Riemann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Stephen S. Arnon
- California Public Health Foundation, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Abstract
Equine botulism is being recognized with increasing frequency by veterinarians throughout North America. Muscular weakness and dysphagia that progress during a period of 1 to 4 days, in the absence of laboratory derangements that indicate the presence of systemic disease, are suggestive of botulism. A tentative diagnosis usually is based on the presence of the following findings on physical examination: delayed pupillary light response, mydriasis, ptosis, generalized weakness, decreased tail tone, and slow prehension of feed. Definitive diagnosis requires detection of botulinum toxin in plasma, serum, gastrointestinal contents, or body tissues. Early treatment with antitoxin generally results in a favorable outcome. Botulism in foals and adult horses can be prevented by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Whitlock
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, USA
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Sugiyama H, Prather JL, Woller MJ. Lyophilized airborne Clostridium botulinum spores as inocula that intestinally colonize antimicrobially pretreated adult mice. Infect Immun 1986; 54:260-1. [PMID: 3531017 PMCID: PMC260147 DOI: 10.1128/iai.54.1.260-261.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mice, made susceptible to Clostridium botulinum by feedings of metronidazole, were immobilized with an anesthetic and held for 30 min in isolators in which a fine powder of lyophilized pathogen spores was made airborne. Exposed mice were surface decontaminated before being kept for 2 days in holding isolators. Mice were intestinally colonized by the pathogen. Colonization rates were related to spore numbers (10(4) to 10(7) type A or B) seeded into isolators.
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Sugiyama H, Woller MJ, Prather JL. Intestinal colonization of mice by air-disseminatedClostridium botulinum. Curr Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01568287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Importance of cecum inClostridium botulinum colonization of mice and relationship of organism to large bowel. Curr Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01567978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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