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Tanaka M, Abe S. Different activities of antitumor immunomodulators to induce neutrophil adherence response. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 13:299-305. [PMID: 31956227 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functions of neutrophils, major participant in host defense mechanisms, are known to be regulated by various types of immunomodulators. Capacity of immunomodulators which are reported to show antitumor effect in vivo to induce neutorophil adherence response in vitro was investigated. Several bacterial immunomodulators (OK-432, Corynebacterium parvum, B.C.G.) and components of bacteria cell walls (lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipid A, lipoteicoic acid, N-cell wall skelton (N-CWS), muramyl dipeptide (MDP)) and fungal polysaccharides (lentinan, zymosan A, etc.) were tested. Neutrophils prepared from peripheral blood of healthy men were incubated with each immunomodulator at 37°C for 60 min in 96 well plastic plates, then neutrophils adherent to substratum were stained by crystal violet and their optical density at 570 nm was measured as a parameter of neutrophil adherence. Although purified polysaccharides mainly prepared from fungi did not induce the adherent response, not only bacterial bodies and their components but also tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) clearly induced it. On the base of these results, functional classification and typing of immunomodulators by different activities in neutrophil adherence was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Tanaka
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Science, Tokiwa University, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Abe
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Sport and Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Activation of a Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cell Line by Ruminant-Associated Staphylococcus aureus is Lineage Dependent. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120688. [PMID: 31842337 PMCID: PMC6955728 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a costly disease to the dairy industry and intramammary infections (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus are a major cause of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus strains responsible for mastitis in cattle predominantly belong to ruminant-associated clonal complexes (CCs). Recognition of pathogens by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) plays a key role in activation of immune responsiveness during IMI. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent the bMEC response differs according to S. aureus CC. The aim of this study was to determine whether ruminant-associated S. aureus CCs differentially activate bMEC. For this purpose, the immortalized bMEC line PS was stimulated with S. aureus mastitis isolates belonging to four different clonal complexes (CCs; CC133, CC479, CC151 and CC425) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) release was measured as indicator of activation. To validate our bMEC model, we first stimulated PS cells with genetically modified S. aureus strains lacking (protein A, wall teichoic acid (WTA) synthesis) or expressing (capsular polysaccharide (CP) type 5 or type 8) factors expected to affect S. aureus recognition by bMEC. The absence of functional WTA synthesis increased IL-8 release by bMEC in response to bacterial stimulation compared to wildtype. In addition, bMEC released more IL-8 after stimulation with S. aureus expressing CP type 5 compared to CP type 8 or a strain lacking CP expression. Among the S. aureus lineages, isolates belonging to CC133 induced a significantly stronger IL-8 release from bMEC than isolates from the other CCs, and the IL-8 response to CC479 was higher compared to CC151 and CC425. Transcription levels of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), serum amyloid A3 (SAA3), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in bMEC after bacterial stimulation tended to follow a similar pattern as IL-8 release, but there were no significant differences between the CCs. This study demonstrates a differential activation of bMEC by ruminant-associated CCs of S. aureus, which may have implications for the severity of mastitis during IMI by S. aureus belonging to these lineages.
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Hong SJ, Kim SK, Ko EB, Yun CH, Han SH. Wall teichoic acid is an essential component of Staphylococcus aureus for the induction of human dendritic cell maturation. Mol Immunol 2016; 81:135-142. [PMID: 27978487 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive pathogen that can cause chronic skin inflammation, pneumonia, and septic shock. The immunomodulatory functions of wall teichoic acid (WTA), a glycopolymer abundantly expressed on the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of WTA in the phenotypic and functional activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) treated with ethanol-killed S. aureus. WTA-deficient S. aureus mutant (ΔtagO) exhibited attenuated binding and internalization to DCs compared to the wild-type. ΔtagO induced lower expression of maturation markers on and cytokines in DCs than the wild-type S. aureus. Furthermore, autologous human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cocultured with ΔtagO-treated DCs exhibited a marked reduction in T cell proliferative activity, the expression of activation markers, and the production of cytokines compared to the wild-type S. aureus-stimulated DCs. Collectively, these results suggest that WTA is an important cell wall component of S. aureus for the induction of DC maturation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jun Hong
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Kyung Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Byeol Ko
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Green Bio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Vassal-Stermann E, Lacroix M, Gout E, Laffly E, Pedersen CM, Martin L, Amoroso A, Schmidt RR, Zähringer U, Gaboriaud C, Di Guilmi AM, Thielens NM. Human L-ficolin recognizes phosphocholine moieties of pneumococcal teichoic acid. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5699-708. [PMID: 25344472 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Human L-ficolin is a soluble protein of the innate immune system able to sense pathogens through its fibrinogen (FBG) recognition domains and to trigger activation of the lectin complement pathway through associated serine proteases. L-Ficolin has been previously shown to recognize pneumococcal clinical isolates, but its ligands and especially its molecular specificity remain to be identified. Using solid-phase binding assays, serum and recombinant L-ficolins were shown to interact with serotype 2 pneumococcal strain D39 and its unencapsulated R6 derivative. Incubation of both strains with serum triggered complement activation, as measured by C4b and C3b deposition, which was decreased by using ficolin-depleted serum. Recombinant L-ficolin and its FBG-like recognition domain bound to isolated pneumococcal cell wall extracts, whereas binding to cell walls depleted of teichoic acid (TA) was decreased. Both proteins were also shown to interact with two synthetic TA compounds, each comprising part structures of the complete lipoteichoic acid molecule with two PCho residues. Competition studies and direct interaction measurements by surface plasmon resonance identified PCho as a novel L-ficolin ligand. Structural analysis of complexes of the FBG domain of L-ficolin and PCho revealed that the phosphate moiety interacts with amino acids previously shown to define an acetyl binding site. Consequently, binding of L-ficolin to immobilized acetylated BSA was inhibited by PCho and synthetic TA. Binding of serum L-ficolin to immobilized synthetic TA and PCho-conjugated BSA triggered activation of the lectin complement pathway, thus further supporting the hypothesis of L-ficolin involvement in host antipneumococcal defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vassal-Stermann
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Monique Lacroix
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Gout
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Laffly
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lydie Martin
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Ana Amoroso
- Centre for Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liege, B4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Richard R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University of Jeddah, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and
| | - Ulrich Zähringer
- Division of Immunochemistry, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christine Gaboriaud
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Di Guilmi
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France;
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- University of Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France
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5
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Korem M, Ovadia H, Paldor I, Moses AE, Block C, Eliashar R, Hirshoren N. False negative β-2 transferrin in the diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid leak in the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Laryngoscope 2014; 125:556-60. [PMID: 25265373 DOI: 10.1002/lary.24940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The objectives of this study were to examine the presence of β-2 transferrin (β2TRNSF) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contaminated in vitro by various bacteria and explore the mechanism (passive or active) responsible for β2TRNSF elimination. Early diagnosis of CSF leakage may change treatment decisions and minimize the risk of meningitis and encephalitis. β2TRNSF is a protein present exclusively in CSF. Its detection is highly useful in cases of CSF leakage, although it has never been examined in the presence of central nervous system infection. STUDY DESIGN Prospective patient analysis. METHODS Sterile CSF drawn from patients was contaminated in vitro with several microorganisms chosen for their ability to cause neurosurgical-related infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. β2TRNSF was examined at two time points: following immediate inoculation (t0) and following an overnight incubation (t18) over various bacterial concentrations. Samples of CSF inoculated with S pneumoniae were also examined in the presence of ciprofloxacin. For β2TRNSF analysis we used immunoblotting electrophoresis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS CSF samples collected from nine patients were analyzed. β2TRNSF was not detected following S pneumoniae inoculation at both time points when immunoblotting electrophoresis was used. Quantitative analysis using ELISA demonstrated significant β2TRNSF concentration decrease. The addition of ciprofloxacin led to the same results. CONCLUSIONS CSF leak detection using β2TRNSF may be deceiving in the presence of a S pneumoniae cerebral nervous system infection. A passive process is suggested, as β2TRNSF disappeared either immediately or following incubation with inactive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Korem
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hebrew University School of Medicine-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Coggeshall KM, Lupu F, Ballard J, Metcalf JP, James JA, Farris D, Kurosawa S. The sepsis model: an emerging hypothesis for the lethality of inhalation anthrax. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:914-20. [PMID: 23742651 PMCID: PMC3729634 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation anthrax is often described as a toxin-mediated disease. However, the toxaemia model does not account for the high mortality of inhalation anthrax relative to other forms of the disease or for the pathology present in inhalation anthrax. Patients with inhalation anthrax consistently show extreme bacteraemia and, in contrast to animals challenged with toxin, signs of sepsis. Rather than toxaemia, we propose that death in inhalation anthrax results from an overwhelming bacteraemia that leads to severe sepsis. According to our model, the central role of anthrax toxin is to permit the vegetative bacteria to escape immune detection. Other forms of B. anthracis infection have lower mortality because their overt symptoms early in the course of disease cause patients to seek medical care at a time when the infection and its sequelae can still be reversed by antibiotics. Thus, the sepsis model explains key features of inhalation anthrax and may offer a more complete understanding of disease pathology for researchers as well as those involved in the care of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Mark Coggeshall
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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7
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Ythier M, Resch G, Waridel P, Panchaud A, Gfeller A, Majcherczyk P, Quadroni M, Moreillon P. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiling of Staphylococcus aureus surface LPXTG-proteins: correlation with agr genotypes and adherence phenotypes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1123-39. [PMID: 22843989 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.014191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections involve numerous adhesins and toxins, which expression depends on complex regulatory networks. Adhesins include a family of surface proteins covalently attached to the peptidoglycan via a conserved LPXTG motif. Here we determined the protein and mRNA expression of LPXTG-proteins of S. aureus Newman in time-course experiments, and their relation to fibrinogen adherence in vitro. Experiments were performed with mutants in the global accessory-gene regulator (agr), surface protein A (Spa), and fibrinogen-binding protein A (ClfA), as well as during growth in iron-rich or iron-poor media. Surface proteins were recovered by trypsin-shaving of live bacteria. Released peptides were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometry. To unambiguously identify peptides unique to LPXTG-proteins, the analytical conditions were refined using a reference library of S. aureus LPXTG-proteins heterogeneously expressed in surrogate Lactococcus lactis. Transcriptomes were determined by microarrays. Sixteen of the 18 LPXTG-proteins present in S. aureus Newman were detected by proteomics. Nine LPXTG-proteins showed a bell-shape agr-like expression that was abrogated in agr-negative mutants including Spa, fibronectin-binding protein A (FnBPA), ClfA, iron-binding IsdA, and IsdB, immunomodulator SasH, functionally uncharacterized SasD, biofilm-related SasG and methicillin resistance-related FmtB. However, only Spa and SasH modified their proteomic and mRNA profiles in parallel in the parent and its agr- mutant, whereas all other LPXTG-proteins modified their proteomic profiles independently of their mRNA. Moreover, ClfA became highly transcribed and active in fibrinogen-adherence tests during late growth (24 h), whereas it remained poorly detected by proteomics. On the other hand, iron-regulated IsdA-B-C increased their protein expression by >10-times in iron-poor conditions. Thus, proteomic, transcriptomic, and adherence-phenotype demonstrated differential profiles in S. aureus. Moreover, trypsin peptide signatures suggested differential protein domain exposures in various environments, which might be relevant for anti-adhesin vaccines. A comprehensive understanding of the S. aureus physiology should integrate all three approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Ythier
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dengler V, Meier PS, Heusser R, Kupferschmied P, Fazekas J, Friebe S, Staufer SB, Majcherczyk PA, Moreillon P, Berger-Bächi B, McCallum N. Deletion of hypothetical wall teichoic acid ligases in Staphylococcus aureus activates the cell wall stress response. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2012; 333:109-20. [PMID: 22640011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS) is activated by cell envelope-targeting antibiotics or depletion of essential cell wall biosynthesis enzymes. The functionally uncharacterized S. aureus LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) proteins, MsrR, SA0908 and SA2103, all belong to the CWSS. Although not essential, deletion of all three LCP proteins severely impairs cell division. We show here that VraSR-dependent CWSS expression was up to 250-fold higher in single, double and triple LCP mutants than in wild type S. aureus in the absence of external stress. The LCP triple mutant was virtually depleted of wall teichoic acids (WTA), which could be restored to different degrees by any of the single LCP proteins. Subinhibitory concentrations of tunicamycin, which inhibits the first WTA synthesis enzyme TarO (TagO), could partially complement the severe growth defect of the LCP triple mutant. Both of the latter findings support a role for S. aureus LCP proteins in late WTA synthesis, as in Bacillus subtilis where LCP proteins were recently proposed to transfer WTA from lipid carriers to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Intrinsic activation of the CWSS upon LCP deletion and the fact that LCP proteins were essential for WTA-loading of the cell wall, highlight their important role(s) in S. aureus cell envelope biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Dengler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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9
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Hübscher J, McCallum N, Sifri CD, Majcherczyk PA, Entenza JM, Heusser R, Berger-Bächi B, Stutzmann Meier P. MsrR contributes to cell surface characteristics and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 295:251-60. [PMID: 19459977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MsrR, a factor contributing to methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, belongs to the LytR-CpsA-Psr family of cell envelope-associated proteins. Deletion of msrR increased cell size and aggregation, and altered envelope properties, leading to a temporary reduction in cell surface hydrophobicity, diminished colony-spreading ability, and an increased susceptibility to Congo red. The reduced phosphorus content of purified cell walls of the msrR mutant suggested a reduction in wall teichoic acids, which may explain some of the observed phenotypes. Microarray analysis of the msrR deletion mutant revealed only minor changes in the global transcriptome, suggesting that MsrR has structural rather than regulatory functions. Importantly, virulence of the msrR mutant was decreased in a nematode-killing assay as well as in rat experimental endocarditis. MsrR is therefore likely to play a role in cell envelope maintenance, cell separation, and pathogenicity of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hübscher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Shaw PJ, Ganey PE, Roth RA. Trovafloxacin enhances the inflammatory response to a Gram-negative or a Gram-positive bacterial stimulus, resulting in neutrophil-dependent liver injury in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 330:72-8. [PMID: 19351866 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.151068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trovafloxacin (TVX), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has been strongly linked with several cases of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in humans. Previous studies showed that a modest inflammatory stress induced by a Gram-negative bacterial stimulus [i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] rendered nontoxic doses of TVX hepatotoxic in mice. This study compared the interaction of TVX with Gram-negative and Gram-positive stimuli. Mice were given TVX 3 h before LPS (Gram-negative stimulus) or a peptidoglycan-lipoteichoic acid (PGN-LTA) mixture isolated from Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive stimulus). Administration of TVX, LPS, or PGN-LTA alone was nonhepatotoxic. However, TVX administration before PGN-LTA or LPS resulted in significant liver injury that occurred with similar time courses. TVX/PGN-LTA-induced hepatocellular necrosis was primarily localized to centrilobular regions, whereas that caused by TVX/LPS was predominantly midzonal. Administration of either LPS or PGN-LTA alone led to increased plasma concentrations of several cytokines and chemokines at a time near the onset of liver injury. TVX administration before LPS enhanced the concentrations of all of these cytokines, whereas TVX treatment before PGN-LTA increased all of the cytokines except tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon-gamma. Liver injury was reduced in TVX/LPS- and TVX/PGN-LTA-treated mice given an antibody to CD18 and also in mice deficient in neutrophil [polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN)] elastase. Hepatic PMN accumulation and TNF-alpha production after TVX/PGN-LTA-, but not after TVX/LPS-coexposure, was CD18-dependent. In summary, TVX significantly enhanced the murine inflammatory response to either a Gram-negative or a Gram-positive stimulus and caused hepatotoxicity that developed similarly and was dependent on PMN activation in mice but that differed in lesion location and cytokine profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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11
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Trannoy LL, van Hensbergen Y, Lagerberg JW, Brand A. Photodynamic treatment with mono-phenyl-tri-(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)-porphyrin for pathogen inactivation in cord blood stem cell products. Transfusion 2008; 48:2629-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Majcherczyk PA, Barblan JL, Moreillon P, Entenza JM. Development of glycopeptide-intermediate resistance by Staphylococcus aureus leads to attenuated infectivity in a rat model of endocarditis. Microb Pathog 2008; 45:408-14. [PMID: 18930804 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycopeptide-intermediate resistant Staphylococcus aureus (GISA) are characterized by multiple changes in the cell wall and an altered expression of global virulence regulators. We investigated whether GISA are affected in their infectivity in a rat model of experimental endocarditis. The glycopeptide-susceptible, methicillin-resistant S. aureus M1V2 and its laboratory-derived GISA M1V16 were examined for their ability to (i) adhere to fibrinogen and fibronectin in vitro, (ii) persist in the bloodstream after intravenous inoculation, (iii) colonize aortic vegetations in rats, and (iv) compete for valve colonization by co-inoculation. Both GISA M1V16 and M1V2 adhered similarly to fibrinogen and fibronectin in vitro. In rats, GISA M1V16 was cleared faster from the blood (P < 0.05) and required 100-times more bacteria than parent M1V2 (10(6) versus 10(4)CFU) to infect 90% of vegetations. GISA M1V16 also had 100 to 1000-times lower bacterial densities in vegetations. Moreover, after co-inoculation with GISA M1V16 and M1V2Rif, a rifampin-resistant variant of M1V2 to discriminate them in organ cultures, GISA M1V16 was out-competed by the glycopeptide-susceptible counterpart. Thus, in rats with experimental endocarditis, GISA showed an attenuated virulence, likely due to a faster clearance from the blood and a reduced fitness in cardiac vegetations. The GISA phenotype appeared globally detrimental to infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Majcherczyk
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Abstract
The course of every infection is different. The same pathogen can lead to subclinical, mild, severe or lethal infections in individuals. But is this just chance or determined by individual differences--on the side of the host as well as on the side of the pathogen? If so, we might need to consider these variations for treatment decisions. Indeed, we now understand that genetic polymorphisms and health status represent inborn and acquired risk factors. Similarly, pathogens impress with an increasing number of already identified virulence factors and host response modifiers. The emerging, more complex, view of the factors determining course and outcome of infections promises to enable more tailored and thus, hopefully, more effective treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Hermann
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.
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14
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Hübscher J, Jansen A, Kotte O, Schäfer J, Majcherczyk PA, Harris LG, Bierbaum G, Heinemann M, Berger-Bächi B. Living with an imperfect cell wall: compensation of femAB inactivation in Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:307. [PMID: 17784943 PMCID: PMC2045680 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Synthesis of the Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan pentaglycine interpeptide bridge is catalyzed by the nonribosomal peptidyl transferases FemX, FemA and FemB. Inactivation of the femAB operon reduces the interpeptide to a monoglycine, leading to a poorly crosslinked peptidoglycan. femAB mutants show a reduced growth rate and are hypersusceptible to virtually all antibiotics, including methicillin, making FemAB a potential target to restore β-lactam susceptibility in methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Cis-complementation with wild type femAB only restores synthesis of the pentaglycine interpeptide and methicillin resistance, but the growth rate remains low. This study characterizes the adaptations that ensured survival of the cells after femAB inactivation. Results In addition to slow growth, the cis-complemented femAB mutant showed temperature sensitivity and a higher methicillin resistance than the wild type. Transcriptional profiling paired with reporter metabolite analysis revealed multiple changes in the global transcriptome. A number of transporters for sugars, glycerol, and glycine betaine, some of which could serve as osmoprotectants, were upregulated. Striking differences were found in the transcription of several genes involved in nitrogen metabolism and the arginine-deiminase pathway, an alternative for ATP production. In addition, microarray data indicated enhanced expression of virulence factors that correlated with premature expression of the global regulators sae, sarA, and agr. Conclusion Survival under conditions preventing normal cell wall formation triggered complex adaptations that incurred a fitness cost, showing the remarkable flexibility of S. aureus to circumvent cell wall damage. Potential FemAB inhibitors would have to be used in combination with other antibiotics to prevent selection of resistant survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hübscher
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Jansen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Kotte
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul A Majcherczyk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Llinos G Harris
- AO Research Institute, Davos, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, UK
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Fillon S, Soulis K, Rajasekaran S, Benedict-Hamilton H, Radin JN, Orihuela CJ, El Kasmi KC, Murti G, Kaushal D, Gaber MW, Weber JR, Murray PJ, Tuomanen EI. Platelet-activating factor receptor and innate immunity: uptake of gram-positive bacterial cell wall into host cells and cell-specific pathophysiology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6182-91. [PMID: 17056547 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The current model of innate immune recognition of Gram-positive bacteria suggests that the bacterial cell wall interacts with host recognition proteins such as TLRs and Nod proteins. We describe an additional recognition system mediated by the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFr) and directed to the pathogen-associated molecular pattern phosphorylcholine that results in the uptake of bacterial components into host cells. Intravascular choline-containing cell walls bound to endothelial cells and caused rapid lethality in wild-type, Tlr2(-/-), and Nod2(-/-) mice but not in Pafr(-/-) mice. The cell wall exited the vasculature into the heart and brain, accumulating within endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and neurons in a PAFr-dependent way. Physiological consequences of the cell wall/PAFr interaction were cell specific, being noninflammatory in endothelial cells and neurons but causing a rapid loss of cardiomyocyte contractility that contributed to death. Thus, PAFr shepherds phosphorylcholine-containing bacterial components such as the cell wall into host cells from where the response ranges from quiescence to severe pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Fillon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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16
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Majcherczyk PA, McKenna T, Moreillon P, Vaudaux P. The discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to differentiate between isogenic teicoplanin-susceptible and teicoplanin-resistant strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 255:233-9. [PMID: 16448500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the discriminatory power of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for detecting subtle differences in isogenic isolates, we tested isogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus differing in their expression of resistance to methicillin or teicoplanin. More important changes in MALDI-TOF MS spectra were found with strains differing in methicillin than in teicoplanin resistance. In comparison, very minor or no changes were recorded in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles or peptidoglycan muropeptide digest patterns of these strains, respectively. MALDI-TOF MS might be useful to detect subtle strain-specific differences in ionizable components released from bacterial surfaces and not from their peptidoglycan network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Majcherczyk
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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17
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Fournier B, Philpott DJ. Recognition of Staphylococcus aureus by the innate immune system. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18:521-40. [PMID: 16020688 PMCID: PMC1195972 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.18.3.521-540.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from minor skin infections to life-threatening conditions such as sepsis. Cell wall-associated and secreted proteins (e.g., protein A, hemolysins, and phenol-soluble modulin) and cell wall components (e.g., peptidoglycan and alanylated lipoteichoic acid) have been shown to be inflammatory, and these staphylococcal components may contribute to sepsis. On the host side, many host factors have been implicated in the innate detection of staphylococcal components. One class of pattern recognition molecules, Toll-like receptor 2, has been shown to function as the transmembrane component involved in the detection of staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid and phenol-soluble modulin and is involved in the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes/macrophages in response to these components. Nod2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) is the intracellular sensor for muramyl dipeptide, the minimal bioactive structure of peptidoglycan, and it may contribute to the innate immune defense against S. aureus. The staphylococcal virulence factor protein A was recently shown to interact directly with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 in airway epithelium and to reproduce the effects of tumor necrosis factor alpha. Finally, peptidoglycan recognition protein L is an amidase that inactivates the proinflammatory activities of peptidoglycan. However, peptidoglycan recognition protein L probably plays a minor role in the innate immune response to S. aureus. Thus, several innate immunity receptors may be implicated in host defense against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Fournier
- Laboratoire des Listeria, Institut Pasteur, 25, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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18
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Filipe SR, Tomasz A, Ligoxygakis P. Requirements of peptidoglycan structure that allow detection by the Drosophila Toll pathway. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:327-33. [PMID: 15791270 PMCID: PMC1299281 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila immune system is able to discriminate between classes of bacteria. Detection of Gram-positive bacteria involves a complex of two pattern recognition receptors: peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA) and Gram-negative binding protein 1 (GNBP1). These activate the Toll signalling pathway. To define the cell wall components sensed by the host, we used highly purified peptidoglycan fragments of two principal Gram-positive bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We report that in both peptidoglycans, the minimal structure needed to activate the Toll pathway is a muropeptide dimer and that the free reducing end of the N-acetyl muramic acid residues of the muropeptides is essential for activity. Monomeric muropeptides were inactive and inhibitory in combination with dimers. Finally, peptidoglycan was degraded by the haemolymph of wild-type but not GNBP1 mutant flies. We suggest a model whereby GNBP1 is involved in the hydrolysis of Gram-positive peptidoglycan producing new glycan reducing ends, which are subsequently detected by PGRP-SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Filipe
- Microbiology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexander Tomasz
- The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021, USA
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Genetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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19
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Abstract
More than half of invasive bacterial infections are Gram-positive in origin. This class of bacteria has neither endotoxins nor an outer membrane, yet it generates some of the most powerful inflammatory responses known in medicine. Some recent seminal studies go a long way toward settling the controversies that surround the process by which Gram-positive bacterial surfaces trigger the human immune system. Although the components of the cell wall are now chemically defined in exquisite detail and the interaction with the toll-like receptor 2 pathway has been discovered, it is only very recently that definitive studies combining these advanced biochemical and cell biological tools have been carried out. It is these breakthrough studies that have finally confirmed the paradigm of innate sensors for Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg R Weber
- Dept of Neurology, Humboldt University, Charite Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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