1
|
Toh C, Keslake A, Payne T, Onwuegbuzie A, Harding J, Baster K, Hoggard N, Shaw PJ, Wilkinson ID, Jenkins TM. Analysis of brain and spinal MRI measures in a common domain to investigate directional neurodegeneration in motor neuron disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:1682-1690. [PMID: 36509983 PMCID: PMC9971079 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and cervical spinal cord is often performed in diagnostic evaluation of suspected motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS). Analysis of MRI-derived tissue damage metrics in a common domain facilitates group-level inferences on pathophysiology. This approach was applied to address competing hypotheses of directionality of neurodegeneration, whether anterograde, cranio-caudal dying-forward from precentral gyrus or retrograde, dying-back. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, MRI was performed on 75 MND patients and 13 healthy controls. Precentral gyral thickness was estimated from volumetric T1-weighted images using FreeSurfer, corticospinal tract fractional anisotropy (FA) from diffusion tensor imaging using FSL, and cross-sectional cervical cord area between C1-C8 levels using Spinal Cord Toolbox. To analyse these multimodal data within a common domain, individual parameter estimates representing tissue damage at each corticospinal tract level were first converted to z-scores, referenced to healthy control norms. Mixed-effects linear regression models were then fitted to these z-scores, with gradients hypothesised to represent directionality of neurodegeneration. RESULTS At group-level, z-scores did not differ significantly between precentral gyral and intracranial corticospinal tract tissue damage estimates (regression coefficient - 0.24, [95% CI - 0.62, 0.14], p = 0.222), but step-changes were evident between intracranial corticospinal tract and C1 (1.14, [95% CI 0.74, 1.53], p < 0.001), and between C5 and C6 cord levels (0.98, [95% CI 0.58, 1.38], p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Analysis of brain and cervical spinal MRI data in a common domain enabled investigation of pathophysiological hypotheses in vivo. A cranio-caudal step-change in MND patients was observed, and requires further investigation in larger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Toh
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Keslake
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Payne
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Onwuegbuzie
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Harding
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Baster
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - N Hoggard
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - I D Wilkinson
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - T M Jenkins
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
- Royal Perth Hospital, Victoria Square, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiménez-Villegas J, Ferraiuolo L, Mead RJ, Shaw PJ, Cuadrado A, Rojo AI. NRF2 as a therapeutic opportunity to impact in the molecular roadmap of ALS. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:125-141. [PMID: 34314817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating heterogeneous disease with still no convincing therapy. To identify the most strategically significant hallmarks for therapeutic intervention, we have performed a comprehensive transcriptomics analysis of dysregulated pathways, comparing datasets from ALS patients and healthy donors. We have identified crucial alterations in RNA metabolism, intracellular transport, vascular system, redox homeostasis, proteostasis and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) has significant effects in modulating these pathways. NRF2 has been classically considered as the master regulator of the antioxidant cellular response, although it is currently considered as a key component of the transduction machinery to maintain coordinated control of protein quality, inflammation, and redox homeostasis. Herein, we will summarize the data from NRF2 activators in ALS pre-clinical models as well as those that are being studied in clinical trials. As we will discuss, NRF2 is a promising target to build a coordinated transcriptional response to motor neuron injury, highlighting its therapeutic potential to combat ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Jiménez-Villegas
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Ferraiuolo
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R J Mead
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - A I Rojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shaw PJ, Leung KC, Clarke D. The fractionation of phosphorus in UK chalk stream surface waters and its relevance to the regulation and management of water quality. J Environ Manage 2021; 289:112555. [PMID: 33848882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory management of river water quality requires measurements of phosphorus that are operationally viable and meaningful in terms of insight into its effects. This need is a particular concern in globally rare and ecologically sensitive chalk streams. P data pertaining to rivers are commonly limited to soluble reactive P; other fractions of P may be of concern but are not routinely monitored. This study seeks to establish the nature and extent of non-regulated forms of P in UK chalk streams. Whilst soluble reactive P in two southern English chalk streams was found to comprise the majority of reactive P in surface waters in the majority of samples, 15-20% of the total reactive P was within other size fractions greater than 0.22 μm. The contribution of reactive P to the total P was highly variable. We conclude that, with some adjustments, the established method of regulatory monitoring of P in UK rivers is viable and valuable. In cases where the levels of reactive P are not consistent with ecological status and/or expected outcomes of programmes of measures, we recommend that targeted analysis of non-regulated forms of P is undertaken as a means to guide and focus management interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Shaw
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - K-C Leung
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - D Clarke
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton Boldrewood Innovation Campus, Burgess Road, Southampton, SO16 7QF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao HY, Li N, Duan JJW, Jiang B, Lu Z, Ngu K, Tino J, Kopcho LM, Lu H, Chen J, Tebben AJ, Sheriff S, Chang CY, Yanchunas J, Calambur D, Gao M, Shuster DJ, Susulic V, Xie JH, Guarino VR, Wu DR, Gregor KR, Goldstine CB, Hynes J, Macor JE, Salter-Cid L, Burke JR, Shaw PJ, Dhar TGM. Biologic-like In Vivo Efficacy with Small Molecule Inhibitors of TNFα Identified Using Scaffold Hopping and Structure-Based Drug Design Approaches. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15050-15071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xiao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - James J.-W. Duan
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Bin Jiang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Zhonghui Lu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Khehyong Ngu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joseph Tino
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Lisa M. Kopcho
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hao Lu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tebben
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - ChiehYing Y. Chang
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Joseph Yanchunas
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Deepa Calambur
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Mian Gao
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - David J. Shuster
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Vojkan Susulic
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Jenny H. Xie
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Victor R. Guarino
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kurt R. Gregor
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Christine B. Goldstine
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - John Hynes
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - James R. Burke
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Patrick J. Shaw
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - T. G. Murali Dhar
- Research and Early Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giovannelli I, Heath P, Shaw PJ, Kirby J. The involvement of regulatory T cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their therapeutic potential. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2020; 21:435-444. [PMID: 32484719 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2020.1752246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, meaning the establishment of a diffuse inflammatory condition in the CNS, is one of the main hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, a crucial role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this disease has been outlined. Tregs are a T cell subpopulation with immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we discuss the physiology of Tregs and their role in ALS disease onset and progression. Evidence has demonstrated that in ALS patients Tregs are dramatically and progressively reduced in number and are less effective in promoting immune suppression. In addition, Tregs levels correlate with the rate of disease progression and patient survival. For this reason, Tregs are now considered a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection in ALS. In this review, the clinical impact of these cells will be discussed and an overview of the current clinical trials targeting Tregs is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Giovannelli
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P Heath
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Kirby
- Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Appleby-Mallinder C, Schaber E, Kirby J, Shaw PJ, Cooper-Knock J, Heath PR, Highley JR. TDP43 proteinopathy is associated with aberrant DNA methylation in human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 47:61-72. [PMID: 32365404 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neurone (MN) degeneration and death. ALS can be sporadic (sALS) or familial, with a number of associated gene mutations, including C9orf72 (C9ALS). DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism whereby a methyl group is attached to a cytosine (5mC), resulting in gene expression repression. 5mC can be further oxidized to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). DNA methylation has been studied in other neurodegenerative diseases, but little work has been conducted in ALS. AIMS To assess differences in DNA methylation in individuals with ALS and the relationship between DNA methylation and TDP43 pathology. METHODS Post mortem tissue from controls, sALS cases and C9ALS cases were assessed by immunohistochemistry for 5mC and 5hmC in spinal cord, motor cortex and prefrontal cortex. LMNs were extracted from a subset of cases using laser capture microdissection. DNA from these underwent analysis using the MethylationEPIC array to determine which molecular processes were most affected. RESULTS There were higher levels of 5mC and 5hmC in sALS and C9ALS in the residual lower motor neurones (LMNs) of the spinal cord. Importantly, in LMNs with TDP43 pathology there was less nuclear 5mC and 5hmC compared to the majority of residual LMNs that lacked TDP43 pathology. Enrichment analysis of the array data suggested RNA metabolism was particularly affected. CONCLUSIONS DNA methylation is a contributory factor in ALS LMN pathology. This is not so for glia or neocortical neurones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Appleby-Mallinder
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - E Schaber
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - P R Heath
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - J R Highley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hart AC, Abell L, Guo J, Mertzman ME, Padmanabha R, Macor JE, Chaudhry C, Lu H, O’Malley K, Shaw PJ, Weigelt C, Pokross M, Kish K, Kim KS, Cornelius L, Douglas AE, Calambur D, Zhang P, Carpenter B, Pitts WJ. Identification of RIPK3 Type II Inhibitors Using High-Throughput Mechanistic Studies in Hit Triage. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:266-271. [PMID: 32184955 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis has been implicated in a variety of disease states, and RIPK3 is one of the kinases identified to play a critical role in this signaling pathway. In an effort to identify RIPK3 kinase inhibitors with a novel profile, mechanistic studies were incorporated at the hit triage stage. Utilization of these assays enabled identification of a Type II DFG-out inhibitor for RIPK3, which was confirmed by protein crystallography. Structure-based drug design on the inhibitors targeting this previously unreported conformation enabled an enhancement in selectivity against key off-target kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy C. Hart
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lynn Abell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Junqing Guo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael E. Mertzman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ramesh Padmanabha
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Charu Chaudhry
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hao Lu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kevin O’Malley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Patrick J. Shaw
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Carolyn Weigelt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Matthew Pokross
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kevin Kish
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kyoung S. Kim
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lyndon Cornelius
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Andrew E. Douglas
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Deepa Calambur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Brian Carpenter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - William J. Pitts
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weinreich M, Shepheard SR, Verber N, Wyles M, Heath PR, Highley JR, Kirby J, Shaw PJ. Neuropathological characterization of a novel TANK binding kinase (TBK1) gene loss of function mutation associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 46:279-291. [PMID: 31498468 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mutations in TANK binding kinase gene (TBK1) are causative in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), however correlations between clinical features and TBK1 mutations have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to identify and compare TBK1 mutations to clinical features in a cohort of ALS patients from Northern England. METHODS TBK1 mutations were analysed in 290 ALS cases. Immunohistochemistry was performed in brain and spinal cord of one case with a novel in-frame deletion. RESULTS Seven TBK1 variants were identified, including one novel in-frame deletion (p.85delIle). In silico analysis and literature suggested four variants were pathogenic, and three were variants of uncertain significance or benign. Post-mortem immunohistochemistry established an individual with the novel in-frame deletion had classical ALS and Type B FTLD-TDP pathology, with no changes in TBK1 staining or interferon regulatory factor IRF3. CONCLUSIONS TBK1 mutations were present in 1.38% of our cohort, and screening showed no clear genotype-phenotype associations compared to other genetic and sporadic ALS cases. TBK1 immunohistochemistry was consistent with previously published literature and we are the first to show no differential expression of interferon regulatory factor IRF3, a downstream effector of TBK1 in the immune pathway, in the TBK1-mutant tissue, compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Weinreich
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S R Shepheard
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - N Verber
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Wyles
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P R Heath
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J R Highley
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Kirby
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wharton SB, Verber NS, Wagner BE, Highley JR, Fillingham DJ, Waller R, Strand K, Ince PG, Shaw PJ. Combined fused in sarcoma-positive (FUS+) basophilic inclusion body disease and atypical tauopathy presenting with an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease (ALS/MND)-plus phenotype. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:586-596. [PMID: 30659642 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neurone disease (ALS/MND) is characterized by the presence of inclusions containing TDP-43 within motor neurones. In rare cases, ALS/MND may be associated with inclusions containing other proteins, such as fused in sarcoma (FUS), while motor system pathology may rarely be a feature of other neurodegenerative disorders. We here have investigated the association of FUS and tau pathology. METHODS We report a case with an ALS/MND-plus clinical syndrome which pathologically demonstrated both FUS pathology and an atypical tauopathy. RESULTS Clinical motor involvement was predominantly present in the upper motor neurone, and was accompanied by extrapyramidal features and sensory involvement, but with only minimal cognitive impairment. The presentation was sporadic and gene mutation screening was negative. Post mortem study demonstrated inclusions positive for FUS, including basophilic inclusion bodies. This was associated with 4R-tauopathy, largely as non-fibrillary diffuse phospho-tau in neurones, with granulovacuolar degeneration in a more restricted distribution. Double-staining revealed that neurones contained both types of protein pathology. CONCLUSION FUS-positive basophilic inclusion body disease is a rare cause of ALS/MND, but in this case was associated with an unusual atypical tauopathy. The coexistence of two such rare neuropathologies raises the question of a pathogenic interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Wharton
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Histopathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - N S Verber
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - B E Wagner
- Department of Histopathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - J R Highley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Histopathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - D J Fillingham
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Waller
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Strand
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London, London, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Histopathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duong JK, Veal GJ, Nath CE, Shaw PJ, Errington J, Ladenstein R, Boddy AV. Population pharmacokinetics of carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan in children: a re-evaluation of paediatric dosing formulas for carboplatin in patients with normal or mild impairment of renal function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 85:136-146. [PMID: 30261554 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Carboplatin dosage is calculated by using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to achieve a target plasma area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC). The aims of the present study were to investigate factors that influence the pharmacokinetics of carboplatin in children with high-risk neuroblastoma, and whether target exposures for carboplatin were achieved using current treatment protocols. METHODS Data on children receiving high-dose carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan for neuroblastoma were obtained from two study sites [European International Society for Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) Neuroblastoma study, Children's Hospital at Westmead; n = 51]. A population pharmacokinetic model was built for carboplatin to evaluate various dosing formulas. The pharmacokinetics of etoposide and melphalan was also investigated. The final model was used to simulate whether target carboplatin AUC (16.4 mg ml-1 ·min) would be achieved using the paediatric Newell formula, modified Calvert formula and weight-based dosing. RESULTS Allometric weight was the only significant, independent covariate for the pharmacokinetic parameters of carboplatin, etoposide and melphalan. The paediatric Newell formula and modified Calvert formula were suitable for achieving the target AUC of carboplatin for children with a GFR <100 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 but not for those with a GFR ≥100 ml min-1 1.73 m-2 . A weight-based dosing regimen of 50 mg kg-1 achieved the target AUC more consistently than the other formulas, regardless of renal function. CONCLUSIONS GFR did not appear to influence the pharmacokinetics of carboplatin after adjusting pharmacokinetic parameters for weight. This model-based approach validates the use of weight-based dosing as an appropriate alternative for carboplatin in children with either mild renal impairment or normal renal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Duong
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G J Veal
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - C E Nath
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - P J Shaw
- BMT Services, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Errington
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Ladenstein
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St Anna Children's Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - A V Boddy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Selvanathan A, Ellaway C, Wilson C, Owens P, Shaw PJ, Bhattacharya K. Effectiveness of Early Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Preventing Neurocognitive Decline in Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II: A Case Series. JIMD Rep 2018; 41:81-89. [PMID: 29671225 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2018_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The early progressive form of the X-linked disorder, Hunter syndrome or mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) (OMIM #309900), is characterized by cognitive decline, and pulmonary and cardiac complications that often cause death before 20 years of age. Deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, iduronate-2-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.13) results in deposition of the glycosaminoglycans, dermatan, and heparan sulfate in various tissues. In recent years, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has become the mainstay of treatment, but is expensive and ineffective in arresting cognitive decline. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) also provides enzyme replacement, and may be effective in stabilizing neurocognitive function if initiated early, though data are limited. We present a case series of four patients who demonstrated neurocognitive stabilization with early HSCT. HSCT is a potentially underutilized treatment strategy for select groups of MPS II patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Selvanathan
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - C Ellaway
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - C Wilson
- Starship Paediatric Metabolic Service, Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Owens
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - P J Shaw
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - K Bhattacharya
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- D S Grant
- Department of Radiology, University College Hospital, London
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pierry IA, Alix JJP, Rao DG, Hoggard N, Bigley J, McDermott CJ, Wilkinson ID, Shaw PJ, Jenkins TM. Longitudinal Diffusion-Weighted Whole-Body MRI Demonstrates Dynamic Changes in Muscle Integrity in Motor Neuron Disease. J Neuromuscul Dis 2018; 5:107. [DOI: 10.3233/jnd-179002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- I D Williams
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - P J Shaw
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shaw PJ. Age, ageing and their influence on waste management behaviour. Waste Manag 2017; 59:1-2. [PMID: 27939573 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Shaw
- International Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
An HIV-1-infected adult presented with a short history of dyspnoea, productive cough and myalgia with fever. Shortly after presentation, he developed the abrupt onset of high-volume watery diarrhoea: stool culture grew Shigella sonnei. At the same time, he became hypoxaemic, and thoracic imaging showed bilateral lower lobe consolidation/collapse. Culture of sputum and blood was negative. The patient recovered with fluid resuscitation and ciprofloxacin monotherapy. This is the first reported case of pneumonia complicating S. sonnei dysentery in an HIV-infected adult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R F Miller
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, Department of Population Sciences and Primary Care, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vaeth M, Eckstein M, Shaw PJ, Kozhaya L, Yang J, Berberich-Siebelt F, Clancy R, Unutmaz D, Feske S. Store-Operated Ca(2+) Entry in Follicular T Cells Controls Humoral Immune Responses and Autoimmunity. Immunity 2016; 44:1350-64. [PMID: 27261277 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells promote affinity maturation of B cells in germinal centers (GCs), whereas T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells limit the GC reaction. Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels mediated by STIM and ORAI proteins is a fundamental signaling pathway in T lymphocytes. Conditional deletion of Stim1 and Stim2 genes in T cells abolished SOCE and strongly reduced antibody-mediated immune responses following viral infection caused by impaired differentiation and function of Tfh cells. Conversely, aging Stim1Stim2-deficient mice developed humoral autoimmunity with spontaneous autoantibody production due to abolished Tfr cell differentiation in the presence of residual Tfh cells. Mechanistically, SOCE controlled Tfr and Tfh cell differentiation through NFAT-mediated IRF4, BATF, and Bcl-6 transcription-factor expression. SOCE had a dual role in controlling the GC reaction by regulating both Tfh and Tfr cell differentiation, thus enabling protective B cell responses and preventing humoral autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vaeth
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Miriam Eckstein
- NYU College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Robert Clancy
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rafiq MK, Lee E, Bradburn M, McDermott CJ, Shaw PJ. Creatine kinase enzyme level correlates positively with serum creatinine and lean body mass, and is a prognostic factor for survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1071-8. [PMID: 27029589 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition for which there is no single diagnostic test or biomarker. The level of the creatine kinase (CK) enzyme in serum may be mild to moderately elevated in some patients with ALS, the precise cause of which and its behaviour with disease progression is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of monitoring CK serially during the ALS disease trajectory and to determine whether CK levels mirror disease progression. METHODS This was a prospective observational cohort study, using the clinical database of the olesoxime (TRO19622) investigational medicinal product trial. RESULTS The baseline CK was raised in 52% of the trial participants with the mean CK ± SD being 257 ± 239 U/l. The mean CK was significantly higher in male participants than in female participants (P < 0.001) and amongst participants with limb onset ALS compared to participants with bulbar onset ALS (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the CK levels between upper limb and lower limb onset disease (P = 0.746). The CK level co-related positively with serum creatinine and estimated lean body mass but there was no relationship between CK and muscle scores and limb function. A higher CKlog was associated with significantly better survival, even when adjusted for prognostic co-variants (P = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS The serum CK level seems to be an independent prognostic factor for survival in ALS. The cellular mechanism of CK enzyme suggests that it may be upregulated to provide energy in the face of metabolic stress in ALS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Rafiq
- Academic Neurology Unit, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - E Lee
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Bradburn
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C J McDermott
- Academic Neurology Unit, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Academic Neurology Unit, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kaufmann U, Shaw PJ, Kozhaya L, Subramanian R, Gaida K, Unutmaz D, McBride HJ, Feske S. Selective ORAI1 Inhibition Ameliorates Autoimmune Central Nervous System Inflammation by Suppressing Effector but Not Regulatory T Cell Function. J Immunol 2015; 196:573-85. [PMID: 26673135 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The function of CD4(+) T cells is dependent on Ca(2+) influx through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels formed by ORAI proteins. To investigate the role of ORAI1 in proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells and autoimmune diseases, we genetically and pharmacologically modulated ORAI1 function. Immunization of mice lacking Orai1 in T cells with MOG peptide resulted in attenuated severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The numbers of T cells and innate immune cells in the CNS of ORAI1-deficient animals were strongly reduced along with almost completely abolished production of IL-17A, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF despite only partially reduced Ca(2+) influx. In Th1 and Th17 cells differentiated in vitro, ORAI1 was required for cytokine production but not the expression of Th1- and Th17-specific transcription factors T-bet and RORγt. The differentiation and function of induced regulatory T cells, by contrast, was independent of ORAI1. Importantly, induced genetic deletion of Orai1 in adoptively transferred, MOG-specific T cells was able to halt EAE progression after disease onset. Likewise, treatment of wild-type mice with a selective CRAC channel inhibitor after EAE onset ameliorated disease. Genetic deletion of Orai1 and pharmacological ORAI1 inhibition reduced the leukocyte numbers in the CNS and attenuated Th1/Th17 cell-mediated cytokine production. In human CD4(+) T cells, CRAC channel inhibition reduced the expression of IL-17A, IFN-γ, and other cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings support the conclusion that Th1 and Th17 cell function is particularly dependent on CRAC channels, which could be exploited as a therapeutic approach to T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Kaufmann
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Lina Kozhaya
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Kevin Gaida
- Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320; and
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Helen J McBride
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rispo A, Williams ID, Shaw PJ. Source segregation and food waste prevention activities in high-density households in a deprived urban area. Waste Manag 2015; 44:15-27. [PMID: 26233881 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A waste audit and a household questionnaire survey were conducted in high-density housing estates in one of the most economically and socially deprived areas of England (Haringey, London). Such areas are under-represented in published research. The study examined source segregation, potential participation in a food waste segregation scheme, and food waste prevention activities in five estates (1034 households). The results showed that: contamination of recyclables containers was low; ca. 28% of the mixed residual waste's weight was recyclable; food waste comprised a small proportion of the waste from these residents, probably because of their relatively disadvantaged economic circumstances; and the recycling profile reflected an intermittent pattern of behaviour. Although the majority of respondents reported that they would participate in a food waste separation scheme, the response rate was low and many responses of "don't know" were recorded. Municipalities committed to foster improved diversion from landfill need to recognise that there is no "quick and easy fix", regardless of local or national aspirations. Lasting and sustained behaviour change requires time and the quality of service provision and associated infrastructure play a fundamental role in facilitating residents to participate effectively in waste management activities that maximise capture of source-segregated materials. Populations in deprived areas that reside in high-rise, high-density dwellings are "hard-to-reach" in terms of participation in recycling schemes and exceptional efforts and additional resources are usually required to improve performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rispo
- International Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Lanchester Building, University Rd, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - I D Williams
- International Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Lanchester Building, University Rd, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - P J Shaw
- International Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Lanchester Building, University Rd, Highfield, Southampton, Hampshire SO17 1BJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Smith L, Cupid BC, Dickie BGM, Al-Chalabi A, Morrison KE, Shaw CE, Shaw PJ. Establishing the UK DNA Bank for motor neuron disease (MND). BMC Genet 2015; 16:84. [PMID: 26170009 PMCID: PMC4501191 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2003 the Motor Neurone Disease (MND) Association, together with The Wellcome Trust, funded the creation of a national DNA Bank specific for MND. It was anticipated that the DNA Bank would constitute an important resource to researchers worldwide and significantly increase activity in MND genetic research. The DNA Bank houses over 3000 high quality DNA samples, all of which were donated by people living with MND, family members and non-related controls, accompanied by clinical phenotype data about the patients. Today the primary focus of the UK MND DNA Bank still remains to identify causative and disease modifying factors for this devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Smith
- Motor Neurone Disease Association, PO Box 246, Northampton, NN1 2PR, UK.
| | - B C Cupid
- Motor Neurone Disease Association, PO Box 246, Northampton, NN1 2PR, UK.
| | - B G M Dickie
- Motor Neurone Disease Association, PO Box 246, Northampton, NN1 2PR, UK.
| | - A Al-Chalabi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Dementia, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - K E Morrison
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - C E Shaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Dementia, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, 385A Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Farmer TD, Shaw PJ, Williams ID. Destined for indecision? A critical analysis of waste management practices in England from 1996 to 2013. Waste Manag 2015; 39:266-276. [PMID: 25771762 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
European nations are compelled to reduce reliance on landfill as a destination for household waste, and should, in principle, achieve this goal with due recognition of the aims and principles of the waste hierarchy. Past research has predominantly focused on recycling, whilst interactions between changing waste destinies, causes and drivers of household waste management change, and potential consequences for the goal of the waste hierarchy are less well understood. This study analysed Local Authority Collected Waste (LACW) for England, at national, regional and sub-regional level, in terms of the destination of household waste to landfill, incineration and recycling. Information about waste partnerships, waste management infrastructure and collection systems was collected to help identify and explain changes in waste destinies. Since 1996, the proportion of waste landfilled in England has decreased, in tandem with increases in recycling and incineration. At the regional and sub-regional (Local Authority; LA) level, there have been large variations in the relative proportions of waste landfilled, incinerated and recycled or composted. Annual increases in the proportion of household waste incinerated were typically larger than increases in the proportion recycled. The observed changes took place in the context of legal and financial drivers, and the circumstances of individual LAs (e.g. landfill capacity) also explained the changes seen. Where observed, shifts from landfill towards incineration constitute an approach whereby waste management moves up the waste hierarchy as opposed to an attempt to reach the most preferred option(s); in terms of resource efficiency, this practice is sub-optimal. The requirement to supply incinerators with a feedstock over their lifespan reduces the benefits of developing of recycling and waste reduction, although access to incineration infrastructure permits short-term and marked decreases in the proportion of LACW landfilled. We conclude that there is a need for clearer national strategy and co-ordination to inform and guide policy, practice, planning and investment in infrastructure such that waste management can be better aligned with the principles of the circular economy and resource efficiency. If the ongoing stand-off between national political figures and the waste sector continues, England's waste policy remains destined for indecision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T D Farmer
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - I D Williams
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lukens JR, Gurung P, Shaw PJ, Barr MJ, Zaki MH, Brown SA, Vogel P, Chi H, Kanneganti TD. The NLRP12 Sensor Negatively Regulates Autoinflammatory Disease by Modulating Interleukin-4 Production in T Cells. Immunity 2015; 42:654-64. [PMID: 25888258 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Missense mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain containing family of gene 12 (Nlrp12) are associated with periodic fever syndromes and atopic dermatitis in humans. Here, we have demonstrated a crucial role for NLRP12 in negatively regulating pathogenic T cell responses. Nlrp12(-/-) mice responded to antigen immunization with hyperinflammatory T cell responses. Furthermore, transfer of CD4(+)CD45RB(hi)Nlrp12(-/-) T cells into immunodeficient mice led to more severe colitis and atopic dermatitis. NLRP12 deficiency did not, however, cause exacerbated ascending paralysis during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE); instead, Nlrp12(-/-) mice developed atypical neuroinflammatory symptoms that were characterized by ataxia and loss of balance. Enhanced T-cell-mediated interleukin-4 (IL-4) production promotes the development of atypical EAE disease in Nlrp12(-/-) mice. These results define an unexpected role for NLRP12 as an intrinsic negative regulator of T-cell-mediated immunity and identify altered NF-κB regulation and IL-4 production as key mediators of NLRP12-associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Lukens
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maggie J Barr
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Md Hasan Zaki
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Walsh MJ, Cooper-Knock J, Dodd JE, Stopford MJ, Mihaylov SR, Kirby J, Shaw PJ, Hautbergue GM. Invited review: decoding the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie RNA dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders: a review of the current state of the art. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 41:109-34. [PMID: 25319671 PMCID: PMC4329338 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered RNA metabolism is a key pathophysiological component causing several neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic mutations causing neurodegeneration occur in coding and noncoding regions of seemingly unrelated genes whose products do not always contribute to the gene expression process. Several pathogenic mechanisms may coexist within a single neuronal cell, including RNA/protein toxic gain-of-function and/or protein loss-of-function. Genetic mutations that cause neurodegenerative disorders disrupt healthy gene expression at diverse levels, from chromatin remodelling, transcription, splicing, through to axonal transport and repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation. We address neurodegeneration in repeat expansion disorders [Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxias, C9ORF72-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)] and in diseases caused by deletions or point mutations (spinal muscular atrophy, most subtypes of familial ALS). Some neurodegenerative disorders exhibit broad dysregulation of gene expression with the synthesis of hundreds to thousands of abnormal messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. However, the number and identity of aberrant mRNAs that are translated into proteins - and how these lead to neurodegeneration - remain unknown. The field of RNA biology research faces the challenge of identifying pathophysiological events of dysregulated gene expression. In conclusion, we discuss current research limitations and future directions to improve our characterization of pathological mechanisms that trigger disease onset and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Walsh
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - J Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - J E Dodd
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - M J Stopford
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - S R Mihaylov
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - J Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - P J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - G M Hautbergue
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), Department of Neuroscience, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Garwood C, Faizullabhoy A, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Heath PR, Shaw PJ, Baxter L, Gelsthorpe C, Forster G, Matthews FE, Brayne C, Simpson JE. Calcium dysregulation in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2014; 39:788-99. [PMID: 23421725 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Calcium dyshomeostasis is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, much of the previous research has focused on changes in neuronal calcium signalling. In a recent microarray study we identified dysregulation of several key signalling pathways including the Ca(2+) signalling pathway in astrocytes as Alzheimer-type pathology developed. In this study we sought to determine the expression of calpain-10 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase alpha (CamKIIα) in relation to Alzheimer-type pathology in a population-based study. METHODS Using post mortem temporal cortex samples derived from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC-CFAS) ageing brain cohort we examined calpain-10 and CamKIIα gene and protein expression using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We demonstrate that astrocytic expression of calpain-10 is up-regulated, and CamKIIα down-regulated with increasing Braak stage. Using immunohistochemistry we confirm protein expression of calpain-10 in astrocytes throughout the temporal cortex and demonstrate that calpain-10 immunoreactivity is correlated with both local and global measures of Alzheimer-type pathology. In addition, we identify a subpopulation of calpain-10 immunoreactive interlaminar astrocytes that extend processes deep into the cortex. CamKIIα is predominantly neuronal in localization and is associated with the presence of diffuse plaques in the ageing brain. DISCUSSION Dysregulated expression of key calcium signalling molecules occurs with progression of Alzheimer-type pathology in the ageing brain, highlighting the need for further functional studies of astrocytic calcium signalling with respect to disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Garwood
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shaw PJ, Weidinger C, Vaeth M, Luethy K, Kaech SM, Feske S. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell-dependent antiviral immunity requires STIM1 and STIM2. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4549-63. [PMID: 25157823 DOI: 10.1172/jci76602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling is critical for lymphocyte function, and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations are regulated by store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. In patients, loss-of-function mutations in CRAC channel components ORAI1 and STIM1 abolish SOCE and are associated with recurrent and chronic viral infections. Here, using mice with conditional deletion of Stim1 and its homolog Stim2 in T cells, we determined that both components are required for the maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells and recall responses following secondary infection. In the absence of STIM1 and STIM2, acute viral infections became chronic. Early during infection, STIM1 and STIM2 were required for the differentiation of naive CD8+ T cells into fully functional cytolytic effector cells and mediated the production of cytokines and prevented cellular exhaustion in viral-specific CD8+ effector T cells. Importantly, memory and recall responses by CD8+ T cells required expression of STIM1 and STIM2 in CD4+ T cells. CD4+ T cells lacking STIM1 and STIM2 were unable to provide "help" to CD8+ T cells due to aberrant regulation of CD40L expression. Together, our data indicate that STIM1, STIM2, and CRAC channel function play distinct but synergistic roles in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during antiviral immunity.
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang DJ, Wang XL, Ismail A, Ashman CJ, Valori CF, Wang G, Gao S, Higginbottom A, Ince PG, Azzouz M, Xu J, Shaw PJ, Ning K. PTEN regulates AMPA receptor-mediated cell viability in iPS-derived motor neurons. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1096. [PMID: 24577094 PMCID: PMC3944269 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Excitatory transmission in the brain is commonly mediated by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), AMPA receptors allow cytotoxic levels of calcium into neurons, contributing to motor neuron injury. We have previously shown that oculomotor neurons resistant to the disease process in ALS show reduced AMPA-mediated inward calcium currents compared with vulnerable spinal motor neurons. We have also shown that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) knockdown via siRNA promotes motor neuron survival in models of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and ALS. It has been reported that inhibition of PTEN attenuates the death of hippocampal neurons post injury by decreasing the effective translocation of the GluR2 subunit into the membrane. In addition, leptin can regulate AMPA receptor trafficking via PTEN inhibition. Thus, we speculate that manipulation of AMPA receptors by PTEN may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroprotective intervention in ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders. To this end, the first step is to establish a fibroblast-iPS-motor neuron in vitro cell model to study AMPA receptor manipulation. Here we report that iPS-derived motor neurons from human fibroblasts express AMPA receptors. PTEN depletion decreases AMPA receptor expression and AMPA-mediated whole-cell currents, resulting in inhibition of AMPA-induced neuronal death in primary cultured and iPS-derived motor neurons. Taken together, our results imply that PTEN depletion may protect motor neurons by inhibition of excitatory transmission that represents a therapeutic strategy of potential benefit for the amelioration of excitotoxicity in ALS and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D-J Yang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X-L Wang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - A Ismail
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C J Ashman
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C F Valori
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - G Wang
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - S Gao
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - A Higginbottom
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P G Ince
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Azzouz
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Xu
- East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - P J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Ning
- 1] East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China [2] Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lenglet T, Lacomblez L, Abitbol JL, Ludolph A, Mora JS, Robberecht W, Shaw PJ, Pruss RM, Cuvier V, Meininger V. A phase II-III trial of olesoxime in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2014; 21:529-36. [PMID: 24447620 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To assess the efficacy and safety of olesoxime, a molecule with neuroprotective properties, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) treated with riluzole. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of 18 months' duration was conducted in 512 subjects, with probable or definite ALS and a slow vital capacity (SVC) ≥70%, receiving 330 mg olesoxime daily or matching placebo and 50 mg riluzole twice a day in all. The primary intention-to-treat (ITT) outcome analysis was 18 months' survival. Secondary outcomes were rates of deterioration of the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R), focusing on the 9-month assessment, SVC and manual muscle testing. Blood levels, safety and tolerability of olesoxime were also assessed. RESULTS At 18 months, 154 of the 512 ITT patients had died (79 of 253 placebo, 75 of 259 olesoxime). Estimated overall survival according to Kaplan-Meier analysis was 67.5% (95% CI 61.0%-73.1%) in the placebo group and 69.4% (95% CI 63.0%-74.9%) in the olesoxime group; hence survival was not significantly different between treatment arms (P = 0.71, stratified bulbar/spinal log-rank). The other efficacy end-points evaluated were also negative, with the exception of a small difference in ALSFRS-R global score at 9 months in favor of olesoxime but not sustained after 18 months' treatment nor evident in either the stratified bulbar or spinal subpopulations. Treatment did not raise any safety concerns. CONCLUSIONS Olesoxime, although well tolerated, did not show a significant beneficial effect in ALS patients treated with riluzole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Lenglet
- Département de Neurologie, Centre de référence de la SLA, APHP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Waite JC, Vardhana S, Shaw PJ, Jang JE, McCarl CA, Cameron TO, Feske S, Dustin ML. Interference with Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel function delays T-cell arrest in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:3343-54. [PMID: 23939929 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Entry of lymphocytes into secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) involves intravascular arrest and intracellular calcium ion ([Ca(2+)]i) elevation. TCR activation triggers increased [Ca(2+)]i and can arrest T-cell motility in vitro. However, the requirement for [Ca(2+)]i elevation in arresting T cells in vivo has not been tested. Here, we have manipulated the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channel pathway required for [Ca(2+)]i elevation in T cells through genetic deletion of stromal interaction molecule (STIM) 1 or by expression of a dominant-negative ORAI1 channel subunit (ORAI1-DN). Interestingly, the absence of CRAC did not interfere with homing of naïve CD4(+) T cells to SLOs and only moderately reduced crawling speeds in vivo. T cells expressing ORAI1-DN lacked TCR activation induced [Ca(2+)]i elevation, yet arrested motility similar to control T cells in vitro. In contrast, antigen-specific ORAI1-DN T cells had a twofold delayed onset of arrest following injection of OVA peptide in vivo. CRAC channel function is not required for homing to SLOs, but enhances spatiotemporal coordination of TCR signaling and motility arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle C Waite
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mitchell R, Nivison-Smith I, Anazodo A, Tiedemann K, Shaw PJ, Teague L, Fraser CJ, Carter TL, Tapp H, Alvaro F, O'Brien TA. Outcomes of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for inherited metabolic disorders: a report from the Australian and New Zealand Children's Haematology Oncology Group and the Australasian Bone Marrow Transplant Recipient Registry. Pediatr Transplant 2013; 17:582-8. [PMID: 23802616 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a retrospective analysis of 53 haematopoietic stem cell transplants for inherited metabolic disorders performed at ANZCHOG transplant centres between 1992 and 2008. Indications for transplant included Hurler syndrome, ALD, and MLD. The majority of transplants utilized unrelated donor stem cells (66%) with 65% of those being unrelated cord blood. Conditioning therapy was largely myeloablative, with Bu plus another cytotoxic agent used in 89% of recipients. Primary graft failure was rare, occurring in three patients, all of whom remain long-term survivors following the second transplant. The CI of grade II-IV and grade III-IV acute GVHD at day +100 was 39% and 14%, respectively. Chronic GVHD occurred in 17% of recipients. TRM was 12% at day +100 and 19% at one yr post-transplant. OS at five yr was 78% for the cohort, 73% for patients with ALD and 83% for patients with Hurler syndrome. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between unrelated marrow and unrelated cord blood donor groups. The development of interstitial pneumonitis was an independent variable shown to significantly impact on TRM and OS. In summary, we report a large cohort of patients with inherited metabolic disorders with excellent survival post-allogeneic transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mitchell
- Centre for Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Weidinger C, Shaw PJ, Feske S. STIM1 and STIM2-mediated Ca(2+) influx regulates antitumour immunity by CD8(+) T cells. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1311-21. [PMID: 23922331 PMCID: PMC3799488 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels regulates the function of many immune cells. Patients with loss-of-function mutations in the CRAC channel genes ORAI1 or STIM1 are immunodeficient and are prone to develop virus-associated tumours. This and the reported role of Ca2+ signals in cytotoxic lymphocyte function suggest that SOCE may be critical for tumour immune surveillance. Using conditional knock out mice lacking STIM1 and its homologue STIM2, we find that SOCE in CD8+ T cells is required to prevent the engraftment of melanoma and colon carcinoma cells and to control tumour growth. SOCE is essential for the cytotoxic function of CTLs both in vivo and in vitro by regulating the degranulation of CTLs, their expression of Fas ligand and production of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Our results emphasize an important role of SOCE in antitumour immunity, which is significant given recent reports arguing in favour of CRAC channel inhibition for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Weidinger
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kirby J, Highley JR, Cox L, Goodall EF, Hewitt C, Hartley JA, Hollinger HC, Fox M, Ince PG, McDermott CJ, Shaw PJ. Lack of unique neuropathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with p.K54E angiogenin (ANG) mutation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39:562-71. [PMID: 23228179 PMCID: PMC3770927 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Five to 10% of cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are familial, with the most common genetic causes being mutations in the C9ORF72, SOD1, TARDBP and FUS genes. Mutations in the angiogenin gene, ANG, have been identified in both familial and sporadic patients in several populations within Europe and North America. The aim of this study was to establish the incidence of ANG mutations in a large cohort of 517 patients from Northern England and establish the neuropathology associated with these cases. METHODS The single exon ANG gene was amplified, sequenced and analysed for mutations. Pathological examination of brain, spinal cord and skeletal muscle included conventional histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Mutation screening identified a single sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis case with a p.K54E mutation, which is absent from 278 neurologically normal control samples. The clinical presentation was of limb onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with rapid disease progression and no evidence of cognitive impairment. Neuropathological examination established the presence of characteristic ubiquitinated and TDP-43-positive neuronal and glial inclusions, but no abnormality in the distribution of angiogenin protein. DISCUSSION There is only one previous report describing the neuropathology in a single case with a p.K17I ANG mutation which highlighted the presence of eosinophilic neuronal intranuclear inclusions in the hippocampus. The absence of this feature in the present case indicates that patients with ANG mutations do not always have pathological changes distinguishable from those of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kirby
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Morrison KE, Dhariwal S, Hornabrook R, Savage L, Burn DJ, Khoo TK, Kelly J, Murphy CL, Al-Chalabi A, Dougherty A, Leigh PN, Wijesekera L, Thornhill M, Ellis CM, O'Hanlon K, Panicker J, Pate L, Ray P, Wyatt L, Young CA, Copeland L, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Leroi I, Murphy C, O'Keeffe F, Oughton E, Partington L, Paterson P, Rog D, Sathish A, Sexton D, Smith J, Vanek H, Dodds S, Williams TL, Steen IN, Clarke J, Eziefula C, Howard R, Orrell R, Sidle K, Sylvester R, Barrett W, Merritt C, Talbot K, Turner MR, Whatley C, Williams C, Williams J, Cosby C, Hanemann CO, Iman I, Philips C, Timings L, Crawford SE, Hewamadduma C, Hibberd R, Hollinger H, McDermott C, Mils G, Rafiq M, Shaw PJ, Taylor A, Waines E, Walsh T, Addison-Jones R, Birt J, Hare M, Majid T. Lithium in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (LiCALS): a phase 3 multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:339-45. [PMID: 23453347 PMCID: PMC3610091 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Lithium has neuroprotective effects in cell and animal models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and a small pilot study in patients with ALS showed a significant effect of lithium on survival. We aimed to assess whether lithium improves survival in patients with ALS. Methods The lithium carbonate in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (LiCALS) trial is a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral lithium taken daily for 18 months in patients with ALS. Patients aged at least 18 years who had ALS according to the revised El Escorial criteria, had disease duration between 6 and 36 months, and were taking riluzole were recruited from ten centres in the UK. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either lithium or matched placebo tablets. Randomisation was via an online system done at the level of the individual by block randomisation with randomly varying block sizes, stratified by study centre and site of disease onset (limb or bulbar). All patients and assessing study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was the rate of survival at 18 months and was analysed by intention to treat. This study is registered with Eudract, number 2008-006891-31. Findings Between May 26, 2009, and Nov 10, 2011, 243 patients were screened, 214 of whom were randomly assigned to receive lithium (107 patients) or placebo (107 patients). Two patients discontinued treatment and one died before the target therapeutic lithium concentration could be achieved. 63 (59%) of 107 patients in the placebo group and 54 (50%) of 107 patients in the lithium group were alive at 18 months. The survival functions did not differ significantly between groups (Mantel-Cox log-rank χ2 on 1 df=1·64; p=0·20). After adjusting for study centre and site of onset using logistic regression, the relative odds of survival at 18 months (lithium vs placebo) was 0·71 (95% CI 0·40–1·24). 56 patients in the placebo group and 61 in the lithium group had at least one serious adverse event. Interpretation We found no evidence of benefit of lithium on survival in patients with ALS, but nor were there safety concerns, which had been identified in previous studies with less conventional designs. This finding emphasises the importance of pursuing adequately powered trials with clear endpoints when testing new treatments. Funding The Motor Neurone Disease Association of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Collapse
|
34
|
Shaw PJ, Qu B, Hoth M, Feske S. Molecular regulation of CRAC channels and their role in lymphocyte function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2637-56. [PMID: 23052215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) influx is required for the activation and function of all cells in the immune system. It is mediated mainly by store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels located in the plasma membrane. CRAC channels are composed of ORAI proteins that form the channel pore and are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2. Located in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, STIM1 and STIM2 have the dual function of sensing the intraluminal Ca(2+) concentration in the ER and to activate CRAC channels. A decrease in the ER's Ca(2+) concentration induces STIM multimerization and translocation into puncta close to the plasma membrane where they bind to and activate ORAI channels. Since the identification of ORAI and STIM genes as the principal mediators of CRAC channel function, substantial advances have been achieved in understanding the molecular regulation and physiological role of CRAC channels in cells of the immune system and other organs. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that regulate CRAC channel function and SOCE, the role of recently identified proteins and mechanisms that modulate the activation of ORAI/STIM proteins and the consequences of CRAC channel dysregulation for lymphocyte function and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, SRB 316, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Abstract
Store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) in cells of the immune system is mediated by Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels that are formed by ORAI1 and its homologues ORAI2 and ORAI3. They are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2 in response to depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) stores. Loss-of-function mutations in the human ORAI1 and STIM1 genes abolish CRAC channel function and SOCE in a variety of non-excitable cells including lymphocytes and other immune cells, resulting in a unique clinical syndrome termed CRAC channelopathy. It is dominated by severe immunodeficiency and autoimmunity due to impaired SOCE and defects in the function of several lymphocyte subsets. These include CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) effector and regulatory T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells. This review provides a concise discussion of the role of CRAC channels in these lymphocyte populations and the regulation of adaptive immune responses to infection, in autoimmunity and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, SRB 316, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
McDermott C, Proctor A, Walsh T, Ackroyd R, Rao G, Bianchi S, Englert L, Rafiq MK, Shaw PJ. 164 Experience of the use of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory impairment due to motor neurone disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
38
|
Brockington A, Ning K, Heath P, Wood E, Malik K, Fusi N, Wharton S, Ince PG, Shaw PJ. 156 Motor neurones subtypes resistant to degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis show distinct synaptic characteristics across species. J Neurol Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
39
|
Ramesh T, McGown A, Al Mashhadi S, Redhead N, Lyon A, Bettie CE, Shaw PJ. 166 The heat is “ON” in the Neurons: neuronal stress in a sod1 Zebrafish model of MND affects neuromuscular junction integrity and causes muscle denervation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
40
|
Hewamadduma C, Higgenbottom CAA, Moens C, Helde K, Raman R, Tennore R, Grierson A, Shaw PJ. 160 Novel in vitro and in vivo models of ALS associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
41
|
Ferraiuolo L, Higginbottom A, Heath PR, Barber S, Greenald D, Kirby J, Shaw PJ. 159 Dysregulation of the cross-talk with astrocytes as a contributory factor to motor neuron injury in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
42
|
Aridegbe T, Kandler R, Walsh T, Shaw PJ, McDermott CJ. 154 The natural history of motor neurone disease (MND): assessing the impact of specialist care. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Rafiq
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Calcium signals play a critical role in many cell-type specific effector functions during innate and adaptive immune responses. The predominant mechanism to raise intracellular (Ca²⁺) used by most immune cells is store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE), whereby the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ stores triggers the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. SOCE in immune cells is mediated by the highly Ca²⁺ selective Ca²⁺-release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel, encoded by ORAI1, ORAI2 and ORAI3 genes. ORAI proteins are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2, which act as sensors of ER Ca²⁺ store depletion. The importance of SOCE mediated by STIM and ORAI proteins for immune function is evident from the immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 genes. These patients and studies in gene-targeted mice have revealed an essential role for ORAI/STIM proteins in the function of several immune cells. This review focuses on recent advances made towards understanding the role of SOCE in immune cells with an emphasis on the immune dysregulation that results from defects in SOCE in human patients and transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| | - Stefan Feske
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Calcium signals play a critical role in many cell-type specific effector functions during innate and adaptive immune responses. The predominant mechanism to raise intracellular (Ca²⁺) used by most immune cells is store-operated Ca²⁺ entry (SOCE), whereby the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ stores triggers the influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. SOCE in immune cells is mediated by the highly Ca²⁺ selective Ca²⁺-release-activated Ca²⁺ (CRAC) channel, encoded by ORAI1, ORAI2 and ORAI3 genes. ORAI proteins are activated by stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2, which act as sensors of ER Ca²⁺ store depletion. The importance of SOCE mediated by STIM and ORAI proteins for immune function is evident from the immunodeficiency and autoimmunity in patients with mutations in STIM1 and ORAI1 genes. These patients and studies in gene-targeted mice have revealed an essential role for ORAI/STIM proteins in the function of several immune cells. This review focuses on recent advances made towards understanding the role of SOCE in immune cells with an emphasis on the immune dysregulation that results from defects in SOCE in human patients and transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Shaw
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Rafiq
- Department of Neurology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ippagunta SK, Malireddi RKS, Shaw PJ, Neale GA, Vande Walle L, Green DR, Fukui Y, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. The inflammasome adaptor ASC regulates the function of adaptive immune cells by controlling Dock2-mediated Rac activation and actin polymerization. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:1010-6. [PMID: 21892172 PMCID: PMC3178750 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein ASC contributes to innate immunity through the assembly of caspase-1-activating inflammasome complexes. We demonstrate that ASC plays an inflammasome-independent cell-intrinsic role in adaptive immune cells. Asc−/− mice displayed defective antigen presentation by dendritic cells and lymphocyte migration due to impaired Rac-mediated actin polymerization. Genome-wide analysis showed that ASC, but not Nlrp3 or caspase-1, controls mRNA stability and expression of DOCK2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that mediates Rac-dependent signaling in immune cells. DOCK2-deficient dendritic cells showed similar defective antigen uptake as Asc−/− cells. Ectopic expression of DOCK2 in ASC-deficient cells restored Rac-mediated actin polymerization, antigen uptake and chemotaxis. Thus, ASC shapes adaptive immunity independently of inflammasomes by modulating DOCK2-dependent Rac activation and F-actin polymerization in dendritic cells and lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirish K Ippagunta
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
van de Veerdonk FL, Joosten LAB, Shaw PJ, Smeekens SP, Malireddi RKS, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, Netea MG, Kanneganti TD. The inflammasome drives protective Th1 and Th17 cellular responses in disseminated candidiasis. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2260-8. [PMID: 21681738 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Nlrp3 inflammasome has been proposed to play an important role in antifungal host defense. However, studies exploring the role of the inflammasome in antifungal host defense have been limited to the direct effects on IL-1β processing. Although IL-1β has important direct effects on the innate immune response, important effects of the caspase-1-dependent cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 are exerted on the initiation of the adaptive Th1 and Th17 cellular responses. No studies have been employed to assess the impact of the inflammasome on the Th1/Th17 defense mechanisms in vivo during candidiasis. In the present study, we demonstrate an essential role for caspase-1 and ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain) in disseminated candidiasis through regulating antifungal Th1 and Th17 responses. Caspase-1(-/-) and ASC(-/-) mice display diminished Th1/Th17 responses, followed by increased fungal outgrowth and lower survival. These observations identify a critical role for the inflammasome in controlling protective adaptive immune responses during invasive fungal infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Williams CD, Antoine DJ, Shaw PJ, Benson C, Farhood A, Williams DP, Kanneganti TD, Park BK, Jaeschke H. Role of the Nalp3 inflammasome in acetaminophen-induced sterile inflammation and liver injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 252:289-97. [PMID: 21396389 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in the US and UK. Recent studies implied that APAP-induced injury is partially mediated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which can activate and recruit neutrophils, exacerbating injury. Mature IL-1β is formed by caspase-1, dependent on inflammasome activation. The objective of this invetstigation was to evaluate the role of the Nalp3 inflammasome on release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), hepatic neutrophil accumulation and liver injury (ALT, necrosis) after APAP overdose. Mice deficient for each component of the Nalp3 inflammasome (caspase-1, ASC and Nalp3) were treated with 300mg/kg APAP for 24h; these mice had similar neutrophil recruitment and liver injury as APAP-treated C57Bl/6 wildtype animals. In addition, plasma levels of DAMPs (DNA fragments, keratin-18, hypo- and hyper-acetylated forms of high mobility group box-1 protein) were similarly elevated with no significant difference between wildtype and gene knockout mice. In addition, aspirin treatment, which has been postulated to attenuate cytokine formation and the activation of the Nalp3 inflammasome after APAP, had no effect on release of DAMPs, hepatic neutrophil accumulation or liver injury. Together, these data confirm the release of DAMPs and a sterile inflammatory response after APAP overdose. However, as previously reported minor endogenous formation of IL-1β and the activation of the Nalp3 inflammasome have little impact on APAP hepatotoxicity. It appears that the Nalp3 inflammasome is not a promising therapeutic target to treat APAP overdose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C David Williams
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|