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Metabolic engineering of Vibrio natriegens. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:381-392. [PMID: 33835156 PMCID: PMC8314017 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio natriegens is emerging as a promising host for biotechnology which is basically due to the remarkable intrinsic properties such as the exceptionally high growth and substrate consumption rates. The facultatively anaerobic marine bacterium possesses a versatile metabolism, is able to utilize a variety of substrates as carbon and energy sources and is easy to handle in the lab. These features initiated the rapid development of genetic tools and resulted in extensive engineering of production strains in the past years. Although recent examples illustrate the potential of V. natriegens for biotechnology, a comprehensive understanding of the metabolism and its regulation is still lacking but essential to exploit the full potential of this bacterium. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the physiological traits and the genomic organization, provide an overview of the available genetic engineering tools and recent advances in metabolic engineering of V. natriegens. Finally, we discuss the obstacles which have to be overcome in order to establish V. natriegens as industrial production host.
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Droniuk R, Wong PT, Wisse G, Macleod RA. Variation in Quantitative Requirements for Na for Transport of Metabolizable Compounds by the Marine Bacteria Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 and Vibrio fischeri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 53:1487-95. [PMID: 16347378 PMCID: PMC203897 DOI: 10.1128/aem.53.7.1487-1495.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rates of uptake by Alteromonas haloplanktis of 19 metabolizable compounds and by V. fischeri of 16 of 17 metabolizable compounds were negligible in the absence of added alkali-metal cations but rapid in the presence of Na. Only d-glucose uptake by V. fischeri occurred at a reasonable rate in the absence of alkali-metal cations, although the rate was further increased by added Na, K, or Li. Quantitative requirements for Na for the uptake of 11 metabolites by A. haloplanktis and of 6 metabolites by V. fischeri and the characteristics of the Na response at constant osmotic pressure varied with each metabolite and were different from the Na effects on the energy sources used. Li stimulated transport of some metabolites in the presence of suboptimal Na concentrations and for a few replaced Na for transport but functioned less effectively. K had a small capacity to stimulate lysine transport. The rate of transport of most of the compounds increased to a maximum at 50 to 300 mM Na, depending on the metabolite, and then decreased as the Na concentration was further increased. For a few metabolites, the rate of transport continued to increase in a biphasic manner as the Na concentration was increased to 500 mM. Concentrations of choline chloride equimolar to inhibitory concentrations of NaCl were either not inhibitory or appreciably less inhibitory than those of NaCl. All metabolites examined accumulated inside the cells against a gradient of unchanged metabolite in the presence of Na, even though some were very rapidly metabolized. The transport of l-alanine, succinate, and d-galactose into A. haloplanktis and of l-alanine and succinate into V. fischeri was inhibited essentially completely by the uncoupler 3,5,3',4'-tetrachlorosalicylanilide. Glucose uptake by V. fischeri was inhibited partially by 3,5,3',4'-tetrachlorosalicylanilide and also by arsenate and iodoacetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Droniuk
- Department of Microbiology, Macdonald College of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada H9X ICO
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3
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Hefnawy MA. Effect of osmotic stress on Aspergillus chevalieri respiratory system. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 46:407-12. [PMID: 11899473 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The osmotolerant fungus Aspergillus chevalieri tolerates up to 80% sucrose concentration in the growth medium. At 50% sucrose the growth rate is 1.5-fold higher than in control (3% sucrose), at 80% sucrose it drops to 30% of the control level. Total proteins and lipids in the mitochondrial fractions obtained from the mycelium rise with increasing sucrose concentration during growth (2.6 and 2.1 times at 80% sucrose). The rate of respiration by whole cells and mitochondrial fractions increases with increased sucrose level in the growth medium. The activity of respiratory enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, NADH oxidase and succinate oxidase, were also higher in cells grown in the presence of elevated sucrose concentrations. The largest increase was observed with NADH dehydrogenase. A. chevalieri cells grown at high osmotic stress exhibited enlarged mitochondria. The mean mitochondrial diameter at 50 and 80% sucrose was approximately 2.9- and 2.6-fold larger than in the control, respectively. Agarose gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids revealed the presence of high-density bands of RNA in mitochondrial fractions from cells grown at elevated sucrose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Hefnawy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
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Hefnawy M, Evans R. Effect of osmotic stress on the respiratory activity of Penicillium expansum. Microbiol Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(98)80030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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MacLeod PR, MacLeod RA. Identification and sequence of a Na(+)-linked gene from the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis which functionally complements the dagA gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2673-81. [PMID: 1447975 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A 4.0 kb fragment from a plasmid genomic DNA library of the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 19855 was found in the presence of Na+ to complement the dagA gene of Escherichia coli. We have completely sequenced this fragment and the position of the Na(+)-linked D-alanine glycine permease gene (dagA) on the fragment has been determined by complementation. The predicted carrier protein consists of 542 amino acid residues (M(r) 58,955). Its hydropathy profile suggests it is composed of eight transmembrane segments with a long hydrophilic region between segments six and seven. Significant similarity has been found between this Na(+)-linked permease and the Na+/proline permeases of E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium and the human and rabbit intestinal Na+/glucose cotransporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R MacLeod
- Department of Microbiology, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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6
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Role of Na+ in growth, respiration and membrane transport in the marine bacterium Pseudomonas doudoroffii 70. Arch Microbiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00277543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Unemoto T, Hayashi M. Sodium-transport NADH-quinone reductase of a marine Vibrio alginolyticus. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1989; 21:649-62. [PMID: 2687259 DOI: 10.1007/bf00762684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The respiratory chain of a marine bacterium, Vibrio alginolyticus, required Na+ for maximum activity, and the site of Na+ -dependent activation was localized on the NADH-quinone reductase segment. The Na+ -dependent NADH-quinone reductase extruded Na+ as a direct result of redox reaction. It was composed of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma, with apparent Mr of 52, 46, and 32 KDa, respectively. The reduction of ubiquinone-1 to ubiquinol proceeded via ubisemiquinone radicals. The former reaction was catalyzed by the FAD-containing beta subunit. This reaction showed no specific requirement for Na+. For the formation of ubiquinol, the presence of the gamma subunit and the FMN-containing alpha subunit was essential. The latter reaction specifically required Na+ for activity and was strongly inhibited by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. It was assigned to the coupling site for Na+ transport. The mode of energy coupling of redox-driven Na+ pump was compared with those of decarboxylase- and ATP-driven Na+ pumps found in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Unemoto
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Japan
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9
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Berthelet M, Macleod RA. Effect of Na
+
Concentration and Nutritional Factors on the Lag Phase and Exponential Growth Rates of the Marine Bacterium
Deleya aesta
and of Other Marine Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989; 55:1754-60. [PMID: 16347969 PMCID: PMC202946 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.7.1754-1760.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth of the marine bacterium
Deleya aesta
in a succinate minimal medium showed increasingly long lag phases as Na
+
was decreased below the optimum (200 to 500 mM). The minimum Na
+
concentration permitting growth consistently was 15 mM. Supplementation of the medium with KHCO
3
(as a source of CO
2
) or yeast extract, especially in combination, reduced the lag phase, increased the rate of exponential growth, and allowed growth at 8 mM Na
+
. KHCO
3
did not reduce the lag period but did increase the rate of exponential growth of
Deleya venusta, Deleya pacifica
, and
Alteromonas haloplanktis
214. Yeast extract was active for all three. The effect of yeast extract on
D. aesta
could be reproduced by a mixture of amino acids approximating its amino acid composition.
l
-Alanine,
l
-aspartate, and
l
-methionine, in combination, were the most effective in reducing the lag phase, although not as effective as the complete mixture. Succinate,
l
-aspartate, and
l
-alanine were transported into the cells by largely independent pathways and oxidized at rates which were much lower at 10 than at 200 mM Na
+
.
l
-Methionine was transported at a low rate in the absence of Na
+
and at a higher rate at 10 mM but was not oxidized. Above 25 mM Na
+
, the rate of transport of the carbon source was not the rate-limiting step for growth. It is concluded that a combination of transportable carbon sources reduced the lag period and increased the rate of exponential growth because they can be taken up independently and at low Na
+
utilized simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berthelet
- Department of Microbiology, Macdonald College of McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 1C0, Canada
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Bonin P, Gilewicz M, Denis M, Bertrand JC. Salt requirements in the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas nautica 617. Res Microbiol 1989; 140:159-69. [PMID: 2799064 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2508(89)90050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas nautica 617, which was isolated from superficial marine sediment, was found to require sodium for growth. Growth also appeared to be sensitive to the divalent cation, Mg2+, the presence of which, together with that of Na+, was necessary for achieving maximal growth. We investigated cell capacity to resist lysis after washing with either 0.05 M MgCl2 or 0.5 M NaCl, by monitoring suspension optical density changes as well as the release of ultraviolet absorbing material. Mg2+ turned out to play a significant role in stabilizing the structure of the cell envelope. Respiratory activity was also sensitive to ionic environment. With cells washed with 0.05 M MgCl2 and suspended in 0.05 M Tris buffer, the respiration rate, assessed by N2O evolution, was 15% of that measured in artificial sea water. Upon addition of 0.5 M Na+, nitrous oxide production rose to 32% of the reference level. The dinitrification rate was fully restored by further addition of 0.05 M Mg2+. K+ alone had almost no effect, but when added with Na+, the rate of denitrification increased to 45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bonin
- Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, Marseille
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MacLeod RA, Wisse GA, Stejskal FL. Sensitivity of some marine bacteria, a moderate halophile, and Escherichia coli to uncouplers at alkaline pH. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:4330-7. [PMID: 3045092 PMCID: PMC211446 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.9.4330-4337.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effects of uncouplers on amino acid transport into three marine bacteria, Vibrio alginolyticus 118, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 113, and Alteromonas haloplanktis 214, into a moderate halophile, Vibrio costicola NRC 37001, and into Escherichia coli K-12 were found to vary depending upon the uncoupler tested, its concentration, and the pH. Higher concentrations of all of the uncouplers were required to inhibit transport at pH 8.5 than at pH 7.0. The protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone showed the greatest reduction in inhibitory capacity as the pH was increased, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone showed less reduction, and 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide was almost as effective as an inhibitor of amino acid transport at pH 8.5 as at pH 7.0 for all of the organisms except A. haloplanktis 214. Differences between the protonophores in their relative activities at pHs 7.0 and 8.5 were attributed to differences in their pK values. 3,3',4',5-Tetrachlorosalicylanilide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and NaCN all inhibited Na+ extrusion from Na+-loaded cells of V. alginolyticus 118 at pH 8.5. The results support the conclusion that Na+ extrusion from this organism at pH 8.5 occurs as a result of Na+/H+ antiport activity. Data are presented indicating the presence in V. alginolyticus 118 of an NADH oxidase which is stimulated by Na+ at pH 8.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A MacLeod
- Department of Microbiology, Macdonald College McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Influence of salts and pH on the growth as well as NADH oxidase of the halotolerant bacterium A505. Arch Microbiol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Bonin P, Bertrand J, Giordano G, Gilewicz M. Specific sodium dependence of a nitrate reductase in a marine bacterium. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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14
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MacLeod PR, MacLeod RA. Cloning in Escherichia coli K-12 of a Na+-dependent transport system from a marine bacterium. J Bacteriol 1986; 165:825-30. [PMID: 3512524 PMCID: PMC214502 DOI: 10.1128/jb.165.3.825-830.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of D-alanine by Escherichia coli K-12 neither requires nor is stimulated by Na+. The transport of D-alanine by the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 requires Na+ specifically. Mutants of E. coli which were unable to transport D-alanine were isolated by enrichment for D-cycloserine resistance. One of the mutants was transformed with a gene bank of A. haloplanktis chromosomal DNA. Two transformants, E. coli RM1(pPM1) and E. coli RM1(pPM2) were able to transport D-alanine by a Na+-dependent mechanism. Li+ and K+ were unable to replace Na+. Both transformants contained chimeric plasmids with inserts which hybridized with A. haloplanktis but not E. coli chromosomal DNA or each other. Despite the lack of homology between the inserts, Na+-dependent D-alanine transport in the two transformants could not be distinguished either by kinetic studies or by differences in the capacity of various amino acids to compete for D-alanine uptake.
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15
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Skulachev VP. Membrane-linked energy transductions. Bioenergetic functions of sodium: H+ is not unique as a coupling ion. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 151:199-208. [PMID: 2863140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1985.tb09088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The concept is developed according to which Na+, like H+, can play the role of a coupling ion in energy-transducing biomembranes. This idea is based on observations that (i) Na+ can be extruded from the cell by primary pumps (Na-motive NADH-quinone reductase, decarboxylase or ATPase), and (ii) the downhill Na+ flux into the cell can be coupled with the performance of all the three types of membrane-linked work i.e. chemical (ATP synthesis), osmotic (accumulation of solutes) and mechanical (motility). Marine alkalotolerant Vibrio alginolyticus represents the first example of such a complete sodium cycle pattern. Simplified versions of the sodium cycle or some of its constituents are found in the cytoplasmic membrane of a great variety of taxa including anaerobic, aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria and animals; this fact indicates that Na+ energetics should be regarded as a common case, rather than a rare exception applied to some natural niches only.
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16
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Sch�nheit P, Beimborn DB. Presence of a Na+/H+ antiporter in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and its role in Na+ dependent methanogenesis. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00491903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MacLeod RA, Hadley RG, Szalay AA, Vink B, MacLeod PR. Expression of genes from the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 in Escherichia coli K-12. Arch Microbiol 1985; 142:248-52. [PMID: 3899044 DOI: 10.1007/bf00693398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA from the marine bacterium Alteromonas haloplanktis 214 was partially digested with Sau 3A and inserted into the Bam HI site of the cloning vector pBR322. The ligation mixture was used to transform Escherichia coli HB101. The gene bank plasmid preparation obtained was used to transform Escherichia coli K-12 strain EO2717, an organism auxotrophic for histidine, arginine, adenine, uracil and thiamin. Prototrophic transformants for each of the five metabolites were isolated using appropriate minimal media for selection. Plasmids isolated from each of the transformants were shown by hybridization to contain A. haloplanktis DNA and to be capable of complementing the appropriate mutation in E. coli EO2717. Restriction maps showed that each of the plasmids was different.
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