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THOMAS SB, JONES GELIS, FRANKLIN PATRICIAM. THE CLASSIFICATION OF COLI-AEROGENES BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM FARM WATER SUPPLIES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1951.tb01993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eisenhart C, Wilson PW. STATISTICAL METHODS AND CONTROL IN BACTERIOLOGY. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 2006; 7:57-137. [PMID: 16350086 PMCID: PMC440868 DOI: 10.1128/br.7.2.57-137.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Eisenhart
- College of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis
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VAUGHN RH, OSBORNE JT, WEDDING GT, TABACHNICK J, BEISEL CG, BRAXTON T. The utilization of citrate by Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2004; 60:119-27. [PMID: 14774362 PMCID: PMC385854 DOI: 10.1128/jb.60.2.119-127.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Qadri SM, Flournoy DJ, Qadri SG. Sodium chloride-esculin hydrolysis test for rapid identification of enterococci. J Clin Microbiol 1987; 25:1107-8. [PMID: 3597753 PMCID: PMC269145 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.25.6.1107-1108.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of enterococci to cause severe disease in humans and their relative resistance to chemotherapeutic agents make it desirable to rapidly differentiate these organisms from other streptococci. We developed and evaluated a test that within 2 h distinguishes enterococci from other alpha-, beta-, or nonhemolytic streptococci in a buffered solution containing 0.2% esculin and 5% sodium chloride. All 239 strains of enterococci tested gave a positive reaction within 2 h, whereas 95 of 96 isolates of other streptococci remained negative at 4 h.
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Trepeta RW, Edberg SC. Esculinase (beta-glucosidase) for the rapid estimation of activity in bacteria utilizing a hydrolyzable substrate, p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1987; 53:273-7. [PMID: 3118805 DOI: 10.1007/bf00393934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to hydrolyse esculin is an important phenotypic characteristic for their identification. The presence of 'esculinase' is especially useful in identifying genera of the Enterobacteriaceae and in separating Bacteroides, Listeria, and group D streptococci from other pathogens. Three methods have been used to measure esculin hydrolysis. Each of these methods suffered from limitations. A new procedure employing the hydrolysable substrate p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside was developed. This method required only 15 min incubation at either room temperature or 35 degrees C, may be used either qualitatively or quantitatively, and is inexpensive. The sensitivity and specificity of this method was found to be equivalent to that of the standard methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Trepeta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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2 Biochemical and Serological Characterization of Citrobacter. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Esculin hydrolysis is one of the biochemical tests used in the identification of anaerobic microorganisms. The conventional method by use of growing microbial cells requires 24-48 hours of incubation. On the other hand, growth independent methods like the buffered esculin test, the spot test, and the PathoTec strip test utilize the presence of constitutive enzymes and, therefore, yield results in 1-4 hours. A total of 817 anaerobic organisms were used in this study to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the three rapid methods. All three rapid methods gave excellent correlation with the standard conventional method. Over 99% of the organisms gave comparable results with the spot test and the buffered esculin test within one hour; the PathoTec strip test required up to 4 hours. The former two were not only more rapid but also more economical than the PathoTec strip test.
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Qadri SM, Johnson S, Smith JC, Zubairi S, Gillum RL. Comparison of spot esculin hydrolysis with the PathoTec strip test for rapid differentiation of anaerobic bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13:459-62. [PMID: 7016896 PMCID: PMC273814 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.13.3.459-462.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of several anaerobic bacteria to hydrolyze esculin to esculetin is used by clinical microbiologists and taxonomists in the differentiation and identification of both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Conventional methods used for determining esculin hydrolysis by anaerobic bacteria require 24 to 48 h for completion. In this paper we evaluate two procedures which yield rapid results. A total of 738 anaerobic bacteria were used in this study. A total of 99% of the esculin-hydrolyzing anaerobic bacteria gave positive results with the spot test in 1 h, whereas the other test method, the PathoTec strip test (General Diagnostics, Morris Plains, N.J.), required 4 h for 96% of the strains tested to yield positive reactions. Both tests showed a 100% specificity when compared with the standard broth test and are easy to perform, accurate, and economical. The spot test is superior to the PathoTec strip test in yielding results more rapidly.
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Qadri SM, Smith JC, Zubairi S, DeSilva MI. Esculin hydrolysis by Gram positive bacteria. A rapid test and it's comparison with other methods. Med Microbiol Immunol 1981; 169:67-74. [PMID: 6783825 DOI: 10.1007/bf02171773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A number of bacteria hydrolyze esculin enzymatically to esculetin. This characteristic is used by taxonomists and clinical microbiologists in the differentiation and identification of bacteria, especially to distinguish Lance-field group D streptococci from non-group D organisms and Listeria monocytogenes from morphologically similar Erysipelothrix rhusipoathiae and diphtheroids. Conventional methods used for esculin hydrolysis require 4--48 h for completion. We developed and evaluated a medium which gives positive results more rapidly. The 2,330 isolates used in this study consisted of 1,680 esculin positive and 650 esculin negative organisms. The sensitivity and specificity of this method were compared with the PathoTec esculin hydrolysis strip and the procedure of Vaughn and Levine (VL). Of the 1,680 esculin positive organisms, 97% gave positive reactions within 30 minutes with the rapid test whereas PathoTec required 3--4 h incubation for the same number of organisms to yield a positive reaction.
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Abstract
An esculin hydrolysis test is described which distinguishes over 97% of bacteria that can convert esculin to esculetin in a buffered solution, from those that cannot, within an hour.
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Abstract
The literature contains variable reports concerning the hydrolysis of esculin by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and particularly Escherichia coli. We examined 113 strains of fresh clinical isolates of E. coli and assessed the ability of colonies in a population to hydrolyze esculin with and without preincubation in inducible substrates at 24, 48, and 72 h. The number of strains capable of fermenting salicin, a sugar with a beta-glucoside linkage like esculin, was studied under the same conditions. A strip test that measured the presence of the constitutive glucosidase was also performed with and without preincubation in inducible substrates. No E. coli strain was able to produce constitutive enzyme; preincubation in esculin and salicin resulted in an induction of the beta-glucosidase. The number of colonies able to hydrolyze esculin increased with time. Only those strains preincubated in esculin or salicin were able to produce a positive constitutive strip test. Because the beta-glucosidase of E. coli is inducible, one should employe, when using growth media, a light inoculum obtained by touching the top of a colony with a bacteriological wire and read the reaction between 18 and 24 h, or perform a rapid strip or spot test.
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Abstract
Literature reports disagree concerning esculin hydrolysis in the family Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 2,490 strains of the family were investigated for esculin hydrolysis by two methods, the esculin spot test and the PathoTec incubation strip, which measures constitutive enzyme, and five growth-supporting methods, which determine both constitutive and inducible enzymes. The five growth-supporting media studied were: Vaughn-Levine, the standard esculin hydrolysis medium (P. R. Edwards and W. H. Ewing, Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, 3rd ed., 1972); Vaughn-Levine without iron; Vaughn-Levine without Andrade's indicator; and bile-esculin medium. Growth media were incubated at 35 degrees C and checked every 24 h for 120 h. On growth media, 0.3% of Escherichia coli were positive in 24 h, 34% in 48 h, and 61% in 120 h. No strains were positive on the "nongrowth" tests. It appeared that the esculin hydrolysis enzyme(s) of E. coli was inducible rather than constitutive. All esculin hydrolyzers, which yielded positive tests on "constitutive tests" and 24-h tests, were limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia and species of Proteus vulgaris, Proteus rettgeri, and Citrobacter diversus. When used with standardized inoculum size and incubation time, the esculin hydrolysis test is very useful for differentiation within the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Edberg SC, Pittman S, Singer JM. The use of bile - esculin agar for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1977; 43:31-5. [PMID: 326178 DOI: 10.1007/bf02316207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bile-esculin medium has been used for many years for the presumptive identification of group D Streptococcus. The test is based on the ability of a bacterium to grow in the presence of 40% bile and produce esculinase. 2935 strains of Enterobacteriaceae were inoculated onto bile-esculin agar slants and incubated at 35 C. Esculin hydrolysis was determined after 24 and 48 hours. At 24 hours of incubation esculin hydrolysis was limited to the genera Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and the species P. vulgaris, P. rettgeri, and C. diversus. Not all strains of these species were positive, however. All other members of the family were negative. At 48 hours of incubation 37% of E. coli gave a positive reaction; all other Enterobacteriaceae which were negative at 24 hours remained negative. Esculin hydrolysis is a valuable test for the taxonomic classification of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Edberg SC, Gam K, Bottenbley CJ, Singer JM. Rapid spot test for the determination of esculin hydrolysis. J Clin Microbiol 1976; 4:180-4. [PMID: 787006 PMCID: PMC274422 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.4.2.180-184.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esculin hydrolysis is a useful test in the differentiation of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria covering a wide spectrum of aerobes, facultative anaerobes, and anaerobes. Commonly utilized methods require a minimum of 18 h of incubation in broth or agar medium and utilize the production of a brown-black compound, due to the combination of ferric ions with the hydrolysis product esculetin, as indicator. A procedure is presented that requires 15 to 30 min for completion and utilizes fluorescence loss as the indicator of hydrolysis. Esculin fluoresces at 366 nm, whereas the hydrolysis product esculetin does not. Over 1,400 strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were tested. There was 98.4% of correlation between the spot test and esculin broth and 97% correlation with the bile-esculin agar.
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Uhl A. Beitr�ge zur Kenntnis der coliformen Bakterien nieder- und mittelprozentiger Biere und zur Kl�rung der Formenverwandtschaft innerhalb der Coli-Aerogenes-Gruppe. Arch Microbiol 1952. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00410819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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WOLFORD ER, BERRY JA. CONDITION OP ORANGES AS AFFECTING BACTERIAL CONTENT OF FROZEN JUICE WITH EMPHASIS ON COLIFORM ORGANISMS. J Food Sci 1948; 13:172-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1948.tb16608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Christensen WB. Urea Decomposition as a Means of Differentiating Proteus and Paracolon Cultures from Each Other and from Salmonella and Shigella Types. J Bacteriol 1946; 52:461-6. [PMID: 16561200 PMCID: PMC518212 DOI: 10.1128/jb.52.4.461-466.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 487] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Vaughn RH, Marsh GL, Stadtman TC, Cantino BC. Decomposition of Tartrates by the Coliform Bacteria. J Bacteriol 1946; 52:311-25. [PMID: 16561180 PMCID: PMC518187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R H Vaughn
- Division of Food Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California
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Fulton M. Further Notes on the Characteristics of
Proteus ammoniae. J Bacteriol 1946; 51:685-7. [PMID: 16561118 PMCID: PMC518110 DOI: 10.1128/jb.51.6.685-687.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Fulton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas School of Medicine, Galveston, Texas
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fulton
- Department of Bacteriology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Dallas, Texas
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Notes on the α-naphthol modification of the Voges-Proskauer test and reference to the creatine modification. J Hyg (Lond) 1943; 43:214-6. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400012845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The α-naphthol modification of the Voges-Proskauer (v.-p.) test described by Barritt (1936) has proved satisfactory for the examination of the coli-aerogenes group in the hands of several workers, including Harold (1936), Vaughn, Mitchell & Levine (1938), Kluyver & Molt (1939), Iyer & Raghavachari (1938–9), and Batty-Smith (1941).
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