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Ramchandani MS, Jing L, Russell RM, Tran T, Laing KJ, Magaret AS, Selke S, Cheng A, Huang ML, Xie H, Strachan E, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Viral Genetics Modulate Orolabial Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1058-1066. [PMID: 30383234 PMCID: PMC6420167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orolabial herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection has a wide spectrum of severity in immunocompetent persons. To study the role of viral genotype and host immunity, we characterized oral HSV-1 shedding rates and host cellular response, and genotyped viral strains, in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. METHODS A total of 29 MZ and 22 DZ HSV-1-seropositive twin pairs were evaluated for oral HSV-1 shedding for 60 days. HSV-1 strains from twins were genotyped as identical or different. CD4+ T-cell responses to HSV-1 proteins were studied. RESULTS The median per person oral HSV shedding rate was 9% of days that a swab was obtained (mean, 10.2% of days). A positive correlation between shedding rates was observed within all twin pairs, and in the MZ and DZ twins. In twin subsets with sufficient HSV-1 DNA to genotype, 15 had the same strain and 14 had different strains. Viral shedding rates were correlated for those with the same but not different strains. The median number of HSV-1 open reading frames recognized per person was 16. The agreement in the CD4+ T-cell response to specific HSV-1 open reading frames was greater between MZ twins than between unrelated persons (P = .002). CONCLUSION Viral strain characteristics likely contribute to oral HSV-1 shedding rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alex L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Current Concepts for Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infection: Diagnostics and Pathogenesis of Genital Tract Shedding. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:149-61. [PMID: 26561565 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00043-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a DNA virus that is efficiently transmitted through intimate genital tract contact and causes persistent infection that cannot be eliminated. HSV-2 may cause frequent, symptomatic self-limited genital ulcers, but in most persons infection is subclinical. However, recent studies have demonstrated that the virus is frequently shed from genital surfaces even in the absence of signs or symptoms of clinical disease and that the virus can be transmitted during these periods of shedding. Furthermore, HSV-2 shedding is detected throughout the genital tract and may be associated with genital tract inflammation, which likely contributes to increased risk of HIV acquisition. This review focuses on HSV diagnostics, as well as what we have learned about the importance of frequent genital HSV shedding for (i) HSV transmission and (ii) genital tract inflammation, as well as (iii) the impact of HSV-2 infection on HIV acquisition and transmission. We conclude with discussion of future areas of research to push the field forward.
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Umene K, Yoshida M, Fukumaki Y. Genetic variability in the region encompassing reiteration VII of herpes simplex virus type 1, including deletions and multiplications related to recombination between direct repeats. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:200. [PMID: 26020018 PMCID: PMC4439413 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of tandemly reiterated sequences are present on the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA molecule of 152 kbp. While regions containing tandem reiterations were usually unstable, reiteration VII, which is present within the protein coding regions of gene US10 and US11, was stable; hence, reiteration VII could be used as a genetic marker. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences (159–213 bp) of a region encompassing reiteration VII of 62 HSV-1 isolates were compared with that of strain 17 as the standard strain, and the genetic variability of base substitutions, deletions, and multiplications was revealed. Base substitution was observed in nine residues on the region flanking reiteration VII and sixty-two HSV-1 isolates were classified into twelve groups based on these base substitutions. Deletions, which were present in all sixty-two isolates, were classified into six groups. Multiplications, which were present in 19 isolates having the same deletion (named del-2), were classified into four groups. The sixty-two isolates were classified into twenty patterns based on variations in the region encompassing reiteration VII, and the region encompassing reiteration VII was considered to be useful for studies on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HSV-1. The lengths of these deletions and multiplications were multiples of 3; thus, a frame-shift mutation was not induced, and a mechanism to maintain the functions of US10 and US11 was suggested. A series of multiplications, which consisted of the duplication, triplication, and tetraplication of the same sequence, were found. Since all isolates with a multiplication had del-2, multiplications were assumed to be generated after the generation of del-2, and an isolate with del-2 was considered to have the ability to generate a multiplication. Recombination between a pair of direct repeats in and around reiteration VII was accountable for the generation of deletions and multiplications, indicating the recombinogenic property of the region encompassing reiteration VII. A correlation was revealed between a set of 20 DNA polymorphisms widely present on the HSV-1 genome and the base substitutions and deletions of the region encompassing reiteration VII, using discriminant analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Umene
- Department of Nutrition & Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Woman's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529 Japan
| | - Masami Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, Sakura Medical Center, School of Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fukumaki
- Division of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Abrão EP, Burrel S, Désiré N, Bonnafous P, Godet A, Caumes E, Agut H, Boutolleau D. Impact of HIV-1 infection on herpes simplex virus type 2 genetic variability among co-infected individuals. J Med Virol 2014; 87:357-65. [PMID: 25174847 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most common cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide. While the contribution of HSV-2 to acquisition and course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been well described, less attention has been paid to the impact of HIV infection on the variability and the pathophysiology of HSV-2 infection. The goal of the present study was to characterize genotypically and phenotypically HSV-2 strains isolated from 12 patients infected by HIV-1 and from 12 HIV-negative patients. Replication capacity analyses were carried out in Vero cells and full-length nucleotide sequences were determined for glycoproteins B (gB), D (gD), G (gG), thymidine kinase (TK), and DNA polymerase (POL) HSV-2 genes. Sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees were performed. No significant differences were found in terms of replication capacity. The interstrain nucleotide identities of the 3 glycoprotein genes (gB, gC, and gG) ranged from 99.5% to 100% among the 24 HSV-2 strains. The phylogenetic analysis showed no clustering of HSV-2 strains when correlating to the HIV status of the patients. A lower variability was observed for the functional proteins TK and DNA polymerase (98.9% to 100% identity). Genetic analysis of TK evidenced mutations related to acyclovir-resistance in two HSV-2 strains. No specific differences regarding replication capacity and gene sequence were found when comparing HSV-2 strains isolated from patients infected with HIV-1 and HIV-negative patients, suggesting that the virological properties of HSV-2 infection are not influenced by HIV-1 infection among co-infected patients.
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Zhu B, Yang JR, Fu XP, Jiang YQ. Anti-tumor Effects of Gene Therapy with GALV Membrane Fusion Glycoprotein in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 69:577-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhu B, Yang JR, Jiang YQ, Chen SF, Fu XP. Gene Therapy of Lung Adenocarcinoma using Herpes Virus Expressing a Fusogenic Membrane Glycoprotein. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 69:583-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9836-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mujugira A, Magaret AS, Celum C, Baeten JM, Lingappa JR, Morrow RA, Fife KH, Delany-Moretlwe S, de Bruyn G, Bukusi EA, Karita E, Kapiga S, Corey L, Wald A. Daily acyclovir to decrease herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) transmission from HSV-2/HIV-1 coinfected persons: a randomized controlled trial. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1366-74. [PMID: 23901094 PMCID: PMC3789565 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Daily suppressive therapy with valacyclovir reduces risk of sexual transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in HSV-2-serodiscordant heterosexual couples by 48%. Whether suppressive therapy reduces HSV-2 transmission from persons coinfected with HSV-2 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is unknown. METHODS Within a randomized trial of daily acyclovir 400 mg twice daily in African HIV-1 serodiscordant couples, in which the HIV-1-infected partner was HSV-2 seropositive, we identified partnerships in which HIV-1-susceptible partners were HSV-2 seronegative to estimate the effect of acyclovir on risk of HSV-2 transmission. RESULTS We randomly assigned 911 HSV-2/HIV-1-serodiscordant couples to daily receipt of acyclovir or placebo. We observed 68 HSV-2 seroconversions, 40 and 28 in acyclovir and placebo groups, respectively (HSV-2 incidence, 5.1 cases per 100 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.35 [95% confidence interval, .83-2.20]; P = .22). Among HSV-2-susceptible women, vaginal drying practices (adjusted HR, 44.35; P = .004) and unprotected sex (adjusted HR, 9.91; P = .002) were significant risk factors for HSV-2 acquisition; having more children was protective (adjusted HR, 0.47 per additional child; P = .012). Among HSV-2-susceptible men, only age ≤30 years was associated with increased risk of HSV-2 acquisition (P = .016). CONCLUSIONS Treatment of African HSV-2/HIV-1-infected persons with daily suppressive acyclovir did not decrease risk of HSV-2 transmission to susceptible partners. More-effective prevention strategies to reduce HSV-2 transmission from HIV-1-infected persons are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amalia S. Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Connie Celum
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - Jairam R. Lingappa
- Department of Global Health
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | | | - Sinead Delany-Moretlwe
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Bukusi
- Department of Global Health
- Center for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi
| | | | - Saidi Kapiga
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Medicine
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology
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Molecular characterization of herpes simplex virus 2 strains by analysis of microsatellite polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:3616-23. [PMID: 23966512 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01714-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete 154-kbp linear double-stranded genomic DNA sequence of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), consisting of two extended regions of unique sequences bounded by a pair of inverted repeat elements, was published in 1998 and since then has been widely employed in a wide range of studies. Throughout the HSV-2 genome are scattered 150 microsatellites (also referred to as short tandem repeats) of 1- to 6-nucleotide motifs, mainly distributed in noncoding regions. Microsatellites are considered reliable markers for genetic mapping to differentiate herpesvirus strains, as shown for cytomegalovirus and HSV-1. The aim of this work was to characterize 12 polymorphic microsatellites within the HSV-2 genome by use of 3 multiplex PCR assays in combination with length polymorphism analysis for the rapid genetic differentiation of 56 HSV-2 clinical isolates and 2 HSV-2 laboratory strains (gHSV-2 and MS). This new system was applied to a specific new HSV-2 variant recently identified in HIV-1-infected patients originating from West Africa. Our results confirm that microsatellite polymorphism analysis is an accurate tool for studying the epidemiology of HSV-2 infections.
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Scheepers R, van Marle-Köster E, Visser C. Genetic variation in the kappa-casein gene of South African goats. Small Rumin Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Norberg P. Divergence and genotyping of human alpha-herpesviruses: an overview. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:14-25. [PMID: 19772930 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that are highly disseminated among animals. Of the eight herpesviruses identified in humans, three are classified into the alpha-herpesvirus subfamily: herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), which are typically associated with mucocutaneous lesions, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is the cause of chicken pox and herpes zoster. All three viruses establish lifelong infections and may also induce more severe symptoms, such as neurological manifestations and fatal neonatal infections. Despite thorough investigation of the genetic variability among circulating strains of each virus in recent decades, little is known about possible associations between the genetic setups of the viruses and clinical manifestations in human hosts. This review focuses mainly on evolutionary studies of and genotyping strategies for these three human alpha-herpesviruses, emphasizing the ambiguities induced by a high frequency of circulating recombinant strains. It also aims to shed light on the challenges of establishing a uniform genotyping strategy for all three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norberg
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kaneko H, Kawana T, Ishioka K, Ohno S, Aoki K, Suzutani T. Evaluation of mixed infection cases with both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. J Med Virol 2008; 80:883-7. [PMID: 18360901 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is isolated principally from the upper half of the body innervated by the trigeminal ganglia whereas herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is generally isolated from the lower half of the body innervated by the sacral ganglia. However, recent reports suggest that HSV-1 and HSV-2 can each infect both the upper and lower half of the body causing a variety of symptoms and there is a possibility that HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections can occur simultaneously with both causing symptoms. HSV type in clinical isolates from 87 patients with genital herpes and 57 with ocular herpes was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and six cases of mixed infection with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were identified. Of the six cases, three were patients with genital herpes and three were ocular herpes patients. Analysis of the copy number of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genome by a quantitative real time PCR demonstrated that HSV-1 was dominant at a ratio of approximately 100:1 in the ocular infections. In contrast, the HSV-2 genome was present at a 4-40 times higher frequency in isolates from genital herpes patients. There was no obvious difference between the clinical course of mixed infection and those of single HSV-1 or HSV-2 infections. This study indicated that the frequency of mixed infection with both HSV-1 and HSV-2 is comparatively higher than those of previous reports. The genome ratio of HSV-1 and HSV-2 reflects the preference of each HSV type for the target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisatoshi Kaneko
- Department of Microbiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Discrimination of herpes simplex virus type 2 strains by nucleotide sequence variations. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:780-4. [PMID: 18077652 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01615-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the polymorphous 400-bp regions in UL53, US1, and US4 for the discrimination of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strains. Thirty-six HSV-2 clinical strains could be differentiated into 35 groups using these three regions and into 36 groups by additional analysis of three noncoding regions previously reported as polymorphous.
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