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Nocardia rosealba sp. nov., a novel ligninase-producing Actinobacterium isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel ligninase-producing actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-G4T, was isolated from a soil sample and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study to establish its status. According to 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the isolate was identified as a member of the genus
Nocardia
, with the highest sequence similarity to
Nocardia ignorata
DSM 44496T (99.2 %). The whole-cell sugars contained galactose and arabinose. The amino acid of the cell wall was determined to be meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0, C18 : 1
ω9c, C18 : 0 and C16 : 1
ω7c. The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-8(H6, ω-cycl). The major polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Strain NEAU-G4T had a draft genome size of 6 405 167 bp, annotated with 5815 protein-coding genes. The DNA G+C content was 67.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences showed that strain NEAU-G4T formed a stable phyletic line with
N. ignorata
DSM 44496T. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between them were 63.7 % (60.8–66.5 %) and 95.5 %, respectively. Moreover, genomic analysis indicated that strain NEAU-G4T had the potential to degrade lignin and produce bioactive compounds. On the basis of genotypic analysis, physiological data, as well as phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations, it is concluded that the organism be classified as representing a novel species of the genus
Nocardia
, for which the name Nocardia rosealba sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-G4T (=CCTCC AA 2020038T=DSM 111936T).
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Van Genechten W, Van Dijck P, Demuyser L. Fluorescent toys 'n' tools lighting the way in fungal research. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab013. [PMID: 33595628 PMCID: PMC8498796 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although largely overlooked compared to bacterial infections, fungal infections pose a significant threat to the health of humans and other organisms. Many pathogenic fungi, especially Candida species, are extremely versatile and flexible in adapting to various host niches and stressful situations. This leads to high pathogenicity and increasing resistance to existing drugs. Due to the high level of conservation between fungi and mammalian cells, it is hard to find fungus-specific drug targets for novel therapy development. In this respect, it is vital to understand how these fungi function on a molecular, cellular as well as organismal level. Fluorescence imaging allows for detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms, cellular structures and interactions on different levels. In this manuscript, we provide researchers with an elaborate and contemporary overview of fluorescence techniques that can be used to study fungal pathogens. We focus on the available fluorescent labelling techniques and guide our readers through the different relevant applications of fluorescent imaging, from subcellular events to multispecies interactions and diagnostics. As well as cautioning researchers for potential challenges and obstacles, we offer hands-on tips and tricks for efficient experimentation and share our expert-view on future developments and possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Van Genechten
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200g, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Demuyser
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
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Hosseini N, Yazdanpanah S, Saki M, Rezazadeh F, Ghapanchi J, Zomorodian K. Susceptibility of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to Photodynamic Therapy Using Four Dyes as the Photosensitizer. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2016; 17:354-360. [PMID: 27942552 PMCID: PMC5136415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection affecting the human oral cavity. Photodynamic therapy, as one of its proposed treatment modalities, needs a distinct dye for achieving the best effect. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate photosensitization effects of four distinct dyes on standard suspension of Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Candida dubliniensis (C. dubliniensis) and biofilm of C. albicans considering the obtained optimum dye concentration and duration of laser irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this in vitro study, colony forming units (CFU) of two sets of four groups of Laser plus Dye (L+D+), Dye (L-D+), Laser (L+D-) and No Laser, No Dye (L-D-) were assessed individually with different methylene blue concentrations and laser irradiation period. The photodynamic therapy effect on standard suspension of Candida species (using methylene blue, aniline blue, malachite green and crystal violet) were studied based on the obtained results. Similar investigation was performed on biofilm of C. albicans using the spectral absorbance. Data were imported to SPSS and assessed by statistical tests of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (α= 0.05). RESULTS CFU among the different dye concentration and irradiation time decrease in dose- and time-dependent manner (p> 0.05), all of which were significantly lower than the control groups (p< 0.05). Among the examined photosensitizers, there was no statistically significant difference, (p> 0.05) though all of them were significantly decrease CFU compared with the control groups (p< 0.05). In L+D- and L+D+ groups, biofilm was significantly destroyed more than that of L-D- (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION Photodynamic therapy might be used as an effective procedure to treat Candida associated mucocutaneous diseases and killing biofilm in the infected surfaces such as dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Hosseini
- Dept. of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Bandarabbas University of Medical Sciences, Bandarabbas, Iran.
| | - Samira Yazdanpanah
- Dept. of Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Saki
- Student Research Committee, Orthodontics Research Center, Dept. of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Fahimeh Rezazadeh
- Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Janan Ghapanchi
- Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Kamiar Zomorodian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Dept. of Mycology & Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Shiraz, Iran.
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Martinez RFF, Jaimes-Aveldañez A, Hernández-Pérez F, Arenas R, Miguel GFS. Oral Candida spp carriers: its prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 88:222-5. [PMID: 23739717 PMCID: PMC3750884 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962013000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Prevalence of oral candidiasis in diabetic patients is 13.7-64%. Candida albicans
was the most frequently isolated species (75-86.5%). OBJECTIVE: To obtain the prevalence of Candida carriers among patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus to identify the species of the yeast. Study
design: It is an open, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and
prospective study. METHODS: We included voluntary patients from the National Diabetes Marathon and performed
a blood glucose measurement, sialometry test, Gram-stained exfoliative cytology,
and culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar and CHROMagar Candida TM. Results were
analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We examined 141 patients (mean age 57 years): 103 women (73%) and 38 men (26.9%).
Exfoliative cytology was positive in 32 cases (23 with oral lesions); 78 had oral
lesions but no Candida (93.9%). Candida was isolated in 58 patients (41.1%), 21
(45.6 %) had blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dl, and 37 (38.9%) had less than
126 mg/dl. The most frequent species was C. albicans (82.7%). Forty-two Candida
carriers had salivary flow greater than 20 mm (72.4%), and 16 (27.5%) had
hyposalivation. Candida was isolated in 25 of 79 patients with dental prosthesis
(31.6%), 9 of 15 were smokers (60%), and 22 of 71 had symptoms (30.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of oral Candida carriers in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus in Mexico was similar to that found in other countries;
exfoliative cytology was effective in finding Candida; salivary flow rate, use of
prosthesis, and presence of oral lesions and symptoms were similar in oral Candida
carriers and negative patients. Most smokers were Candida carriers.
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KALAMAKI MARY, PRICE ROBERTJ, FUNG DANIELY. RAPID METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING SEAFOOD MICROBIAL PATHOGENS AND TOXINS1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4581.1997.tb00155.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Heelan JS, Sotomayor E, Coon K, D'Arezzo JB. Comparison of the rapid yeast plus panel with the API20C yeast system for identification of clinically significant isolates of Candida species. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:1443-5. [PMID: 9574727 PMCID: PMC104850 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.5.1443-1445.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RapID Yeast Plus system (Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Norcross, Ga.) is a qualitative micromethod employing conventional tests and single-substrate chromogenic tests and having a 4-h incubation period. This system was compared with the API20C (bioMerieux Vitek, Hazelwood, Mo.) system, a 24- to 72-h carbohydrate assimilation method. One hundred thirty-three clinical yeast isolates, including 57 of Candida albicans, 26 of Candida tropicalis, 23 of Candida glabrata, and 27 of other yeasts, were tested by both methods. When discrepancies occurred, isolates were further tested by the Automated Yeast Biochemical Card (bioMerieux Vitek). Germ tube production and microscopic morphology were used as needed to definitively identify yeast isolates. The RapID Yeast Plus system correctly identified 125 yeast isolates, with an overall accuracy of 94% (125 of 133). Excellent correlation was found in the recognition of the three yeasts most commonly isolated from human sources. The test was 99% (105 of 106 isolates) accurate with C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. The RapID Yeast Plus system compares favorably with the API20C system and provides a simple, accurate alternative to conventional assimilation methods for the rapid identification of the most commonly encountered isolates of Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Heelan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860, USA
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Schoofs A, Odds FC, Colebunders R, Ieven M, Goossens H. Use of specialised isolation media for recognition and identification of Candida dubliniensis isolates from HIV-infected patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16:296-300. [PMID: 9177963 DOI: 10.1007/bf01695634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During a study of oral rinses of 130 HIV-infected individuals, both typical and atypical Candida albicans colonies were isolated from ten patients on a yeast differential medium. Typical Candida albicans colonies were light green; atypical colonies were dark green. Both types of colonies were germ tube-positive and produced chlamydospores. However, DNA fingerprinting of the atypical isolates with the Ca3 Candida albicans-specific probe showed that they belonged to the recently described species Candida dubliniensis. Candida dubliniensis colonies could also be differentiated from Candida albicans colonies on isolation plates by the absence of fluorescence of colonies on methyl blue-Sabouraud agar under Wood's light. Among other phenotypic characteristics, only the absence of intracellular beta-glucosidase activity reliably distinguished Candida albicans from Candida dubliniensis. Candida dubliniensis may be underreported in clinical samples because most currently used isolation and identification methods fail to recognize this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schoofs
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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Heelan JS, Siliezar D, Coon K. Comparison of rapid testing methods for enzyme production with the germ tube method for presumptive identification of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2847-9. [PMID: 8897198 PMCID: PMC229419 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.11.2847-2849.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The observation of germ tube production as a method for the presumptive identification of Candida albicans has been in use for many years. Methods have recently been developed for detecting the production of the enzymes L-proline aminopeptidase and beta-galactosaminidase by yeast isolates grown in culture. Both enzymes are produced by C. albicans; other yeasts may produce either L-proline aminopeptidase or beta-galactosaminidase but not both enzymes. One hundred thirty-three clinical yeast isolates, including 55 C. albicans, 27 Candida tropicalis, 22 Torulopsis (Candida) glabrata, and 29 other yeast isolates were tested by the germ tube production method and three tests for enzyme production, with the API 20C method used as a "gold standard." All three enzymatic methods evaluated provided more objective and rapid nonmicroscopic alternatives to the germ tube test and may be used to accurately distinguish C. albicans from other yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Heelan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860, USA
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San-Millán R, Ribacoba L, Pontón J, Quindós G. Evaluation of a commercial medium for identification of Candida species. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15:153-8. [PMID: 8801088 DOI: 10.1007/bf01591489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CHROMagar Candida (CHROMagar, France) was evaluated as a medium for the presumptive identification and isolation of yeasts using 1,537 isolates of medically important yeasts, including 970 Candida albicans, 165 Candida parapsilosis, 131 Candida glabrata, 62 Candida guilliermondii, 35 Candida krusei, 32 Candida tropicalis, 31 Rhodotorula rubra, 23 Trichosporon spp. (17 Trichosporon beigelii), 17 Candida famata, 16 Candida pelliculosa, 10 Pichia etchelsii, 10 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 8 Candida lusitaniae, 7 Cryptococcus spp., and 20 isolates of other Candida spp. After 48 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, the sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 99% and 100% for Candida albicans, 93.8% and 99.1% for Candida tropicalis, and 100% and 100% for Candida krusei. In addition to colony color, other colony characteristics were important for identification of some species, such as rough colonies in Candida krusei isolates or the halo around the colonies of Candida tropicalis. A great variety of colors was observed among species other than Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. For identification purposes, CHROMagar Candida medium has an accuracy similar to that of germ-tube tests and chlamydospore development tests for Candida albicans and to that of the ATB ID32C kit (API, bioMérieux, France) for Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- R San-Millán
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
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Bouchara JP, Declerck P, Cimon B, Planchenault C, de Gentile L, Chabasse D. Routine use of CHROMagar Candida medium for presumptive identification of Candida yeast species and detection of mixed fungal populations. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996; 2:202-208. [PMID: 11866844 DOI: 10.1016/s1198-743x(14)65143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of the new differential culture medium CHROMagar Candida for routine investigation of clinical specimens. METHODS: During a whole year, 6150 clinical samples were plated on CHROMagar Candida medium. After incubation, the green colonies were considered to be Candida albicans. The colonies of other colors were identified using Bichrolatex-krusei, or by their assimilation pattern on ID 32C test strips and their morphology on rice cream-agar-Tween. RESULTS: Among the 6150 clinical samples, 1643 were positive for fungi. Aspergillus fumigatus and Geotrichum sp. were the predominant filamentous fungi isolated. Candida albicans was the most common species isolated (1274 of the positive samples; 77.5%), and Candida glabrata was the second most common yeast isolated (174 positive samples; 10.6%). Other yeast species were detected at lower frequencies, mainly Candida tropicalis (3.8%), Candida krusei (2.7%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2.7%) and Candida kefyr (2.3%), and 16 samples revealed a lipophilic species, Malassezia furfur. Mixed fungal populations accounted for 14.7% of the positive samples. Two or more yeast species were detected in 206 of the 242 specimens containing mixed fungal populations, and five yeast species were detected in one sample. Additionally, we did not observe significant differences in the isolation of yeasts or filamentous fungi from the 366 samples simultaneously plated on CHROMagar Candida and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Close agreement between the two culture media was observed for 89.9% of these samples. CONCLUSIONS: CHROMagar Candida medium was shown to be extremely helpful in a routine clinical mycology service, facilitating the detection of mixed cultures of yeasts and allowing direct identification of C. albicans, as well as rapid presumptive identification of the other yeasts: C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and S. cerevisiae. This chromogenic medium thus appears to be suitable as a primary culture medium, particularly for the mycologic surveillance of immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Angers, France
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Lipperheide V, Andraka L, Pontón J, Quindós G. Evaluation of the albicans IDR plate method for the rapid identification of Candida albicans. Mycoses 1993; 36:417-20. [PMID: 7935574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1993.tb00731.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Albicans IDR is a ready-to-use medium containing a hexosaminic substrate that allows rapid and specific identification of Candida albicans. In this study, we have evaluated its performance using 330 pure cultures of yeast strains previously identified by conventional mycological methods. The test correctly identified all the Candida albicans strains tested (186 isolates), but there were 28 false-positive reactions after 48 h of culture incubation. The false-positive isolates corresponded to the species Candida tropicalis (13 strains), Trichosporon beigelii (12 strains), Cryptococcus neoformans (one strain), Candida lusitaniae (one strain) and Candida membranaefaciens (one strain). The sensitivity of the method was 100% and the specificity was 90.3% at 24 h and 86.6% at 48 h of incubation. Albicans IDR plate is a new, easy-to-perform and inexpensive method for C. albicans identification, and it could be used for direct isolation and identification of this species from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lipperheide
- Departamento de Inmunología, Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Bilbao, Spain
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Coleman DC, Bennett DE, Sullivan DJ, Gallagher PJ, Henman MC, Shanley DB, Russell RJ. Oral Candida in HIV infection and AIDS: new perspectives/new approaches. Crit Rev Microbiol 1993; 19:61-82. [PMID: 8338619 DOI: 10.3109/10408419309113523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oral candidosis has become an increasingly important problem in HIV-infected individuals. At present, the small body of published literature on the characterization of the Candida strains and species found in HIV+ patients is full of confusion and contradictions. Some of these difficulties are the result of the methodological shortcomings of a number of the techniques that have been used. Examples of the problems that may be encountered on primary isolation and subculture are described and the drawbacks associated with the systems used to date for phenotyping Candida are quoted. While molecular characterization techniques would appear to offer a reliable and objective alternative, they too have their strengths and weaknesses. An attempt is made to summarize the progress that has been made recently in the detection and identification of Candida albicans and also the non-albicans species from HIV-infected individuals. What emerges is that the commensal Candida species that inhabit the oral cavities of HIV+ patients are subjected to a number of significant pressures that probably promote the selection of organisms with unusual phenotypes and genotypes. These Candida are more difficult to characterize and behave differently compared to their counterparts in HIV- individuals. It is clear that uncovering the factors that are important for the selection of treatment regimens and will be predictive of outcome will not be easy. Candida organisms are neither as benign nor as simple as once thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Coleman
- University of Dublin, Moyne Institute, Department of Microbiology, Republic of Ireland
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