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Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Salguero FJ, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Mateu E, Gómez-Laguna J, Rodríguez-Gómez IM. The scene of lung pathology during PRRSV-1 infection. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1330990. [PMID: 38566751 PMCID: PMC10985324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1330990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important infectious diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The disease was firstly reported in 1987 and became endemic in many countries. Since then, outbreaks caused by strains of high virulence have been reported several times in Asia, America and Europe. Interstitial pneumonia, microscopically characterised by thickened alveolar septa, is the hallmark lesion of PRRS. However, suppurative bronchopneumonia and proliferative and necrotising pneumonia are also observed, particularly when a virulent strain is involved. This raises the question of whether the infection by certain strains results in an overstimulation of the proinflammatory response and whether there is some degree of correlation between the strain involved and a particular pattern of lung injury. Thus, it is of interest to know how the inflammatory response is modulated in these cases due to the interplay between virus and host factors. This review provides an overview of the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular pathology of PRRSV-1 strains in the lung, emphasising the differences between strains of different virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency (UKHSA Porton Down), Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Francisco José Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enric Mateu
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Toxicology, Pathology and Immunology Group (UCO-PIG), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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A V, Kumar A, Mahala S, Chandra Janga S, Chauhan A, Mehrotra A, Kumar De A, Ranjan Sahu A, Firdous Ahmad S, Vempadapu V, Dutt T. Revelation of genetic diversity and genomic footprints of adaptation in Indian pig breeds. Gene 2024; 893:147950. [PMID: 37918549 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the genetic diversity measures among four Indian domestic breeds of pig namely Agonda Goan, Ghurrah, Ghungroo, and Nicobari, of different agro-climatic regions of country were explored and compared with European commercial breeds, European wild boar and Chinese domestic breeds. The double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) data of Indian pigs (102) and Landrace (10 animals) were generated and whole genome sequencing data of exotic pigs (60 animals) from public data repository were used in the study. The principal component analysis (PCA), admixture analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed that Indian breeds were closer in ancestry to Chinese breeds than European breeds. European breeds exhibited highest genetic diversity measures among all the considered breeds. Among Indian breeds, Agonda Goan and Ghurrah were found to be more genetically diverse than Nicobari and Ghungroo. The selection signature regions in Indian pigs were explored using iHS and XP-EHH, and during iHS analysis, it was observed that genes related to growth, reproduction, health, meat quality, sensory perception and behavior were found to be under selection pressure in Indian pig breeds. Strong selection signatures were recorded in 24.25-25.25 Mb region of SSC18, 123.25-124 Mb region of SSC15 and 118.75-119.5 Mb region of SSC2 in most of the Indian breeds upon pairwise comparison with European commercial breeds using XP-EHH. These regions were harboring some important genes such as EPHA4 for thermotolerance, TAS2R16, FEZF1, CADPS2 and PTPRZ1 for adaptability to scavenging system of rearing, TRIM36 and PGGT1B for disease resistance and CCDC112, PIAS1, FEM1B and ITGA11 for reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani A
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India.
| | - Sudarshan Mahala
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Sarath Chandra Janga
- Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Livestock Production and Management, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | | | - Arun Kumar De
- Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Amiya Ranjan Sahu
- Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa, India
| | - Sheikh Firdous Ahmad
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Varshini Vempadapu
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Triveni Dutt
- Livestock Production and Management, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, UP, India
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Pierron A, Vatzia E, Stadler M, Mair KH, Schmidt S, Stas MR, Dürlinger S, Kreutzmann H, Knecht C, Balka G, Lagler J, Zaruba M, Rümenapf T, Saalmüller A, Mayer E, Ladinig A, Gerner W. Influence of deoxynivalenol-contaminated feed on the immune response of pigs after PRRSV vaccination and infection. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1079-1089. [PMID: 36781434 PMCID: PMC10025202 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccination and infection was investigated. Forty-two weaned piglets were separated into seven groups and received three different diets: Low DON (1.09 ppm), High DON (2.81 ppm) or No DON. These three treatments were split further into either vaccinated (Ingelvac PRRSFLEX EU) and challenged with PRRSV 28 days post-vaccination, or only infected at day 28. A seventh group received no DON, no vaccination, and no infection. Two weeks after challenge infection, when pigs were euthanized, the number of IFN-γ producing lymphocytes in the blood of vaccinated animals was lower in pigs on High DON compared to animals on Low DON or No DON. Intracellular cytokine staining showed that vaccinated animals fed with the Low DON diet had higher frequencies of TNF-α/IFN-γ co-producing CD4+ T cells than the other two vaccinated groups, particularly in lung tissue. Vaccinated animals on High DON had similar viral loads in the lung as the non-vaccinated groups, but several animals of the Low DON or No DON group receiving vaccination had reduced titers. In these two groups, there was a negative correlation between lung virus titers and vaccine-specific TNF-α/IFN-γ co-producing CD4+ T cells located either in lung tissue or blood. These results indicate that after PRRSV vaccination and infection, high levels of DON negatively influence immune parameters and clearance of the virus, whereas low DON concentrations have immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Pierron
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- ENVT (National Veterinary School of Toulouse), IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Selma Schmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK
| | - Melissa R Stas
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gyula Balka
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julia Lagler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Zaruba
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Till Rümenapf
- Institute of Virology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, UK.
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Kong C, Li D, Hu Y, Gao P, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. The Genetic Variation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replicase Protein nsp2 Modulates Viral Virulence and Persistence. J Virol 2023; 97:e0168922. [PMID: 36916907 PMCID: PMC10062138 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01689-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast evolution in the field of the replicase nsp2 represents a most prominent feature of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Here, we determined its biological significance in viral pathogenesis by constructing interlineage chimeric mutants between the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain JXwn06 (lineage 8) and the low-virulent NADC30-like strain CHsx1401 (lineage 1). Replacement with nsp2 from JXwn06 was surprisingly lethal to the backbone virus CHsx1401, but combined substitution with the structural protein-coding region (SP) gave rise to viable virus CHsx1401-SPnsp2JX. Meanwhile, a derivative carrying only the SP region (CHsx1401-SPJX) served as a control. Subsequent animal experiments revealed that acquisition of SP alone (CHsx1401-SPJX) did not allow CHsx1401 to gain much virulence, but additional swapping of HP-PRRSV nsp2 (CHsx1401-SPnsp2JX) enabled CHsx1401 to acquire some properties of HP-PRRSV, exemplified by prolonged high fever, microscopic lung hemorrhage, and a significant increase in proinflammatory cytokines in the acute stage. Consistent with this was the transcriptomic analysis of persistently infected secondary lymphoid tissues that revealed a much stronger induction of host cellular immune responses in this group and identified several core immune genes (e.g., TLR4, IL-1β, MPO, etc.) regulated by HP-PRRSV nsp2. Interestingly, immune activation status in the individual groups correlated well with the rate of viremia clearance and viral tissue load reduction. Overall, the above results suggest that the Chinese HP-PRRSV nsp2 is a critical virulence regulator and highlight the importance of nsp2 genetic variation in modulating PRRSV virulence and persistence via immune modulation. IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been a major threat to the world swine industry. In the field, rapid genetic variations (e.g., deletion, mutation, recombination, etc.) within the nsp2 region present an intriguing conundrum to PRRSV biology and pathogenesis. By making chimeric mutants, here, we show that the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) nsp2 is a virulence factor and a much stronger inducer of host immune responses (e.g., inflammation) than its counterpart, currently epidemic, NADC30-like strains. Differences in the ability to modulate host immunity provide insight into the mechanisms of why NADC30-like strains and their derivatives are rising to be the dominant viruses, whereas the Chinese HP-PRRSV strains gradually give away center stage in the field. Our results have important implications in understanding PRRSV evolution, interlineage recombination, and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Kong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Ruedas-Torres I, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Carrasco L, Pallarés FJ, Larenas-Muñoz F, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Gómez-Laguna J. PRRSV-1 induced lung lesion is associated with an imbalance between costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1007523. [PMID: 36713151 PMCID: PMC9878400 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1007523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces a dysregulation on the innate and adaptive immune responses. T-cell activation requires a proper interaction and precise balance between costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules, commonly known as immune checkpoints. This study aims to evaluate the expression of immune checkpoints in lung and tracheobronchial lymph node from piglets infected with two PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence during the early stage of infection. Seventy 4-week-old piglets were grouped into three experimental groups: (i) control, (ii) 3249-infected group (low virulent strain), and (iii) Lena-infected group (virulent strain) and were euthanized at 1, 3, 6, 8, and 13 days post-infection (dpi). Lung and tracheobronchial lymph node were collected to evaluate histopathological findings, PRRSV viral load and mRNA expression of costimulatory (CD28, CD226, TNFRSF9, SELL, ICOS, and CD40) and coinhibitory (CTLA4, TIGIT, PD1/PDL1, TIM3, LAG3, and IDO1) molecules through RT-qPCR. Our findings highlight a mild increase of costimulatory molecules together with an earlier and stronger up-regulation of coinhibitory molecules in both organs from PRRSV-1-infected animals, especially in the lung from virulent Lena-infected animals. The simultaneous expression of coinhibitory immune checkpoints could work in synergy to control and limit the inflammation-induced tissue damage. Further studies should be addressed to determine the role of these molecules in later stages of PRRSV infection.
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Wang P, Ma X, Zhang R, Zhao Y, Hu R, Luo C, Zeshan B, Yang Z, Qiu L, Wang J, Liu H, Zhou Y, Wang X. The transcriptional characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSV in porcine alveolar macrophages. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1022481. [PMID: 36338035 PMCID: PMC9629508 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1022481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread and endemic circulation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) cause persistent financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. In 2017, NADC34-like PRRSV-2 emerged in northeastern China and spread rapidly. The dynamics analysis of immune perturbations associated with novel PRRSV lineage is still incomplete. This study performed a time-course transcriptome sequencing of NADC34-like PRRSV strain YC-2020-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and compared them with JXA1-infected PAMs. The results illustrated dramatic changes in the host’s differentially expressed genes (DEGs) presented at different timepoints after PRRSV infection, and the expression profile of YC-2020 group is distinct from that of JXA1 group. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the expression of many inflammatory cytokines was up-regulated following YC-2020 infection but at a significantly lower magnitude than JXA1 group, in line with the trends for most interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and their regulators. Meanwhile, numerous components of histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and phagosome presented a stronger transcription suppression after the YC-2020 infection. All results imply that YC-2020 may induce milder inflammatory responses, weaker antiviral processes, and more severe disturbance of antigen processing and presentation compared with HP-PRRSV. Additionally, LAPTM4A, GLMP, and LITAF, which were selected from weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), could significantly inhibit PRRSV proliferation. This study provides fundamental data for understanding the biological characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSV and new insights into PRRSV evolution and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Riteng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruochen Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Basit Zeshan
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haijin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yefei Zhou
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Yefei Zhou,
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Xinglong Wang,
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