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Wawra S, Kessler S, Egel A, Solzin J, Burkert O, Hochdorfer D. Hydrodynamic characterization of a vesicular stomatitis virus-based oncolytic virus using analytical ultracentrifugation. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2023; 52:379-386. [PMID: 37133524 PMCID: PMC10444643 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-023-01649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the size, density, and mass of viral particles can provide valuable information to support process and formulation studies in clinical development. Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), as a first principal method, has been shown to be a beneficial tool for the characterization of the non-enveloped adeno associated virus (AAV). Here, we demonstrate the suitability of AUC for the challenging characterization of a representative for enveloped viruses, which usually are expected to exhibit higher dispersity than non-enveloped viruses. Specifically, the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic virus VSV-GP was used to evaluate potential occurrence of non-ideal sedimentation by testing different rotor speeds and loading concentrations. The partial specific volume was determined via density gradients and density contrast experiments. Additionally, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter of VSV-GP particles to calculate their molecular weight via the Svedberg equation. Overall, this study demonstrates the applicability of AUC and NTA for the characterization of size, density, and molar mass of an enveloped virus, namely VSV-GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wawra
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Analytical Development Biologicals, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Sophia Kessler
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Viral Therapeutics Center, Biberach, Germany
| | - Arina Egel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Therapeutics GmbH, Innovation Unit, Viral Therapeutics Center, Ochsenhausen, Germany
| | - Johannes Solzin
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Viral Therapeutics Center, Biberach, Germany
| | - Oliver Burkert
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Analytical Development Biologicals, Biberach, Germany
| | - Daniel Hochdorfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Viral Therapeutics Center, Biberach, Germany
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Yadav C, Saini A, Maji PK. Energy efficient facile extraction process of cellulose nanofibres and their dimensional characterization using light scattering techniques. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:276-284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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de Rioja VL, Isern N, Fort J. A mathematical approach to virus therapy of glioblastomas. Biol Direct 2016; 11:1. [PMID: 26738889 PMCID: PMC4704393 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is widely believed that the treatment of glioblastomas (GBM) could benefit from oncolytic virus therapy. Clinical research has shown that Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) has strong oncolytic properties. In addition, mathematical models of virus treatment of tumors have been developed in recent years. Some experiments in vitro and in vivo have been done and shown promising results, but have been never compared quantitatively with mathematical models. We use in vitro data of this virus applied to glioblastoma. RESULTS We describe three increasingly realistic mathematical models for the VSV-GBM in vitro experiment with progressive incorporation of time-delay effects. For the virus dynamics, we obtain results consistent with the in vitro experimental speed data only when applying the more complex and comprehensive model, with time-delay effects both in the reactive and diffusive terms. The tumor speed is given by the minimum of a very simple function that nonetheless yields results within the experimental measured range. CONCLUSIONS We have improved a previous model with new ideas and carefully incorporated concepts from experimental results. We have shown that the delay time τ is the crucial parameter in this kind of models. We have demonstrated that our new model can satisfactorily predict the front speed for the lytic action of oncolytic VSV on glioblastoma observed in vitro. We provide a basis that can be applied in the near future to realistically simulate in vivo virus treatments of several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lopez de Rioja
- ICREA/Complex Systems Laboratory, Departament de Física, Universitat de Girona, Girona, 17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Neus Isern
- ICREA/Complex Systems Laboratory, Departament de Física, Universitat de Girona, Girona, 17071, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Joaquim Fort
- ICREA/Complex Systems Laboratory, Departament de Física, Universitat de Girona, Girona, 17071, Catalonia, Spain.
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Amor DR, Fort J. Virus infection speeds: theory versus experiment. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2010; 82:061905. [PMID: 21230688 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.061905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to explain the speed of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) infections, we develop a simple model that improves previous approaches to the propagation of virus infections. For VSV infections, we find that the delay time elapsed between the adsorption of a viral particle into a cell and the release of its progeny has a very important effect. Moreover, this delay time makes the adsorption rate essentially irrelevant in order to predict VSV infection speeds. Numerical simulations are in agreement with the analytical results. Our model satisfactorily explains the experimentally measured speeds of VSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Amor
- Complex Systems Laboratory, Departament de Física, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Abstract
The plaque assay has long served as the "gold standard" to measure virus infectivity and test antiviral drugs, but the assay is labor-intensive, lacks sensitivity, uses excessive reagents, and is hard to automate. Recent modification of the assay to exploit flow-enhanced virus spread with quantitative imaging has increased its sensitivity. Here we performed flow-enhanced infection assays in microscale channels, employing passive fluid pumping to inoculate cell monolayers with virus and drive infection spread. Our test of an antiviral drug (5-fluorouracil) against vesicular stomatitis virus infections of BHK cell monolayers yielded a two-fold improvement in sensitivity, relative to the standard assay based on plaque counting. The reduction in scale, simplified fluid handling, image-based quantification, and higher assay sensitivity will enable infection measurements for high-throughput drug screening, sero-conversion testing, and patient-specific diagnosis of viral infections.
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Haseltine EL, Lam V, Yin J, Rawlings JB. Image-guided modeling of virus growth and spread. Bull Math Biol 2008; 70:1730-48. [PMID: 18437499 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-008-9316-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Although many tools of cellular and molecular biology have been used to characterize single intracellular cycles of virus growth, few culture methods exist to study the dynamics of spatially spreading viruses over multiple generations. We have previously developed a method that addresses this need by tracking the spread of focal infections using immunocytochemical labeling and digital imaging. Here, we build reaction-diffusion models to account for spatio-temporal patterns formed by the spreading viral infection front as well as data from a single cycle of virus growth (one-step growth). Systems with and without the interferon-mediated antiviral response of the host cells are considered. Dynamic images of the spreading infections guide iterative model refinement steps that lead to reproduction of all of the salient features contained in the images, not just the velocity of the infection front. The optimal fits provide estimates for key parameters such as virus-host binding and the production rate of interferon. For the examined data, highly-lumped infection models that ignore the one-step growth dynamics provide a comparable fit to models that more accurately account for these dynamics, highlighting the fact that increased model complexity does not necessarily translate to improved fit. This work demonstrates how model building can facilitate the interpretation of experiments by highlighting contributions from both biological and methodological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Haseltine
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1607, USA
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Mass and molecular composition of vesicular stomatitis virus: a scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis. J Virol 1985; 54:598-607. [PMID: 2985822 PMCID: PMC254833 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.54.2.598-607.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy was used to perform mass analyses of purified vesicular stomatitis virions, pronase-treated virions, and nucleocapsids, leading to a complete self-consistent account of the molecular composition of vesicular stomatitis virus. The masses obtained were 265.6 +/- 13.3 megadaltons (MDa) for the native virion, 197.5 +/- 8.4 MDa for the pronase-treated virion, and 69.4 +/- 4.9 MDa for the nucleocapsid. The reduction in mass effected by pronase treatment, which corresponds to excision of the external domains (spikes) of G protein, leads to an average of 1,205 molecules of G protein per virion. The nucleocapsid mass, after compensation for the RNA (3.7 MDa) and residual amounts of other proteins, yielded a complement of 1,258 copies of N protein. Calibration of the amounts of M, NS, and L proteins relative to N protein by biochemical quantitation yielded values of 1,826, 466, and 50 molecules, respectively, per virion. Assuming that the remaining virion mass is contributed by lipids in the viral envelope, we obtained a value of 56.1 MDa for its lipid content. In addition, four different electron microscopy procedures were applied to determine the nucleocapsid length, which we conclude to be 3.5 to 3.7 micron. The nucleocapsid comprises a strand of repeating units which have a center-to-center spacing of 3.3 nm as measured along the middle of the strand. We show that these repeating units represent monomers of N protein, each of which is associated with 9 +/- 1 bases of single-stranded RNA. From scanning transmission electron microscopy images of negatively stained nucleocapsids, we inferred that N protein has a wedge-shaped, bilobed structure with dimensions of approximately 9.0 nm (length), approximately 5.0 nm (depth), and approximately 3.3 nm (width, at the midpoint of its long axis). In the coiled configuration of the in situ nucleocapsid, the long axis of N protein is directed radially, and its depth corresponds to the pitch of the nucleocapsid helix.
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Reichmann ME, Schnitzlein WM. Defective interfering particles of rhabdoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1979; 86:123-68. [PMID: 387344 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-67341-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Kharitonenkov IG, Siniakov MS, Grigoriev VB, Arefiev IM, Eskov AP, Klimontovich AV. The length of the influenza virus spikes measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 1978; 96:120-4. [PMID: 729777 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(78)81075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Ball LA, White CN. Coupled transcription and translation in mammalian and avian cell-free systems. Virology 1978; 84:479-95. [PMID: 203097 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dobos P, Hallett R, Kells DT, Sorensen O, Rowe D. Biophysical studies of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. J Virol 1977; 22:150-9. [PMID: 558343 PMCID: PMC515695 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.22.1.150-159.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular weight of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) has been determined by analytical ultracentrifugation and dynamic light scattering. The sedimentation coefficient of the virus was found to be 435S. The average value for molecular weight is (55 +/- 7) x 106. The virus genome consists of two segments of double-stranded RNA (molecular weights, 2.5 x 106 and 2.3 x 106), which represents 8.7% of the virion mass. The capsid protein moiety of IPNV consists of four species of polypeptides, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The number of molecules of each polypeptide in the virion has been determined. There are 22 molecules of the internal polypeptide alpha (molecular weight, 90,000), 544 molecules of the outer capsid polypeptide beta (molecular weight, 57,000), and 550 and 122 molecules, respectively, of the internal polypeptides gamma1 (molecular weight, 29,000) and gamma2 (molecular weight, 27,000). IPNV top component contains only the beta polypeptide species, and its molecular weight is estimated to be 31 x 106. The hydrodynamic diameter and electron microscopic diameter (calculated by catalase crystal-calibrated electron microscopy) of IPNV was compared with those of reovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus. Due to the swelling of the outer capsid, reovirus particles were found to be much larger when hydrated (96-nm diameter) than when dehydrated (76-nm diameter), having a large water content content and low average density. In contrast, IPNV particles are more rigid, having nearly the same average diameter under hydrous (64 nm) as under anhydrous conditions (59.3 nm). Encephalomyocarditis virus has a very low water content and does not shrink at all when prepared for electron microscopy.
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Breindl M, Holland JJ. Studies on the in vitro transcription and translation of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA. Virology 1976; 73:106-18. [PMID: 183350 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Schnitzlein WM, Reichmann ME. The size and the cistronic origin of defective vesicular stomatitis virus particle RNAs in relation to homotypic and heterotypic interference. J Mol Biol 1976; 101:307-25. [PMID: 176367 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Salmeen I, Rimai L, Luftig RB, Libes L, Retzel E, Rich M, McCormick JJ. Hydrodynamic diameters of murine mammary, Rous sarcoma, and feline leukemia RNA tumor viruses: studies by laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy and electron microscopy. J Virol 1976; 17:584-96. [PMID: 176431 PMCID: PMC515449 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.17.2.584-596.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied purified preparations of murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV; Prague strain), and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) by laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy, ultra-centrifugation, and electron microscopy. The laser beat frequency light-scattering spectroscopy measurements yield the light-scattering intensity, weighted diffusion coefficients. The corresponding average hydrodynamic diameters, as calculated from the diffusion coefficients by the Stokes-Einstein equation for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: 144 +/- 6 nm, 147 +/- 7 nm, and 168 +/- 6 nm. Portions of the purified RSV and MuMTV preparations, from which light-scattering samples were obtained, and portions of the actual FeLV light-scattering samples were examined by negatively stained, catalase crystal-calibrated electron microscopy. The light-scattering intensity weighted averages of the electron micrograph size distributions were calculated by weighing each size by its theoretical relative scattering intensity, as obtained from published tables computed according to the Mie scattering theory. These averages and the experimentally observed hydrodynamic diameters agreed to within +/- 5%, which is the combined experimental error in the electron microscopic and light-scattering techniques. We conclude that the size distributions of singlet particles observed in the electron micrographs are statistically true representations of the sedimentation-purified solution size distributions. The sedimentation coefficients (S20, w) for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: 595 +/- 29S, 689 +/- 35S, and 880 +/- 44S. Virus partial specific volumes were taken as the reciprocals of the buoyant densities, determined in sucrose density gradients. The Svedberg equation was used to calculate particle weights from the measured diffusion and sedimentation coefficients. The particle weights for MuMTV, RSV, and FeLV, respectively, are: (3.17 +/- 0.32) x 10(8), (4.17 +/- 0.42) x 10(8), and (5.50 +/- 0.55) x 10(8) daltons.
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Hartford SL, Lesnaw JA, Flygare WH, MacLeod R, Reichmann ME. Physical properties of New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus and its defective particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1975; 72:1202-5. [PMID: 165488 PMCID: PMC432495 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.72.3.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild-type New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus generated two types of defective interfering T-particles. The physical properties of these particles and the wild-type virion were determined by laser light scattering spectroscopy, sedimentation measurements, and electron microscopy.
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Bellamy AR, Gillies SC, Harvey JD. Molecular weight of two oncornavirus genomes: derivation from particle molecular weights and RNA content. J Virol 1974; 14:1388-93. [PMID: 4372402 PMCID: PMC355666 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.6.1388-1393.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedimentation analysis and intensity fluctuation spectroscopy have been used in conjunction with the Svedberg equation to determine the particle molecular weights of Rous sarcoma virus (Prague strain) and avian myeloblastosis virus (BAI strain). The molecular weights of these two viruses are (294 +/- 20) x 10(6) and (256 +/- 18) x 10(6), respectively. Values for the molecular weight of the RNA contained in each particle have been calculated as (5.58 +/- 0.5) x 10(6) and (5.88 +/- 0.5) x 10(6). Since the proportion of the viral RNA represented by 4 to 7S low-molecular-weight material is known, the molecular weight of the 60 to 70S genomes may be calculated to lie in the range (3.8 +/- 0.3 to 4.8 +/- 0.4) x 10(6) for both particles. These estimates for the molecular weight of the 60 to 70S genome are much lower than previous estimates and fall within the range of current estimates of the size of a single 35S subunit. The implications of this finding are discussed in terms of current theories for the structure of the genome of RNA tumor viruses.
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