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Sastre-Garau X, Estrada-Virrueta L, Radvanyi F. HPV DNA Integration at Actionable Cancer-Related Genes Loci in HPV-Associated Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1584. [PMID: 38672666 PMCID: PMC11048798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In HPV-associated carcinomas, some examples of cancer-related genes altered by viral insertion and corresponding to potential therapeutic targets have been described, but no quantitative assessment of these events, including poorly recurrent targets, has been reported to date. To document these occurrences, we built and analyzed a database comprised of 1455 cases, including HPV genotypes and tumor localizations. Host DNA sequences targeted by viral integration were classified as "non-recurrent" (one single reported case; 838 loci), "weakly recurrent" (two reported cases; 82 loci), and highly recurrent (≥3 cases; 43 loci). Whereas the overall rate of cancer-related target genes was 3.3% in the Gencode database, this rate increased to 6.5% in "non-recurrent", 11.4% in "weakly recurrent", and 40.1% in "highly recurrent" genes targeted by integration (p = 4.9 × 10-4). This rate was also significantly higher in tumors associated with high-risk HPV16/18/45 than other genotypes. Among the genes targeted by HPV insertion, 30.2% corresponded to direct or indirect druggable targets, a rate rising to 50% in "highly recurrent" targets. Using data from the literature and the DepMap 23Q4 release database, we found that genes targeted by viral insertion could be new candidates potentially involved in HPV-associated oncogenesis. A more systematic characterization of HPV/host fusion DNA sequences in HPV-associated cancers should provide a better knowledge of HPV-driven carcinogenesis and favor the development of personalize patient treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Sastre-Garau
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, 40, Avenue de Verdun, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Lilia Estrada-Virrueta
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France; (L.E.-V.); (F.R.)
| | - François Radvanyi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France; (L.E.-V.); (F.R.)
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2
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Tabatabaeian H, Bai Y, Huang R, Chaurasia A, Darido C. Navigating therapeutic strategies: HPV classification in head and neck cancer. Br J Cancer 2024:10.1038/s41416-024-02655-1. [PMID: 38643337 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation recognised human papillomavirus (HPV) as the cause of multiple cancers, including head and neck cancers. HPV is a double-stranded DNA virus, and its viral gene expression can be controlled after infection by cellular and viral promoters. In cancer cells, the HPV genome is detected as either integrated into the host genome, episomal (extrachromosomal), or a mixture of integrated and episomal. Viral integration requires the breakage of both viral and host DNA, and the integration rate correlates with the level of DNA damage. Interestingly, patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancers generally have a good prognosis except for a group of patients with fully integrated HPV who show worst clinical outcomes. Those patients present with lowered expression of viral genes and limited infiltration of cytotoxic T cells. An impediment to effective therapy applications in the clinic is the sole testing for HPV positivity without considering the HPV integration status. This review will discuss HPV integration as a potential determinant of response to therapies in head and neck cancers and highlight to the field a novel therapeutic avenue that would reduce the cancer burden and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuchen Bai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruihong Huang
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Akhilanand Chaurasia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Charbel Darido
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Santegoets SJ, Stolk A, Welters MJP, van der Burg SH. The combined HPV16-E2/E6/E7 T cell response in oropharyngeal cancer predicts superior survival. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101262. [PMID: 37924817 PMCID: PMC10694628 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating HPV16-E2-specific CD8+ T cells have been detected in HPV16-induced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). Whether intratumoral CD4+ T cells target HPV16 E2 and if HPV16-E2-specific immunity contributes to better clinical outcome is unknown. In a prospective HPV16+ OPSCC cohort, we regularly detect HPV16-E2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ intratumoral T cells, albeit at lower frequencies than the co-infiltrating HPV16-E6/E7-specific T cells. These HPV16-reactive T cells produce multiple cytokines when activated, indicating their polyfunctionality. Importantly, their combined intratumoral presence predicts superior survival, emphasizing the value of HPV16-E2-specific T cells in anti-tumor immunity and suggests its use as a target antigen for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J Santegoets
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Stolk
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Monod A, Koch C, Jindra C, Haspeslagh M, Howald D, Wenker C, Gerber V, Rottenberg S, Hahn K. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeting of BPV-1-Transformed Primary Equine Sarcoid Fibroblasts. Viruses 2023; 15:1942. [PMID: 37766348 PMCID: PMC10536948 DOI: 10.3390/v15091942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine sarcoids (EqS) are fibroblast-derived skin tumors associated with bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2 (BPV-1 and -2). Based on Southern blotting, the BPV-1 genome was not found to be integrated in the host cell genome, suggesting that EqS pathogenesis does not result from insertional mutagenesis. Hence, CRISPR/Cas9 implies an interesting tool for selectively targeting BPV-1 episomes or genetically anchored suspected host factors. To address this in a proof-of-concept study, we confirmed the exclusive episomal persistence of BPV-1 in EqS using targeted locus amplification (TLA). To investigate the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of BPV-1 episomes, primary equine fibroblast cultures were established and characterized. In the EqS fibroblast cultures, CRISPR-mediated targeting of the episomal E5 and E6 oncogenes as well as the BPV-1 long control region was successful and resulted in a pronounced reduction of the BPV-1 load. Moreover, the deletion of the equine Vimentin (VIM), which is highly expressed in EqS, considerably decreased the number of BPV-1 episomes. Our results suggest CRISPR/Cas9-based gene targeting may serve as a tool to help further unravel the biology of EqS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Monod
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.)
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Christoph Koch
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.)
| | - Christoph Jindra
- Research Group Oncology, University Equine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Maarten Haspeslagh
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anesthesiology and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Denise Howald
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | | | - Vinzenz Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland; (A.M.)
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland (S.R.)
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Seaman WT, Saladyanant T, Madden V, Webster-Cyriaque J. Differentiated Oral Epithelial Cells Support the HPV Life Cycle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.08.531611. [PMID: 36945381 PMCID: PMC10028893 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) associated oral disease continues to increase, both in the context of immune competence and of immune suppression. There are few models of oral HPV infection and current models are laborious. We hypothesized that differentiated oral epithelial cells could support the HPV life cycle. Clinical HPV16 cloned episomes were introduced into differentiated oral epithelial cells (OKF6tert1). Viral and cellular gene expression was assessed in the presence or absence of sodium butyrate, a differentiating agent that moved the cells to full terminal differentiation. Detection of keratin 10, cross-linked involucrin, and loricrin in the presence and absence of sodium butyrate confirmed terminal differentiation. Increasing sodium butyrate concentrations in the absence of HPV, were associated with decreased suprabasal markers and increased terminal differentiation markers. However, in the presence of HPV and of increasing sodium butyrate concentrations, both mitotic and suprabasal markers were increased and the terminal differentiation marker, loricrin, decreased. In this unique differentiated state, early and late viral gene products were detected including spliced mRNAs for E6*, E1^E4, and L1. E7 and L1 proteins were detected. The ratio of late (E1^E4) to early (E6/E7) transcripts in HPV16+ OKF6tert1 cells was distinct compared to HPV16+ C33a cells. Consistent with permissive HPV replication, DNA damage responses (phospho-chk2, gamma-H2AX), HPV E2-dependent LCR transactivation, and DNase-resistant particles were detected and visualized by transmission electron microscopy. In sum, monolayers of differentiated immortalized oral epithelial cells supported the full HPV life cycle. HPV may optimize the differentiation state of oral epithelial cells to facilitate its replication.
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Human Papillomavirus 16 E2 Interaction with TopBP1 Is Required for E2 and Viral Genome Stability during the Viral Life Cycle. J Virol 2023; 97:e0006323. [PMID: 36840558 PMCID: PMC10062148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00063-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CK2 phosphorylation of HPV16 E2 at serine 23 promotes interaction with TopBP1, and this interaction is important for E2 plasmid segregation function. Here, we demonstrate that the E2-TopBP1 interaction is critical for E2 and viral genome stability during the viral life cycle. Introduction of the S23A mutation into the HPV16 genome results in a loss of E2 expression and viral genome integration during organotypic rafting. Coculture of N/Tert-1+E2-S23A cells with J2 fibroblasts results in E2-S23A degradation via the proteasome; wild-type E2 is not degraded. TopBP1 siRNA treatment of N/Tert-1+E2-WT cells results in E2 degradation only in the presence of J2 cells demonstrating the critical role for TopBP1 in maintaining E2 stability. The CK2 inhibitor CX4945 promotes E2-WT degradation in the presence of fibroblasts as it disrupts E2-TopBP1 interaction. siRNA targeting SIRT1 rescues E2-S23A stability in N/Tert-1 cells treated with J2 fibroblasts, with an increased E2-S23A acetylation. The results demonstrate that the E2-TopBP1 interaction is critical during the viral life cycle as it prevents fibroblast stimulated SIRT1 mediated deacetylation of E2 that promotes protein degradation. This means that the E2-TopBP1 complex maintains E2 and viral genome stability and that disruption of this complex can promote viral genome integration. Finally, we demonstrate that HPV11 E2 also interacts with TopBP1 and that this interaction is critical for HPV11 E2 stability in the presence of J2 cells. Treatment of N/Tert-1 + 11E2-WT cells with CX4945 results in 11E2 degradation. Therefore, CK2 inhibition is a therapeutic strategy for alleviating HPV11 diseases, including juvenile respiratory papillomatosis. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses are pathogens that cause a host of diseases ranging from benign warts to cancers. There are no therapeutics available for combating these diseases that directly target viral proteins or processes; therefore, we must enhance our understanding of HPV life cycles to assist with identifying novel treatments. In this report, we demonstrate that HPV16 and HPV11 E2 protein expression is dependent upon TopBP1 interaction in keratinocytes interacting with fibroblasts, which recapitulate stromal interactions in culture. The degradation of 16E2 promotes HPV16 genome integration; therefore, the E2-TopBP1 interaction is critical during the viral life cycle. We demonstrate that the CK2 inhibitor CX4945 disrupts HPV11 interaction with TopBP1 and destabilizes HPV11 E2 protein in the presence of J2 fibroblasts; we propose that CX4945 could alleviate HPV11 disease burden.
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7
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An in vitro carcinogenesis model for cervical cancer harboring episomal form of HPV16. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281069. [PMID: 36763589 PMCID: PMC9916646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of viral E6 and E7 genes often caused by viral genome integration of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) into host DNA and additional host genetic alterations are thought to be required for the development of cervical cancer. However, approximately 15% of invasive cervical cancer specimens contain only episomal HPV genomes. In this study, we investigated the tumorigenic potential of human cervical keratinocytes harboring only the episomal form of HPV16 (HCK1T/16epi). We found that the HPV16 episomal form is sufficient for promoting cell proliferation and colony formation of parental HCK1T cells. Ectopic expression of host oncogenes, MYC and PIK3CAE545K, enhanced clonogenic growth of both early- and late-passage HCK1T/16epi cells, but conferred tumor-initiating ability only to late-passage HCK1T/16epi cells. Interestingly, the expression levels of E6 and E7 were rather lower in late-passage than in early-passage cells. Moreover, additional introduction of a constitutively active MEK1 (MEK1DD) and/or KRASG12V into HCK1T/16epi cells resulted in generation of highly potent tumor-initiating cells. Thus an in vitro model for progression of cervical neoplasia with episomal HPV16 was established. In the model, constitutively active mutation of PIK3CA, PIK3CAE545K, and overexpression of MYC, in the cells with episomal HPV16 genome were not sufficient, but an additional event such as activation of the RAS-MEK pathway was required for progression to tumorigenicity.
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8
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Prabhakar AT, James CD, Fontan CT, Otoa R, Wang X, Bristol ML, Hill RD, Dubey A, Morgan IM. Human papillomavirus 16 E2 interaction with TopBP1 is required for E2 and viral genome stability during the viral life cycle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523702. [PMID: 36712128 PMCID: PMC9882167 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CK2 phosphorylation of HPV16 E2 at serine 23 promotes interaction with TopBP1, and this interaction is important for E2 plasmid segregation function. Here we demonstrate that the E2-TopBP1 interaction is critical for E2 and viral genome stability during the viral life cycle. Introduction of the S23A mutation into the HPV16 genome results in a loss of E2 expression and viral genome integration during organotypic rafting. Co-culture of N/Tert-1+E2-S23A cells with J2 fibroblasts results in E2-S23A degradation via the proteasome, wild-type E2 is not degraded. TopBP1 siRNA treatment of N/Tert-1+E2-WT cells results in E2 degradation only in the presence of J2 cells demonstrating the critical role for TopBP1 in maintaining E2 stability. The CK2 inhibitor CX4945 promotes E2-WT degradation in the presence of fibroblasts as it disrupts E2-TopBP1 interaction. siRNA targeting SIRT1 rescues E2-S23A stability in N/Tert-1 cells treated with J2 fibroblasts, with an increased E2-S23A acetylation. The results demonstrate that the E2-TopBP1 interaction is critical during the viral life cycle as it prevents fibroblast stimulated SIRT1 mediated deacetylation of E2 that promotes protein degradation. This means that the E2-TopBP1 complex maintains E2 and viral genome stability and that disruption of this complex can promote viral genome integration. Finally, we demonstrate that HPV11 E2 also interacts with TopBP1 and that this interaction is critical for HPV11 E2 stability in the presence of J2 cells. Treatment of N/Tert-1+11E2-WT cells with CX4945 results in 11E2 degradation. Therefore, CK2 inhibition is a therapeutic strategy for alleviating HPV11 diseases, including juvenile respiratory papillomatosis. Importance Human papillomaviruses are pathogens that cause a host of diseases ranging from benign warts to cancers. There are no therapeutics available for combating these diseases that directly target viral proteins or processes, therefore we must enhance our understanding of HPV life cycles to assist with identifying novel treatments. In this report, we demonstrate that HPV16 and HPV11 E2 protein expression is dependent upon TopBP1 interaction in keratinocytes interacting with fibroblasts, which recapitulate stromal interactions in culture. The degradation of 16E2 promotes HPV16 genome integration, therefore the E2-TopBP1 interaction is critical during the viral life cycle. We demonstrate that the CK2 inhibitor CX4945 disrupts HPV11 interaction with TopBP1 and destabilizes HPV11 E2 protein in the presence of J2 fibroblasts; we propose that CX4945 could alleviate HPV11 disease burden.
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Palaoro LA, Blanco AM, Giongrande JC. Configuration of the surfaces of epithelial cells infected by human papillomavirus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CANCEROLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.1999v45n1.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types were investigated hy iri situ hybridization (ISH) in biopsiesfroin J8patients with diverse pathologies ofcervix uteri (7 condylomas, 1 CINI +HPV, 3 CIN II, 4 CIN II + HPV and 3 CIN III). Cervical sniears ofthe same patients were processed by Scanning Electron Mycroscopy (SEM) in order to study the configuration of sitrfaces ofcells infected hy different HPV types. Seven condylomas, I CIN I + HPV, 3 CIN II and 3 CIN II + HPV showed alinost identical surface configurations to those of normal cells (short, thin, homogeneous microvi lli o r typicai microridgesj. This group presented low, moderate and high risk HPV types in a episomal form, while I CINII + HPV and3 CINIII with integratedHPV 16/]8 exfoliatedcells covered with gross microvilli, with variahle length and uneven distribution, oran amorphous surface. The presence of HPV 16/18 cannot be sufficient for the development of an anormal configuration, hut the integrated State ofthis viral type coiild he related to the morphological changes in cellular surface morphology. The results of this paper underline the importance of viral integration in the genesis of cervical carcinoma.
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Direct Comparison of HPV16 Viral Genomic Integration, Copy Loss, and Structural Variants in Oropharyngeal and Uterine Cervical Cancers Reveal Distinct Relationships to E2 Disruption and Somatic Alteration. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184488. [PMID: 36139648 PMCID: PMC9496734 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx caused by HPV type 16 (HPV16+ OPSCC) is the most common HPV-associated malignancy in the USA and has many molecular differences from uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (UCSCC). Our understanding of HPV oncogenesis relied on studies of UCSCC revealing a consensus model reliant on HPV integration with a loss of E2. Here, we compare patterns of HPV integration in UCSCC and OPSCC by analysis of affinity capture sequencing of the HPV16 genome in 104 OPSCC and 44 UCSCC tumors. These cohorts were contemporaneously sequenced using an identical strategy. Integration was identified using discordant read pair clustering and assembly-based approaches. Viral integration sites, structural variants, and copy losses were examined. While large-scale deep losses of HPV16 genes were common in UCSCC and were associated with E2 loss, deep copy losses of the HPV16 genome were infrequent in HPV16+ OPSCC. Similarly, structural variants within HPV16 favored E2 loss in UCSCC but not OPSCC. HPV16 integration sites were non-random, with recurrent integration hot-spots identified. OPSCC tumors had many more integration sites per tumor when compared to UCSCC and had more integration sites in genomic regions with high gene density. These data show that viral integration and E2 disruption are distinct in UCSCC and OPSCC. Our findings also add to growing literature suggesting that HPV tumorigenesis in OPSCC does not follow the model developed based on UCSCC.
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Pathological Similarities in the Development of Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer in Humans, Dogs, and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182390. [PMID: 36139250 PMCID: PMC9495210 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Papillomavirus (PV) infection affects many species, including humans and domestic animals, such as dogs and cats. Some of these infections involve the development of cancer due to the presence of PV. There are similarities in the pathology of these three PV-associated cancers, which may provide crucial insights into cancer development in these species, extrapolating both markers and possible treatment in the three species. For example, the oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are the main causes of the development of cancer associated with PV, and the possible therapies associated with the blockage or reduction of these oncoproteins can be of great benefit for the reduction and/or elimination of cancer associated with PV. Thus, our review focuses on the similarities in the context of pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancers associated with PV. We review the main biomarkers, E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins, and their overexpression in Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus and their association with the development of cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss that a potential treatment for PV-related cancer is the reduction or blocking of these oncoproteins. Abstract Canis familiaris, Felis catus, and human papillomavirus are nonenveloped viruses that share similarities in the initiation and development of cancer. For instance, the three species overexpress the oncoproteins E6 and E7, and Canis familiaris and human papillomavirus overexpress the E5 oncoprotein. These similarities in the pathophysiology of cancer among the three species are beneficial for treating cancer in dogs, cats, and humans. To our knowledge, this topic has not been reviewed so far. This review focuses on the information on cancer research in cats and dogs comparable to that being conducted in humans in the context of comparative pathology and biomarkers in canine, feline, and human cancer. We also focus on the possible benefit of treatment associated with the E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins for cancer in dogs, cats, and humans.
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Katerji M, Bertucci A, Filippov V, Vazquez M, Chen X, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. Proton-induced DNA damage promotes integration of foreign plasmid DNA into human genome. Front Oncol 2022; 12:928545. [PMID: 36119491 PMCID: PMC9478911 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.928545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause virtually all cervical cancer cases and are also associated with other types of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Normally, HPV exists as a circular episomal DNA in the infected cell. However, in some instances, it integrates into the human genome in such a way as to enable increased expression of viral oncogenes, thereby leading to carcinogenesis. Since viral integration requires breaks in both viral and human genomes, DNA damage likely plays a key role in this critical process. One potentially significant source of DNA damage is exposure to elevated doses of ionizing radiation. Natural background radiation is ubiquitous; however, some populations, including radiological workers, radiotherapy patients, and astronauts, are exposed to significantly higher radiation doses, as well as to different types of radiation such as particle radiation. We hypothesize that ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage facilitates the integration of HPV into the human genome, increasing the risk of developing HPV-related cancers in the exposed population. To test this, we first determined the kinetics of DNA damage in keratinocytes exposed to ionizing radiation (protons) by assessing γ-H2AX foci formation using immunofluorescence (direct damage), and also measured ROS and 8-oxoG levels via DCFDA and Avidin-FITC (indirect damage).As anticipated, direct DNA damage was observed promptly, within 30 min, whereas indirect DNA damage was delayed due to the time required for ROS to accumulate and cause oxidative damage. Although radiation was lethal at high doses, we were able to establish an experimental system where radiation exposure (protons and X-rays) induced DNA damage dose-dependently without causing major cytotoxic effects as assessed by several cytotoxicity assays. Most importantly, we explored the impact of radiation exposure on integration frequency using a clonogenic assay and demonstrated that as predicted, proton-induced DNA damage promotes the integration of HPV-like foreign DNA in oral keratinocytes. Overall, the insights gained from this work enable us to better understand the contribution of radiation exposure and DNA damage to HPV-mediated carcinogenesis and direct us toward strategies aimed at preventing malignancies in HPV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghri Katerji
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Antonella Bertucci
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Marcelo Vazquez
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Penelope J. Duerksen-Hughes,
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13
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Assessing the Cervicovaginal Microbiota in the Context of hrHPV Infections: Temporal Dynamics and Therapeutic Strategies. mBio 2022; 13:e0161922. [PMID: 35980030 PMCID: PMC9600249 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01619-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third leading cause of female cancers globally, resulting in more than 300,000 deaths every year. The majority of all cervical cancers are caused by persistent infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (hrHPV) that can progress to cancer via a series of premalignant lesions. Most women, however, clear this infection within a year, concomitant with disease regression. Both hrHPV clearance and disease regression have been associated with the composition of the cervicovaginal microenvironment, which is defined by the host immune system and the cervicovaginal microbiome (CVM). A healthy microbiome is generally characterized by a high abundance of Lactobacillus species, and a change in the composition may cause bacterial vaginosis (BV), which is associated with an increased susceptibility to persistent hrHPV infections and disease. In this review, the composition of the CVM is discussed, with emphasis on the possible causes that drive changes in the cervicovaginal microbiota in relation to hrHPV infections, disease progression, and disease regression. The literature search focused on the composition of the CVM and its correlation with hrHPV infections and neoplastic lesions as well as the current efforts to adjust the microbiome against adverse viral outcomes.
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The Diagnostic Value of Circulating Cell-Free HPV DNA in Plasma from Cervical Cancer Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142170. [PMID: 35883612 PMCID: PMC9315636 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating cell-free HPV DNA (ccfHPV DNA) may serve as a marker for cervical cancer. In this study, we used digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) to detect and quantify ccfHPV DNA in plasma from patients with HPV16- or HPV18-associated cervical cancer. Blood samples from 60 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer (FIGO IA1-IVA) at Aarhus or Odense University Hospital (June 2018 to March 2020) were collected prior to treatment, and patients were subdivided into an early stage (n = 30) and a late-stage subgroup (n = 30) according to disease stage. Furthermore, blood samples from eight women with HPV16- or 18-associated premalignant conditions (CIN3), and 15 healthy controls were collected. ddPCR was used to analyze plasma from all participants. ccfHPV DNA was detected in 19 late-stage patients (63.33%), 3 early stage patients (10.00%), and none of the CIN3 patients or controls. Quantitative evaluation showed significant correlations between ccfHPV DNA level and stage, tumor score, and tumor size. Thus, our results indicate that ccfHPV DNA may not be a useful marker for early detection of cervical cancer. However, for patients with advanced stage cervical cancer, ccfHPV DNA level represents a promising tool to establish tumor burden, making it useful for establishing treatment response and monitoring the disease.
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15
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Li CL, Yeh SH, Chen PJ. Circulating Virus–Host Chimera DNAs in the Clinical Monitoring of Virus-Related Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102531. [PMID: 35626135 PMCID: PMC9139492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA), the DNA released into circulation from tumors, is a promising tumor marker with versatile applications. The associations of the amount, somatic mutation frequency, and epigenetic modifications of ctDNA with the tumor burden, tumor behavior, and prognosis have been widely investigated in different types of tumors. However, there are still some challenging issues to be resolved before ctDNA can complement or even replace current serum tumor markers. We propose employing exogenous viral DNA integration that produces unique virus–host chimera DNA (vh-DNA) at junction sites. Cell-free vh-DNA may become a new biomarker because it overcomes background interference detection problems, takes advantage of virus tropism to localize the tumor, and acts as a universal marker for monitoring clonal expansion or tumor loads in tumors related to oncogenic viruses. Abstract The idea of using tumor-specific cell-free DNA (ctDNA) as a tumor biomarker has been widely tested and validated in various types of human cancers and different clinical settings. ctDNA can reflect the presence or size of tumors in a real-time manner and can enable longitudinal monitoring with minimal invasiveness, allowing it to be applied in treatment response assessment and recurrence monitoring for cancer therapies. However, tumor detection by ctDNA remains a great challenge due to the difficulty in enriching ctDNA from a large amount of homologous non-tumor cell-free DNA (cfDNA). Only ctDNA with nonhuman sequences (or rearrangements) can be selected from the background of cfDNA from nontumor DNAs. This is possible for several virus-related cancers, such as hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related HCC or human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical or head and neck cancers, which frequently harbor randomly integrated viral DNA. The junction fragments of the integrations, namely virus–host chimera DNA (vh-DNA), can represent the signatures of individual tumors and are released into the blood. Such ctDNA can be enriched by capture with virus-specific probes and therefore exploited as a circulating biomarker to track virus-related cancers in clinical settings. Here, we review virus integrations in virus-related cancers to evaluate the feasibility of vh-DNA as a cell-free tumor marker and update studies on the development of detection and applications. vh-DNA may be a solution to the development of specific markers to manage virus-related cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Ling Li
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Shiou-Hwei Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Center for Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-H.Y.); (P.-J.C.)
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-H.Y.); (P.-J.C.)
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16
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Burmeister CA, Khan SF, Schäfer G, Mbatani N, Adams T, Moodley J, Prince S. Cervical cancer therapies: current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 13:200238. [PMID: 35460940 PMCID: PMC9062473 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female cancer worldwide and results in over 300 000 deaths globally. The causative agent of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk subtypes of the human papillomavirus and the E5, E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins cooperate with host factors to induce and maintain the malignant phenotype. Cervical cancer is a largely preventable disease and early-stage detection is associated with significantly improved survival rates. Indeed, in high-income countries with established vaccination and screening programs it is a rare disease. However, the disease is a killer for women in low- and middle-income countries who, due to limited resources, often present with advanced and untreatable disease. Treatment options include surgical interventions, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy either alone or in combination. This review describes the initiation and progression of cervical cancer and discusses in depth the advantages and challenges faced by current cervical cancer therapies, followed by a discussion of promising and efficacious new therapies to treat cervical cancer including immunotherapies, targeted therapies, combination therapies, and genetic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly A Burmeister
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Saif F Khan
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa; Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Nomonde Mbatani
- South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Cape Town,Observatory. Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tracey Adams
- South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Faculty of Health Sciences. University of Cape Town,Observatory. Cape Town, South Africa; UCT Global Surgery, Department of Surgery, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Moodley
- Women's Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape, Town, South Africa; Cancer Research Initiative, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape, Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Gynaecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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17
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Purzycka-Bohdan D, Nowicki RJ, Herms F, Casanova JL, Fouéré S, Béziat V. The Pathogenesis of Giant Condyloma Acuminatum (Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor): An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4547. [PMID: 35562936 PMCID: PMC9100137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant condyloma acuminatum, also known as Buschke-Lowenstein tumor (BLT), is a rare disease of the anogenital region. BLT is considered a locally aggressive tumor of benign histological appearance, but with the potential for destructive growth and high recurrence rates. BLT development is strongly associated with infection with low-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), mostly HPV-6 and -11. Immunity to HPVs plays a crucial role in the natural control of various HPV-induced lesions. Large condyloma acuminata are frequently reported in patients with primary (e.g., DOCK8 or SPINK5 deficiencies) and secondary (e.g., AIDS, solid organ transplantation) immune defects. Individuals with extensive anogenital warts, including BLT in particular, should therefore be tested for inherited or acquired immunodeficiency. Research into the genetic basis of unexplained cases is warranted. An understanding of the etiology of BLT would lead to improvements in its management. This review focuses on the role of underlying HPV infections, and human genetic and immunological determinants of BLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Purzycka-Bohdan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Roman J. Nowicki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Florian Herms
- Department of Dermatology, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Université de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; (F.H.); (S.F.)
- Centre for Genital and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France;
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
- Department of Pediatrics, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sébastien Fouéré
- Department of Dermatology, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, Université de Paris, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; (F.H.); (S.F.)
- Centre for Genital and Sexually Transmitted Diseases, APHP, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR-1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France;
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Imagine Institute, University of Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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18
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Haręża DA, Wilczyński JR, Paradowska E. Human Papillomaviruses as Infectious Agents in Gynecological Cancers―Oncogenic Properties of Viral Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031818. [PMID: 35163748 PMCID: PMC8836588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which belong to the Papillomaviridae family, constitute a group of small nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. HPV has a small genome that only encodes a few proteins, and it is also responsible for 5% of all human cancers, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types may be classified as high- and low-risk genotypes (HR-HPVs and LR-HPVs, respectively) according to their oncogenic potential. HR-HPV 16 and 18 are the most common types worldwide and are the primary types that are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which interfere with critical cell cycle points such as suppressive tumor protein p53 (p53) and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), is the major contributor to HPV-induced neoplastic initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In addition, the E5 protein might also play a significant role in tumorigenesis. The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers is still not fully understood, which indicates a wide spectrum of potential research areas. This review focuses on HPV biology, the distribution of HPVs in gynecological cancers, the properties of viral oncoproteins, and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Haręża
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek R. Wilczyński
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-272-3629; Fax: +48-42-272-3630
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19
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Virus against virus: strategies for using adenovirus vectors in the treatment of HPV-induced cervical cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1981-1990. [PMID: 33633364 PMCID: PMC8633276 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are harmless, persistent infection with high-risk types of HPV is known to be the leading cause of cervical cancer. Following the infection of the epithelium and integration into the host genome, the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 disrupt cell cycle control by inducing p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) degradation. Despite the FDA approval of prophylactic vaccines, there are still issues with cervical cancer treatment; thus, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to date. Due to strong immunogenicity, a high capacity for packaging foreign DNA, safety, and the ability to infect a myriad of cells, adenoviruses have drawn attention of researchers. Adenovirus vectors have been used for different purposes, including as oncolytic agents to kill cancer cells, carrier for RNA interference to block oncoproteins expression, vaccines for eliciting immune responses, especially in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and gene therapy vehicles for restoring p53 and Rb function.
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20
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in human papillomavirus-related cancers. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2308. [PMID: 34694662 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is a necessary cause for the development of cervical cancer. Moreover, HR-HPV is also associated with cancers in the anus, vagina, vulva, penis and oropharynx. HR-HPVs target and modify the function of different cell biomolecules, such as glucose, amino acids, lipids and transcription factors (TF), such as p53, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), among others. The latter is a master TF that maintains redox homeostasis. Nrf2 also induces the transcription of genes associated with cell detoxification. Since both processes are critical for cell physiology, Nrf2 deregulation is associated with cancer development. Nrf2 is a crucial molecule in HPV-related cancer development but underexplored. Moreover, Nrf2 activation is also associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in these cancers. This review focusses on the importance of Nrf2 during HPV-related cancer development, resistance to therapy and potential therapies associated with Nrf2 as a molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departmento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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21
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Basukala O, Banks L. The Not-So-Good, the Bad and the Ugly: HPV E5, E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in the Orchestration of Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2021; 13:1892. [PMID: 34696321 PMCID: PMC8541208 DOI: 10.3390/v13101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with HPV starts with the access of the viral particles to basal cells in the epidermis, potentially via microtraumas to the skin. The basal cells are able to keep away these pathogens in normal circumstances through a robust immune response from the host, as HPV infections are, in general, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks. However, the rare instances of persistent infection and/or in cases where the host immune system is compromised are major risk factors for the development of lesions potentially leading to malignancy. Evolutionarily, obligatory pathogens such as HPVs would not be expected to risk exposing the host to lethal cancer, as this would entail challenging their own life cycle, but infection with these viruses is highly correlated with cancer and malignancy-as in cancer of the cervix, which is almost always associated with these viruses. Despite this key associative cause and the availability of very effective vaccines against these viruses, therapeutic interventions against HPV-induced cancers are still a challenge, indicating the need for focused translational research. In this review, we will consider the key roles that the viral proteins play in driving the host cells to carcinogenesis, mainly focusing on events orchestrated by early proteins E5, E6 and E7-the not-so-good, the bad and the ugly-and discuss and summarize the major events that lead to these viruses mechanistically corrupting cellular homeostasis, giving rise to cancer and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lawrence Banks
- Tumour Virology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy;
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22
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Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 infection in a Japanese mare. Tumour Virus Res 2021; 12:200226. [PMID: 34543774 PMCID: PMC8496317 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection has been associated with genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in horses. However, very few reports on EcPV2-associated disease in Asia exist. Our study characterizes pathological and virological features of an EcPV2-associated vulvar SCC from a Japanese mare. Conventional PCR, in situ hybridization, reverse-transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence and distribution of EcPV2 within the lesion and suggested that p53 degradation may not be the mechanism by which this virus induces neoplastic transformation. The complete viral sequence in this Japanese case shows near perfect sequence homology with European reference strains of EcPV2, which may be useful when considering the target for future EcPV2 vaccine development. This report also serves to highlight the importance of EcPV2 in female (vulvar) neoplasia, which is less commonly recognized than EcPV2-induced male (penile or preputial) neoplasia. Finally, the SCC described in this mare was an unusual acantholytic variant that has not been reported previously in horses. It is the first report of EcPV2 identified from genital SCC in Asia and underscores the likely worldwide distribution of this virus and its consistent association with equine genital neoplasia. This is the first report of Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2)-associated genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in Asia. This report features EcPV2 in vulvar neoplasia, which is less commonly recognized than EcPV2-induced penile neoplasia. Histopathologically, the SCC described in this mare was an unusual acantholytic variant that has not been reported previously.
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23
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Katerji M, Duerksen-Hughes PJ. DNA damage in cancer development: special implications in viral oncogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3956-3979. [PMID: 34522461 PMCID: PMC8414375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions arise from a combination of physiological/metabolic sources and exogenous environmental influences. When left unrepaired, these alterations accumulate in the cells and can give rise to mutations that change the function of important proteins (i.e. tumor suppressors, oncoproteins), or cause chromosomal rearrangements (i.e. gene fusions) that also result in the deregulation of key cellular molecules. Progressive acquisition of such genetic changes promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and evasion of cell death, and hence plays a key role in carcinogenesis. Another less-studied consequence of DNA damage accumulating in the host genome is the integration of oncogenic DNA viruses such as Human papillomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and Hepatitis B virus. This critical step of viral-induced carcinogenesis is thought to be particularly facilitated by DNA breaks in both viral and host genomes. Therefore, the impact of DNA damage on carcinogenesis is magnified in the case of such oncoviruses via the additional effect of increasing integration frequency. In this review, we briefly present the various endogenous and exogenous factors that cause different types of DNA damage. Next, we discuss the contribution of these lesions in cancer development. Finally, we examine the amplified effect of DNA damage in viral-induced oncogenesis and summarize the limited data existing in the literature related to DNA damage-induced viral integration. To conclude, additional research is needed to assess the DNA damage pathways involved in the transition from viral infection to cancer. Discovering that a certain DNA damaging agent increases the likelihood of viral integration will enable the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies designed specifically to prevent such integration, with an ultimate goal of reducing or eliminating these viral-induced malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghri Katerji
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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24
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Aldersley J, Lorenz DR, Mouw KW, D'Andrea AD, Gabuzda D. Genomic Landscape of Primary and Recurrent Anal Squamous Cell Carcinomas in Relation to HPV Integration, Copy-Number Variation, and DNA Damage Response Genes. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:1308-1321. [PMID: 33883185 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) has been increasing, particularly in populations with HIV. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causal factor in 85% to 90% of ASCCs, but few studies evaluated HPV genotypes and integrations in relation to genomic alterations in ASCC. Using whole-exome sequence data for primary (n = 56) and recurrent (n = 31) ASCC from 72 patients, we detected HPV DNA in 87.5% of ASCC, of which HPV-16, HPV-18, and HPV-6 were detected in 56%, 22%, and 33% of HIV-positive (n = 9) compared with 83%, 3.2%, and 1.6% of HIV-negative cases (n = 63), respectively. Recurrent copy-number variations (CNV) involving genes with documented roles in cancer included amplification of PI3KCA and deletion of APC in primary and recurrent tumors; amplifications of CCND1, MYC, and NOTCH1 and deletions of BRCA2 and RB1 in primary tumors; and deletions of ATR, FANCD2, and FHIT in recurrent tumors. DNA damage response genes were enriched among recurrently deleted genes in recurrent ASCCs (P = 0.001). HPV integrations were detected in 29 of 76 (38%) ASCCs and were more frequent in stage III-IV versus stage I-II tumors. HPV integrations were detected near MYC and CCND1 amplifications and recurrent targets included NFI and MUC genes. These results suggest HPV genotypes in ASCC differ by HIV status, HPV integration is associated with ASCC progression, and DNA damage response genes are commonly disrupted in recurrent ASCCs. IMPLICATIONS: These data provide the largest whole-exome sequencing study of the ASCC genomic landscape to date and identify HPV genotypes, integrations, and recurrent CNVs in primary or recurrent ASCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Aldersley
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David R Lorenz
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kent W Mouw
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan D D'Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dana Gabuzda
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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25
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Badillo-Godinez O, Pedroza-Saavedra A, Valverde-Garduño V, Bermudez-Morales V, Maldonado-Gama M, Leon-Letelier R, Bonifaz LC, Esquivel-Guadarrama F, Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L. Induction of Therapeutic Protection in an HPV16-Associated Mouse Tumor Model Through Targeting the Human Papillomavirus-16 E5 Protein to Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:593161. [PMID: 33717073 PMCID: PMC7947241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.593161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
HPV E5 is an oncoprotein mainly expressed in premalignant lesions, which makes it an important target for a vaccine to prevent or cure cervical cancer (CC). In this study, we evaluated whether E5 targeted to DEC-205, present in dendritic cells (DCs), could induce a therapeutic protection against HPV16-induced tumor cells in a mouse model. The HPV-16 E5 (16E5) protein was cross-linked to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to mouse DEC-205 (anti-DEC-205:16E5) or to an isotype control mAb (isotype:16E5). Rotavirus VP6 was cross-linked to the mouse anti-DEC-205 mAb (anti-DEC-205:VP6) as a non-specific antigen control. BALB/c mice were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.) with the 16E5-expressing BMK-16/myc tumor cells, and 7 and 14 days later the mice were immunized s.c. with the conjugates, free 16E5 or PBS in the presence of adjuvant. Tumor growth was monitored to evaluate protection. A strong protective immune response against the tumor cells was induced when the mice were inoculated with the anti-DEC-205:16E5 conjugate, since 70% of the mice controlled the tumor growth and survived, whereas the remaining 30% developed tumors and died by day 72. In contrast, 100% of the mice in the control groups died by day 30. The anti-DEC-205:16E5 conjugate was found to induce 16E5-specific memory T cells, with a Th1/Th17 profile. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells contributed to the observed protection. Finally, treating mice that had developed tumors with an anti-PD-1 mAb, delayed the tumor growth for more than 20 days. These results show that targeting 16E5 to DEC-205, alone or combined with an immune checkpoint blockade, could be a promising protocol for the treatment of the early stages of HPV-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Badillo-Godinez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Veronica Valverde-Garduño
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Victor Bermudez-Morales
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Minerva Maldonado-Gama
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Leon-Letelier
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Della Fera AN, Warburton A, Coursey TL, Khurana S, McBride AA. Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020321. [PMID: 33672465 PMCID: PMC7923415 DOI: 10.3390/v13020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The success of HPV as an infectious agent lies not within its ability to cause disease, but rather in the adeptness of the virus to establish long-term persistent infection. The ability of HPV to replicate and maintain its genome in a stratified epithelium is contingent on the manipulation of many host pathways. HPVs must abrogate host anti-viral defense programs, perturb the balance of cellular proliferation and differentiation, and hijack DNA damage signaling and repair pathways to replicate viral DNA in a stratified epithelium. Together, these characteristics contribute to the ability of HPV to achieve long-term and persistent infection and to its evolutionary success as an infectious agent. Abstract Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in stratified epithelia because viral DNA is maintained as low copy number extrachromosomal plasmids in the dividing basal cells of a lesion, while progeny viral genomes are amplified to large numbers in differentiated superficial cells. The viral E1 and E2 proteins initiate viral DNA replication and maintain and partition viral genomes, in concert with the cellular replication machinery. Additionally, the E5, E6, and E7 proteins are required to evade host immune responses and to produce a cellular environment that supports viral DNA replication. An unfortunate consequence of the manipulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation is that cells become at high risk for carcinogenesis.
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Oxidative stress markers in patient-derived non-cancerous cervical tissues and cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19044. [PMID: 33149215 PMCID: PMC7642372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer. However, not all infected women develop cervical cancer. Cervical tumorigenesis is characterized by a multifactorial etiology, with oxidative stress (OS) likely playing a major role. In addition to exogenous sources, metabolic processes also contribute to OS. In principle, variability in levels of cervical OS has the potential to influence the likelihood of conversion to cervical cancer. To ask whether such variability indeed existed, we assessed the levels of ROS and the oxidative DNA damage biomarker 8-oxodG in normal non-cancerous cervical tissues and cells obtained from women with uterovaginal pelvic organ prolapse following vaginal hysterectomy. We demonstrated five and ten-fold variability between tissues isolated from the transformation zone (TZ) and ectocervix (EC) of different women, respectively. Despite the greater variability (likely due to differences in tissue composition), the overall pattern of ROS levels in EC tissues mirrored those obtained in their corresponding TZ tissues. Our results also show that the levels of ROS in TZ tissues were always higher than or equal to those found in the respective EC tissues, providing a possible explanation for TZ tissue being the primary target for HPV infection and cervical carcinogenesis. Interestingly, primary keratinocytes isolated and cultured from these cervical specimens also displayed high variability in ROS levels, with some strongly mirroring the levels of ROS observed in their corresponding tissues, while others were less closely associated. Finally, we demonstrated that the levels of DNA damage mirrored the levels of ROS in the cultured primary cells. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that dispose certain individuals to develop cervical cancer has the potential to enable the development of approaches that make the conversion of HPV infection to cancer development even more rare.
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Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L, Pedroza-Saavedra A, Chihu-Amparan L, Salazar-Piña A, Maldonado-Gama M, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Cellular Functions of HPV16 E5 Oncoprotein during Oncogenic Transformation. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:167-179. [PMID: 33106372 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the main etiologic agent associated with cervical cancer. HPVs are epitheliotropic, and the ones that infect the mucous membranes are classified into low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) types. LR-HPVs produce benign lesions, whereas HR-HPVs produce lesions that may progress to cancer. HR-HPV types 16 and 18 are the most frequently found in cervical cancer worldwide. E6 and E7 are the major HPV oncogenic proteins, and they have been profusely studied. Moreover, it has been shown that the HPV16 E5 (16E5) oncoprotein generates transformation, although the molecular mechanisms through which it carries out its activity have not been well defined. In contrast to E6 and E7, the E5 open reading frame is lost during the integration of the episomal HPV DNA into the cellular genome. This suggests that E5 acts at the early stages of the transformation process. In this review, we focused on the biochemical characteristics and functions of the HPV E5 oncoprotein, mainly on its association with growth factor receptors and other cellular proteins. Knowledge of the HPV E5 biology is important to understand the role of this oncoprotein in maintaining the viral cycle through the modulation of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, as well as the alteration of other processes, such as survival, adhesion, migration, and invasion during early carcinogenesis. Finally, we summarized recent research that uses the E5 oncoprotein as a therapeutic target, promising a novel approach to the treatment of cervical cancer in its early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gutierrez-Xicotencatl
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Adolfo Pedroza-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lilia Chihu-Amparan
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Azucena Salazar-Piña
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Minerva Maldonado-Gama
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Basto DL, Chaves CBP, Felix SP, Amaro-Filho SM, Vieira VC, Martins LFL, de Carvalho NA, Almeida LM, Moreira MÂM. The papillomavirus E5 gene does not affect EGFR transcription and overall survival in cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2019; 92:1283-1289. [PMID: 31696949 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human papillomavirus (HPV) E5 gene encodes a small and highly hydrophobic oncoprotein that affects immune evasion, cell proliferation, loss of apoptotic capacity and angiogenesis in tumors. E5 shows an affinity for biological membranes and was associated with an increase of epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF/EGFR) signaling through the accumulation of EGFR in cellular membranes. Due to the frequent integration of the HPV genome into the host cell genome, E5 is frequently not transcribed in cervical tumors. AIM In this study we looked forward to verifying whether the potential expression of E5 protein in human papillomavirus 16 positive (HPV16+ ) and human papillomavirus 18 positive (HPV18+ ) cervical tumors was associated with levels of EGFR and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) transcription and with patients overall survival. RESULTS Association between the presence of E5 transcripts and viral genome disruption was observed for HPV16+ and HPV18+ tumors. Association was not observed between tumors potentially capable of translating E5 and EGFR or VEGFA transcriptional levels. Similarly, the capability of translating E5 and overall survival in patients with HPV16+ squamous cell carcinoma tumors stage ≥ IB2 were not associated. CONCLUSION The likely presence of E5 transcripts was neither associated to a higher activity of the EGFR-VEGFA pathway nor to the overall survival of patients with HPV16+ squamous cell carcinoma in stages ≥ IB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Lisbôa Basto
- Department of Genetics, Post-Graduate Program in Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Bessa Pereira Chaves
- Gynecologic Oncology Department and Clinical Research Division, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Valdimara Corrêa Vieira
- Oncovirology Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Liz Maria Almeida
- Population Research Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Correlation of hTERT Expression with Cervical Cytological Abnormalities and Human Papillomavirus Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 38:143-151. [PMID: 29668478 DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2018-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) is the main catalytic sub-unit of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase enzyme. Telomerase expression is regulated at many levels, with numerous studies suggesting that up-regulation of human TERT gene (hTERT) at transcriptional level results in immortal cell phenotype associated with cancer. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between hTERT expression and different cervical precursor lesions, as well as with cervical cancer in patients with confirmed Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The study included molecular analyzes on cervical samples from 214 women and matched Papanicolaou (Pap) test results. HPV detection and genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed using TaqMan probes and were calculated relative to the reference gene. Results showed significantly increased hTERT mRNA expression levels in high-grade and low-grade lesions compared to normal control samples (p<0.01) associated with 6.31 fold higher risk for developing ASC-US and 9.20 for LSIL. Strong correlation between HPV infection and hTERT expression in the high-grade lesions and cervical cancer was also observed. hTERT relative expression values showed 98% specificity and 100 % sensitivity as indicator of cervical lesions particularly for the ACS-H, HSIL and cervical cancer. In conclusion, hTERT expression correlate with the cytological grade of the cervical lesions and HPV infection and has a potential to be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker.
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Cheung TH, Yim SF, Yu MY, Worley MJ, Fiascone SJ, Chiu RW, Lo KW, Siu NS, Wong MC, Yeung AC, Wong RR, Chen ZG, Elias KM, Chung TK, Berkowitz RS, Wong YF, Chan PK. Liquid biopsy of HPV DNA in cervical cancer. J Clin Virol 2019; 114:32-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Forslund O, Sugiyama N, Wu C, Ravi N, Jin Y, Swoboda S, Andersson F, Bzhalava D, Hultin E, Paulsson K, Dillner J, Schwartz S, Wennerberg J, Ekblad L. A novel human in vitro papillomavirus type 16 positive tonsil cancer cell line with high sensitivity to radiation and cisplatin. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:265. [PMID: 30909875 PMCID: PMC6434888 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5469-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an established risk factor for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim was to establish cell lines from HPV-positive tonsil carcinomas to be used for treatment development. Methods Fresh samples from 23 HPV-positive tonsil carcinomas were cultivated in vitro. The established cell line was analyzed for viral characteristics, cell karyotype, TP53 status, and growth capabilities in nude mice. In vitro studies of sensitivities to radiation, cisplatin and cetuximab were performed. Results After 19 months (eight passages), one cell line, LU-HNSCC-26, was established in vitro and also grew as xenografts. The tumor was from a 48 year old non-smoking man with non-keratinizing, p16 positive tonsil OSCC, stage T2N0M0 with HPV16. It contained 19.5 (CV% 3.7) HPV16 copies/cell (passage 8). The complete HPV16 genome sequence was obtained. Episomal HPV16 was present with an E2/E7 ratio of 1.1 (CV% 2.6). In addition, HPV16 mRNA specific for the intact E2 gene was detected. The viral expression manifested 1.0 (CV% 0.1) E7 mRNA copies per HPV16 genome. The karyotype was determined and the cell line demonstrated wild type TP53. The ID50 for radiation was 0.90 Gy and the IC50 for cisplatin was 0.99 μmol/L. The cell line was inhibited to a maximum of 18% by cetuximab. Conclusions We established an in vitro tonsil carcinoma cell line containing episomal HPV16. This is an important step towards efficient treatment development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5469-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Forslund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Skane Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Natsuki Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Barngatan 4, SE-222 25, Lund, Sweden
| | - Chengjun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Skane Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Naveen Ravi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yuesheng Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sabine Swoboda
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Andersson
- Department of Pathology, Regional Laboratories Region Skane, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Davit Bzhalava
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emilie Hultin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Schwartz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Skane Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Wennerberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oto-rhino-laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Ekblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Barngatan 4, SE-222 25, Lund, Sweden.
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Tombak EM, Männik A, Burk RD, Le Grand R, Ustav E, Ustav M. The molecular biology and HPV drug responsiveness of cynomolgus macaque papillomaviruses support their use in the development of a relevant in vivo model for antiviral drug testing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211235. [PMID: 30682126 PMCID: PMC6347367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the extreme tissue and species restriction of the papillomaviruses (PVs), there is a great need for animal models that accurately mimic PV infection in humans for testing therapeutic strategies against human papillomaviruses (HPVs). In this study, we present data that demonstrate that in terms of gene expression during initial viral DNA amplification, Macaca fascicularis PV (MfPV) types 5 and 8 appear to be similar to mucosal oncogenic HPVs, while MfPV1 (isolated from skin) resembles most high-risk cutaneous beta HPVs (HPV5). Similarities were also observed in replication properties during the initial amplification phase of the MfPV genomes. We demonstrate that high-risk mucosal HPV-specific inhibitors target the transient replication of the MfPV8 genomes, which indicates that similar pathways are used by the high-risk HPVs and MfPVs during their genome replication. Taking all into account, we propose that Macaca fascicularis may serve as a highly relevant model for preclinical tests designed to evaluate therapeutic strategies against HPV-associated lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Tombak
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
- Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd., Eerika tee 1, Õssu, Kambja, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Andres Männik
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
- Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd., Eerika tee 1, Õssu, Kambja, Tartumaa, Estonia
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Université Paris Sud, INSERM U1184, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department / IBFJ, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ene Ustav
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Ustav
- University of Tartu, Institute of Technology, Tartu, Estonia
- Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd., Eerika tee 1, Õssu, Kambja, Tartumaa, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
- * E-mail:
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Cañete-Portillo S, Sanchez DF, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Piris A, Zarza P, Oneto S, Gonzalez Stark L, Lezcano C, Ayala G, Rodriguez I, Hoang MP, Mihm MC, Cubilla AL. Continuous Spatial Sequences of Lichen Sclerosus, Penile Intraepithelial Neoplasia, and Invasive Carcinomas: A Study of 109 Cases. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 27:477-482. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896918820960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lichen sclerosus (LSc) with penile cancer is found in about two thirds of specimens. It has been hypothesized that LSc represents a precancerous condition. To qualify as such, in addition to cytological atypia and similarity with the invasive tumor, a spatial correlation between LSc and neoplastic lesions needs to be demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate such a spatial relationship. Circumcision (28 cases) and penectomy (81 cases) specimens were evaluated. All cases had LSc, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN), and/or invasive squamous cell carcinomas. We examined LSc in relation to invasive carcinoma, PeIN, and normal epithelia. Invasive squamous cell carcinomas, classified according to the World Health Organization criteria as non–human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and HPV-related PeIN, were present in 100 cases. Non-HPV-related (differentiated) PeIN was the most common subtype associated with LSc (89%). There were 5 spatial patterns identified: (1) LSc adjacent to PeIN (23%), (2) LSc adjacent and comprising PeIN (42%), (3) LSc next to and within invasive carcinomas (8%), (4) LSc throughout the sequence PeIN-invasive carcinoma (24%), and (5) LSc was separate (with normal tissue between the lesions) from PeIN and/or invasive carcinomas in a minority of cases (3%). LSc within the cancer was not previously described. In this series, we found 35 cases with LSc within invasive carcinomas. The striking continuous spatial relationship among LSc, PeIN, and/or invasive carcinoma as shown in this study may be a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the hypothesis postulating LSc as a penile precancerous lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Cañete-Portillo
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay
- Instituto de Previsión Social, Hospital Central, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Diego F. Sanchez
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - María José Fernández-Nestosa
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Adriano Piris
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia Zarza
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Sabrina Oneto
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | | | - Gustavo Ayala
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ingrid Rodriguez
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Mai P. Hoang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin C. Mihm
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonio L. Cubilla
- Instituto de Patología e Investigación, Asunción, Paraguay
- Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Asunción, Paraguay
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Pan C, Issaeva N, Yarbrough WG. HPV-driven oropharyngeal cancer: current knowledge of molecular biology and mechanisms of carcinogenesis. CANCERS OF THE HEAD & NECK 2018; 3:12. [PMID: 31093365 PMCID: PMC6460765 DOI: 10.1186/s41199-018-0039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has significantly progressed over the last decades, and the concept that this disease can be subdivided into two distinct entities based on human papilloma virus (HPV) status has gained acceptance. To combat the constantly growing epidemic of HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer, further investigation and characterization the unique features of the disease, along with the development and implementation of new, targeted therapies, is crucial. In this review, we summarize the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and molecular characteristics of HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie Pan
- 1Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- 2Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- 2Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery; Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7070, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
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Carestiato FN, Amaro-Filho SM, Moreira MAM, Cavalcanti SMB. Methylation of p16 ink4a promoter is independent of human papillomavirus DNA physical state: a comparison between cervical pre-neoplastic and neoplastic samples. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 114:e180456. [PMID: 30569945 PMCID: PMC6319029 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifications in host cells, like p16 ink4a methylation, have been considered as putative complementary mechanisms for cancer development. Because only a small proportion of infected women develop cervical cancer, other factors might be involved in carcinogenesis, either independently or in association with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infections, including epigenetic factors. OBJECTIVES We hypothesised that p16 ink4a methylation might have a role in cancer development driven by HPV16, mainly in the presence of intact E1/E2 genes. Thus, our objectives were to assess the status of p16 ink4a methylation and the HPV16 E1/E2 integrity in samples in different stages of cervical diseases. METHODS Presence of HPV16 was determined by E6 type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methylation status of the p16 ink4a promoter was assessed by methylation-specific PCR in 87 cervical specimens comprising 29 low-grade (LSIL), 41 high-grade (HSIL) lesions, and 17 cervical cancers (CC). Characterisation of E1 and E2 disruption (as an indirect indicator of the presence of episomal viral DNA) was performed by PCR amplifications. FINDINGS We observed a significantly increased trend (nptrend = 0.0320) in the proportion of methylated p16 ink4a in cervical samples during cancer development. Concomitant E1 and E2 disruptions were the most frequent pattern found in all groups: CC (76%), HSIL (54%), and LSIL (73%). No statistically significant differences between p16 ink4a methylation and E1/E2 integrity, in histological groups, was observed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS There was an increase in methylation of the p16 ink4a promoter from pre-neoplastic lesions to cancer. Additionally, a high frequency of E1/E2 disruptions in LSIL/HSIL suggested that viral DNA integration was an early event in cervical disease. Moreover, the methylation status was apparently independent of HPV16 integrity.
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HPV RNA CISH score identifies two prognostic groups in a p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma population. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1645-1652. [PMID: 29925856 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HPV-related and HPV-unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas are two distinct entities according to the Union for International Cancer Control, with a better prognosis conferred to HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. However, variable clinical outcomes are observed among patients with p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, which is a surrogate marker of HPV infection. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of RNA CISH against E6 and E7 transcripts (HPV RNA CISH) to predict such variability. We retrospectively included 50 histologically confirmed p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (p16 positive immunostaining was defined by a strong staining in 70% or more of tumor cells). HPV RNA CISH staining was assessed semi-quantitatively to define two scores: RNA CISH "low" and RNA CISH "high". Negative HPV RNA CISH cases were scored as RNA CISH "low". This series contained 29 RNA CISH low cases (58%) and 21 RNA CISH high cases (42%). Clinical and pathologic baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. RNA CISH high staining was associated with a better overall survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses (p = 0.033 and p = 0.042, respectively). Other recorded parameters had no prognostic value. In conclusion, HPV RNA CISH might be an independent prognostic marker in p16 positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and might help guide therapeutics.
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Abstract
Human papillomavirus infection is associated with the development of malignant and benign neoplasms. Approximately 40 viral types can infect the anogenital mucosa and are categorized into high- and low-risk oncogenic human papillomavirus, depending on their association with the development of cervical carcinoma. High-risk human papillomavirus 16 and 18 are detected in 55% and 15% of all invasive cervical squamous cell carcinomas worldwide, respectively. Low-risk human papillomavirus 6 and 11 are responsible for 90% of genital warts and are also associated with the development of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Human papillomavirus preferentially infects mitotic active cells of the basal layer from both mucosal and cutaneous epithelium through microabrasions. The viral life cycle synchronizes with the epithelial differentiation program, which may be due, in part, to the binding of differentially expressed cellular transcription factors to the long control region throughout the various epithelial layers. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which viral gene expression is regulated and the influence of human papillomavirus heterogeneity upon this phenomenon. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms may elucidate the particularities of human papillomavirus-associated pathogenesis and may provide new tools for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lopes Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Amanda Schiersner Caodaglio
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Laura Sichero
- Centro de Pesquisa Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Jang HY, Han BS, Kwon B, Sin JI. Optimized Gemcitabine Therapy in Combination with E7 Peptide Immunization Elicits Tumor Cure by Preventing Ag-Specific CTL Inhibition in Animals with Large Established Tumors. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:850-860. [PMID: 30227079 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of chemotherapeutic agents in tumor immunotherapy is still controversial. In this study, we test using a TC-1 tumor model whether gemcitabine plus E7 peptide vaccine regimens (E7 peptides+CpG-ODN+anti-4-1BB Abs) may result in tumor cure in mice with large established tumors, with a focus on their effects on Ag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and myeloid-derived suppressor cell levels. Gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth by its direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells in vivo. E7 peptide vaccine regimens enhanced Ag-specific CTL lytic and antitumor therapeutic activity. Initial combination therapy using gemcitabine and E7 peptide vaccine regimens resulted in tumor regression with tumor relapse in animals with large established tumors, which appeared to result from the suppression of Ag-specific CTL activity by gemcitabine treatment. However, optimization of gemcitabine therapy by reducing its dose and frequency led to complete tumor regression without any recurring tumors in all tested mice even after discontinuation of therapy, possibly due to Ag-specific CTL responses. Thus, this study shows that the optimal dose and therapy frequency of gemcitabine are critical for achieving tumor cure in tumor-bearing animals undergoing E7 peptide vaccine regimen therapy, mainly by preventing CTL suppression. These findings may have implications for designing peptide-based therapeutic vaccines in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Young Jang
- 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Baek-Sang Han
- 2 BK21 Plus Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- 1 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea.,2 BK21 Plus Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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Taberna M, Mena M, Pavón MA, Alemany L, Gillison ML, Mesía R. Human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer. Ann Oncol 2018. [PMID: 28633362 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is now recognised as the principal cause of the increasing incidence rates of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in some parts of the world. The primary risk factor for developing HPV-related OPSCC is oral HPV-infection and the majority of oral HPV-infections are acquired by oral sex. Progression into an OPSCC includes persistent infection with evasion of immune response in the microenvironment, the activation of viral early genes (E6, E7) in basal epithelial cells, the deregulation of cell cycle and the accumulation of chromosomal instability. Patients affected by HPV-related OPSCC tend to be younger and have better outcomes. This observation has lead current research to evaluate treatment de-escalation options to reduce long-term associated morbidity. Moreover, a different molecular profile for HPV-related OPSCC has been described, opening new options for targeted therapy and immunotherapy approaches. This paper comprehensively reviews our accumulated knowledge regarding the role of HPV in OPSCC spanning from infection to cancer development, including its clinical diagnosis, management and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Taberna
- Department of Medical Oncology;; Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona;; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona;.
| | - M Mena
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona;; CIBER in primary and secondary prevention of viral induced cancers (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Pavón
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona
| | - L Alemany
- Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, IDIBELL, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona;; Epidemiology and Public Health, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M L Gillison
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - R Mesía
- Department of Medical Oncology;; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona
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Amaro-Filho SM, Pereira Chaves CB, Felix SP, Basto DL, de Almeida LM, Moreira MAM. HPV DNA methylation at the early promoter and E1/E2 integrity: A comparison between HPV16, HPV18 and HPV45 in cervical cancer. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 5:172-179. [PMID: 29649654 PMCID: PMC6046686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To compare and describe type-specific characteristics of HPV16, HPV18 and HPV45 in cervical cancer with respect to 3′LCR methylation and disruption of E1/E2. Methods The methylation level of 137 cervical cancer samples (70 with HPV16, 37 with HPV18, and 30 with HPV45) of Brazilian patients was analyzed by pyrosequencing. PCR amplifications were performed to characterize E1 and E2 disruption as an episomal surrogate. Results The 3′LCR of HPV16 showed a higher methylation at all CpG sites (7%, 9%, 11%, 10% and 10%) than homologous HPV18 regions (4%, 5%. 6%, 9% and 5%) and HPV45 regions (7%, 7% and 5%). Presence of intact E1/E2 was associated with higher HPV16 and HPV18 methylation levels at all CpG sites (p < 0.05). Disruption of E1/E2 was more frequently found in HPV45 (97%) and HPV18 (84%) than in HPV16 DNA (30%). HPV16 disruption was more frequently found in E1 (48%) unlike HPV18, where it was found in E2 (61%). Concomitant disruption of E1/E2 was most frequent in HPV45 (72%). Conclusions The findings showed a higher methylation associated with intact E1/E2 for HPV16 and HPV18. The closely phylogenetic related HPV18 and HPV45 share a similar methylation level and the frequency of viral genome disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Menezes Amaro-Filho
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Andre Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | | | - Shayany Pinto Felix
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Andre Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
| | - Diogo Lisbôa Basto
- Genetics Program, Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Andre Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil.
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Wechsler EI, Tugizov S, Herrera R, Da Costa M, Palefsky JM. E5 can be expressed in anal cancer and leads to epidermal growth factor receptor-induced invasion in a human papillomavirus 16-transformed anal epithelial cell line. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:631-644. [PMID: 29624161 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We created the first human papillomavirus (HPV)-16-immortalized anal epithelial cell line, known as AKC2 cells to establish an in vitro model of HPV-16-induced anal carcinogenesis. Consistent with detection of E6, E7 and E5 expression in anal cancer biopsies, AKC2 cells expressed high levels of all three HPV oncogenes. Also, similar to findings in anal cancer biopsies, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was overexpressed in AKC2 cells. AKC2 cells exhibited a poorly differentiated and invasive phenotype in three-dimensional raft culture and inhibition of EGFR function abrogated AKC2 invasion. Reducing E5 expression using E5-targeted siRNAs in AKC2 cells led to knockdown of E5 expression, but also HPV-16 E2, E6 and E7 expression. AKC2 cells treated with E5-targeted siRNA had reduced levels of total and phosphorylated EGFR, and reduced invasion. Rescue of E6/E7 expression with simultaneous E5 knockdown confirmed that E5 plays a key role in EGFR overexpression and EGFR-induced invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Isaacson Wechsler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sharof Tugizov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Da Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joel M Palefsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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43
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Yilmaz G, Biswas-Fiss EE, Biswas SB. Genetic variations in the DNA replication origins of human papillomavirus family correlate with their oncogenic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:979-990. [PMID: 29288769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) encompass a large family of viruses that range from benign to highly carcinogenic. The crucial differences between benign and carcinogenic types of HPV remain unknown, except that the two HPV types differ in the frequency of DNA replication. We have systematically analyzed the mechanism of HPV DNA replication initiation in low-risk and high-risk HPVs. Our results demonstrate that HPV-encoded E2 initiator protein and its four binding sites in the replication origin play pivotal roles in determining the destiny of the HPV-infected cell. We have identified strain-specific single nucleotide variations in E2 binding sites found only in the high-risk HPVs. We have demonstrated that these variations result in attenuated formation of the E2-DNA complex. E2 binding to these sites is linked to the activation of the DNA replication origin as well as initiation of DNA replication. Both electrophoretic mobility shift assay and atomic force microscopy studies demonstrated that binding of E2 from either low- or high-risk HPVs with variant binding sequences lacked multimeric E2-DNA complex formation in vitro. These results provided a molecular basis of differential DNA replication in the two types of HPVs and pointed to a correlation with the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Yilmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, United States
| | - Esther E Biswas-Fiss
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Subhasis B Biswas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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44
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Tuna M, Amos CI. Next generation sequencing and its applications in HPV-associated cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 8:8877-8889. [PMID: 27784002 PMCID: PMC5352450 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 18% of all human cancers have a viral etiology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as one of the most prevalent viruses that plays causative role in nearly all cervical cancers and, in addition, in subset of head and neck, anal, penile and vulvar cancers. The recent introduction of next generation sequencing (NGS) and other omics approaches have resulted in comprehensive knowledge on the pathogenesis of HPV-driven tumors. Specifically, these approaches have provided detailed information on genomic HPV integration sites, disrupted genes and pathways, and common and distinct genetic and epigenetic alterations in different human HPV-associated cancers. This review focuses on HPV integration sites, its concomitantly disrupted genes and pathways and its functional consequences in both cervical and head and neck cancers. Integration of NGS data with other omics and clinical data is crucial to better understand the pathophysiology of each individual malignancy and, based on this, to select targets and to design effective personalized treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaffe Tuna
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon
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45
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Manzo-Merino J, Lizano M. Cellular redox, cancer and human papillomavirus. Virus Res 2018; 246:35-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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46
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Choi YJ, Lee A, Kim TJ, Jin HT, Seo YB, Park JS, Lee SJ. E2/E6 ratio and L1 immunoreactivity as biomarkers to determine HPV16-positive high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (CIN2 and 3) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma. J Gynecol Oncol 2018; 29:e38. [PMID: 29400024 PMCID: PMC5920222 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2018.29.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 is the most carcinogenic HPV genotype. We investigated if HPV16 L1 capsid protein and E2/E6 ratio, evaluated by cervical cytology, may be used as biomarkers of ≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2 lesions. Methods Cervical specimens were obtained from 226 patients with HPV16 single infection. Using cytology specimen, L1 capsid protein and E2/E6 ratio were detected and the results were compared with those of the conventional histologic analysis of cervical tissues (CIN1–3 and squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]) to evaluate the association. Results The L1 positivity of CIN2/3 was significantly lower than that of normal cervical tissue (p<0.001) and SCC demonstrated significantly lower L1 positivity than CIN1 (p<0.001). The mean E2/E6 ratios of specimens graded as SCC (0.356) and CIN2/3 (0.483) were significantly lower than those of specimens graded as CIN1 (0.786) and normal (0.793) (p<0.05). We observed that area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for E2/E6 ratio (0.844; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.793–0.895) was higher than that for L1 immunochemistry (0.636; 95% CI=0.562–0.711). A combination of E2/E6 ratio and L1 immunocytochemistry analyses showed the highest AUC (0.871; 95% CI=0.826–0.917) for the prediction of ≥CIN2 lesions. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to validate HPV L1 capsid protein expression and decreased HPV E2/E6 ratio as valuable predictive markers of ≥CIN2 cervical lesions. Cervical cytology may be analyzed longitudinally on an outpatient basis with noninvasive procedures as against invasive conventional histologic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jin Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jung Kim
- Department of Hospital Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Tak Jin
- Research Institute, SL BIGEN, Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong Bok Seo
- Research Institute, SL BIGEN, Inc., Korea Bio Park, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong Sup Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jong Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Why Human Papillomaviruses Activate the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and How Cellular and Viral Replication Persists in the Presence of DDR Signaling. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100268. [PMID: 28934154 PMCID: PMC5691620 DOI: 10.3390/v9100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) require the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in order to undergo a successful life cycle. This activation presents a challenge for the virus and the infected cell: how does viral and host replication proceed in the presence of a DDR that ordinarily arrests replication; and how do HPV16 infected cells retain the ability to proliferate in the presence of a DDR that ordinarily arrests the cell cycle? This raises a further question: why do HPV activate the DDR? The answers to these questions are only partially understood; a full understanding could identify novel therapeutic strategies to target HPV cancers. Here, we propose that the rapid replication of an 8 kb double stranded circular genome during infection creates aberrant DNA structures that attract and activate DDR proteins. Therefore, HPV replication in the presence of an active DDR is a necessity for a successful viral life cycle in order to resolve these DNA structures on viral genomes; without an active DDR, successful replication of the viral genome would not proceed. We discuss the essential role of TopBP1 in this process and also how viral and cellular replication proceeds in HPV infected cells in the presence of DDR signals.
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48
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Nulton TJ, Olex AL, Dozmorov M, Morgan IM, Windle B. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas sequencing data reveals novel properties of the human papillomavirus 16 genome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:17684-17699. [PMID: 28187443 PMCID: PMC5392278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA is detected in up to 80% of oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPC) and this HPV positive disease has reached epidemic proportions. To increase our understanding of the disease, we investigated the status of the HPV16 genome in HPV-positive head and neck cancers (HNC). Raw RNA-Seq and Whole Genome Sequence data from The Cancer Genome Atlas HNC samples were analyzed to gain a full understanding of the HPV genome status for these tumors. Several remarkable and novel observations were made following this analysis. Firstly, there are three main HPV genome states in these tumors that are split relatively evenly: An episomal only state, an integrated state, and a state in which the viral genome exists as a hybrid episome with human DNA. Secondly, none of the tumors expressed high levels of E6; E6*I is the dominant variant expressed in all tumors. The most striking conclusion from this study is that around three quarters of HPV16 positive HNC contain episomal versions of the viral genome that are likely replicating in an E1-E2 dependent manner. The clinical and therapeutic implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara J Nulton
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Amy L Olex
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- C. Kenneth and Dianne Wright Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brad Windle
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, VCU Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Shanmugasundaram S, You J. Targeting Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080229. [PMID: 28820433 PMCID: PMC5580486 DOI: 10.3390/v9080229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While the majority of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are transient and cleared within a couple of years following exposure, 10-20% of infections persist latently, leading to disease progression and, ultimately, various forms of invasive cancer. Despite the clinical efficiency of recently developed multivalent prophylactic HPV vaccines, these preventive measures are not effective against pre-existing infection. Additionally, considering that the burden associated with HPV is greatest in regions with limited access to preventative vaccination, the development of effective therapies targeting persistent infection remains imperative. This review discusses not only the mechanisms underlying persistent HPV infection, but also the promise of immunomodulatory therapeutic vaccines and small-molecular inhibitors, which aim to augment the host immune response against the viral infection as well as obstruct critical viral-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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50
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Morgan IM, DiNardo LJ, Windle B. Integration of Human Papillomavirus Genomes in Head and Neck Cancer: Is It Time to Consider a Paradigm Shift? Viruses 2017; 9:v9080208. [PMID: 28771189 PMCID: PMC5580465 DOI: 10.3390/v9080208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are detected in 70–80% of oropharyngeal cancers in the developed world, the incidence of which has reached epidemic proportions. The current paradigm regarding the status of the viral genome in these cancers is that there are three situations: one where the viral genome remains episomal, one where the viral genome integrates into the host genome and a third where there is a mixture of both integrated and episomal HPV genomes. Our recent work suggests that this third category has been mischaracterized as having integrated HPV genomes; evidence indicates that this category consists of virus–human hybrid episomes. Most of these hybrid episomes are consistent with being maintained by replication from HPV origin. We discuss our evidence to support this new paradigm, how such genomes can arise, and more importantly the implications for the clinical management of HPV positive head and neck cancers following accurate determination of the viral genome status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Laurence J DiNardo
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- VCU Department of Otolaryngology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Brad Windle
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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