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Chen S, Yan Y, Gao L, Gao S, Feng K, Li H, Zhang X, Chen W, Chen F, Xie Q. Proteomic profiling of purified avian leukosis virus subgroup J particles. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109821. [PMID: 37536160 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
While the presence of host cell proteins in virions and their role in viral life cycles have been demonstrated in various viruses, such characteristics have remained largely unknown in avian leukosis virus (ALV). To investigate whether this is the case in ALV, we purified high-integrity and high-purity virions from the avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and subjected them to proteome analysis using nano LC-MS/MS. This analysis identified 53 cellular proteins that are incorporated into mature ALV-J virions, and we verified the reliability of the packaged cellular proteins through subtilisin digestion and immunoblot analysis. Functional annotation revealed the potential functions of these proteins in the viral life cycle and tumorigenesis. Overall, our findings have important implications for understanding the interaction between ALV-J and its host, and provide new insights into the cellular requirements that define ALV-J infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yiming Yan
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 510642, PR China
| | - Liguo Gao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Henry Fok School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 510642, PR China
| | - Keyu Feng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510642, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Health Aquaculture and Environmental Control, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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Vadlamani S, Karmakar R, Kumar A, Rajala MS. Non-metabolic role of alpha-enolase in virus replication. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1677-1686. [PMID: 36402937 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08067-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are extremely complex and highly evolving microorganisms; thus, it is difficult to analyse them in detail. The virion is believed to contain all the essential components required from its entry to the establishment of a successful infection in a susceptible host cell. Hence, the virion composition is the principal source for its transmissibility and immunogenicity. A virus is completely dependent on a host cell for its replication and progeny production. Occasionally, they recruit and package host proteins into mature virion. These incorporated host proteins are believed to play crucial roles in the subsequent infection, although the significance and the molecular mechanism regulated are poorly understood. One such host protein which is hijacked by several viruses is the glycolytic enzyme, Enolase (Eno-1) and is also packaged into mature virion of several viruses. This enzyme exhibits a highly flexible nature of functions, ranging from metabolic to several non-metabolic activities. All the glycolytic enzymes are known to be moonlighting proteins including enolase. The non-metabolic functions of this moonlighting protein are also highly diverse with respect to its cellular localization. Although very little is known about the virological significance of this enzyme, several of its non-metabolic functions have been observed to influence the virus replication cycle in infected cells. In this review, we have attempted to provide a comprehensive picture of the non-metabolic role of Eno-1, its significance in the virus replication cycle and to stimulate interest around its scope as a therapeutic target for treating viral pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Vadlamani
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
| | - Ruma Karmakar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India
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Regulation of Immune Cell Functions by Metabolic Reprogramming. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8605471. [PMID: 29651445 PMCID: PMC5831954 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8605471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent findings show that the metabolic status of immune cells can determine immune responses. Metabolic reprogramming between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, previously speculated as exclusively observable in cancer cells, exists in various types of immune and stromal cells in many different pathological conditions other than cancer. The microenvironments of cancer, obese adipose, and wound-repairing tissues share common features of inflammatory reactions. In addition, the metabolic changes in macrophages and T cells are now regarded as crucial for the functional plasticity of the immune cells and responsible for the progression and regression of many pathological processes, notably cancer. It is possible that metabolic changes in the microenvironment induced by other cellular components are responsible for the functional plasticity of immune cells. This review explores the molecular mechanisms responsible for metabolic reprogramming in macrophages and T cells and also provides a summary of recent updates with regard to the functional modulation of the immune cells by metabolic changes in the microenvironment, notably the tumor microenvironment.
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Lin GW, Lu P, Zeng T, Tang HL, Chen YH, Liu SJ, Gao MM, Zhao QH, Yi YH, Long YS. GAPDH-mediated posttranscriptional regulations of sodium channel Scn1a and Scn3a genes under seizure and ketogenic diet conditions. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:480-489. [PMID: 27816501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal expressions of sodium channel SCN1A and SCN3A genes alter neural excitability that are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy, a long-term risk of recurrent seizures. Ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat and low-carbohydrate treatment for difficult-to-control (refractory) epilepsy in children, has been suggested to reverse gene expression patterns. Here, we reveal a novel role of GAPDH on the posttranscriptional regulation of mouse Scn1a and Scn3a expressions under seizure and KD conditions. We show that GAPDH binds to a conserved region in the 3' UTRs of human and mouse SCN1A and SCN3A genes, which decreases and increases genes' expressions by affecting mRNA stability through SCN1A 3' UTR and SCN3A 3' UTR, respectively. In seizure mice, the upregulation and phosphorylation of GAPDH enhance its binding to the 3' UTR, which lead to downregulation of Scn1a and upregulation of Scn3a. Furthermore, administration of KD generates β-hydroxybutyric acid which rescues the abnormal expressions of Scn1a and Scn3a by weakening the GAPDH's binding to the element. Taken together, these data suggest that GAPDH-mediated expression regulation of sodium channel genes may be associated with epilepsy and the anticonvulsant action of KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wang Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Hui-Ling Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Yong-Hong Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Shu-Jing Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Mei-Mei Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Qi-Hua Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Yong-Hong Yi
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China
| | - Yue-Sheng Long
- Institute of Neuroscience and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou 501260, China.
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Parainfluenza virus chimeric mini-replicons indicate a novel regulatory element in the leader promoter. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:1520-1530. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Bell RAV, Smith JC, Storey KB. Purification and properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the skeletal muscle of the hibernating ground squirrel, Ictidomys tridecemlineatus. PeerJ 2014; 2:e634. [PMID: 25374779 PMCID: PMC4217184 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) from the skeletal muscle of euthermic and torpid Ictidomys tridecemlineatus was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity using a novel method involving Blue-agarose and Phenyl-agarose chromatography. Kinetic analysis of the enzymes isolated from the two conditions suggested the existence of two structurally distinct proteins, with GAPDH V max being 40-60% less for the enzyme from the torpid condition (in both glycolytic and gluconeogenic directions) as compared to the euthermic enzyme form. Thermal denaturation, in part determined by differential scanning fluorimetry, revealed that purified GAPDH from the torpid animals was significantly more stable that the enzyme from the euthermic condition. Mass spectrometry combined with Western blot analyses of purified GAPDH indicate that the cellular GAPDH population is extensively modified, with posttranslational phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation being detected. Global reduction in GAPDH tyrosine phosphorylation during torpor as well as site specific alterations in methylation sites suggests that that the stable changes observed in kinetic and structural GAPDH properties may be due to posttranslational modification of this enzyme during torpor. Taken together, these results suggest a stable suppression of GAPDH (possibly by some reversible posttranslational modification) during ground squirrel torpor, which likely contributes to the overall reduction in carbohydrate metabolism when these animals switch to lipid fuels during dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A V Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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Sheokand N, Malhotra H, Kumar S, Tillu VA, Chauhan AS, Raje CI, Raje M. Moonlighting cell surface GAPDH recruits Apo Transferrin to effect iron egress from mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4279-91. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron homeostasis is a tightly regulated process with precise control of its influx and egress from cells. Though mechanisms of its import into cells via iron carrier molecules are well characterized, iron export remains poorly understood. The current paradigm envisages unique functions associated with specialized macromolecules for its cellular import (transferrin receptors) or export (ferroportin) Earlier studies have revealed that, iron depleted cells recruit Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a moonlighting protein to their surface for internalization of the iron carrier holo transferrin (holo Tf). Here we report that under the contrary condition of intracellular iron excess, cells switch the isoform of GAPDH on their surface which now recruits iron free apo transferrin in close association with ferroportin to facilitate efflux of iron. Increased surface GAPDH expression synchronized with increased apo Tf binding and enhanced iron export from cells, a capability lost in GAPDH knockdown cells. These findings were confirmed in vivo utilizing a rodent model of iron overload. Besides identifying for the first time an apo transferrin receptor, our work uncovers two-way switching of multifunctional molecules for managing cellular micronutrient requirements.
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Subba P, Barua P, Kumar R, Datta A, Soni KK, Chakraborty S, Chakraborty N. Phosphoproteomic dynamics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) reveals shared and distinct components of dehydration response. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5025-47. [PMID: 24083463 DOI: 10.1021/pr400628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism that plays critical roles in transducing stress signals to bring about coordinated intracellular responses. To gain better understanding of dehydration response in plants, we have developed a differential phosphoproteome in a food legume, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Three-week-old chickpea seedlings were subjected to progressive dehydration by withdrawing water, and the changes in the phosphorylation status of a large repertoire of proteins were monitored. The proteins were resolved by 2-DE and stained with phosphospecific fluorescent Pro-Q Diamond dye. Mass spectrometric analysis led to the identification of 91 putative phosphoproteins, presumably involved in a variety of functions including cell defense and rescue, photosynthesis and photorespiration, molecular chaperones, and ion transport, among others. Multiple sites of phosphorylation were predicted on several key elements, which include both the regulatory as well as the functional proteins. A critical survey of the phosphorylome revealed a DREPP (developmentally regulated plasma membrane protein) plasma membrane polypeptide family protein, henceforth designated CaDREPP1. The transcripts of CaDREPP1 were found to be differentially regulated under dehydration stress, further corroborating the proteomic results. This work provides new insights into the possible phosphorylation events triggered by the conditions of progressive water-deficit in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratigya Subba
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence to support a gene economy model that is fully based on the principles of evolution in which a limited number of proteins does not necessarily reflect a finite number of biochemical processes. The concept of 'gene sharing' proposes that a single protein can have alternate functions that are typically attributed to other proteins. GAPDH appears to play this role quite well in that it exhibits more than one function. GAPDH represents the prototype for this new paradigm of protein multi-functionality. The chapter discusses the diverse functions of GAPDH among three broad categories: cell structure, gene expression and signal transduction. Protein function is curiously re-specified given the cell's unique needs. GAPDH provides the cell with the means of linking metabolic activity to various cellular processes. While interpretations may often lead to GAPDH's role in meeting focal energy demands, this chapter discusses several other very distinct GAPDH functions (i.e. membrane fusogenic properties) that are quite different from its ability to catalyze oxidative phosphorylation of the triose, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. It is suggested that a single protein participates in multiple processes in the structural organization of the cell, controls the transmission of genetic information (i.e. GAPDH's involvement may not be finite) and mediates intracellular signaling.
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Prasanth KR, Huang YW, Liou MR, Wang RYL, Hu CC, Tsai CH, Meng M, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase negatively regulates the replication of Bamboo mosaic virus and its associated satellite RNA. J Virol 2011; 85:8829-40. [PMID: 21715476 PMCID: PMC3165797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00556-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of cellular proteins associated with virus replicase complexes is crucial to our understanding of virus-host interactions, influencing the host range, replication, and virulence of viruses. A previous in vitro study has demonstrated that partially purified Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) replicase complexes can be employed for the replication of both BaMV genomic and satellite BaMV (satBaMV) RNAs. In this study, we investigated the BaMV and satBaMV 3' untranslated region (UTR) binding proteins associated with these replicase complexes. Two cellular proteins with molecular masses of ∼35 and ∼55 kDa were specifically cross-linked with RNA elements, whereupon the ∼35-kDa protein was identified as the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Gel mobility shift assays confirmed the direct interaction of GAPDH with the 3' UTR sequences, and competition gel shift analysis revealed that GAPDH binds preferentially to the positive-strand BaMV and satBaMV RNAs over the negative-strand RNAs. It was observed that the GAPDH protein binds to the pseudoknot poly(A) tail of BaMV and stem-loop-C poly(A) tail of satBaMV 3' UTR RNAs. It is important to note that knockdown of GAPDH in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances the accumulation of BaMV and satBaMV RNA; conversely, transient overexpression of GAPDH reduces the accumulation of BaMV and satBaMV RNA. The recombinant GAPDH principally inhibits the synthesis of negative-strand RNA in exogenous RdRp assays. These observations support the contention that cytosolic GAPDH participates in the negative regulation of BaMV and satBaMV RNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Reddisiva Prasanth
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ru Liou
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Robert Yung-Liang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Tao Yuan 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Menghsiao Meng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Virus–host cell interactions in vaccine production cell lines infected with different human influenza A virus variants: A proteomic approach. J Proteomics 2010; 73:1656-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Kong Q, Xue C, Ren X, Zhang C, Li L, Shu D, Bi Y, Cao Y. Proteomic analysis of purified coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus particles. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:29. [PMID: 20534109 PMCID: PMC2909931 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the coronavirus of domestic chickens causing major economic losses to the poultry industry. Because of the complexity of the IBV life cycle and the small number of viral structural proteins, important virus-host relationships likely remain to be discovered. Toward this goal, we performed two-dimensional gel electrophoresis fractionation coupled to mass spectrometry identification approaches to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of purified IBV particles. RESULTS Apart from the virus-encoded structural proteins, we detected 60 host proteins in the purified virions which can be grouped into several functional categories including intracellular trafficking proteins (20%), molecular chaperone (18%), macromolcular biosynthesis proteins (17%), cytoskeletal proteins (15%), signal transport proteins (15%), protein degradation (8%), chromosome associated proteins (2%), ribosomal proteins (2%), and other function proteins (3%). Interestingly, 21 of the total host proteins have not been reported to be present in virions of other virus families, such as major vault protein, TENP protein, ovalbumin, and scavenger receptor protein. Following identification of the host proteins by proteomic methods, the presence of 4 proteins in the purified IBV preparation was verified by western blotting and immunogold labeling detection. CONCLUSIONS The results present the first standard proteomic profile of IBV and may facilitate the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Oxidative modifications of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase play a key role in its multiple cellular functions. Biochem J 2009; 423:253-64. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the cellular targets of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and their regulation is an essential prerequisite for understanding ROS-mediated signalling. GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) is known as a major target protein in oxidative stresses and becomes thiolated in its active site. However, the molecular and functional changes of oxidized GAPDH, the inactive form, have not yet been characterized. To examine the modifications of GAPDH under oxidative stress, we separated the oxidation products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified them using nanoLC-ESI-q-TOF MS/MS (nano column liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem MS). Intracellular GAPDH subjected to oxidative stress separated into multiple acidic spots on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and were identified as cysteine disulfide and cysteic acids on Cys152 in the active site. We identified the interacting proteins of oxidized inactive GAPDH as p54nrb (54 kDa nuclear RNA-binding protein) and PSF (polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-associated splicing factor), both of which are known to exist as heterodimers and bind to RNA and DNA. Interaction between oxidized GAPDH and p54nrb was abolished upon expression of the GAPDH active site mutant C152S. The C-terminal of p54nrb binds to GAPDH in the cytosol in a manner dependent on the dose of hydrogen peroxide. The GAPDH–p54nrb complex enhances the intrinsic topoisomerase I activation by p54nrb–PSF binding. These results suggest that GAPDH exerts other functions beyond glycolysis, and that oxidatively modified GAPDH regulates its cellular functions by changing its interacting proteins, i.e. the RNA splicing by interacting with the p54nrb–PSF complex.
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Van Meter KE, Stuart MK. A monoclonal antibody that inhibits translation in Sf21 cell lysates is specific for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 69:107-117. [PMID: 18850593 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (Mab) 8B7 was shown in a previous study to inhibit protein translation in lysates of Sf21 cells. The antibody was thought to be specific for a 60-kDa form of elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1alpha), primarily because the antigen immunoprecipitated by Mab 8B7 cross-reacted with Mab CBP-KK1, an antibody generated to EF-1alpha from Trypanosoma brucei. The purpose of the current study was to investigate further the antigenic specificity of Mab 8B7. The concentration of the 60-kDa antigen relative to total cellular protein proved insufficient for its definitive identification. However, subcellular fractionation of Sf21 cells yielded an additional protein of 37 kDa in the cytosolic and microsomal fractions that was reactive with Mab 8B7. The 37-kDa protein could be easily visualized by colloidal Coomassie Blue G-250 staining as a series of pI 6.9-8.4 spots on two-dimensional gels. Excision of an abundant immunoreactive spot enabled identification of the protein as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and protein database searching. Subsequent immunoblotting of purified rabbit skeletal muscle GAPDH with Mab 8B7 confirmed the antibody's specificity for GAPDH. Besides the pivotal role GAPDH plays in glycolysis, the enzyme has a number of noncanonical functions, including binding to mRNA and tRNA. The ability of Mab 8B7 to disrupt these lesser-known functions of GAPDH may account for the antibody's inhibitory effect on in vitro translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kipp E Van Meter
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, A.T. Still University, 800 W. Jefferson Street, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA
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Boulatnikov IG, Nadeau OW, Daniels PJ, Sage JM, Jeyasingham MD, Villar MT, Artigues A, Carlson GM. The regulatory beta subunit of phosphorylase kinase interacts with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7228-36. [PMID: 18549242 DOI: 10.1021/bi800681g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is an (alphabetagammadelta) 4 hetero-oligomeric enzyme complex that phosphorylates and activates glycogen phosphorylase b (GP b) in a Ca (2+)-dependent reaction that couples muscle contraction with glycogen breakdown. GP b is PhK's only known in vivo substrate; however, given the great size and multiple subunits of the PhK complex, we screened muscle extracts for other potential targets. Extracts of P/J (control) and I/lnJ (PhK deficient) mice were incubated with [gamma- (32)P]ATP with or without Ca (2+) and compared to identify potential substrates. Candidate targets were resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and phosphorylated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy. In vitro studies showed GAPDH to be a Ca (2+)-dependent substrate of PhK, although the rate of phosphorylation is very slow. GAPDH does, however, bind tightly to PhK, inhibiting at low concentrations (IC 50 approximately 0.45 microM) PhK's conversion of GP b. When a short synthetic peptide substrate was substituted for GP b, the inhibition was negligible, suggesting that GAPDH may inhibit predominantly by binding to the PhK complex at a locus distinct from its active site on the gamma subunit. To test this notion, the PhK-GAPDH complex was incubated with a chemical cross-linker, and a dimer between the regulatory beta subunit of PhK and GAPDH was formed. This interaction was confirmed by the fact that a subcomplex of PhK missing the beta subunit, specifically an alphagammadelta subcomplex, was unable to phosphorylate GAPDH, even though it is catalytically active toward GP b. Moreover, GAPDH had no effect on the conversion of GP b by the alphagammadelta subcomplex. The interactions described herein between the beta subunit of PhK and GAPDH provide a possible mechanism for the direct linkage of glycogenolysis and glycolysis in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor G Boulatnikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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16
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Cellular proteins in influenza virus particles. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000085. [PMID: 18535660 PMCID: PMC2390764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Virions are thought to contain all the essential proteins that govern virus egress from the host cell and initiation of replication in the target cell. It has been known for some time that influenza virions contain nine viral proteins; however, analyses of other enveloped viruses have revealed that proteins from the host cell can also be detected in virions. To address whether the same is true for influenza virus, we used two complementary mass spectrometry approaches to perform a comprehensive proteomic analysis of purified influenza virus particles. In addition to the aforementioned nine virus-encoded proteins, we detected the presence of 36 host-encoded proteins. These include both cytoplasmic and membrane-bound proteins that can be grouped into several functional categories, such as cytoskeletal proteins, annexins, glycolytic enzymes, and tetraspanins. Interestingly, a significant number of these have also been reported to be present in virions of other virus families. Protease treatment of virions combined with immunoblot analysis was used to verify the presence of the cellular protein and also to determine whether it is located in the core of the influenza virus particle. Immunogold labeling confirmed the presence of membrane-bound host proteins on the influenza virus envelope. The identification of cellular constituents of influenza virions has important implications for understanding the interactions of influenza virus with its host and brings us a step closer to defining the cellular requirements for influenza virus replication. While not all of the host proteins are necessarily incorporated specifically, those that are and are found to have an essential role represent novel targets for antiviral drugs and for attenuation of viruses for vaccine purposes. Viruses are released from infected cells in the form of virions, which contain all the essential factors necessary for initiating infection in a new target cell. For influenza virus, it is known that virions contain the viral genome, a lipid envelope, and at least nine viral proteins. We performed a detailed proteomic analysis of purified influenza virus particles using mass spectrometry and database searching for protein identification, and in addition to the nine viral proteins, we identified 36 host proteins. These host proteins are present both inside the influenza virus particle and on the viral envelope. All viruses require host cell factors to complete their replication cycles, and they also have to contend with the antiviral defense mechanisms of the host. Virus–host interactions may therefore provide the key to understanding viral pathogenesis and may also present us with new targets for the design of antiviral drugs. For influenza virus, information on the requirement of cellular factors is limited, but the description of these 36 host proteins that are packaged into the virion provides a foundation for further analysis into the involvement of these cellular pathways in the influenza virus life cycle.
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Abstract
This chapter provides an updated view of the host factors that are, at present, believed to participate in replication/transcription of RNA viruses. One of the major hurdles faced when attempting to identify host factors specifically involved in viral RNA replication/transcription is how to discriminate these factors from those involved in translation. Several of the host factors shown to affect viral RNA synthesis are factors known to be involved in protein synthesis, for example, translation factors. In addition, some of the factors identified to date appear to influence viral RNA amplification as well as viral protein synthesis, and translation and replication are frequently tightly associated. Several specific host factors actively participating in viral RNA transcription/replication have been identified and the regions of host protein/replicase or host protein/viral RNA interaction have been determined. The chapter centers exclusively on those factors that appear functionally important for viral amplification. It presents a list of the viruses for which a specific host factor associates with the polymerase, affecting viral genome amplification. It also indicates the usually accepted cell function of the factor and the viral polymerase or polymerase subunit to which the host factor binds.
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18
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Ponamarev MV, She YM, Zhang L, Robinson BH. Proteomics of bovine mitochondrial RNA-binding proteins: HES1/KNP-I is a new mitochondrial resident protein. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:43-52. [PMID: 15707356 DOI: 10.1021/pr049872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis of bovine mitochondrial proteins with affinity to polyAdenylate or polyUridylate was performed in an effort to identify novel RNA-binding mitochondrial proteins. We have used 2D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-QqTOF mass spectrometry to identify a total of 64 proteins, of which 51 have defined mitochondrial function including 6 known RNA-binding proteins. HES1/KNP-I from the polyA-binding fraction of mitochondrial Triton extract showed exclusive mitochondrial localization when expressed in GFP-tagged form. The HES1/KNP-I gene is on human chromosome 21q22.3 and may be involved in several disorders mapped to that region. Thus, HES1/KNP-I is a proven mitochondrial resident protein with apparent tight membrane association and tentative RNA-binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Ponamarev
- Department of Metabolism and Department of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto M5G 1X8, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Abstract
Although glycolysis is a biochemical pathway that evolved under ancient anaerobic terrestrial conditions, recent studies have provided evidence that some glycolytic enzymes are more complicated, multifaceted proteins rather than simple components of the glycolytic pathway. These glycolytic enzymes have acquired additional non-glycolytic functions in transcriptional regulation [hexokinase (HK)-2, lactate dehydrogenase A, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) and enolase 1], stimulation of cell motility (glucose-6-phosphate isomerase) and the regulation of apoptosis (glucokinase, HK and GAPD). The existence of multifaceted roles of glycolytic proteins suggests that links between metabolic sensors and transcription are established directly through enzymes that participate in metabolism. These roles further underscore the need to consider the non-enzymatic functions of enzymes in proteomic studies of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Whan Kim
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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20
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Ishida A, Tada Y, Nimura T, Sueyoshi N, Katoh T, Takeuchi M, Fujisawa H, Taniguchi T, Kameshita I. Identification of major Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase-binding proteins in brain: biochemical analysis of the interaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 435:134-46. [PMID: 15680915 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase phosphatase (CaMKP) is a unique protein phosphatase that specifically dephosphorylates and regulates multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaMKs). To clarify the physiological significance of CaMKP, we identified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and fructose bisphosphate aldolase as major binding partners of CaMKP in a soluble fraction of rat brain using the two-dimensional far-Western blotting technique, in conjunction with peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. We analyzed the affinities of these interactions. Wild type CaMKP-glutathione S-transferase (GST) associated with GAPDH in a GST pull-down assay. Deletion analysis suggested that the N-terminal side of the catalytic domain of CaMKP was responsible for the binding to GAPDH. Further, anti-CaMKP antibody coimmunoprecipitated GAPDH in a rat brain extract. GAPDH was phosphorylated by CaMKI or CaMKIV in vitro; however, when CaMKP coexisted, the phosphorylation was markedly attenuated. Under these conditions, CaMKP significantly dephosphorylated CaMKI and CaMKIV, which had been phosphorylated by CaMK kinase, whereas it did not dephosphorylate the previously phosphorylated GAPDH. The results suggest that CaMKP regulates the phosphorylation level of GAPDH in the CaMKP-GAPDH complex by dephosphorylating and deactivating CaMKs that are responsible for the phosphorylation of GAPDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiko Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan.
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21
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McLean JE, Hamaguchi N, Belenky P, Mortimer SE, Stanton M, Hedstrom L. Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase binds nucleic acids in vitro and in vivo. Biochem J 2004; 379:243-51. [PMID: 14766016 PMCID: PMC1224093 DOI: 10.1042/bj20031585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides. In addition to the catalytic domain, IMPDH contains a subdomain of unknown function composed of two cystathione beta-synthase domains. Our results, using three different assays, show that IMPDHs from Tritrichomonas foetus, Escherichia coli, and both human isoforms bind single-stranded nucleic acids with nanomolar affinity via the subdomain. Approx. 100 nucleotides are bound per IMPDH tetramer. Deletion of the subdomain decreases affinity 10-fold and decreases site size to 60 nucleotides, whereas substitution of conserved Arg/Lys residues in the subdomain with Glu decreases affinity by 20-fold. IMPDH is found in the nucleus of human cells, as might be expected for a nucleic-acid-binding protein. Lastly, immunoprecipitation experiments show that IMPDH binds both RNA and DNA in vivo. These experiments indicate that IMPDH has a previously unappreciated role in replication, transcription or translation that is mediated by the subdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy E McLean
- Program in Biophysics and Structural Biology, Brandeis University, MS 009, 415 South St., Waltham, MA 02454, USA
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22
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Sibanda EN, Stanczuk G, Kasolo F. HIV/AIDS in Central Africa: pathogenesis, immunological and medical issues. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 132:183-95. [PMID: 14646379 DOI: 10.1159/000074299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The estimated worldwide prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections topped 52.5 million in June 2003, a mere 20 years after the aetiological agent was shown to be a sexually transmissible virus with a predilection for CD4+ T lymphocytes. More than 22 million people have died of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the condition has in one generation become the most devastating and persistent epidemics in recorded history. More than two thirds of the world total of HIV-infected people live in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Central and Southern Africa at least 20% of the adult population is infected. As these adults die, they leave increasing numbers of orphans. Life expectancy at birth declined by 10 years per decade since the late 1980s to 50 years in the late 1990s, and in Botswana it is estimated to be as low as 33 years by 2010. The epidemic is increasing unabated and prospects for a curative or protective vaccine remain remote. The impact on HIV in Africa has been so profound that it influences political, economic, agriculture/food security, social, education, defence, science and health considerations. The medical and in particular immunology communities in Central Africa have the invidious challenge of on the one hand diagnosing the condition, monitoring its impact and contributing to treatment and management efforts. The science and clinical practice of immunology is challenged to find answers to the epidemic, perhaps including a vaccine. In this review we address the peculiarities of the HIV epidemic in Africa, its epidemiology and immunopathogenesis. We address the effect of the epidemic on individual patients, in their homes, workplaces and the knock-on effects on families and friends of the infected. Respective specialists discuss special groups (women, children) that are predominantly seen in Africa. We also discuss the impact of the epidemic on the clinical practice of medicine in general and challenges faced in the introduction of antiretroviral medicines. We also discuss options available for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of HIV-infected patients in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elopy Nimele Sibanda
- Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Medicine, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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23
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Bose S, Banerjee AK. Beta-catenin associates with human parainfluenza virus type 3 ribonucleoprotein complex and activates transcription of viral genome RNA in vitro. Gene Expr 2004; 11:241-9. [PMID: 15200236 PMCID: PMC5991151 DOI: 10.3727/000000003783992252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) requires polymeric actin for transcription of its genome RNA in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we have identified beta-catenin, an actin-bound protein, as one of the transcriptional activators for HPIV-3 genome RNA. Beta-catenin was packaged within the purified HPIV-3 virions and was associated with the HPIV-3 ribonucleoproteins (RNP) from infected cells. Moreover, purified beta-catenin interacted with bacterially expressed HPIV-3 nucleocapsid protein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST). Double-labeled immunofluorescent confocal microscopic analysis revealed colocalization of beta-catenin with HPIV-3 RNP at cell periphery in infected cells. The HPIV-3 RNP-associated beta-catenin functioned as a transactivator of HPIV-3 genome, because purified beta-catenin stimulated transcription of viral RNP in an in vitro transcription assay. These results demonstrate that beta-catenin, a multifunctional protein that is involved in cell-cell adhesion and embryogenesis, acts as one of the transcriptional activators of HPIV-3 genome RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bose
- Department of Virology, The Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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24
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Bose S, Mathur M, Bates P, Joshi N, Banerjee AK. Requirement for cyclophilin A for the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1687-1699. [PMID: 12810862 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several host proteins have been shown to play key roles in the life-cycle of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We have identified an additional host protein, cyclophilin A (CypA), a chaperone protein possessing peptidyl cis-trans prolyl-isomerase activity, as one of the cellular factors required for VSV replication. Inhibition of the enzymatic activity of cellular CypA by cyclosporin A (CsA) or SDZ-211-811 resulted in a drastic inhibition of gene expression by VSV New Jersey (VSV-NJ) serotype, while these drugs had a significantly reduced effect on the genome expression of VSV Indiana (VSV-IND) serotype. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant of CypA resulted in the reduction of VSV-NJ replication, suggesting a requirement for functional CypA for VSV-NJ infection. It was also shown that CypA interacted with the nucleocapsid (N) protein of VSV-NJ and VSV-IND in infected cells and was incorporated into the released virions of both serotypes. VSV-NJ utilized CypA for post-entry intracellular primary transcription, since inhibition of CypA with CsA reduced primary transcription of VSV-NJ by 85-90 %, whereas reduction for VSV-IND was only 10 %. Thus, it seems that cellular CypA binds to the N protein of both serotypes of VSV. However, it performs an obligatory function on the N protein activity of VSV-NJ, while its requirement is significantly less critical for VSV-IND N protein function. The different requirements for CypA by two serologically different viruses belonging to the same family has highlighted the utilization of specific host factors during their evolutionary lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bose
- Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Room # NN-10, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Manjula Mathur
- Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Room # NN-10, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Patricia Bates
- Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Room # NN-10, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nikita Joshi
- Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Room # NN-10, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Amiya K Banerjee
- Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Room # NN-10, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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25
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. This has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. HPIV is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. Further major subtypes of HPIV-4 (A and B) and subgroups/genotypes of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 have been described. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of lower respiratory infections in infants, young children, the immunocompromised, the chronically ill, and the elderly. Each subtype can cause somewhat unique clinical diseases in different hosts. HPIV are enveloped and of medium size (150 to 250 nm), and their RNA genome is in the negative sense. These viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, one of the largest and most rapidly growing groups of viruses causing significant human and veterinary disease. HPIV are closely related to recently discovered megamyxoviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses) and metapneumovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Henrickson
- Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA.
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26
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Gubbay O, Curran J, Kolakofsky D. Sendai virus genome synthesis and assembly are coupled: a possible mechanism to promote viral RNA polymerase processivity. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2895-2903. [PMID: 11714964 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-12-2895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell-free system for studying Sendai virus RNA synthesis was reconstituted from N protein:RNA templates and transfected cell extracts in which the viral N, P and L proteins were expressed. Both transcription (mRNA synthesis) and replication (genome and antigenome synthesis) took place concurrently in these reactions. Viral RNA polymerases engaged in replication (replicases) were found to elongate their chains at a constant speed along the genome (1.7 nt/s), in a highly processive manner. In contrast, viral RNA polymerases engaged in transcription (transcriptases), although capable of synthesizing RNA at a comparable speed to replicases, were poorly processive. In this system, therefore, transcriptases require special reaction conditions to promote processivity that are not required by replicases. In addition, during replication, incomplete nascent genome chains were shown to be assembled with N protein, providing direct evidence that the synthesis and assembly of genomes are concurrent events. The strong processivity of replicases, independent of the reaction conditions, may thus be due to the coupling of genome synthesis and assembly. A model is proposed to explain how pausing of viral polymerase on the template is restricted when assembly and synthesis of the nascent chain are coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gubbay
- Dept of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 9 Ave de Champel, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland1
| | - Joseph Curran
- Dept of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 9 Ave de Champel, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland1
| | - Daniel Kolakofsky
- Dept of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Geneva School of Medicine, CMU, 9 Ave de Champel, CH1211 Geneva, Switzerland1
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Ogino T, Yamadera T, Nonaka T, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Mizumoto K. Enolase, a cellular glycolytic enzyme, is required for efficient transcription of Sendai virus genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:447-55. [PMID: 11444863 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular proteins (host factors) may play key roles in transcription of Sendai virus (SeV) genome. We have previously shown that the host factor activity, which stimulates in vitro mRNA synthesis of SeV, from bovine brain comprises at least three complementary factors, and two of them were identified as tubulin and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK). Here the third host factor activity was further resolved into two complementary factors, and one of them was purified to an almost single polypeptide chain with an apparent M(r) of 52,000 (p52) and was identified as a glycolytic enzyme, enolase. Recombinant human alpha-enolase, as did p52, acted synergistically with other three host factors to stimulate SeV mRNA synthesis. West-Western blot analysis demonstrated that tubulin specifically binds enolase as well as PGK, suggesting that these two glycolytic enzymes regulate SeV transcription through their interactions with tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogino
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
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28
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Nanda SK, Leibowitz JL. Mitochondrial aconitase binds to the 3' untranslated region of the mouse hepatitis virus genome. J Virol 2001; 75:3352-62. [PMID: 11238861 PMCID: PMC114128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.7.3352-3362.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), a member of the Coronaviridae, contains a polyadenylated positive-sense single-stranded genomic RNA which is 31 kb long. MHV replication and transcription take place via the synthesis of negative-strand RNA intermediates from a positive-strand genomic template. A cis-acting element previously identified in the 3' untranslated region binds to trans-acting host factors from mouse fibroblasts and forms at least three RNA-protein complexes. The largest RNA-protein complex formed by the cis-acting element and the lysate from uninfected mouse fibroblasts has a molecular weight of about 200 kDa. The complex observed in gel shift assays has been resolved by second-dimension sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis into four proteins of approximately 90, 70, 58, and 40 kDa after RNase treatment. Specific RNA affinity chromatography also has revealed the presence of a 90-kDa protein associated with RNA containing the cis-acting element bound to magnetic beads. The 90-kDa protein has been purified from uninfected mouse fibroblast crude lysates. Protein microsequencing identified the 90-kDa protein as mitochondrial aconitase. Antibody raised against purified mitochondrial aconitase recognizes the RNA-protein complex and the 90-kDa protein, which can be released from the complex by RNase digestion. Furthermore, UV cross-linking studies indicate that highly purified mitochondrial aconitase binds specifically to the MHV 3' protein-binding element. Increasing the intracellular level of mitochondrial aconitase by iron supplementation resulted in increased RNA-binding activity in cell extracts and increased virus production as well as viral protein synthesis at early hours of infection. These results are particularly interesting in terms of identification of an RNA target for mitochondrial aconitase, which has a cytoplasmic homolog, cytoplasmic aconitase, also known as iron regulatory protein 1, a well-recognized RNA-binding protein. The binding properties of mitochondrial aconitase and the functional relevance of RNA binding appear to parallel those of cytoplasmic aconitase.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Nanda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, Texas 77843-1114, USA
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