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Prabhakar AT, Morgan IM. A new role for human papillomavirus 16 E2: Mitotic activation of the DNA damage response to promote viral genome segregation. Tumour Virus Res 2024; 18:200291. [PMID: 39245413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2024.200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents in around 5% of all human cancers. To identify and develop new targeted HPV therapeutics we must enhance our understanding of the viral life cycle and how it interacts with the host. The HPV E2 protein dimerizes and binds to 12bp target sequences in the viral genome and segregates the viral genome during mitosis. In this function, E2 binds to the viral genome and the host chromatin simultaneously, ensuring viral genomes reside in daughter nuclei following cell division. We have demonstrated that a mitotic interaction between E2 and the DNA damage response (DDR) protein TOPBP1 is required for E2 segregation function. In non-infected cells, following DNA damage, TOPBP1 is recruited to the mitotic host genome via interaction with MDC1 and this interaction protects DNA integrity during mitosis. Recently we demonstrated that the E2-TOPBP1 interaction activates the DNA damage response (DDR) during mitosis independently from external stimuli, promoting TOPBP1 interaction with mitotic chromatin and therefore segregation of the viral genome. Therefore, the virus has hijacked an existing host mechanism in order to segregate the viral genome. This intricate E2 function will be described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva T Prabhakar
- Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
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2
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Thakur K, Janjua D, Shishodia G, Chhokar A, Aggarwal N, Yadav J, Tripathi T, Chaudhary A, Senrung A, Bharti AC. Investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying JAK/STAT signaling pathway in HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis using 'omics' approach. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:255. [PMID: 36224441 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The precise mechanism of action of Janus Kinases (JAK)/Signal Transducer and activator of Transcription (STAT) signaling in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer (CaCx) is poorly defined. The present study dissected the underlying components of JAK/STAT signaling in HPV-positive cervical neoplasms. Whole transcriptome profile of CaCx cohort from TCGA database revealed elevated STAT3 and its impact on CaCx patients' survival. Using the RT2 Profiler PCR Array, we analyzed 84 genes of interest associated with JAK/STAT signaling in mRNA derived from HPV-negative and HPV-positive cervical lesions which revealed 21 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Analyses of DEGs using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery tool indicated maximum genes enriched in immune response and negative regulation of apoptotic process. Protein-protein network analysis indicated IL4, STAT5A, STAT4, and JAK3 to be the key genes in the interaction network. Further, 7 key DEGs (IL4R, IRF1, EGFR, OAS1, PIAS1, STAT4, and STAT5A) were validated in TCGA cohort using R2 platform. These genes were differentially expressed among HPV-positive cervical tissues and their correlation with STAT3 was established. EGFR and IL4R showed a comparatively strong correlation with STAT3 that supports their involvement in pathogenesis of CaCx. Finally, the Kaplan-Meier analysis established the prognostic association of the key DEGs, in CaCx cohort. The STAT3 and associated key genes discovered from our study establish a strong pathogenic role of JAK/STAT3 pathway in HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulbhushan Thakur
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Divya Janjua
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Gauri Shishodia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India.,Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tanya Tripathi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Apoorva Chaudhary
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anna Senrung
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India. .,Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, Noida, India.
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3
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Yu L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM. HPV16 and HPV18 Genome Structure, Expression, and Post-Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094943. [PMID: 35563334 PMCID: PMC9105396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common high-risk HPVs, are responsible for ~70% of all HPV-related cervical cancers and head and neck cancers. The expression of the HPV genome is highly dependent on cell differentiation and is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Both HPV early and late transcripts differentially expressed in the infected cells are intron-containing bicistronic or polycistronic RNAs bearing more than one open reading frame (ORF), because of usage of alternative viral promoters and two alternative viral RNA polyadenylation signals. Papillomaviruses proficiently engage alternative RNA splicing to express individual ORFs from the bicistronic or polycistronic RNA transcripts. In this review, we discuss the genome structures and the updated transcription maps of HPV16 and HPV18, and the latest research advances in understanding RNA cis-elements, intron branch point sequences, and RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of viral RNA processing. Moreover, we briefly discuss the epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and possible APOBEC-mediated genome editing in HPV infections and carcinogenesis.
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4
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Haręża DA, Wilczyński JR, Paradowska E. Human Papillomaviruses as Infectious Agents in Gynecological Cancers. Oncogenic Properties of Viral Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1818. [PMID: 35163748 PMCID: PMC8836588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which belong to the Papillomaviridae family, constitute a group of small nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. HPV has a small genome that only encodes a few proteins, and it is also responsible for 5% of all human cancers, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types may be classified as high- and low-risk genotypes (HR-HPVs and LR-HPVs, respectively) according to their oncogenic potential. HR-HPV 16 and 18 are the most common types worldwide and are the primary types that are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which interfere with critical cell cycle points such as suppressive tumor protein p53 (p53) and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), is the major contributor to HPV-induced neoplastic initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In addition, the E5 protein might also play a significant role in tumorigenesis. The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers is still not fully understood, which indicates a wide spectrum of potential research areas. This review focuses on HPV biology, the distribution of HPVs in gynecological cancers, the properties of viral oncoproteins, and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Haręża
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
- BioMedChem Doctoral School of the University of Lodz and Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek R. Wilczyński
- Department of Surgical and Oncological Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
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Xiong J, Li G, Mei X, Ding J, Shen H, Zhu D, Wang H. Co-Delivery of p53 Restored and E7 Targeted Nucleic Acids by Poly (Beta-Amino Ester) Complex Nanoparticles for the Treatment of HPV Related Cervical Lesions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826771. [PMID: 35185576 PMCID: PMC8855959 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 gene has the highest mutation frequency in tumors, and its inactivation can lead to malignant transformation, such as cell cycle arrest and apoptotic inhibition. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection is the leading cause of cervical cancer. P53 was inactivated by HPV oncoprotein E6, promoting abnormal cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. To study the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer by restoring p53 expression and inactivating HPV oncoprotein, and to verify the effectiveness of nano drugs based on nucleic acid delivery in cancer treatment, we developed poly (beta-amino ester)537, to form biocompatible and degradable nanoparticles with plasmids (expressing p53 and targeting E7). In vitro and in vivo experiments show that nanoparticles have low toxicity and high transfection efficiency. Nanoparticles inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors and successfully reversed HPV transgenic mice’s cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Our work suggests that the restoration of p53 expression and the inactivation of HPV16 E7 are essential for blocking the development of cervical cancer. This study provides new insights into the precise treatment of HPV-related cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guannan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Shen, ; Da Zhu, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Da Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Shen, ; Da Zhu, ; Hui Wang,
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Shen, ; Da Zhu, ; Hui Wang,
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6
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Xiong J, Tan S, Yu L, Shen H, Qu S, Zhang C, Ren C, Zhu D, Wang H. E7-Targeted Nanotherapeutics for Key HPV Afflicted Cervical Lesions by Employing CRISPR/Cas9 and Poly (Beta-Amino Ester). Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7609-7622. [PMID: 34819726 PMCID: PMC8606985 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s335277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent HR-HPV (high-risk human papillomavirus) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. The HPV oncogene E7 plays a key role in HPV tumorigenesis. At present, HPV preventive vaccines are not effective for patients who already have a cervical disease, and implementation of the recommended regular cervical screening is difficult in countries and regions lacking medical resources. Therefore, patients need medications to treat existing HPV infections and thus block the progression of cervical disease. Methods In this study, we developed nanoparticles (NPs) composed of the non-viral vector PBAE546 and a CRISPR/Cas9 recombinant plasmid targeting HPV16 E7 as a vaginal treatment for HPV infection and related cervical malignancies. Results Our NPs showed low toxicity and high biological safety both in vitro (cell line viability) and in vivo (various important organs of mice). Our NPs significantly inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors derived from cervical cancer cell lines in nude mice and significantly reversed the cervical epithelial malignant phenotype of HPV16 transgenic mice. Conclusion Our NPs have great potential to be developed as a drug for the treatment of HPV-related cervical cancer and precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Xiong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Songwei Tan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen Qu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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The Involvement of Natural Polyphenols in the Chemoprevention of Cervical Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168812. [PMID: 34445518 PMCID: PMC8396230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
From all types of cancer, cervical cancer manages to be in top four most frequent types, with a 6.5% rate of occurrence. The infectious vector that induces the disease, the high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is a sexually transmitted virus, is capable of transforming the host cell by modulating some of the principal signaling pathways responsible for cell cycle arrest, proliferation, and survival. Fortunately, like other cancer types, cervical cancer can be treated by chirurgical interventions or chemoradiotherapy, but these methods are not exactly the lucky clover of modern medicine because of the adverse effects they have. That is the reason why in the last years the emphasis has been on alternative medicine, more specifically on phytochemicals, as a substantial number of studies showed that diet contributes to cancer prevention and treatment. All these studies are trying to find new chemopreventive agents with less toxicity but high effectiveness both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this review is to evaluate the literature in order to underline the advantages and disadvantages of polyphenols, a class of dietary compounds, as chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. This review also aims to present polyphenols from different perspectives, starting with mechanisms of action and ending with their toxicity. The bigger picture illustrates that polyphenols have great potential in cervical cancer prevention, with strong effects on gene modulation.
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8
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Rasi Bonab F, Baghbanzadeh A, Ghaseminia M, Bolandi N, Mokhtarzadeh A, Amini M, Dadashzadeh K, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Baradaran B, Bannazadeh Baghi H. Molecular pathways in the development of HPV-induced cervical cancer. EXCLI JOURNAL 2021; 20:320-337. [PMID: 33746665 PMCID: PMC7975633 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) has gained considerable attention in cervical cancer research studies. It is one of the most important sexually transmitted diseases that can affect 160 to 289 out of 10000 persons every year. Due to the infectious nature of this virus, HPV can be considered a serious threat. The knowledge of viral structure, especially for viral oncoproteins like E6, E7, and their role in causing cancer is very important. This virus has different paths (PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, ERK/MAPK, and JAK/STAT) that are involved in the transmission of signaling paths through active molecules like MEK (pMEK), ERK (pERK), and Akt (pAkt). It's eventually through these paths that cancer is developed. Precise knowledge of these paths and their signals give us the prognosis to adopt appropriate goals for prevention and control of these series of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Rasi Bonab
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moslem Ghaseminia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nadia Bolandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kianoosh Dadashzadeh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran
| | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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MEK/ERK signaling is a critical regulator of high-risk human papillomavirus oncogene expression revealing therapeutic targets for HPV-induced tumors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009216. [PMID: 33481911 PMCID: PMC7857559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved to utilize normal cellular processes to complete their replicative cycles. Pathogens that interface with proliferative cell signaling pathways risk infections that can lead to cancers, but the factors that influence malignant outcomes are incompletely understood. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) predominantly cause benign hyperplasia in stratifying epithelial tissues. However, a subset of carcinogenic or “high-risk” HPV (hr-HPV) genotypes are etiologically linked to nearly 5% of all human cancers. Progression of hr-HPV-induced lesions to malignancies is characterized by increased expression of the E6 and E7 oncogenes and the oncogenic functions of these viral proteins have been widely studied. Yet, the mechanisms that regulate hr-HPV oncogene transcription and suppress their expression in benign lesions remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling, influenced by epithelial contact inhibition and tissue differentiation cues, regulates hr-HPV oncogene expression. Using monolayer cells, epithelial organotypic tissue models, and neoplastic tissue biopsy materials, we show that cell-extrinsic activation of ERK overrides cellular control to promote HPV oncogene expression and the neoplastic phenotype. Our data suggest that HPVs are adapted to use the EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling pathway to regulate their productive replicative cycles. Mechanistic studies show that EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling influences AP-1 transcription factor activity and AP-1 factor knockdown reduces oncogene transcription. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of EGFR, MEK, and ERK signaling quash HPV oncogene expression and the neoplastic phenotype, revealing a potential clinical strategy to suppress uncontrolled cell proliferation, reduce oncogene expression and treat HPV neoplasia. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections occur in differentiating squamous epithelium and induce hyperplasia during the viral replicative cycle. Although HPV oncogene expression is necessary to promote cellular proliferation for viral genome amplification in the middle epithelial layers, oncogene levels are thereafter suppressed to permit differentiation-induced late gene expression in the uppermost epithelial cells. Yet, the mechanisms responsible for controlling HPV oncogene expression are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that EGFR/MEK/ERK signaling, which is subject to the normal cellular cues of contact inhibition and epithelial tissue differentiation, is a critical regulator of hr-HPV oncogene expression. We found that extrinsic activation of ERK overrides cellular control to promote oncogene expression and the neoplastic phenotype. Many epidemiologically defined risk factors activate the EGFR/MEK/ERK pathway, suggesting a common mechanism whereby they may promote HPV persistence and disease progression. Lastly, we show that HPV oncogene transcription and protein expression remain susceptible to MEK/ERK control in early neoplastic tissues and tumor cells and that targeted inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling might be exploited therapeutically for HPV-induced infections and tumors.
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Ehrig F, Häfner N, Driesch C, Kraus Christiansen I, Beer K, Schmitz M, Runnebaum IB, Dürst M. Differences in Stability of Viral and Viral-Cellular Fusion Transcripts in HPV-Induced Cervical Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010112. [PMID: 31877944 PMCID: PMC6981427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV-DNA integration results in dysregulation of viral oncogene expression. Because viral-cellular fusion transcripts inherently lack the viral AU-rich elements of the 3’UTR, they are considered to be more stable than episome-derived transcripts. The aim of this study is to provide formal proof for this assumption by comparing the stability of viral early transcripts derived from episomal and integrated HPV16 DNA, respectively. Full-length cDNA of three fusion transcripts comprising viral and cellular sequences in sense orientation were amplified and cloned into the adeno-viral-vector pAd/CMV/V5-DEST. The most abundant HPV16 oncogene transcript E6*I-E7-E1vE4-E5 with and without 3’UTR, served as reference and control, respectively. Human primary keratinocytes were transduced using high titer virus stocks. qRT-PCR was performed to determine mRNA stability in relation to GAPDH in the presence of actinomycin-D. In four independent transduction experiments, all three viral-cellular fusion transcripts were significantly more stable compared to the episome-derived reference. Among the three viral-cellular fusion transcripts the most stable transcript was devoid of the instability core motif “AUUUA”. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in the stability between the episome-derived transcripts either with or without 3’UTR, indicating that the AU-rich elements of the 3’UTR are not contributing to RNA stability. Instead, the three “AUUUA” motifs located in the untranslated region between the viral E4 and E5 genes may be responsible for the instability. This is the first report showing that authentic viral-cellular fusion transcripts are more stable than episome-derived transcripts. The longer half-life of the fusion transcripts may result in increased levels of viral oncoproteins and thereby drive the carcinogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ehrig
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (N.H.); (C.D.); (K.B.); (I.B.R.)
| | - Norman Häfner
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (N.H.); (C.D.); (K.B.); (I.B.R.)
| | - Corina Driesch
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (N.H.); (C.D.); (K.B.); (I.B.R.)
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway;
| | - Katrin Beer
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (N.H.); (C.D.); (K.B.); (I.B.R.)
| | | | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (N.H.); (C.D.); (K.B.); (I.B.R.)
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (N.H.); (C.D.); (K.B.); (I.B.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-939-0890
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11
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Arians N, Nicolay NH, Brons S, Koerber SA, Jaschke C, Vercruysse M, Daffinger S, Rühle A, Debus J, Lindel K. Carbon-ion irradiation overcomes HPV-integration/E2 gene-disruption induced radioresistance of cervical keratinocytes. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:564-572. [PMID: 31322705 PMCID: PMC6805985 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To date, only few data exist on mechanisms underlying the human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated irradiation response. It has been suggested, that the viral E2 gene plays an important role in that context. The aim of the current study is to compare the effect of photon- and carbon-ion (12C)-radiation therapy (RT) on cells with different HPV and E2 gene status. We hypothesized that 12C-RT might overcome the radioresistance of E2 gene-disrupted cells. We analyzed four different cell lines that differed in HPV status or E2 gene status. Cells were irradiated with either photons or 12C. Clonogenic survival, cell cycle and expression of Rb and p53 were analyzed. Radiosensitivity seemed to be dependent on E2 gene status and type of RT. 12C-RT led to lower surviving fractions, indicating higher radiosensitivity even in cells with disrupted E2 gene. The observed relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 12C-RT for C33a/Caski and W12/S12 was 1.3/4 and 2.7/2.5, respectively. Cell cycle regulation after both photon- and 12C-RT was dependent on HPV status and on E2 gene status. Furthermore, the effect of RT on expression of p53 and Rb seemed to be dependent on E2 gene status and type of RT. We showed that 12C-RT overcomes HPV-integration induced radioresistance. The effect of RT on cell cycle regulation as well as on expression of p53 and Rb seemed to be dependent on HPV status, E2 gene status and type of RT. Differences in Rb expression and cell cycle regulation may play a role for enhanced radiosensitivity to 12C-RT of cells with disrupted E2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Arians
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils Henrik Nicolay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Stephan Brons
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Alexander Koerber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Jaschke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Vercruysse
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Daffinger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute of Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Lindel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Municipal Hospital Karlsruhe gGmbH, Moltkestraße 90, Karlsruhe, Germany
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12
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Zhou Y, Wang W, Wei R, Jiang G, Li F, Chen X, Wang X, Long S, Ma D, Xi L. Serum bradykinin levels as a diagnostic marker in cervical cancer with a potential mechanism to promote VEGF expression via BDKRB2. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:131-141. [PMID: 31059006 PMCID: PMC6561625 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) is one of the kinin peptides and preferentially binds to bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2). A recent study indicated that BK played an important role in the occurrence and progression of cancer. In this study, we evaluated the serum BK levels in 130 cervical cancer (CC) cases (including 65 cases with pre- and post-surgery paired samples, another 65 cases with only pre-surgery samples), 35 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) cases (pre- and post-surgery paired) and 35 control cases. We found that BK was overexpressed in patients with CC compared to patients with CIN and the control group. When combined with squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCCA), the diagnostic efficacy of BK was prominently enhanced. Moreover, we detected the expression level of the BK receptor BDKRB2 in CC, CIN and normal cervical tissues and observed a higher expression in the CC and CIN tissues than in the normal cervix. We then explored the possible mechanisms of action of BK in promoting the progression of CC. When BK was added to the cell culture medium, human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) angiogenesis increased and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in CC cell lines was also elevated. The BK antagonist, HOE140, exerted an opposite effect. The knockdown or the overexpression of BDKRB2 in CC cell lines further confirmed its oncogenic role in angiogenesis. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that BK may be a diagnostic biomarker for CC and may notably improve the diagnostic efficacy when combined with SCCA. BK promotes the progression of CC by upregulating the expression of VEGF via BDKRB2 and subsequently facilitating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Guiying Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Sixiang Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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13
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The function of histone acetylation in cervical cancer development. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190527. [PMID: 30886064 PMCID: PMC6465204 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common female cancer in the world. It is well known that cervical cancer is closely related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, epigenetics has increasingly been recognized for its role in tumorigenesis. Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression levels based on non-gene sequence changes, primarily through transcription or translation of genes regulation, thus affecting its function and characteristics. Typical post-translational modifications (PTMs) include acetylation, propionylation, butyrylation, malonylation and succinylation, among which the acetylation modification of lysine sites has been studied more clearly so far. The acetylation modification of lysine residues in proteins is involved in many aspects of cellular life activities, including carbon metabolism, transcriptional regulation, amino acid metabolism and so on. In this review, we summarize the latest discoveries on cervical cancer development arising from the aspect of acetylation, especially histone acetylation.
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14
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Zhou Y, Jiang G, Wang W, Wei R, Chen X, Wang X, Wei J, Ma D, Li F, Xi L. A Novel Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe TMTP1-PEG4-ICG for in Vivo Tumor Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:4119-4126. [PMID: 30475602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging agents are considered to be promising tracers for tumor imaging and guided therapy. TMTP1 was screened through the FliTrx bacterial peptide display system in our laboratory previously and shown to specifically target to primary tumors and metastatic foci. In this study, small peptide TMTP1 was designed to conjugate to a near-infrared fluorescent agent ICG derivative ICG-OSu through PEG4, forming the novel probe TMTP1-PEG4-ICG. It was successfully synthesized and certified. CCK-8 assay showed that it was nontoxic to normal cells and cancerous cells. Dynamics study indicated that the probe was cleared through the liver-intestine and kidney-bladder pathway. Tumor targeting capability of this probe in vitro was evaluated on 4T1, SiHa, HeLa, S12, and HaCaT cells by flow cytometry. In vivo imaging of 4T1 and HeLa tumor-bearing mice further identified the tumor homing ability. As we had expected, the probe showed excellent affinity to cancer cells not only in vitro but also in vivo, whether in murine tumor or humanized tumor. In conclusion, TMTP1-PEG4-ICG demonstrated ideal imaging effects on tumor-bearing mice model, providing new opportunities for tumor diagnostic or guiding resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guiying Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , 430030 , People's Republic of China
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15
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Lillsunde Larsson G, Kaliff M, Sorbe B, Helenius G, Karlsson MG. HPV16 viral characteristics in primary, recurrent and metastatic vulvar carcinoma. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2018; 6:63-69. [PMID: 30391517 PMCID: PMC6249404 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Vulvar carcinoma is the fourth most common gynecological malignancy. Two separate carcinogenic pathways are suggested, where one is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV16 the most common genotype. The aim of this study was to evaluate HPV-markers in a set of primary tumors, metastases and recurrent lesions of vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (VSCC). Ten HPV16-positive VSCC with metastatic regional lymph nodes, distant lymphoid/hematogenous metastases or local recurrent lesions were investigated for HPV genotype, HPV16 variant, HPV16 viral load, HPV16 integration and HPV16 E2BS3 and 4 methylation. In all 10 analyzed case series, the same HPV genotype (HPV16), HPV16 variant and level of viral load were detected in all lesions within a patient case. Primary tumors with a high E2/E6 ratio were found to have fewer vulvar recurrences and/or metastases after diagnosis and treatment. Also, a significantly lower viral load was evident in regional lymph nodes compared to primary tumors. The data presented strengthens the evidence for a clonal HPV-induced pathway for vulvar carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Lillsunde Larsson
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Malin Kaliff
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sorbe
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Gisela Helenius
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Mats G Karlsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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16
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Araldi RP, Sant’Ana TA, Módolo DG, de Melo TC, Spadacci-Morena DD, de Cassia Stocco R, Cerutti JM, de Souza EB. The human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer biology: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1537-1556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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Zhu D, Shen H, Tan S, Hu Z, Wang L, Yu L, Tian X, Ding W, Ren C, Gao C, Cheng J, Deng M, Liu R, Hu J, Xi L, Wu P, Zhang Z, Ma D, Wang H. Nanoparticles Based on Poly (β-Amino Ester) and HPV16-Targeting CRISPR/shRNA as Potential Drugs for HPV16-Related Cervical Malignancy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2443-2455. [PMID: 30241742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent high-risk HPV infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. The HPV oncogene E7 plays an important role in HPV carcinogenesis. Currently, HPV vaccines do not offer an effective treatment for women who already present with cervical disease, and recommended periodical cervical screenings are difficult to perform in countries and areas lacking medical resources. Our aim was to develop nanoparticles (NPs) based on poly (β-amino ester) (PBAE) and HPV16 E7-targeting CRISPR/short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to reduce the levels of HPV16 E7 as a preliminary form of a drug to treat HPV infection and its related cervical malignancy. Our NPs showed low toxicity in cells and mouse organs. By reducing the expression of HPV16 E7, our NPs could inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells and xenograft tumors in nude mice, and they could reverse the malignant cervical epithelium phenotype in HPV16 transgenic mice. The performance of NPs containing shRNA is better than that of NPs containing CRISPR. HPV-targeting NPs consisting of PBAE and CRISPR/shRNA could potentially be developed as drugs to treat HPV infection and HPV-related cervical malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Songwei Tan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Department of Gynecological Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xun Tian
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wencheng Ding
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ci Ren
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Chun Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Junbo Hu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Ling Xi
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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18
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Oyervides-Muñoz MA, Pérez-Maya AA, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez HF, Gómez-Macias GS, Fajardo-Ramírez OR, Treviño V, Barrera-Saldaña HA, Garza-Rodríguez ML. Understanding the HPV integration and its progression to cervical cancer. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Wang C, Dickie J, Sutavani RV, Pointer C, Thomas GJ, Savelyeva N. Targeting Head and Neck Cancer by Vaccination. Front Immunol 2018; 9:830. [PMID: 29740440 PMCID: PMC5924779 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a heterogeneous group of squamous cell cancers that affect the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Worldwide, it is the sixth most common cancer but in parts of Southern and South-East Asia, HNC is one of the most common cancers. A significant proportion of HNC is driven by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, whereas HPV-independent HNC is associated with alcohol, smoking, and smokeless tobacco consumption. Here, we review the past and present experience of targeting HNC with vaccination focusing on HPV-derived antigens as well as non-viral antigens for HPV-negative HNC. Novel therapeutic approaches for HNC will focus not only on effective vaccine platforms but will also target the stroma-rich immunosuppressive microenvironment found in those tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Natalia Savelyeva
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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20
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Xiao S, Tang YS, Kusumanchi P, Stabler SP, Zhang Y, Antony AC. Folate Deficiency Facilitates Genomic Integration of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 DNA In Vivo in a Novel Mouse Model for Rapid Oncogenic Transformation of Human Keratinocytes. J Nutr 2018; 148:389-400. [PMID: 29546304 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiologic and in vitro studies suggest independent linkages between poor folate and/or vitamin B-12 nutrition, genomic human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 viral integration, and cancer. However, there is no direct evidence in vivo to support the causative role of poor folate nutrition in HPV16 integration into the cellular genome. Objective We tested the hypothesis that folate deficiency enables the integration of HPV16 into the genome of HPV16-harboring keratinocytes, and could thereby influence earlier transformation of these cells to cancer in an animal model. Methods HPV16-harboring human keratinocytes [(HPV16)BC-1-Ep/SL] were differentiated into 3-dimensional HPV16-organotypic rafts under either folate-replete or folate-deficient conditions in vitro. These were then subcutaneously implanted in severely immunocompromised female Beige Nude XID (Hsd: NIHS-LystbgFoxn1nuBtkxid) mice (4-6 wk old, 16-18 g) fed either a folate-replete diet (1200 nmol folate/kg diet) or a progressively folate-deficient diet (600 or 400 nmol folate/kg diet) for 2 mo prior to raft-implantation surgery, and indefinitely thereafter. The tumors that subsequently developed were characterized for onset, pattern of growth, morphology, HPV16 oncogene expression, and HPV16-genomic integration. Results All HPV16-organotypic rafts developed in either folate-replete or physiologic low-folate media in vitro and subsequently implanted in folate-replete mice eventually transformed into aggressive malignancies within weeks. When compared to HPV16-high folate-organotypic raft-derived tumors from mice fed either a 1200 or 600 nmol folate/kg diet, those raft-derived cancers that developed in mice fed a 400 nmol folate/kg diet expressed significantly more HPV16 E6 (1.8-fold more) and E7 (2.8-fold more) oncogenic proteins (P = 0.001), and revealed significantly more HPV16-integration sites in genomic DNA (2-fold more), either directly into, or in the vicinity of, cellular genes (P < 0.05). Conclusions This unprecedented animal model for the consistent rapid transformation of differentiated (HPV16)BC-1-Ep/SL-derived organotypic raft-keratinocytes to cancer in Beige Nude XID mice confirms that dietary folate deficiency can profoundly influence and modulate events leading to HPV16-induced carcinogenesis, and facilitates genomic integration of HPV16 DNA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ying-Sheng Tang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Sally P Stabler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Asok C Antony
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN.,Richard L Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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21
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Bojilova ED, Weyn C, Antoine MH, Fontaine V. Extrachromosomal HPV-16 LCR transcriptional activation by HDACi opposed by cellular differentiation and DNA integration. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75526-75538. [PMID: 27705914 PMCID: PMC5342758 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have been shown to render HPV-carrying cells susceptible to intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signals. As such, these epigenetic drugs have entered clinical trials in the effort to treat cervical cancer. Here, we studied the effect of common HDACi, with an emphasis on Trichostatin A (TSA), on the transcriptional activity of the HPV-16 Long Control Region (LCR) in order to better understand the impact of these agents in the context of the HPV life cycle and infection. HDACi strongly induced transcription of the firefly luciferase reporter gene under the control of the HPV-16 LCR in a variety of cell lines. In the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line undergoing differentiation induced by TSA, we observed a reduction in LCR-controlled transcription. Three major AP-1 binding sites in the HPV-16 LCR are involved in the regulation by TSA. However, whatever the status of differentiation of the HaCaT cells, TSA induced integration of extra-chromosomal transfected DNA into the cellular genome. Although these data suggest caution using HDACi in the treatment of HR HPV infection, further in vivo studies are necessary to better assess the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dimitrova Bojilova
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Weyn
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Hélène Antoine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculty of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Zhang C, Ding W, Liu Y, Hu Z, Zhu D, Wang X, Yu L, Wang L, Shen H, Zhang W, Ren C, Li K, Weng D, Deng W, Ma D, Wang H. Proteomics-based identification of VDAC1 as a tumor promoter in cervical carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:52317-52328. [PMID: 27419626 PMCID: PMC5239554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We used oxidative isotope-coded affinity tags (OxICAT) to investigate the global redox status of proteins in human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cervical cancer cells, in order to identify a potential target for gene therapy. Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) was found to be highly oxidized in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. VDAC1 expression correlated significantly with the invasion of cervical cancer, the grade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and the expression of HPV16 E7 in CIN. Knockdown of VDAC1 in cell lines increased the rate of apoptosis, while overexpression of the VDAC1 (respectively) partly reversed the effect. Thus, VDAC1 may promote the malignant progression of HPV-related disease, and treatments designed to suppress VDAC1 could prevent the progression of HPV-induced cervical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Wencheng Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Da Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Weican Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Ci Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Danhui Weng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Morgan IM, DiNardo LJ, Windle B. Integration of Human Papillomavirus Genomes in Head and Neck Cancer: Is It Time to Consider a Paradigm Shift? Viruses 2017; 9:v9080208. [PMID: 28771189 PMCID: PMC5580465 DOI: 10.3390/v9080208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are detected in 70–80% of oropharyngeal cancers in the developed world, the incidence of which has reached epidemic proportions. The current paradigm regarding the status of the viral genome in these cancers is that there are three situations: one where the viral genome remains episomal, one where the viral genome integrates into the host genome and a third where there is a mixture of both integrated and episomal HPV genomes. Our recent work suggests that this third category has been mischaracterized as having integrated HPV genomes; evidence indicates that this category consists of virus–human hybrid episomes. Most of these hybrid episomes are consistent with being maintained by replication from HPV origin. We discuss our evidence to support this new paradigm, how such genomes can arise, and more importantly the implications for the clinical management of HPV positive head and neck cancers following accurate determination of the viral genome status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Laurence J DiNardo
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- VCU Department of Otolaryngology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Brad Windle
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a necessary cause of anogenital squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and a subgroup of head and neck SCC, i.e., those originating in the oropharynx. The key events in high-risk HPV (HRHPV)-associated neoplastic progression include persistent infection, deregulated expression of virus early genes in basal epithelial cells, local immune suppression and the accumulation of chromosomal alterations. Evidence for these events particularly comes from studies of uterine cervical carcinogenesis; primary premalignant HRHPV-positive lesions of the head and neck mucosa are seldomly detected. Integration of virus DNA into host chromosomes is considered an important driver of carcinogenesis and observed in 40 up to 90 % of uterine cervical SCC (UCSCC) and oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC), dependent on the integration detection method used and HRHPV type. In OPSCC, > 90 % HPV-positive tumors are infected with HPV16. Ten up to 60 % of HPV-positive tumors thus contain extrachromosomal (episomal) virus. In this chapter, causes and consequences of HPV integration are summarized from the literature, with special focus on the site of HPV integration in the cellular genome, and its effect on expression of viral oncogenes (particularly E6 and E7), on human (tumor) gene expression and on deregulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell signaling pathways. Also data on DNA methylation, viral load and clinical outcome in relation to HPV integration are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Jan M Speel
- Unit Molecular Oncopathology & Diagnostics, Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Dvoryaninova OY, Nikitina EG, Bychkov VA, Litviakov NV. Genetic aspects of HPV infection detection in tumor and adjacent tissues of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:275-279. [PMID: 36494987 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2016-61-6-275-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The article describes methods for the human papillomavirus (HPV) detection in tumor and adjacent (morphologically intact) tissues of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSSC) in terms of viral pathogenesis. Comparative evaluation of the principles and techniques for HPV detection was performed. Advantages and disadvantages of the HPV detection methods are described. Approaches for DNA and HPV oncoproteins E6-E7 identification are substantiated. The results of our research into the qualitative and quantitative detection of HPV in the tumor and adjacent tissues of patients with Lssc are described. The research was conducted using commercial test systems Amplisens HPV HR screen-titre-FL and Amplisens HPV HR genotype-FL. Based on these results we developed the algorithm of HPV detection in samples of tumor tissue of patients with Lssc. The need for typing HPV-positive tissue samples with low concentration of HPV DNA was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E G Nikitina
- Tomsk Cancer Research Institute
- National Research Tomsk State University
| | | | - N V Litviakov
- Tomsk Cancer Research Institute
- National Research Tomsk State University
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Brd4 Activates Early Viral Transcription upon Human Papillomavirus 18 Infection of Primary Keratinocytes. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01644-16. [PMID: 27879331 PMCID: PMC5120138 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01644-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) replicate in the cutaneous and mucosal epithelia, and the infectious cycle is synchronous with the differentiation program of the host keratinocytes. The virus initially infects dividing cells in the lower layers of the epithelium, where it establishes a persistent infection. The viral genome is maintained as a low-copy-number, extrachromosomal element in these proliferating cells but switches to the late stage of the life cycle in differentiated cells. The cellular chromatin adaptor protein Brd4 is involved in several stages and processes of the viral life cycle. In concert with the viral transcriptional regulator E2, Brd4 can repress transcription from the early viral promoter. Brd4 and E2 form a complex with the viral genome that associates with host chromosomes to partition the viral genome in dividing cells; Brd4 also localizes to active sites of productive HPV DNA replication. However, because of the difficulties in producing HPV viral particles, the role of Brd4 in modulating viral transcription and replication at the initial stage of infection is unclear. In this study, we have used an HPV18 quasivirus-based genome delivery system to assess the role of Brd4 in the initial infectivity of primary human keratinocytes. We show that, upon infection of primary human keratinocytes with HPV18 quasivirus, Brd4 activates viral transcription and replication. Furthermore, this activation is independent of the functional interaction between Brd4 and the HPV18 E2 protein. HPVs lack encapsidated proteins and so rely exquisitely on host cellular factors to initiate their gene expression programs in newly infected cells. Brd4 is an important cellular chromatin adaptor molecule that normally activates host transcription initiation and elongation. In this study, we further optimize and utilize a quasivirus infection system to show that Brd4 activates HPV18 transcription at early stages of infection. HPVs are important human pathogens causing a wide range of cutaneous and tumorigenic morbidities. Therefore, specifically targeting this protein could provide a new target of therapeutic prevention of establishment of HPV infections.
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Tandemly Integrated HPV16 Can Form a Brd4-Dependent Super-Enhancer-Like Element That Drives Transcription of Viral Oncogenes. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01446-16. [PMID: 27624132 PMCID: PMC5021809 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01446-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the viral genome is very often found integrated into the cellular genome. The viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are transcribed from the viral promoter, and integration events that alter transcriptional regulation of this promoter contribute to carcinogenic progression. In this study, we detected highly enriched binding of the super-enhancer markers Brd4, MED1, and H3K27ac, visible as a prominent nuclear focus by immunofluorescence, at the tandemly integrated copies of HPV16 in cells of the cervical neoplasia cell line W12 subclone 20861. Tumor cells are often addicted to super-enhancer-driven oncogenes and are particularly sensitive to disruption of transcription factor binding to the enhancers. Treatment of 20861 cells with bromodomain inhibitors displaced Brd4 from the HPV integration site, greatly decreased E6/E7 transcription, and inhibited cellular proliferation. Thus, Brd4 activates viral transcription at this integration site, and strong selection for E6/E7 expression can drive the formation of a super-enhancer-like element to promote oncogenesis. Oncogenic human papillomaviruses play an essential role in the development of cervical cancer, and growth of these cancer cells requires continued expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes. Integration of the virus into the host genome often results in deregulation of E6 and E7 expression, which provides a selective growth advantage and increases genetic instability of infected cells. We show here that tandemly integrated copies of the viral genome can form a super-enhancer-like element that drives E6/E7 transcription. Targeted disruption of factors binding to this element decreases viral transcription and causes cell death. Thus, cancer cells that harbor integrated HPV could be targeted by therapeutics that disrupt super-enhancer function.
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28
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Delcuratolo M, Fertey J, Schneider M, Schuetz J, Leiprecht N, Hudjetz B, Brodbeck S, Corall S, Dreer M, Schwab RM, Grimm M, Wu SY, Stubenrauch F, Chiang CM, Iftner T. Papillomavirus-Associated Tumor Formation Critically Depends on c-Fos Expression Induced by Viral Protein E2 and Bromodomain Protein Brd4. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005366. [PMID: 26727473 PMCID: PMC4699637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism of how the papillomavirus E2 transcription factor can activate promoters through activator protein (AP)1 binding sites. Using an unbiased approach with an inducible cell line expressing the viral transcription factor E2 and transcriptome analysis, we found that E2 induces the expression of the two AP1 components c-Fos and FosB in a Brd4-dependent manner. In vitro RNA interference confirmed that c-Fos is one of the AP1 members driving the expression of viral oncogenes E6/E7. Mutation analysis and in vivo RNA interference identified an essential role for c-Fos/AP1 and also for the bromodomain protein Brd4 for papillomavirus-induced tumorigenesis. Lastly, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that E2 binds together with Brd4 to a canonical E2 binding site (E2BS) in the promoter of c-Fos, thus activating c-Fos expression. Thus, we identified a novel way how E2 activates the viral oncogene promoter and show that E2 may act as a viral oncogene by direct activation of c-Fos involved in skin tumorigenesis. Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) are the etiological agents of cervical cancer and of skin cancer in individuals with the inherited disease epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV). While the role of the viral oncogenes E6/E7 as drivers of tumorigenesis in cervical cancer has been firmly established, the contribution of the early viral genes in skin cancer is less clear. For EV-associated HPV8 and for the skin cancer model system using cottontail rabbit PV, an important role of the viral E2 protein in tumorigenesis was suggested earlier and regulation of cellular genes by E2 through different mechanisms was demonstrated. We show now that the viral E2 and cellular Brd4 act together to induce the cellular gene c-Fos, which as a member of the AP-1 complex, is involved in the regulation of cellular genes and the viral promoter driving the expression of viral oncogenes. As c-Fos has also been shown to be essential for skin cancer, E2 contributes to tumorigenesis via expression of E6/E7 as well as by increasing c-Fos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Delcuratolo
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fertey
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Schuetz
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalie Leiprecht
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Hudjetz
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Brodbeck
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silke Corall
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Dreer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roxana Michaela Schwab
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Grimm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shwu-Yuan Wu
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Division of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Guo Y, Hu J, Zhu L, Sun J, Xie L, Kong F, Han L, Li F. Physical Status and Variant Analysis of Human Papillomavirus 16 in Women from Shanghai. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2015; 81:61-70. [DOI: 10.1159/000381775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Groves IJ, Coleman N. Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated mucosal disease. J Pathol 2015; 235:527-38. [PMID: 25604863 DOI: 10.1002/path.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a necessary cause of carcinoma of the cervix and other mucosal epithelia. Key events in high-risk HPV (HRHPV)-associated neoplastic progression include persistent infection, deregulated expression of virus early genes in basal epithelial cells and genomic instability causing secondary host genomic imbalances. There are multiple mechanisms by which deregulated virus early gene expression may be achieved. Integration of virus DNA into host chromosomes is observed in the majority of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), although in ∼15% of cases the virus remains extrachromosomal (episomal). Interestingly, not all integration events provide a growth advantage to basal cervical epithelial cells or lead to increased levels of the virus oncogenes E6 and E7, when compared with episome-containing basal cells. The factors that provide a competitive advantage to some integrants, but not others, are complex and include virus and host contributions. Gene expression from integrated and episomal HRHPV is regulated through host epigenetic mechanisms affecting the virus long control region (LCR), which appear to be of functional importance. New approaches to treating HRHPV-associated mucosal neoplasia include knockout of integrated HRHPV DNA, depletion of virus transcripts and inhibition of virus early gene transcription through targeting or use of epigenetic modifiers. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Groves
- University of Cambridge, Department of Pathology, UK
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31
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Chen Y, Williams V, Filippova M, Filippov V, Duerksen-Hughes P. Viral carcinogenesis: factors inducing DNA damage and virus integration. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2155-86. [PMID: 25340830 PMCID: PMC4276961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of 10%-15% of human cancers worldwide. The most common outcome for virus-induced reprogramming is genomic instability, including accumulation of mutations, aberrations and DNA damage. Although each virus has its own specific mechanism for promoting carcinogenesis, the majority of DNA oncogenic viruses encode oncogenes that transform infected cells, frequently by targeting p53 and pRB. In addition, integration of viral DNA into the human genome can also play an important role in promoting tumor development for several viruses, including HBV and HPV. Because viral integration requires the breakage of both the viral and the host DNA, the integration rate is believed to be linked to the levels of DNA damage. DNA damage can be caused by both endogenous and exogenous factors, including inflammation induced by either the virus itself or by co-infections with other agents, environmental agents and other factors. Typically, cancer develops years to decades following the initial infection. A better understanding of virus-mediated carcinogenesis, the networking of pathways involved in transformation and the relevant risk factors, particularly in those cases where tumorigenesis proceeds by way of virus integration, will help to suggest prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of virus-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Vonetta Williams
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Maria Filippova
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
| | - Valery Filippov
- Department of Basic Science, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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Ding W, Hu Z, Zhu D, Jiang X, Yu L, Wang X, Zhang C, Wang L, Ji T, Li K, He D, Xia X, Liu D, Zhou J, Ma D, Wang H. Zinc Finger Nucleases Targeting the Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncogene Induce E7 Disruption and a Transformed Phenotype in HPV16/18-Positive Cervical Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:6495-503. [PMID: 25336692 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Da Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Teng Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kezhen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan He
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ding Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Robinson KM, Dunning Hotopp JC. Mobile elements and viral integrations prompt considerations for bacterial DNA integration as a novel carcinogen. Cancer Lett 2014; 352:137-44. [PMID: 24956175 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis has been repeatedly demonstrated in cancer genomes and has a role in oncogenesis. Mobile genetic elements can induce cancer development by random insertion into cancer related genes or by inducing translocations. L1s are typically implicated in cancers of an epithelial cell origin, while Alu elements have been implicated in leukemia as well as epithelial cell cancers. Likewise, viral infections have a significant role in cancer development predominantly through integration into the human genome and mutating or deregulating cancer related genes. Human papilloma virus is the best-known example of viral integrations contributing to carcinogenesis. However, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Merkel cell polyomavirus also integrate into the human genome and disrupt cancer related genes. Thus far, the role of microbes in cancer has primarily been attributed to mutations induced through chronic inflammation or toxins, as is the case with Helicobacter pylori and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. We hypothesize that like mobile elements and viral DNA, bacterial and parasitic DNA may also integrate into the human somatic genome and be oncogenic. Until recently it was believed that bacterial DNA could not integrate into the human genome, but new evidence demonstrates that bacterial insertional mutagenesis may occur in cancer cells. Although this work does not show causation between bacterial insertions and cancer, it prompts more research in this area. Promising new sequencing technologies may reduce the risk of artifactual chimeric sequences, thus diminishing some of the challenges of identifying novel insertions in the somatic human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Robinson
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Julie C Dunning Hotopp
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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34
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Shulzhenko N, Lyng H, Sanson GF, Morgun A. Ménage à trois: an evolutionary interplay between human papillomavirus, a tumor, and a woman. Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:345-53. [PMID: 24674660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with human papillomavirus (HPV) being a key etiologic factor of this devastating disease. In this article, we describe modern advances in the genomics and transcriptomics of cervical cancer that led to uncovering the key gene drivers. We also introduce, herein, a model of cervical carcinogenesis that explains how the interplay between virus, tumor, and woman results in the selection of clones that simultaneously harbor genomic amplifications for genes that drive cell cycle, antiviral response, and inhibit cell differentiation. The new model may help researchers understand the controversies in antiviral therapy and immunogenetics of this cancer and may provide a basis for future research directions in early diagnostics and personalization of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerdine F Sanson
- Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop, MT, Brazil
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Rieken S, Simon F, Habermehl D, Dittmar JO, Combs SE, Weber K, Debus J, Lindel K. Photon-induced cell migration and integrin expression promoted by DNA integration of HPV16 genome. Strahlenther Onkol 2014; 190:944-9. [PMID: 24643883 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-014-0649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent human papilloma virus 16 (HPV16) infections are a major cause of cervical cancer. The integration of the viral DNA into the host genome causes E2 gene disruption which prevents apoptosis and increases host cell motility. In cervical cancer patients, survival is limited by local infiltration and systemic dissemination. Surgical control rates are poor in cases of parametrial infiltration. In these patients, radiotherapy (RT) is administered to enhance local control. However, photon irradiation itself has been reported to increase cell motility. In cases of E2-disrupted cervical cancers, this phenomon would impose an additional risk of enhanced tumor cell motility. Here, we analyze mechanisms underlying photon-increased migration in keratinocytes with differential E2 gene status. METHODS Isogenic W12 (intact E2 gene status) and S12 (disrupted E2 gene status) keratinocytes were analyzed in fibronectin-based and serum-stimulated migration experiments following single photon doses of 0, 2, and 10 Gy. Quantitative FACS analyses of integrin expression were performed. RESULTS Migration and adhesion are increased in E2 gene-disrupted keratinocytes. E2 gene disruption promotes attractability by serum components, therefore, effectuating the risk of local infiltration and systemic dissemination. In S12 cells, migration is further increased by photon RT which leads to enhanced expression of fibronectin receptor integrins. CONCLUSION HPV16-associated E2 gene disruption is a main predictor of treatment-refractory cancer virulence. E2 gene disruption promotes cell motility. Following photon RT, E2-disrupted tumors bear the risk of integrin-related infiltration and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rieken
- Department of Radiation Therapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany,
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Xu B, Chotewutmontri S, Wolf S, Klos U, Schmitz M, Dürst M, Schwarz E. Multiplex Identification of Human Papillomavirus 16 DNA Integration Sites in Cervical Carcinomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66693. [PMID: 23824673 PMCID: PMC3688939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV), in more than half of the worldwide cases by HPV16. Viral DNA integration into the host genome is a frequent mutation in cervical carcinogenesis. Because integration occurs into different genomic locations, it creates unique viral-cellular DNA junctions in every single case. This singularity complicates the precise identification of HPV integration sites enormously. We report here the development of a novel multiplex strategy for sequence determination of HPV16 DNA integration sites. It includes DNA fragmentation and adapter tagging, PCR enrichment of the HPV16 early region, Illumina next-generation sequencing, data processing, and validation of candidate integration sites by junction-PCR. This strategy was performed with 51 cervical cancer samples (47 primary tumors and 4 cell lines). Altogether 75 HPV16 integration sites (3'-junctions) were identified and assigned to the individual samples. By comparing the DNA junctions with the presence of viral oncogene fusion transcripts, 44 tumors could be classified into four groups: Tumors with one transcriptionally active HPV16 integrate (n = 12), tumors with transcribed and silent DNA junctions (n = 8), tumors carrying episomal HPV16 DNA (n = 10), and tumors with one to six DNA junctions, but without fusion transcripts (n = 14). The 3'-breakpoints of integrated HPV16 DNA show a statistically significant (p<0.05) preferential distribution within the early region segment upstream of the major splice acceptor underscoring the importance of deregulated viral oncogene expression for carcinogenesis. Half of the mapped HPV16 integration sites target cellular genes pointing to a direct influence of HPV integration on host genes (insertional mutagenesis). In summary, the multiplex strategy for HPV16 integration site determination worked very efficiently. It will open new avenues for comprehensive mapping of HPV integration sites and for the possible use of HPV integration sites as individualized biomarkers after cancer treatment of patients for the early diagnosis of residual and recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Wolf
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facility, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klos
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schmitz
- Department for Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department for Gynecology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schwarz
- Research Program Infection and Cancer, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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McBride AA, Jang MK. Current understanding of the role of the Brd4 protein in the papillomavirus lifecycle. Viruses 2013; 5:1374-94. [PMID: 23722886 PMCID: PMC3717712 DOI: 10.3390/v5061374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Brd4 protein is an epigenetic reader that is central to regulation of cellular transcription and mitotic bookmarking. The transcription and replication proteins of many viruses interact with Brd4. We describe the multiple roles of Brd4 in the papillomavirus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison A McBride
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Detection of the human papillomavirus 58 physical state using the amplification of papillomavirus oncogene transcripts assay. J Virol Methods 2013; 189:290-8. [PMID: 23466631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HPV 58 is detected commonly in cervical cancer in East Asian countries. To evaluate the HPV 58 physical state, the amplification of papillomavirus oncogene transcripts (APOT) and hybridisation assays were established. Episome- and integrate-derived transcripts were confirmed by direct sequencing. Twenty-nine HPV 58 positive samples from various cervical lesions were used. The results showed that the episome-derived transcripts were recognised as two major specific amplified products (1040 and 714 bp). Two splice donor sites were mapped to the 5' splice site of the E1 gene on SD898 and SD899 and spliced to the 3' acceptor site of the E4 gene on SA3353, SA3356 and SA3365. The episome-derived transcripts were found 100% in normal cervical epithelia and low-grade lesions (9/9 cases) while the integrate-derived transcripts were detected in 13.3% of high-grade lesions (2/15 cases) and in 20% of carcinomas (1/5 cases). HPV 58 integration sites were found on chromosomes 4q21, 12q24 and 18q12. Using the established APOT assay, the results revealed not only novel information on the HPV 58 transcription patterns of episomal transcripts, but also integration site. The APOT assay is a reliable and useful tool for the detection of the HPV 58 physical state and its oncogene expression.
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Chaiwongkot A, Vinokurova S, Pientong C, Ekalaksananan T, Kongyingyoes B, Kleebkaow P, Chumworathayi B, Patarapadungkit N, Reuschenbach M, von Knebel Doeberitz M. Differential methylation of E2 binding sites in episomal and integrated HPV 16 genomes in preinvasive and invasive cervical lesions. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2087-94. [PMID: 23065631 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced expression of the HPV 16 E6-E7 oncogenes may trigger neoplastic transformation of the squamous epithelial cells at the uterine cervix. The HPV E2 protein is a key transcriptional regulator of the E6-E7 genes. It binds to four E2 binding sites (E2BSs 1-4) in the viral upstream regulatory region (URR). Modification of E2 functions, for example, by methylation of E2BSs is hypothesized to trigger enhanced expression of the viral E6-E7 oncogenes. In the majority of HPV-transformed premalignant lesions and about half of cervical carcinomas HPV genomes persist in an extra-chromosomal, episomal state, whereas they are integrated into host cells chromosomes in the remaining lesions. Here we compared the methylation profile of E2BSs 1-4 of the HPV 16 URR in a series of 18 HPV16-positive premalignant lesions and 33 invasive cervical cancers. CpGs within the E2BSs 1, 3, and 4 were higher methylated in all lesions with only episomal HPV16 genomes compared with lesions displaying single integrated copies. Samples with multiple HPV16 integrated copies displayed high methylation levels for all CpGs suggesting that the majority of multiple copies were silenced by extensive methylation. These data support the hypothesis that differential methylation of the E2BSs 1, 3 and 4 is related to the activation of viral oncogene expression in cervical lesions as long as the viral genome remains in the episomal state. Once the virus becomes integrated into host cell chromosomes these methylation patterns may be substantially altered due to complex epigenetic changes of integrated HPV genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkom Chaiwongkot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Lindel K, Rieken S, Daffinger S, Weber KJ, de Villiers EM, Debus J. The transcriptional regulator gene E2 of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 influences the radiosensitivity of cervical keratinocytes. Radiat Oncol 2012; 7:187. [PMID: 23134732 PMCID: PMC3542163 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-7-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies have demonstrated that HPV induced tumors constitute a specific subclass of cancer with a better response to radiation treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate meaning of viral E2-gene for radiosensitivity. Methods W12 cells contain episomal HPV 16 genomes, whereas S12 cells, which derive from the W12 line, contain HPV DNA as integrated copies. Clonogenic survival was analyzed using 96-well in vitro test. Using flow cytometry cell cycle analyses were performed. Expression of pRb and p53 were analyzed using intracellular staining. Results W12 cells (intact E2 gene) showed a lower survival fraction than S12 cells. W12 cells developed a G2/M block 24 h after irradiation with 2 Gy whereas S12 showed no G2/M bloc. After irradiation S12 cells developed polyploidy and pRb-positive cells decreased. W12 cells showed no change of pRb-positive cells. Conclusions Depending on E2 gene status differences in cell cycle regulation might cause radioresistance. The E2/E7/pRb pathway seems to influence HPV-induced radiosensitivity. Our experiments demonstrated an effect of HPV on radiosensitivity of cervical keratinocytes via viral transcription regulator E2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Lindel
- Dept, of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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An interaction between human papillomavirus 16 E2 and TopBP1 is required for optimum viral DNA replication and episomal genome establishment. J Virol 2012; 86:12806-15. [PMID: 22973044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01002-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In human papillomavirus DNA replication, the viral protein E2 forms homodimers and binds to 12-bp palindromic DNA sequences surrounding the origin of DNA replication. Via a protein-protein interaction, it then recruits the viral helicase E1 to an A/T-rich origin of replication, whereupon a dihexamer forms, resulting in DNA replication initiation. In order to carry out DNA replication, the viral proteins must interact with host factors that are currently not all known. An attractive cellular candidate for regulating viral replication is TopBP1, a known interactor of the E2 protein. In mammalian DNA replication, TopBP1 loads DNA polymerases onto the replicative helicase after the G(1)-to-S transition, and this process is tightly cell cycle controlled. The direct interaction between E2 and TopBP1 would allow E2 to bypass this cell cycle control, resulting in DNA replication more than once per cell cycle, which is a requirement for the viral life cycle. We report here the generation of an HPV16 E2 mutant compromised in TopBP1 interaction in vivo and demonstrate that this mutant retains transcriptional activation and repression functions but has suboptimal DNA replication potential. Introduction of this mutant into a viral life cycle model results in the failure to establish viral episomes. The results present a potential new antiviral target, the E2-TopBP1 interaction, and increase our understanding of the viral life cycle, suggesting that the E2-TopBP1 interaction is essential.
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Das P, Thomas A, Mahantshetty U, Shrivastava SK, Deodhar K, Mulherkar R. HPV genotyping and site of viral integration in cervical cancers in Indian women. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41012. [PMID: 22815898 PMCID: PMC3397968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent HPV infection plays a major role in cervical cancer. This study was undertaken to identify HPV types in a cohort of Indian women with locally advanced cervical cancer as well as to determine the physical state and/or site of viral integration in the host genome. Pretreatment biopsies (n = 270) from patients were screened for HPV infection by a high throughput HPV genotyping assay based on luminex xMAP technology as well as MY09/11 PCR and SPF1/2 PCR. Overall HPV positivity was observed to be 95%, with HPV16 being most common (63%) followed by infection with HPV18. Integration status of the virus was identified using Amplification of Papillomavirus Oncogene Transcripts (APOT) assay in a subset of samples positive for HPV16 and/or HPV18 (n = 86) and with an adequate follow-up. The data was correlated with clinical outcome of the patients. Integration of the viral genome was observed in 79% of the cases and a preference for integration into the chromosomal loci 1p, 3q, 6q, 11q, 13q and 20q was seen. Clinical data revealed that the physical state of the virus (integrated or episomal) could be an important prognostic marker for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Das
- Mulherkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Asha Thomas
- Mulherkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Umesh Mahantshetty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Shyam K. Shrivastava
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar Deodhar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Rita Mulherkar
- Mulherkar Lab, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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43
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Mazumder (Indra) D, Singh RK, Mitra S, Dutta S, Chakraborty C, Basu PS, Mondal RK, Roychoudhury S, Panda CK. Genetic and epigenetic changes of HPV16 in cervical cancer differentially regulate E6/E7 expression and associate with disease progression. Gynecol Oncol 2011; 123:597-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Targeting the human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes through expression of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 protein stimulates cellular motility. J Virol 2011; 85:10487-98. [PMID: 21835799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05126-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 oncogenes is essential for the initiation and maintenance of cervical cancer. The repression of both was previously shown to result in activation of their respective tumor suppressor targets, p53 and pRb, and subsequent senescence induction in cervical cancer cells. Consequently, viral oncogene suppression is a promising approach for the treatment of HPV-positive tumors. One well-established method of E6/E7 repression involves the reexpression of the viral E2 protein which is usually deleted in HPV-positive cancer cells. Here, we show that, surprisingly, bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) E2 but not RNA interference-mediated E6/E7 repression in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells stimulates cellular motility and invasion. Migration correlated with the dynamic formation of cellular protrusions and was dependent upon cell-to-cell contact. While E2-expressing migratory cells were senescent, migration was not a general feature of cellular senescence or cell cycle arrest and was specifically observed in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, E2-expressing cells not only were themselves motile but also conferred increased motility to admixed HeLa cervical cancer cells. Together, our data suggest that repression of the viral oncogenes by E2 stimulates the motility of E6/E7-targeted cells as well as adjacent nontargeted cancer cells, thus raising the possibility that E2 expression may unfavorably increase the local invasiveness of HPV-positive tumors.
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45
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Lee K, Lee AY, Kwon YK, Kwon H. Suppression of HPV E6 and E7 expression by BAF53 depletion in cervical cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:328-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Ho CM, Lee BH, Chang SF, Chien TY, Huang SH, Yan CC, Cheng WF. Integration of human papillomavirus correlates with high levels of viral oncogene transcripts in cervical carcinogenesis. Virus Res 2011; 161:124-30. [PMID: 21777630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the correlation between the integration of high-risk human papillomavirus and disease severity of cervical lesions. 720 liquid-based cytology specimens including 422 normal cytology, 78 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, 172 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and 48 women with cervical cancers were examined using HPV blot and type-specific E6 PCR. Positive HPV DNA types 16, 18, 52 and 58 were examined for viral DNA using real-time PCR. Expression of E6 transcripts was 89.5% (pure integration), 71.7% (mixed type), and 47.1% (pure episomal) (p<0.0001). Geometric mean levels ranged from 110.6 (episomal form) to 508.4 (mixed form), and 5966.2 (integration form) by real-time PCR (p<0.0001). Geometric mean levels of E6 transcript in HPV 16, 18, 52, and 58 correlated with the severity of cervical lesions and the physical integration state of the viral genome (p<0.0001). We conclude that this is the first paper to point out that integration of high-risk HPVs not only 16 and 18 but also 52 and 58 is correlated with high levels of oncogene transcripts from normal cervix, CIN to cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Ho
- Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Weyn C, Vanderwinden JM, Rasschaert J, Englert Y, Fontaine V. Regulation of human papillomavirus type 16 early gene expression in trophoblastic and cervical cells. Virology 2011; 412:146-55. [PMID: 21276600 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We compared the outcome of different cellular and viral factors on the regulation of the HPV-16 early viral gene expression in trophoblastic and cervical cancer cells. A high variability of the long control (LCR) activity was observed, prompting us to evaluate the role of secreted factors in the control of the early gene expression in trophoblastic cell lines. Endogenous progesterone and exogenous dexamethasone were found to activate LCR driven transcriptional activity. Since host cells express HPV early proteins to regulate LCR activity, we investigated the effect of the combined HPV-16 early proteins on the LCR driven transcription and the possible involvement of E2. A physiological level of HPV-16 early proteins expression strongly induced the LCR driven reporter activity. According to mutational analysis, E1 and E2 proteins, indispensable for viral replication, were not involved in LCR extrachromosomal transcriptional regulation. This suggests that E5 and/or E6 and/or E7, consequently, activated viral transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Weyn
- Unit of Microbiology, Institute of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP205/2, Brussels, Belgium
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Chen L, Wu YY, Liu P, Wang J, Wang G, Qin J, Zhou J, Zhu J. Down-regulation of HPV18 E6, E7, or VEGF expression attenuates malignant biological behavior of human cervical cancer cells. Med Oncol 2011; 28 Suppl 1:S528-39. [PMID: 21222176 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of down-regulation of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) and HPV18 E6/E7 by hairpin RNA (shRNA) on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and adhesion abilities of cervical carcinoma cells, recombinant plasmids including pS-E6 shRNA, pS-E7 shRNA, and pS-VEGF shRNA were constructed and transfected into HeLa cells. The levels of E6 mRNA, E7 mRNA, or VEGF mRNA were significantly reduced after transfection of pS-E6 shRNA (76.0%), pS-E7 shRNA (74.4%), and pS-VEGF shRNA (46.7%). VEGF expression was down-regulated by pS-E6 shRNA (55.1%) and pS-E7 shRNA (46.6%). The apoptosis of HeLa cells was increased, and the proliferation, invasion, and adhesion abilities were decreased significantly. For in vivo study, cancer cells that stably expressed the plasmids were cultured. Cells were transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice to establish xenograft tumor model. Finally, expression of E6 shRNA, E7 shRNA, and VEGF shRNA in cancer cells led to inhibition of the growth of xenograft. Hence, RNA interference could effectively suppress the expression of HPV18 E6/E7 and VEGF in human cervical cancer cells. This suppression attenuates malignant biological behavior of human cervical cancer cells. RNA interference of HPV E6/E7 or VEGF expression implies an effective anti-cervical cancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University School of Medicine, 226001 Nantong, China.
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Li J, Wang X, Liu J, Wang H, Zhang XL, Tang W, Sun YD, Wang X, Yu XP, Zhao WM. Replication and transcription of human papillomavirus type 58 genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Virol J 2010; 7:368. [PMID: 21156081 PMCID: PMC3016283 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To establish a convenient system for the study of human papillomavirus (HPV), we inserted a Saccharomyces cerevisiae selectable marker, Ura, into HPV58 genome and transformed it into yeast. Results HPV58 genome could replicate extrachromosomally in yeast, with transcription of its early and late genes. However, with mutation of the viral E2 gene, HPV58 genome lost its mitotic stability, and the transcription levels of E6 and E7 genes were upregulated. Conclusions E2 protein could participate in viral genome maintenance, replication and transcription regulation. This yeast model could be used for the study of certain aspects of HPV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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Episomal and integrated human papillomavirus type 16 loads and anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-seropositive men. AIDS 2010; 24:2355-63. [PMID: 20706109 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833db9ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess levels of episomal and integrated human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) loads in HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) in anal infection and to study the association between episomal and integrated HPV-16 loads and anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). STUDY DESIGN A cohort study of 247 HIV-positive MSM followed each 6 months for 3 years. Overall, 135 (54.7%) men provided 665 HPV-16-positive anal samples. METHODS Episomal and integrated HPV-16 loads were measured with quantitative real-time PCR assays. HPV-16 integration was confirmed in samples with a HPV-16 E6/E2 of 1.5 or more with PCR sequencing to demonstrate the presence of viral-cellular junctions. RESULTS The HPV-16 DNA forms in anal samples were characterized as episomal only in 627 samples (94.3%), mixed in 22 samples (3.3%) and integrated only in nine samples (1.4%). HPV-16 episomal load [odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1], number of HPV types (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1-1.8) and current smoking (OR = 4.8, 95% CI 1.3-18.6) were associated with high-grade AIN (AIN-2,3) after adjusting for age and CD4 cell counts. Integrated HPV-16 load was not associated with AIN-2,3 (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.4-1.1). Considering men with AIN-1 at baseline, four (16.7%) of the 24 men who progressed to AIN-2,3 had at least one sample with integrated HPV-16 DNA compared with three (23.1%) of 13 men who did not progress (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.2-3.8; P = 0.64). Integration was detected in similar proportions in samples from men without AIN, with AIN-1 or AIN-2,3. CONCLUSION High episomal HPV-16 load but not HPV-16 integration load measured by real-time PCR was associated with AIN-2,3.
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