1
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Liang W, Liu M, Su Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Shan J, Zhao J, Xie K, Wang J. Spinster homolog 2 reduces malignancies of glioblastoma via PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. IUBMB Life 2024; 76:140-160. [PMID: 37728571 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma (GBM) are unclear, and the prognosis is poor. Spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2) is reportedly involved in pathological processes such as immune response, vascular development, and cancer. However, the biological function and molecular role of SPNS2 in GBM are unclear. SPNS2 is aberrantly low expressed in glioma. Survival curves, risk scores, prognostic nomograms, and univariate and multifactorial Cox regression analyses showed that SPNS2 is an independent prognostic indicator significantly associated with glioma progression and prognosis. Cell function assays and in vivo xenograft transplantation were performed that downregulation of SPNS2 promoted GBM cell growth, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), anti-apoptosis, drug resistance, and stemness, while overexpression of SPNS2 had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, the functional enrichment and signaling pathways of SPNS2 in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and RNA sequencing were analyzed by Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The above results were related to the inhibition of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway by SPNS2. In addition, we predicted that SPNS2 is closely associated with immune infiltration in the tumor microenvironment by four immune algorithms, ESTIMATE, TIMER, CIBERSORT, and QUANTISEQ. In particular, SPNS2 was negatively correlated with the infiltration of most immune cells, immunomodulators, and chemokines. Finally, single-cell sequencing analysis also revealed that SPNS2 was remarkably correlated with macrophages, and downregulation of SPNS2 promotes the expression of M2-like macrophages. This study provides new evidence that SPNS2 inhibits malignant progression, stemness, and immune infiltration of GBM cells through PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. SPNS2 may become a new diagnostic indicator and potential immunotherapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Liang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingkai Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuling Su
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiajie Shan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Srivastav S, van der Graaf K, Singh P, Utama AB, Meyer MD, McNew JA, Stern M. Atl (atlastin) regulates mTor signaling and autophagy in Drosophila muscle through alteration of the lysosomal network. Autophagy 2024; 20:131-150. [PMID: 37649246 PMCID: PMC10761077 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2249794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS atl atlastin; ALR autophagic lysosome reformation; ER endoplasmic reticulum; GFP green fluorescent protein; HSP hereditary spastic paraplegia; Lamp1 lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 PolyUB polyubiquitin; RFP red fluorescent protein; spin spinster; mTor mechanistic Target of rapamycin; VCP valosin containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pratibha Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Matthew D. Meyer
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James A. McNew
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Stern
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
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3
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Flora Y, Bohnert KA. SPIN-4/Spinster supports sperm activation in C. elegans via sphingosine-1-phosphate transport. Dev Biol 2023; 504:137-148. [PMID: 37805103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Spermiogenesis, a sperm-activation step, is crucial for the transformation of immotile spermatids into motile sperm. Though membrane transport of ions and molecules across the sperm plasma membrane has been implicated in this process, the full repertoire of transporters involved, and their respective substrates, is unclear. Here, we report that the major facilitator superfamily transporter SPIN-4/Spinster governs efficient spermiogenesis and fertility in the hermaphrodite nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Unlike other C. elegans Spinster paralogs, SPIN-4 is germline-expressed. Moreover, SPIN-4 expression is gamete-specific; it is strongly expressed in developing sperm, where it localizes to the plasma membrane, but it is absent from oocytes. Consistent with these expression data, we demonstrate that knocking out spin-4 impairs sperm development, leading to the formation of non-motile sperm that lack pseudopodia. Consequently, hermaphrodites homozygous for the spin-4(knu1099) knockout allele show extensive sperm wasting and reduced self-progeny. We observe similar defects when we genetically inhibit production of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a lipid molecule that stimulates cell motility when exported extracellularly by Spinster homologs in other contexts. Remarkably, extracellular supplementation with sphingosine-1-phosphate rescues sperm activation and motility in the absence of SPIN-4, suggesting that Spinster-dependent efflux of sphingosine-1-phosphate plays a key role in sperm mobilization. These findings identify a new signaling mechanism in C. elegans spermiogenesis entailing Spinster and sphingosine-1-phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Flora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - K Adam Bohnert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 202 Life Sciences Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
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4
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Chung HL, Ye Q, Park YJ, Zuo Z, Mok JW, Kanca O, Tattikota SG, Lu S, Perrimon N, Lee HK, Bellen HJ. Very-long-chain fatty acids induce glial-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate synthesis, secretion, and neuroinflammation. Cell Metab 2023; 35:855-874.e5. [PMID: 37084732 PMCID: PMC10160010 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
VLCFAs (very-long-chain fatty acids) are the most abundant fatty acids in myelin. Hence, during demyelination or aging, glia are exposed to higher levels of VLCFA than normal. We report that glia convert these VLCFA into sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) via a glial-specific S1P pathway. Excess S1P causes neuroinflammation, NF-κB activation, and macrophage infiltration into the CNS. Suppressing the function of S1P in fly glia or neurons, or administration of Fingolimod, an S1P receptor antagonist, strongly attenuates the phenotypes caused by excess VLCFAs. In contrast, elevating the VLCFA levels in glia and immune cells exacerbates these phenotypes. Elevated VLCFA and S1P are also toxic in vertebrates based on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Indeed, reducing VLCFA with bezafibrate ameliorates the phenotypes. Moreover, simultaneous use of bezafibrate and fingolimod synergizes to improve EAE, suggesting that lowering VLCFA and S1P is a treatment avenue for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Lok Chung
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Qi Ye
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ye-Jin Park
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jung-Wan Mok
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oguz Kanca
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nobert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Scharenberg SG, Dong W, Ghoochani A, Nyame K, Levin-Konigsberg R, Krishnan AR, Rawat ES, Spees K, Bassik MC, Abu-Remaileh M. An SPNS1-dependent lysosomal lipid transport pathway that enables cell survival under choline limitation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf8966. [PMID: 37075117 PMCID: PMC10115416 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes degrade macromolecules and recycle their nutrient content to support cell function and survival. However, the machineries involved in lysosomal recycling of many nutrients remain to be discovered, with a notable example being choline, an essential metabolite liberated via lipid degradation. Here, we engineered metabolic dependency on lysosome-derived choline in pancreatic cancer cells to perform an endolysosome-focused CRISPR-Cas9 screen for genes mediating lysosomal choline recycling. We identified the orphan lysosomal transmembrane protein SPNS1 as critical for cell survival under choline limitation. SPNS1 loss leads to intralysosomal accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE). Mechanistically, we reveal that SPNS1 is a proton gradient-dependent transporter of LPC species from the lysosome for their re-esterification into phosphatidylcholine in the cytosol. Last, we establish that LPC efflux by SPNS1 is required for cell survival under choline limitation. Collectively, our work defines a lysosomal phospholipid salvage pathway that is essential under nutrient limitation and, more broadly, provides a robust platform to deorphan lysosomal gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Scharenberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kwamina Nyame
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Aswini R. Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eshaan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Spees
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael C. Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (Sarafan ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Zhu J, Meng W, Man Lam S, Shui G, Huang X. Phosphatidylcholine deficiency increases ferroptosis susceptibility in the C. elegans germline. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:318-329. [PMID: 36933794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a regulated and iron-dependent form of cell death characterized by peroxidation of membrane phospholipids, has tremendous potential for the therapy of human diseases. The causal link between phospholipid homeostasis and ferroptosis is incompletely understood. Here, we reveal that spin-4, a previously identified regulator of the "B12-one-carbon cycle-phosphatidylcholine (PC)" pathway, sustains germline development and fertility by ensuring PC sufficiency in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Mechanistically, SPIN-4 regulates lysosomal activity which is required for B12-associated PC synthesis. PC deficiency-induced sterility can be rescued by reducing the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), reactive oxygen species (ROS) , and redox-active iron, which indicates that the sterility is mediated by germline ferroptosis. These results highlight the critical role of PC homeostasis in ferroptosis susceptibility and offer a new target for pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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7
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Nanayakkara R, Gurung R, Rodgers SJ, Eramo MJ, Ramm G, Mitchell CA, McGrath MJ. Autophagic lysosome reformation in health and disease. Autophagy 2022:1-18. [DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2128019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Randini Nanayakkara
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajendra Gurung
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Rodgers
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Eramo
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina A. Mitchell
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meagan J. McGrath
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Khan A, Zaman T, Fahad TM, Akther T, Hasan MF, Naz T, Kishi S. Carbofuran affects cellular autophagy and developmental senescence through the impairment of Nrf2 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:35-47. [PMID: 34240810 PMCID: PMC8742233 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbofuran is a broad-spectrum synthetic pesticide. Its exposure to non-target mammals affects the biological system through the induction of oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress is a major contributing factor to cellular autophagy and senescence, our present investigation determined the impacts of carbofuran-induced oxidative stress on cellular autophagy and senescence. A transmembrane protein, Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1), is involved in autophagic lysosomal metabolism. Its mutation accelerates the cellular senescence and shortens the lifespan. Using a transgenic zebrafish line, expressing fluorescent microtubules-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (EGFP-LC3) at the membrane of the autophagosome, we found that carbofuran affects autophagic lysosomal biogenesis in wild-type zebrafish and exacerbates autophagic defect in spns1-mutant zebrafish. In real-time mortality study, carbofuran has shortened the lifespan of wild-type fish. Nrf2 is a stress-responsive transcription factor that regulates the expression of antioxidant genes (such as gstp1) in the prevention of oxidative stress-mediated cellular damage. To assess the effect of carbofuran on Nrf2 signalling, we established a dual-monitoring transgenic zebrafish line, expressing gstp1 promoter-driven EGFP and mCherry-tagged Neh2 domain of Nrf2. Our results suggested that the exposure of carbofuran has down-regulated both Nrf2 and Gstp1 expressions. Overall, carbofuran affects cellular autophagy and accelerates senescence by enervating the Nrf2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Tanjeena Zaman
- Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.,Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tanjima Akther
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Md Faruk Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Tarannum Naz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Shuji Kishi
- S&J Kishi Research Corporation, Jupiter, FL, USA
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Ishimoto H, Kamikouchi A. Molecular and neural mechanisms regulating sexual motivation of virgin female Drosophila. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4805-4819. [PMID: 33837450 PMCID: PMC11071752 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03820-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During courtship, multiple information sources are integrated in the brain to reach a final decision, i.e., whether or not to mate. The brain functions for this complex behavior can be investigated by genetically manipulating genes and neurons, and performing anatomical, physiological, and behavioral analyses. Drosophila is a powerful model experimental system for such studies, which need to be integrated from molecular and cellular levels to the behavioral level, and has enabled pioneering research to be conducted. In male flies, which exhibit a variety of characteristic sexual behaviors, we have accumulated knowledge of many genes and neural circuits that control sexual behaviors. On the other hand, despite the importance of the mechanisms of mating decision-making in females from an evolutionary perspective (such as sexual selection), research on the mechanisms that control sexual behavior in females has progressed somewhat slower. In this review, we focus on the pre-mating behavior of female Drosophila melanogaster, and introduce previous key findings on the neuronal and molecular mechanisms that integrate sensory information and selective expression of behaviors toward the courting male.
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Grants
- JP20H03355 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- JP20H04997 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 19H04933 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 17K19450 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 15K07147 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 18K06332 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Naito Foundation
- Inamori Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishimoto
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Azusa Kamikouchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan.
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10
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Integrins protect sensory neurons in models of paclitaxel-induced peripheral sensory neuropathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2006050118. [PMID: 33876743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006050118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major side effect from cancer treatment with no known method for prevention or cure in clinics. CIPN often affects unmyelinated nociceptive sensory terminals. Despite the high prevalence, molecular and cellular mechanisms that lead to CIPN are still poorly understood. Here, we used a genetically tractable Drosophila model and primary sensory neurons isolated from adult mouse to examine the mechanisms underlying CIPN and identify protective pathways. We found that chronic treatment of Drosophila larvae with paclitaxel caused degeneration and altered the branching pattern of nociceptive neurons, and reduced thermal nociceptive responses. We further found that nociceptive neuron-specific overexpression of integrins, which are known to support neuronal maintenance in several systems, conferred protection from paclitaxel-induced cellular and behavioral phenotypes. Live imaging and superresolution approaches provide evidence that paclitaxel treatment causes cellular changes that are consistent with alterations in endosome-mediated trafficking of integrins. Paclitaxel-induced changes in recycling endosomes precede morphological degeneration of nociceptive neuron arbors, which could be prevented by integrin overexpression. We used primary dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron cultures to test conservation of integrin-mediated protection. We show that transduction of a human integrin β-subunit 1 also prevented degeneration following paclitaxel treatment. Furthermore, endogenous levels of surface integrins were decreased in paclitaxel-treated mouse DRG neurons, suggesting that paclitaxel disrupts recycling in vertebrate sensory neurons. Altogether, our study supports conserved mechanisms of paclitaxel-induced perturbation of integrin trafficking and a therapeutic potential of restoring neuronal interactions with the extracellular environment to antagonize paclitaxel-induced toxicity in sensory neurons.
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11
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Rigon L, De Filippis C, Napoli B, Tomanin R, Orso G. Exploiting the Potential of Drosophila Models in Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Pathological Mechanisms and Drug Discovery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030268. [PMID: 33800050 PMCID: PMC8000850 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs) represent a complex and heterogeneous group of rare genetic diseases due to mutations in genes coding for lysosomal enzymes, membrane proteins or transporters. This leads to the accumulation of undegraded materials within lysosomes and a broad range of severe clinical features, often including the impairment of central nervous system (CNS). When available, enzyme replacement therapy slows the disease progression although it is not curative; also, most recombinant enzymes cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, leaving the CNS untreated. The inefficient degradative capability of the lysosomes has a negative impact on the flux through the endolysosomal and autophagic pathways; therefore, dysregulation of these pathways is increasingly emerging as a relevant disease mechanism in LSDs. In the last twenty years, different LSD Drosophila models have been generated, mainly for diseases presenting with neurological involvement. The fruit fly provides a large selection of tools to investigate lysosomes, autophagy and endocytic pathways in vivo, as well as to analyse neuronal and glial cells. The possibility to use Drosophila in drug repurposing and discovery makes it an attractive model for LSDs lacking effective therapies. Here, ee describe the major cellular pathways implicated in LSDs pathogenesis, the approaches available for their study and the Drosophila models developed for these diseases. Finally, we highlight a possible use of LSDs Drosophila models for drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rigon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Concetta De Filippis
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Napoli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Rosella Tomanin
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy; (C.D.F.); (R.T.)
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Genny Orso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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12
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Fang L, Hou J, Cao Y, Shan JJ, Zhao J. Spinster homolog 2 in cancers, its functions and mechanisms. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109821. [PMID: 33144184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinster homolog 2 (SPNS2) is a multi-transmembrane transporter, widely located in the cell membrane and organelle membranes. It transports sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) into the extracellular space and the circulatory system, thus alters the concentration and the distribution of S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PRs) and S1P related enzymes, meaning that it exerts its functions via S1P signaling pathways. Studies also show that ectopic SPNS2 mediates parts of the physiological process of the cells. As of now, SPNS2 has been reported to participate in physiological processes such as angiogenesis, embryonic development, immune response and metabolisms. It is also associated with the transformation from inflammation to cancer as well as the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the functions and the mechanisms of SPNS2 in the pathogenesis of cancer to provide new insights for the diagnosis and the treatments of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Fang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guandong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jiangtao Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guandong, 510006, PR China
| | - Yihui Cao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guandong 510006, PR China
| | - Jia-Jie Shan
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guandong, 510006, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guandong, 510006, PR China.
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13
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Ugbode C, Garnham N, Fort-Aznar L, Evans GJO, Chawla S, Sweeney ST. JNK signalling regulates antioxidant responses in neurons. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101712. [PMID: 32949970 PMCID: PMC7502373 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during physiological bouts of synaptic activity and as a consequence of pathological conditions in the central nervous system. How neurons respond to and distinguish between ROS in these different contexts is currently unknown. In Drosophila mutants with enhanced JNK activity, lower levels of ROS are observed and these animals are resistant to both changes in ROS and changes in synapse morphology induced by oxidative stress. In wild type flies, disrupting JNK-AP-1 signalling perturbs redox homeostasis suggesting JNK activity positively regulates neuronal antioxidant defense. We validated this hypothesis in mammalian neurons, finding that JNK activity regulates the expression of the antioxidant gene Srxn-1, in a c-Jun dependent manner. We describe a conserved ‘adaptive’ role for neuronal JNK in the maintenance of redox homeostasis that is relevant to several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ugbode
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nathan Garnham
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Laura Fort-Aznar
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gareth J O Evans
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sangeeta Chawla
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK; York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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14
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Liu C, Zhang B, Zhang L, Yang T, Zhang Z, Gao Z, Zhang W. A neural circuit encoding mating states tunes defensive behavior in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3962. [PMID: 32770059 PMCID: PMC7414864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17771-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Social context can dampen or amplify the perception of touch, and touch in turn conveys nuanced social information. However, the neural mechanism behind social regulation of mechanosensation is largely elusive. Here we report that fruit flies exhibit a strong defensive response to mechanical stimuli to their wings. In contrast, virgin female flies being courted by a male show a compromised defensive response to the stimuli, but following mating the response is enhanced. This state-dependent switch is mediated by a functional reconfiguration of a neural circuit labelled with the Tmc-L gene in the ventral nerve cord. The circuit receives excitatory inputs from peripheral mechanoreceptors and coordinates the defensive response. While male cues suppress it via a doublesex (dsx) neuronal pathway, mating sensitizes it by stimulating a group of uterine neurons and consequently activating a leucokinin-dependent pathway. Such a modulation is crucial for the balance between defense against body contacts and sexual receptivity. Wing touching induces a defensive response in D. melanogaster. Here, the authors show that female flies change the defensive response during courtship and after mating. This switch is mediated by functional reconfiguration of a neural circuit in the ventral nerve cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Liwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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15
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Inhibition of Lysosome Membrane Recycling Causes Accumulation of Gangliosides that Contribute to Neurodegeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 23:3813-3826. [PMID: 29949766 PMCID: PMC6045775 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome membrane recycling occurs at the end of the autophagic pathway and requires proteins that are mostly encoded by genes mutated in neurodegenerative diseases. However, its implication in neuronal death is still unclear. Here, we show that spatacsin, which is required for lysosome recycling and whose loss of function leads to hereditary spastic paraplegia 11 (SPG11), promotes clearance of gangliosides from lysosomes in mouse and human SPG11 models. We demonstrate that spatacsin acts downstream of clathrin and recruits dynamin to allow lysosome membrane recycling and clearance of gangliosides from lysosomes. Gangliosides contributed to the accumulation of autophagy markers in lysosomes and to neuronal death. In contrast, decreasing ganglioside synthesis prevented neurodegeneration and improved motor phenotype in a SPG11 zebrafish model. Our work reveals how inhibition of lysosome membrane recycling leads to the deleterious accumulation of gangliosides, linking lysosome recycling to neurodegeneration. Loss of spatacsin promotes accumulation of simple gangliosides in lysosomes Inhibition of lysosome membrane recycling leads to accumulation of gangliosides Gangliosides promote accumulation of autophagy markers in lysosomes Gangliosides contribute to neurodegeneration when lysosome recycling is compromised
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16
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Lizák B, Szarka A, Kim Y, Choi KS, Németh CE, Marcolongo P, Benedetti A, Bánhegyi G, Margittai É. Glucose Transport and Transporters in the Endomembranes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235898. [PMID: 31771288 PMCID: PMC6929180 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a basic nutrient in most of the creatures; its transport through biological membranes is an absolute requirement of life. This role is fulfilled by glucose transporters, mediating the transport of glucose by facilitated diffusion or by secondary active transport. GLUT (glucose transporter) or SLC2A (Solute carrier 2A) families represent the main glucose transporters in mammalian cells, originally described as plasma membrane transporters. Glucose transport through intracellular membranes has not been elucidated yet; however, glucose is formed in the lumen of various organelles. The glucose-6-phosphatase system catalyzing the last common step of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis generates glucose within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Posttranslational processing of the oligosaccharide moiety of glycoproteins also results in intraluminal glucose formation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. Autophagic degradation of polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids leads to glucose accumulation in lysosomes. Despite the obvious necessity, the mechanism of glucose transport and the molecular nature of mediating proteins in the endomembranes have been hardly elucidated for the last few years. However, recent studies revealed the intracellular localization and functional features of some glucose transporters; the aim of the present paper was to summarize the collected knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Lizák
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.L.); (C.E.N.); (G.B.)
| | - András Szarka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Yejin Kim
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (Y.K.); (K.-s.C.)
| | - Kyu-sung Choi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (Y.K.); (K.-s.C.)
| | - Csilla E. Németh
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.L.); (C.E.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Angelo Benedetti
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (P.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Gábor Bánhegyi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (B.L.); (C.E.N.); (G.B.)
| | - Éva Margittai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary; (Y.K.); (K.-s.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-459-1500 (ext. 60311); Fax: +36-1-2662615
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17
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Zhou F, Yao D, Rao B, Zhang L, Nie W, Zou Y, Zhao J, Cao Y. Crystal structure of a bacterial homolog to human lysosomal transporter, spinster. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1310-1317. [PMID: 36659660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes break down various biomolecules and spinster is one of the major efflux carriers removing degradation products from lysosomal lumen to keep it in healthy size and proper function. Although it is well established that a dysfunctional spinster will cause enlarged lysosomes and in turn lead to developmental defects and abnormal behavior in animals, little was known about the transportation mechanism and substrate specificity of spinster. Here, we report a crystal structure of spinster homolog from Hyphomonas neptunium, HnSPNS, in its inward-facing conformation with and without substrate bound. HnSPNS is crystallized in a monomer and a substrate-binding cavity was formed in the center of its transmembrane helices. A blob of electron density corresponding to its substrate was found in the cavity near a conserved residue, R42, which is locked in position by the interactions with conserved residues E129 and R122. Our results suggest that human spinster serves as a transporter translocating negatively-charged lipophilic small molecules and E129 might serve as a switch to control the conformational change via its protonation-deprotonation cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China
| | - Bing Rao
- CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Li Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence on Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wang Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yan Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200125, China; Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
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18
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Niño-González M, Novo-Uzal E, Richardson DN, Barros PM, Duque P. More Transporters, More Substrates: The Arabidopsis Major Facilitator Superfamily Revisited. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:1182-1202. [PMID: 31330327 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) is ubiquitous in living organisms and represents the largest group of secondary active membrane transporters. In plants, significant research efforts have focused on the role of specific families within the MFS, particularly those transporting macronutrients (C, N, and P) that constitute the vast majority of the members of this superfamily. Other MFS families remain less explored, although a plethora of additional substrates and physiological functions have been uncovered. Nevertheless, the lack of a systematic approach to analyzing the MFS as a whole has obscured the high diversity and versatility of these transporters. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of all annotated MFS domain-containing proteins encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and propose that this superfamily of transporters consists of 218 members, clustered in 22 families. In reviewing the available information regarding the diversity in biological functions and substrates of Arabidopsis MFS members, we provide arguments for intensified research on these membrane transporters to unveil the breadth of their physiological relevance, disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying their mode of action, and explore their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pedro M Barros
- Genomics of Plant Stress Unit, ITQB NOVA - Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Duque
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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19
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Nakano R, Iwamura M, Obikawa A, Togane Y, Hara Y, Fukuhara T, Tomaru M, Takano-Shimizu T, Tsujimura H. Cortex glia clear dead young neurons via Drpr/dCed-6/Shark and Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 signaling pathways in the developing Drosophila optic lobe. Dev Biol 2019; 453:68-85. [PMID: 31063730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanism for clearance of dead neurons was explored in the developing Drosophila optic lobe. During development of the optic lobe, many neural cells die through apoptosis, and corpses are immediately removed in the early pupal stage. Most of the cells that die in the optic lobe are young neurons that have not extended neurites. In this study, we showed that clearance was carried out by cortex glia via a phagocytosis receptor, Draper (Drpr). drpr expression in cortex glia from the second instar larval to early pupal stages was required and sufficient for clearance. Drpr that was expressed in other subtypes of glia did not mediate clearance. Shark and Ced-6 mediated clearance of Drpr. The Crk/Mbc/dCed-12 pathway was partially involved in clearance, but the role was minor. Suppression of the function of Pretaporter, CaBP1 and phosphatidylserine delayed clearance, suggesting a possibility for these molecules to function as Drpr ligands in the developing optic lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakano
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Drosophila Genomics and Genetic Resources, Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Saga Ippongi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan
| | - Masashi Iwamura
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akiko Obikawa
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Drosophila Genomics and Genetic Resources, Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Saga Ippongi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan
| | - Yu Togane
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukuhara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tomaru
- Department of Drosophila Genomics and Genetic Resources, Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Saga Ippongi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takano-Shimizu
- Department of Drosophila Genomics and Genetic Resources, Center for Advanced Insect Research Promotion, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Saga Ippongi-cho, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto 616-8354, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tsujimura
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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20
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Nakano Y. Stories of spinster with various faces: from courtship rejection to tumor metastasis rejection. J Neurogenet 2019; 33:90-95. [PMID: 30939968 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2019.1586897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila spinster (spin) mutant was isolated as a mutant that showed abnormal morphology and function in the nervous system. The spin defect induces neural degeneration similar to human lysosomal storage diseases. Various studies have shown that Spin proteins are localized in lysosomes and participate in the late stages of the autophagic process. Vertebrates have three spinster orthologs, Spns1, Spns2, and Spns3. A defect in Spns1 caused a short lifespan with aberrant lysosomal function in zebrafish. Spns2 was originally isolated as the gene responsible for abnormal heart development and was identified as a sphingosine 1-phosphate transporter in zebrafish. An endothelial cell-specific defect in Spns2 resulted in impaired egress of lymphocytes and the prevention of tumor metastasis in mice. Herein, I reviewed the history of spin/Spns research and discussed the conserved and newly diverged spin/Spns function and possible implications for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Nakano
- a Department of Genetics , Hyogo College of Medicine , Nishinomiya , Japan
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21
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Nojima T, Chauvel I, Houot B, Bousquet F, Farine JP, Everaerts C, Yamamoto D, Ferveur JF. The desaturase1 gene affects reproduction before, during and after copulation in Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurogenet 2019; 33:96-115. [PMID: 30724684 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1559843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Desaturase1 (desat1) is one of the few genes known to be involved in the two complementary aspects of sensory communication - signal emission and signal reception - in Drosophila melanogaster. In particular, desat1 is necessary for the biosynthesis of major cuticular pheromones in both males and females. It is also involved in the male ability to discriminate sex pheromones. Each of these two sensory communication aspects depends on distinct desat1 putative regulatory regions. Here, we used (i) mutant alleles resulting from the insertion/excision of a transposable genomic element inserted in a desat1 regulatory region, and (ii) transgenics made with desat1 regulatory regions used to target desat1 RNAi. These genetic variants were used to study several reproduction-related phenotypes. In particular, we compared the fecundity of various mutant and transgenic desat1 females with regard to the developmental fate of their progeny. We also compared the mating performance in pairs of flies with altered desat1 expression in various desat1-expressing tissues together with their inability to disengage at the end of copulation. Moreover, we investigated the developmental origin of altered sex pheromone discrimination in male flies. We attempted to map some of the tissues involved in these reproduction-related phenotypes. Given that desat1 is expressed in many brain neurons and in non-neuronal tissues required for varied aspects of reproduction, our data suggest that the regulation of this gene has evolved to allow the optimal reproduction and a successful adaptation to varied environments in this cosmopolitan species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nojima
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France.,b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,c Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour , University of Oxford , Oxford , United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Chauvel
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Benjamin Houot
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France.,d Division of Chemical Ecology, Department of Plant Protection Biology , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Alnarp , Sweden
| | - François Bousquet
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Jean-Pierre Farine
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Claude Everaerts
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- b Graduate School of Life Sciences , Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan.,e Neuro-Network Evolution Project, Advanced ICT Research Institute , National Institute of Information and Communications Technology , Nishi-Ku , Japan Kobe
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- a Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation , Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Dijon , France
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22
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Biological function of SPNS2: From zebrafish to human. Mol Immunol 2018; 103:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Yalonetskaya A, Mondragon AA, Elguero J, McCall K. I Spy in the Developing Fly a Multitude of Ways to Die. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:E26. [PMID: 30360387 PMCID: PMC6316796 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and cell death are two opposing, yet complementary fundamental processes in development. Cell proliferation provides new cells, while developmental programmed cell death adjusts cell numbers and refines structures as an organism grows. Apoptosis is the best-characterized form of programmed cell death; however, there are many other non-apoptotic forms of cell death that occur throughout development. Drosophila is an excellent model for studying these varied forms of cell death given the array of cellular, molecular, and genetic techniques available. In this review, we discuss select examples of apoptotic and non-apoptotic cell death that occur in different tissues and at different stages of Drosophila development. For example, apoptosis occurs throughout the nervous system to achieve an appropriate number of neurons. Elsewhere in the fly, non-apoptotic modes of developmental cell death are employed, such as in the elimination of larval salivary glands and midgut during metamorphosis. These and other examples discussed here demonstrate the versatility of Drosophila as a model organism for elucidating the diverse modes of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Yalonetskaya
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Albert A Mondragon
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Program, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Johnny Elguero
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Kimberly McCall
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Program, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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24
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Moreno-García A, Kun A, Calero O, Medina M, Calero M. An Overview of the Role of Lipofuscin in Age-Related Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:464. [PMID: 30026686 PMCID: PMC6041410 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite aging being by far the greatest risk factor for highly prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, the molecular underpinnings of age-related brain changes are still not well understood, particularly the transition from normal healthy brain aging to neuropathological aging. Aging is an extremely complex, multifactorial process involving the simultaneous interplay of several processes operating at many levels of the functional organization. The buildup of potentially toxic protein aggregates and their spreading through various brain regions has been identified as a major contributor to these pathologies. One of the most striking morphologic changes in neurons during normal aging is the accumulation of lipofuscin (LF) aggregates, as well as, neuromelanin pigments. LF is an autofluorescent lipopigment formed by lipids, metals and misfolded proteins, which is especially abundant in nerve cells, cardiac muscle cells and skin. Within the Central Nervous System (CNS), LF accumulates as aggregates, delineating a specific senescence pattern in both physiological and pathological states, altering neuronal cytoskeleton and cellular trafficking and metabolism, and being associated with neuronal loss, and glial proliferation and activation. Traditionally, the accumulation of LF in the CNS has been considered a secondary consequence of the aging process, being a mere bystander of the pathological buildup associated with different neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we discuss recent evidence suggesting the possibility that LF aggregates may have an active role in neurodegeneration. We argue that LF is a relevant effector of aging that represents a risk factor or driver for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Kun
- Biochemistry Section, Science School, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Protein and Nucleic Acids Department, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Olga Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme-CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Medina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme-CROSADIS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Madrid, Spain
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Madrid, Spain
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Moving Speciation Genetics Forward: Modern Techniques Build on Foundational Studies in Drosophila. Genetics 2018; 207:825-842. [PMID: 29097397 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.187120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of how new species evolve has been examined at every level, from macroevolutionary patterns of diversification to molecular population genetic analyses of specific genomic regions between species pairs. Drosophila has been at the center of many of these research efforts. Though our understanding of the speciation process has grown considerably over the past few decades, very few genes have been identified that contribute to barriers to reproduction. The development of advanced molecular genetic and genomic methods provides promising avenues for the rapid discovery of more genes that contribute to speciation, particularly those involving prezygotic isolation. The continued expansion of tools and resources, especially for species other than Drosophila melanogaster, will be most effective when coupled with comparative approaches that reveal the genetic basis of reproductive isolation across a range of divergence times. Future research programs in Drosophila have high potential to answer long-standing questions in speciation. These include identifying the selective forces that contribute to divergence between populations and the genetic basis of traits that cause reproductive isolation. The latter can be expanded upon to understand how the genetic basis of reproductive isolation changes over time and whether certain pathways and genes are more commonly involved.
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Hara Y, Sudo T, Togane Y, Akagawa H, Tsujimura H. Cell death in neural precursor cells and neurons before neurite formation prevents the emergence of abnormal neural structures in the Drosophila optic lobe. Dev Biol 2018; 436:28-41. [PMID: 29447906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death is a conserved strategy for neural development both in vertebrates and invertebrates and is recognized at various developmental stages in the brain from neurogenesis to adulthood. To understand the development of the central nervous system, it is essential to reveal not only molecular mechanisms but also the role of neural cell death (Pinto-Teixeira et al., 2016). To understand the role of cell death in neural development, we investigated the effect of inhibition of cell death on optic lobe development. Our data demonstrate that, in the optic lobe of Drosophila, cell death occurs in neural precursor cells and neurons before neurite formation and functions to prevent various developmental abnormalities. When neuronal cell death was inhibited by an effector caspase inhibitor, p35, multiple abnormal neuropil structures arose during optic lobe development-e.g., enlarged or fused neuropils, misrouted neurons and abnormal neurite lumps. Inhibition of cell death also induced morphogenetic defects in the lamina and medulla development-e.g., failures in the separation of the lamina and medulla cortices and the medulla rotation. These defects were reproduced in the mutant of an initiator caspase, dronc. If cell death was a mechanism for removing the abnormal neuropil structures, we would also expect to observe them in mutants defective for corpse clearance. However, they were not observed in these mutants. When dead cell-membranes were visualized with Apoliner, they were observed only in cortices and not in neuropils. These results suggest that the cell death occurs before mature neurite formation. Moreover, we found that inhibition of cell death induced ectopic neuroepithelial cells, neuroblasts and ganglion mother cells in late pupal stages, at sites where the outer and inner proliferation centers were located at earlier developmental stages. Caspase-3 activation was observed in the neuroepithelial cells and neuroblasts in the proliferation centers. These results indicate that cell death is required for elimination of the precursor cells composing the proliferation centers. This study substantiates an essential role of early neural cell death for ensuring normal development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Hara
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan; Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Sudo
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Yu Togane
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Hiromi Akagawa
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tsujimura
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
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Yanagisawa H, Ishii T, Endo K, Kawakami E, Nagao K, Miyashita T, Akiyama K, Watabe K, Komatsu M, Yamamoto D, Eto Y. L-leucine and SPNS1 coordinately ameliorate dysfunction of autophagy in mouse and human Niemann-Pick type C disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15944. [PMID: 29162837 PMCID: PMC5698481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15305-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders are characterized by progressive accumulation of undigested macromolecules within the cell due to lysosomal dysfunction. 573C10 is a Schwann cell line derived from a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C disease-1, NPC (−/−). Under serum-starved conditions, NPC (−/−) cells manifested impaired autophagy accompanied by an increase in the amount of p62 and lysosome enlargement. Addition of L-leucine to serum-starved NPC (−/−) cells ameliorated the enlargement of lysosomes and the p62 accumulation. Similar autophagy defects were observed in NPC (−/−) cells even without serum starvation upon the knockdown of Spinster-like 1 (SPNS1), a putative transporter protein thought to function in lysosomal recycling. Conversely, SPNS1 overexpression impeded the enlargement of lysosomes, p62 accumulation and mislocalization of the phosphorylated form of the mechanistic Target of rapamycin in NPC (−/−) cells. In addition, we found a reduction in endogenous SPNS1 expression in fibroblasts derived from NPC-1 patients compared with normal fibroblasts. We propose that SPNS1-dependent L-leucine export across the lysosomal membrane is a key step for triggering autophagy, and that this mechanism is impaired in NPC-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Yanagisawa
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute for Neurological Disorders, Kawasaki, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Endo
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Kawakami
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nagao
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyashita
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Keiko Akiyama
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute for Neurological Disorders, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Watabe
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Division of Neurogenetics, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Eto
- Advanced Clinical Research Center, Institute for Neurological Disorders, Kawasaki, Japan.
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Chowdhury ZS, Sato K, Yamamoto D. The core-promoter factor TRF2 mediates a Fruitless action to masculinize neurobehavioral traits in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1480. [PMID: 29133872 PMCID: PMC5684138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01623-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In fruit flies, the male-specific fruitless (fru) gene product FruBM plays a central role in establishing the neural circuitry for male courtship behavior by orchestrating the transcription of genes required for the male-type specification of individual neurons. We herein identify the core promoter recognition factor gene Trf2 as a dominant modifier of fru actions. Trf2 knockdown in the sexually dimorphic mAL neurons leads to the loss of a male-specific neurite and a reduction in male courtship vigor. TRF2 forms a repressor complex with FruBM, strongly enhancing the repressor activity of FruBM at the promoter region of the robo1 gene, whose function is required for inhibiting the male-specific neurite formation. In females that lack FruBM, TRF2 stimulates robo1 transcription. Our results suggest that TRF2 switches its own role from an activator to a repressor of transcription upon binding to FruBM, thereby enabling the ipsilateral neurite formation only in males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kosei Sato
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 9808577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamamoto
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 9808577, Japan.
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Hebbar S, Khandelwal A, Jayashree R, Hindle SJ, Chiang YN, Yew JY, Sweeney ST, Schwudke D. Lipid metabolic perturbation is an early-onset phenotype in adult spinster mutants: a Drosophila model for lysosomal storage disorders. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3728-3740. [PMID: 29046397 PMCID: PMC5739291 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of lipids and swollen dysfunctional lysosomes are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). Detailed characterization of lipid metabolic changes in relation to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration is currently missing. We systematically analyzed lipid perturbations in spinster (spin) mutants, a Drosophila model of LSD-like neurodegeneration. Our results highlight an imbalance in brain ceramide and sphingosine in the early stages of neurodegeneration, preceding the accumulation of endomembranous structures, manifestation of altered behavior, and buildup of lipofuscin. Manipulating levels of ceramidase and altering these lipids in spin mutants allowed us to conclude that ceramide homeostasis is the driving force in disease progression and is integral to spin function in the adult nervous system. We identified 29 novel physical interaction partners of Spin and focused on the lipid carrier protein, Lipophorin (Lpp). A subset of Lpp and Spin colocalize in the brain and within organs specialized for lipid metabolism (fat bodies and oenocytes). Reduced Lpp protein was observed in spin mutant tissues. Finally, increased levels of lipid metabolites produced by oenocytes in spin mutants allude to a functional interaction between Spin and Lpp, underscoring the systemic nature of lipid perturbation in LSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Hebbar
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Avinash Khandelwal
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - R Jayashree
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP), Proteomics Facility, Bangalore 560065, India
| | | | | | - Joanne Y Yew
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Ma-noa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore 560065, India
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Pathogenic Huntington Alters BMP Signaling and Synaptic Growth through Local Disruptions of Endosomal Compartments. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3425-3439. [PMID: 28235896 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2752-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) stretch within the Huntingtin (Htt) protein. Pathogenic Htt disrupts multiple neuronal processes, including gene expression, axonal trafficking, proteasome and mitochondrial activity, and intracellular vesicle trafficking. However, the primary pathogenic mechanism and subcellular site of action for mutant Htt are still unclear. Using a Drosophila HD model, we found that pathogenic Htt expression leads to a profound overgrowth of synaptic connections that correlates directly with the levels of Htt at nerve terminals. Branches of the same nerve containing different levels of Htt show distinct phenotypes, indicating that Htt acts locally to disrupt synaptic growth. The effects of pathogenic Htt on synaptic growth arise from defective synaptic endosomal trafficking, leading to expansion of a recycling endosomal signaling compartment containing Sorting Nexin 16 and a reduction in late endosomes containing Rab11. The disruption of endosomal compartments leads to elevated BMP signaling within nerve terminals, driving excessive synaptic growth. Blocking aberrant signaling from endosomes or reducing BMP activity ameliorates the severity of HD pathology and improves viability. Pathogenic Htt is present largely in a nonaggregated form at synapses, indicating that cytosolic forms of the protein are likely to be the toxic species that disrupt endosomal signaling. Our data indicate that pathogenic Htt acts locally at nerve terminals to alter trafficking between endosomal compartments, leading to defects in synaptic structure that correlate with pathogenesis and lethality in the Drosophila HD model.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Huntington's disease (HD) is the most commonly inherited polyglutamine expansion disorder, but how mutant Huntingtin (Htt) disrupts neuronal function is unclear. In particular, it is unknown within what subcellular compartment pathogenic Htt acts and whether the pathogenesis is associated with aggregated or more soluble forms of the protein. Using a Drosophila HD model, we find that nonaggregated pathogenic Htt acts locally at synaptic terminals to disrupt endosomal compartments, leading to aberrant wiring defects. Genetic manipulations to increase endosomal trafficking of synaptic growth receptors from signaling endosomes or to reduce BMP signaling reduce pathology in this HD model. These data indicate that pathogenic Htt can act locally within nerve terminals to disrupt synaptic endosomal signaling and induce neuropathology.
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31
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Novel phenotypes of Drosophila spinster locus on the head formation during embryogenesis. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Hindle SJ, Hebbar S, Schwudke D, Elliott CJH, Sweeney ST. A saposin deficiency model in Drosophila: Lysosomal storage, progressive neurodegeneration and sensory physiological decline. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:77-87. [PMID: 27913291 PMCID: PMC5319729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saposin deficiency is a childhood neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) that can cause premature death within three months of life. Saposins are activator proteins that promote the function of lysosomal hydrolases that mediate the degradation of sphingolipids. There are four saposin proteins in humans, which are encoded by the prosaposin gene. Mutations causing an absence or impaired function of individual saposins or the whole prosaposin gene lead to distinct LSDs due to the storage of different classes of sphingolipids. The pathological events leading to neuronal dysfunction induced by lysosomal storage of sphingolipids are as yet poorly defined. We have generated and characterised a Drosophila model of saposin deficiency that shows striking similarities to the human diseases. Drosophila saposin-related (dSap-r) mutants show a reduced longevity, progressive neurodegeneration, lysosomal storage, dramatic swelling of neuronal soma, perturbations in sphingolipid catabolism, and sensory physiological deterioration. Our data suggests a genetic interaction with a calcium exchanger (Calx) pointing to a possible calcium homeostasis deficit in dSap-r mutants. Together these findings support the use of dSap-r mutants in advancing our understanding of the cellular pathology implicated in saposin deficiency and related LSDs. Drosophila model of PSD recapitulates neurodegenerative phenotype of human PSD. Preferential degeneration of sensory regions correlates with loss of sensory function. Sphingosine levels rise with age with an imbalance in sphingosine/ceramide ratios. Genetic interaction with the Na +/Ca + exchanger points to a calcium regulation deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarita Hebbar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 560065, India
| | | | - Sean T Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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Sasaki T, Lian S, Khan A, Llop JR, Samuelson AV, Chen W, Klionsky DJ, Kishi S. Autolysosome biogenesis and developmental senescence are regulated by both Spns1 and v-ATPase. Autophagy 2016; 13:386-403. [PMID: 27875093 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1256934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spns1 (Spinster homolog 1 [Drosophila]) in vertebrates, as well as Spin (Spinster) in Drosophila, is a hypothetical lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy). The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to developmental senescence in the embryonic stage and premature aging symptoms in adulthood. However, the molecular mechanism by which loss of Spin/Spns1 leads to the specific pathogenesis remains to be elucidated. Using chemical, genetic and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-editing approaches in zebrafish, we investigated and determined a mechanism that suppresses embryonic senescence as well as autolysosomal impairment mediated by Spns1 deficiency. Unexpectedly, we found that a concurrent disruption of the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (v-ATPase) subunit gene, atp6v0ca (ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal, V0 subunit ca) led to suppression of the senescence induced by the Spns1 defect, whereas the sole loss of Atp6v0ca led to senescent embryos similar to the single spns1 mutation. Moreover, we discovered that the combined stable defect seen in the presence of both the spns1 and atp6v0ca mutant genes still subsequently induced premature autophagosome-lysosome fusion marked by insufficient acidity, while extending developmental life span, compared with the solely mutated spns1 defect. Our data suggest that Spns1 and the v-ATPase orchestrate proper autolysosomal biogenesis with optimal acidification that is critically linked to developmental senescence and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sasaki
- a Department of Metabolism & Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
| | - Shanshan Lian
- a Department of Metabolism & Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
| | - Alam Khan
- a Department of Metabolism & Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA.,b Department of Pharmacy , University of Rajshahi , Rajshahi , Bangladesh
| | - Jesse R Llop
- c Department of Biomedical Genetics , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Andrew V Samuelson
- c Department of Biomedical Genetics , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , NY , USA
| | - Wenbiao Chen
- d Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- e Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Shuji Kishi
- a Department of Metabolism & Aging , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , FL , USA
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Peterson JS, Timmons AK, Mondragon AA, McCall K. The End of the Beginning: Cell Death in the Germline. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 114:93-119. [PMID: 26431565 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death occurs in the germline of many organisms, both as an essential part of development and throughout adult life. Germline cell death can be apoptotic or nonapoptotic, depending on the stimulus or stage of development. Here, we focus on the Drosophila ovary, which is a powerful model for studying diverse types of cell death. In Drosophila, the death of primordial germ cells occurs normally during embryonic development, and germline nurse cells are programmed to die during oocyte development in adult flies. Cell death of previtellogenic egg chambers in adults can also be induced by starvation or other environmental cues. Mid-oogenesis seems to be particularly sensitive to such cues and has been proposed to serve as a checkpoint to avoid the energetically expensive cost of egg production. After the germline dies in mid-oogenesis, the remnants are engulfed by an epithelial layer of follicle cells; thus, the fly ovary also serves as a highly tractable model for engulfment by epithelial cells. These examples of cell death in the fly ovary share many similarities to the types of cell death seen in the mammalian germline. Recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cell death in the germline is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne S Peterson
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allison K Timmons
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Kimberly McCall
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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35
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Wagner N, Laugks U, Heckmann M, Asan E, Neuser K. Aging Drosophila melanogaster display altered pre- and postsynaptic ultrastructure at adult neuromuscular junctions. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2457-75. [PMID: 25940748 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although age-related changes in synaptic plasticity are an important focus within neuroscience, little is known about ultrastructural changes of synaptic morphology during aging. Here we report how aging affects synaptic ultrastructure by using fluorescence and electron microscopy at the adult Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of ventral abdominal muscles. Mainly four striking morphological changes of aging NMJs were revealed. 1) Bouton size increases with proportionally rising number of active zones (AZs). 2) Synaptic vesicle density at AZs is increased in old flies. 3) Late endosomes, cisternae, and multivesicular bodies accumulate in the presynaptic terminal, and vesicles accumulate between membranes of the terminal bouton and the subsynaptic reticulum. 4) The electron-dense pre- and postsynaptic apposition is expanded in aging NMJs, which is accompanied by an expansion of the postsynaptic glutamate receptor fields. These findings suggest that aging is possibly accompanied by impaired synaptic vesicle release and recycling and a potentially compensatory expansion of AZs and postsynaptic densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wagner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Laugks
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Manfred Heckmann
- Institute of Physiology-Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians University Wuerzburg, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Esther Asan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Wuerzburg, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kirsa Neuser
- Institute of Physiology-Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians University Wuerzburg, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
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Akagawa H, Hara Y, Togane Y, Iwabuchi K, Hiraoka T, Tsujimura H. The role of the effector caspases drICE and dcp-1 for cell death and corpse clearance in the developing optic lobe in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2015; 404:61-75. [PMID: 26022392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the developing Drosophila optic lobe, cell death occurs via apoptosis and in a distinctive spatio-temporal pattern of dying cell clusters. We analyzed the role of effector caspases drICE and dcp-1 in optic lobe cell death and subsequent corpse clearance using mutants. Neurons in many clusters required either drICE or dcp-1 and each one is sufficient. This suggests that drICE and dcp-1 function in cell death redundantly. However, dying neurons in a few clusters strictly required drICE but not dcp-1, but required drICE and dcp-1 when drICE activity was reduced via hypomorphic mutation. In addition, analysis of the mutants suggests an important role of effecter caspases in corpse clearance. In both null and hypomorphic drICE mutants, greater number of TUNEL-positive cells were observed than in wild type, and many TUNEL-positive cells remained until later stages. Lysotracker staining showed that there was a defect in corpse clearance in these mutants. All the results suggested that drICE plays an important role in activating corpse clearance in dying cells, and that an additional function of effector caspases is required for the activation of corpse clearance as well as that for carrying out cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Akagawa
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Biological Production Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hara
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yu Togane
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kikuo Iwabuchi
- Department of Biological Production Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hiraoka
- Department of Biological Production Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tsujimura
- Developmental Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Zwarts L, Van Eijs F, Callaerts P. Glia in Drosophila behavior. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2014; 201:879-93. [PMID: 25336160 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-014-0952-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells constitute about 10 % of the Drosophila nervous system. The development of genetic and molecular tools has helped greatly in defining different types of glia. Furthermore, considerable progress has been made in unraveling the mechanisms that control the development and differentiation of Drosophila glia. By contrast, the role of glia in adult Drosophila behavior is not well understood. We here summarize recent work describing the role of glia in normal behavior and in Drosophila models for neurological and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zwarts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Center for Human Genetics, KULeuven, O&N IV Herestraat 49, Box 602, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
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Park KS, Kim SH, Jeon SH. A study of Drosophila spinster expression and its functions during embryogenesis. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Kimura S, Sakakibara Y, Sato K, Ote M, Ito H, Koganezawa M, Yamamoto D. TheDrosophilalingerer protein cooperates with Orb2 in long-term memory formation. J Neurogenet 2014; 29:8-17. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.917644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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40
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Sasaki T, Lian S, Qi J, Bayliss PE, Carr CE, Johnson JL, Guha S, Kobler P, Catz SD, Gill M, Jia K, Klionsky DJ, Kishi S. Aberrant autolysosomal regulation is linked to the induction of embryonic senescence: differential roles of Beclin 1 and p53 in vertebrate Spns1 deficiency. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004409. [PMID: 24967584 PMCID: PMC4072523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinster (Spin) in Drosophila or Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) in vertebrates is a putative lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of autophagy. The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to embryonic senescence and accelerated aging symptoms, but little is known about the mechanisms leading to the pathogenesis in vivo. Beclin 1 and p53 are two pivotal tumor suppressors that are critically involved in the autophagic process and its regulation. Using zebrafish as a genetic model, we show that Beclin 1 suppression ameliorates Spns1 loss-mediated senescence as well as autophagic impairment, whereas unexpectedly p53 deficit exacerbates both of these characteristics. We demonstrate that ‘basal p53’ activity plays a certain protective role(s) against the Spns1 defect-induced senescence via suppressing autophagy, lysosomal biogenesis, and subsequent autolysosomal formation and maturation, and that p53 loss can counteract the effect of Beclin 1 suppression to rescue the Spns1 defect. By contrast, in response to DNA damage, ‘activated p53’ showed an apparent enhancement of the Spns1-deficient phenotype, by inducing both autophagy and apoptosis. Moreover, we found that a chemical and genetic blockage of lysosomal acidification and biogenesis mediated by the vacuolar-type H+-ATPase, as well as of subsequent autophagosome-lysosome fusion, prevents the appearance of the hallmarks caused by the Spns1 deficiency, irrespective of the basal p53 state. Thus, these results provide evidence that Spns1 operates during autophagy and senescence differentially with Beclin 1 and p53. Spinster homolog 1 (Spns1) in vertebrates, as well as Spinster (Spin) in Drosophila, is a hypothetical lysosomal H+-carbohydrate transporter, which functions at a late stage of autophagy. The Spin/Spns1 defect induces aberrant autolysosome formation that leads to embryonic senescence and accelerated aging symptoms, while the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis are unknown in vivo. Using zebrafish, we show that Beclin 1 suppression ameliorates Spns1 loss-mediated senescence as well as autolysosomal impairment, whereas p53 deficit unexpectedly exacerbates these characteristics. We demonstrate that basal p53 activity has a certain protective role(s) against the Spns1 defect via suppressing autophagosome-lysosome fusion, while p53 activated by ultraviolet radiation amplifies the Spns1 deficit. In addition, we found that excessive lysosomal biogenesis and prolonged suboptimal acidification, modulated by v-ATPase, could be the primary reason for the appearance on the hallmarks of Spns1 deficiency. Our findings thus suggest that Spns1 is critically involved in lysosomal acidification and trafficking during autophagy, and differentially acts in a pathway with Beclin 1 and p53 in the regulation of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sasaki
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Lian
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jie Qi
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Bayliss
- Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Carr
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sujay Guha
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patrick Kobler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sergio D. Catz
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gill
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kailiang Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shuji Kishi
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The understanding of the role of the sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling system in immunology and host defense has deepened exponentially over the past 12 years since the discovery that lymphocyte egress was reversibly modulated by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors, and with the development of fingolimod, a prodrug of a nonselective S1P receptor agonist, for therapeutic use in the treatment of relapsing, remitting multiple sclerosis. Innovative genetic and chemical approaches, together with structural biology, now provide a more detailed molecular understanding of a regulated lysophospholipid ligand with a variety of autocrine, paracrine, and systemic effects in physiology and pathology, based upon selective interactions with a high affinity and selective evolutionary cluster of G-protein-coupled receptors.
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An Epigenetic Switch of the Brain Sex as a Basis of Gendered Behavior in Drosophila. EPIGENETIC SHAPING OF SOCIOSEXUAL INTERACTIONS - FROM PLANTS TO HUMANS 2014; 86:45-63. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800222-3.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Laturney M, Billeter JC. Neurogenetics of female reproductive behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2014; 85:1-108. [PMID: 24880733 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800271-1.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We follow an adult Drosophila melanogaster female through the major reproductive decisions she makes during her lifetime, including habitat selection, precopulatory mate choice, postcopulatory physiological changes, polyandry, and egg-laying site selection. In the process, we review the molecular and neuronal mechanisms allowing females to integrate signals from both environmental and social sources to produce those behavioral outputs. We pay attention to how an understanding of D. melanogaster female reproductive behaviors contributes to a wider understanding of evolutionary processes such as pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection as well as sexual conflict. Within each section, we attempt to connect the theories that pertain to the evolution of female reproductive behaviors with the molecular and neurobiological data that support these theories. We draw attention to the fact that the evolutionary and mechanistic basis of female reproductive behaviors, even in a species as extensively studied as D. melanogaster, remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Laturney
- Behavioural Biology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Christophe Billeter
- Behavioural Biology, Centre for Behaviour and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sakurai A, Koganezawa M, Yasunaga KI, Emoto K, Yamamoto D. Select interneuron clusters determine female sexual receptivity in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1825. [PMID: 23652013 PMCID: PMC3674241 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Female Drosophila with the spinster mutation repel courting males and rarely mate. Here we show that the non-copulating phenotype can be recapitulated by the elimination of spinster functions from either spin-A or spin-D neuronal clusters, in the otherwise wild-type (spinster heterozygous) female brain. Spin-D corresponds to the olfactory projection neurons with dendrites in the antennal lobe VA1v glomerulus that is fruitless-positive, sexually dimorphic and responsive to fly odour. Spin-A is a novel local neuron cluster in the suboesophageal ganglion, which is known to process contact chemical pheromone information and copulation-related signals. A slight reduction in spinster expression to a level with a minimal effect is sufficient to shut off female sexual receptivity if the dominant-negative mechanistic target of rapamycin is simultaneously expressed, although the latter manipulation alone has only a marginal effect. We propose that spin-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin signal transduction in these neurons is essential for females to accept the courting male. The protein spinster is implicated in Drosophila courtship behaviour. Sakurai and colleagues identify two clusters of spinster-expressing interneurons, and show that these cells are required for female receptivity to male advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sakurai
- Division of Neurogenetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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45
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Nishi T, Kobayashi N, Hisano Y, Kawahara A, Yamaguchi A. Molecular and physiological functions of sphingosine 1-phosphate transporters. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:759-65. [PMID: 23921254 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator that plays important roles in diverse cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. S1P is synthesized inside the cells and subsequently released to the extracellular space, where it binds to specific receptors that are located on the plasma membranes of target cells. Accumulating recent evidence suggests that S1P transporters including SPNS2 mediate S1P release from the cells and are involved in the physiological functions of S1P. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and physiological functions of S1P transporters. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nishi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Hisano
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Laboratory for Cardiovascular Molecular Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kawahara
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Molecular Dynamics, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Membrane Biology, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Sasaki T, Kishi S. Molecular and chemical genetic approaches to developmental origins of aging and disease in zebrafish. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1362-70. [PMID: 23660559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of diseases increases rapidly with age, accompanied by progressive deteriorations of physiological functions in organisms. Aging-associated diseases are sporadic but mostly inevitable complications arising from senescence. Senescence is often considered the antithesis of early development, but yet there may be factors and mechanisms in common between these two phenomena over the dynamic process of aging. The association between early development and late-onset disease with advancing age is thought to come from a consequence of developmental plasticity, the phenomenon by which one genotype can give rise to a range of physiologically and/or morphologically adaptive states in response to different environmental or genetic perturbations. On the one hand, we hypothesized that the future aging process can be predictive based on adaptivity during the early developmental period. Modulating the thresholds of adaptive plasticity by chemical genetic approaches, we have been investigating whether any relationship exists between the regulatory mechanisms that function in early development and in senescence using the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a small freshwater fish and a useful model animal for genetic studies. We have successfully conducted experiments to isolate zebrafish mutants expressing apparently altered senescence phenotypes during embryogenesis ("embryonic senescence"), subsequently showing shortened lifespan in adulthoods. We anticipate that previously uncharacterized developmental genes may mediate the aging process and play a pivotal role in senescence. On the other hand, unexpected senescence-related genes might also be involved in the early developmental process and regulation. The ease of manipulation using the zebrafish system allows us to conduct an exhaustive exploration of novel genes and small molecular compounds that can be linked to the senescence phenotype, and thereby facilitates searching for the evolutionary and developmental origins of aging in vertebrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Animal Models of Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Sasaki
- Department of Metabolism & Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, USA
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47
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Chu Y, Yang E, Schinaman JM, Chahda JS, Sousa-Neves R. Genetic analysis of mate discrimination in Drosophila simulans. Evolution 2013; 67:2335-47. [PMID: 23888855 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Courtship is an elaborate behavior that conveys information about the identity of animal species and suitability of individual males as mates. In Drosophila, there is extensive evidence that females are capable of evaluating and comparing male courtships, and accepting or rejecting males as mates. These relatively simple responses minimize random sexual encounters involving subpar conspecific males and heterospecific males, and over generations can potentially select novel physical and behavioral traits. Despite its evolutionary and behavioral significance, little is still known about the genes involved in mating choice and how choices for novel males and females arise during evolution. Drosophila simulans and Drosophila sechellia are two recently diverged species of Drosophila in which females have a preference for conspecific males. Here we analyzed a total of 1748 F2 hybrid females between these two species and found a small number of dominant genes controlling the preference for D. simulans males. We also mapped two redundant X-linked loci of mating choice, Macho-XA and Macho-XB, and show that neither one is required for female attractiveness. Together, our results reveal part of the genetic architecture that allows D. simulans females to recognize, mate, and successfully generate progenies with D. simulans males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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48
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Han M, Chang H, Zhang P, Chen T, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu P, Xu T, Xu P. C13C4.5/Spinster, an evolutionarily conserved protein that regulates fertility in C. elegans through a lysosome-mediated lipid metabolism process. Protein Cell 2013; 4:364-72. [PMID: 23609012 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-3015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets, which are conserved across almost all species, are cytoplasmic organelles used to store neutral lipids. Identification of lipid droplet regulators will be conducive to resolving obesity and other fat-associated diseases. In this paper, we selected 11 candidates that might be associated with lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Using a BODIPY 493/503-based flow cytometry screen, 6 negative and 3 positive regulators of fat content were identified. We selected one negative regulator of lipid content, C13C4.5, for future study. C13C4.5 was mainly expressed in the worm intestine. We found that this gene was important for maintaining the metabolism of lipid droplets. Biochemical results revealed that 50% of triacylglycerol (TAG) was lost in C13C4.5 knockout worms. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) signals in C13C4.5 mutants showed only 49.6% of the fat content in the proximal intestinal region and 86.3% in the distal intestinal region compared with wild type animals. The mean values of lipid droplet size and intensity in C13C4.5 knockout animals were found to be significantly decreased compared with those in wild type worms. The LMP-1-labeled membrane structures in worm intestines were also enlarged in C13C4.5 mutant animals. Finally, fertility defects were found in C13C4.5(ok2087) mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that C13C4.5 may regulate the fertility of C. elegans by changing the size and fat content of lipid droplets by interfering with lysosomal morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Han
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Use of model organisms for the study of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1842-65. [PMID: 23338040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses are a group of fatal progressive neurodegenerative diseases predominantly affecting children. Identification of mutations that cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, and subsequent functional and pathological studies of the affected genes, underpins efforts to investigate disease mechanisms and identify and test potential therapeutic strategies. These functional studies and pre-clinical trials necessitate the use of model organisms in addition to cell and tissue culture models as they enable the study of protein function within a complex organ such as the brain and the testing of therapies on a whole organism. To this end, a large number of disease models and genetic tools have been identified or created in a variety of model organisms. In this review, we will discuss the ethical issues associated with experiments using model organisms, the factors underlying the choice of model organism, the disease models and genetic tools available, and the contributions of those disease models and tools to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis research. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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50
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Chen Y, Yu L. Autophagic lysosome reformation. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:142-6. [PMID: 22999865 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent degradation pathway. In recent years, many important advances have been made in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanism of autophagosome formation. However, the late stages of autophagy-the cellular events after formation of the autolysosome-are relatively rarely studied. In this review, we discussed the cellular process and molecular mechanism of autophagic lysosome reformation, a cellular events which defines the terminal stage of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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