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Madrid FF, Grossman LI, Aras S. Mitochondria Autoimmunity and MNRR1 in Breast Carcinogenesis: A Review. JOURNAL OF CANCER IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 2:138-158. [PMID: 33615312 PMCID: PMC7894625 DOI: 10.33696/cancerimmunol.2.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We review here the evidence for participation of mitochondrial autoimmunity in BC inception and progression and propose a new paradigm that may challenge the prevailing thinking in oncogenesis by suggesting that mitochondrial autoimmunity is a major contributor to breast carcinogenesis and probably to the inception and progression of other solid tumors. It has been shown that MNRR1 mediated mitochondrial-nuclear function promotes BC cell growth and migration and the development of metastasis and constitutes a proof of concept supporting the participation of mitochondrial autoimmunity in breast carcinogenesis. The resemblance of the autoantibody profile in BC detected by IFA with that in the rheumatic autoimmune diseases suggested that studies on the autoantibody response to tumor associated antigens and the characterization of the mtDNA- and nDNA-encoded antigens may provide functional data on breast carcinogenesis. We also review the studies supporting the view that a panel of autoreactive nDNA-encoded mitochondrial antigens in addition to MNRR1 may be involved in breast carcinogenesis. These include GAPDH, PKM2, GSTP1, SPATA5, MFF, ncRNA PINK1-AS/DDOST as probably contributing to BC progression and metastases and the evidence suggesting that DDX21 orchestrates a complex signaling network with participation of JUND and ATF3 driving chronic inflammation and breast tumorigenesis. We suggest that the widespread autoreactivity of mtDNA- and nDNA-encoded mitochondrial proteins found in BC sera may be the reflection of autoimmunity triggered by mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial tumor associated antigens involved in multiple tumorigenic pathways. Furthermore, we suggest that mitochondrial proteins may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction in BC even if mitochondrial respiration is found to be within normal limits. However, although the studies show that mitochondrial autoimmunity is a major factor in breast cancer inception and progression, it is not the only factor since there is a multiplex autoantibody profile targeting centrosome and stem cell antigens as well as anti-idiotypic antibodies, revealing the complex signaling network involved in breast carcinogenesis. In summary, the studies reviewed here open new, unexpected therapeutic avenues for cancer prevention and treatment of patients with cancer derived from an entirely new perspective of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Fernández Madrid
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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2
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The DNA-hydrolyzing activity of IgG antibodies from human placenta. Placenta 2018; 68:1-8. [PMID: 30055664 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since during pregnancy and lactation women tend to develop autoimmune processes, characterization of placenta immunoglobulins and their possible catalytic functions is a very important step towards understanding the function of placenta. METHODS ELISA, affinity chromatography, SDS-PAGE and MALDI mass spectrometry were used. RESULTS It was shown, that ten placentas contain in average 1.1 ± 0.33 mg IgGs/g of placenta and 0.11 ± 0.1 mЕ anti-DNA antibodies/g of placenta. All ten individual IgG preparations were characterized by a specific ratio and various combinations of heavy (47.5-51.7 kDa) and light (22.2-33.3 kDa) chains with different molecular masses. All intact IgGs demonstrate DNase but have not amylase activity. Several strict criteria have been used to show that the DNase activity is an intrinsic property of placenta IgGs. The heavy chains of antibodies were catalytically inactive. The light chains of 22-24 kDa of all IgGs demonstrated maximal DNase activity, while the chains of approximately 25-33.2 kDa were significantly less active. IgGs were completely inactive after dialysis against EDTA. The optimal external cofactors of placenta DNase abzymes are Mg2+ and Cu2+ ions, while, activity in the presence of Mn2+ and Ca2+ is approximately 3-4-fold lower. Activation of DNase abzymes by Cu2+ ions was revealed for the first time. Placental antibodies possess selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. CONCLUSION It was shown previously, that appearance of serum DNase abzymes is the good indicator of the beginning and obvious spontaneous or induced autoimmune diseases. The detection of placenta DNase antibodies indicates that during pregnancy, autoimmune processes can affect this organ.
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Ermakov EA, Ivanova SA, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Blood-Derived RNA- and microRNA-Hydrolyzing IgG Antibodies in Schizophrenia Patients. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:507-526. [PMID: 29738685 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918050048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abzymes with various catalytic activities are the earliest statistically significant markers of existing and developing autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Currently, schizophrenia (SCZD) is not considered to be a typical AID. It was demonstrated recently that antibodies from SCZD patients efficiently hydrolyze DNA and myelin basic protein. Here, we showed for the first time that autoantibodies from 35 SCZD patients efficiently hydrolyze RNA (cCMP > poly(C) > poly(A) > yeast RNA) and analyzed site-specific hydrolysis of microRNAs involved in the regulation of several genes in SCZD (miR-137, miR-9-5p, miR-219-2-3p, and miR-219a-5p). All four microRNAs were cleaved by IgG preparations (n = 21) from SCZD patients in a site-specific manner. The RNase activity of the abzymes correlated with SCZD clinical parameters. The data obtained showed that SCZD patients might display signs of typical autoimmune processes associated with impaired functioning of microRNAs resulting from their hydrolysis by the abzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ermakov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - S A Ivanova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, 634014, Russia
| | - V N Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - G A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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Born WK, Huang Y, Zeng W, Torres RM, O'Brien RL. A Special Connection between γδ T Cells and Natural Antibodies? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:455-462. [PMID: 27235134 PMCID: PMC5507014 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies (NAbs) play an important role in early host defense, autophagy and tissue remodeling, and in immune regulation. They arise spontaneously (without specific immunization), and are already present at birth. NAbs are produced by B1 B cells, MZ B cells and other B cell types. They include all major Ig subclasses but IgM antibodies are prevalent, especially early in development. NAbs may be poly-specific, recognize particular auto-antigens, or detect neo-determinants such as those exposed during apoptosis or generated by oxidation. NAbs do not require cognate T cell help but depend on soluble mediators produced by T cells. Our recent studies suggest that γδ T cells may have a special relationship with NAbs, and play a prominent role in their regulation, in part through the fine-tuning of IL-4 levels. The spontaneously activated state of these cells likely enables their cytokine production and other functions in the absence of external stimulation. Ontogenetically, the earlier arising γδ T cells are better positioned than αβ T cells to shape the developing repertoire of NAbs. Intriguingly, ligand specificities of NAbs and γδ T cell receptors appear to be overlapping, perhaps allowing γδ cognate help for certain NAb specificities. Via NAbs, γδ T cells could exert a regulatory influence on numerous processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi K Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Str., Denver, CO, 80206, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Yafei Huang
- Joint Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology Transfer, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanjiang Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rebecca L O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Str., Denver, CO, 80206, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Andreev SL, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. How human IgGs against DNA recognize oligonucleotides and DNA. J Mol Recognit 2016; 29:596-610. [PMID: 27558754 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, there are no available data on how anti-DNA antibodies recognize DNA. In the present work, to study the molecular mechanism of DNA recognition by antibodies, we have used anti-DNA IgGs from blood sera of patients with multiple sclerosis. A stepwise increase in ligand complexity approach was used to estimate the relative contributions of virtually every nucleotide unit of different single- (ss) and double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotides to their affinity for IgG fraction having high affinity to DNA-cellulose. DNA-binding site disposed on the heavy chain demonstrates higher affinity to different dNMPs (Kd = 0.63μM-3.8μM) than the site located on the light chain (28μM-170μM). The heavy and light chains interact independently forming relatively strong contacts with 2 to 4 nucleotides of short homo- and hetero-d(pN)2-9 . Then the increase in the affinity of different d(pN)n became minimal, and at n ≥ 8 to 9, all dependencies reached plateaus: approximately 3.2nM to 20nM and approximately 200nM to 460nM for the heavy and light chains, respectively. A similar situation was observed for different ribooligonucleotides, in which their affinity is 6-fold to 100-fold lower than that for d(pN)n . Transition from ss to ds d(pN)n leads to a moderate increase in affinity of ligands to DNA-binding site of heavy chains, while light chains demonstrate the same affinity for ss and ds d(pN)n . Long supercoiled DNA interacts with both heavy and light chains with affinity of approximately 10-fold higher than that for short oligonucleotides. The thermodynamic models were constructed to describe the interactions of IgGs light and heavy chains with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey L Andreev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Avrameas S. Autopolyreactivity Confers a Holistic Role in the Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:227-34. [PMID: 26808310 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss some key findings from the study of naturally occurring autoantibodies. The B-cell compartment of the immune system appears to recognize almost all endogenous and environmental antigens. This ability is accomplished principally through autopolyreactive humoral and cellular immune receptors. This extended autopolyreactivity (1) along immunoglobulin gene recombination contributes to the immune system's ability to recognize a very large number of self and non-self constituents; and (2) generates a vast immune network that creates communication channels between the organism's interior and exterior. Thus, the immune system continuously evolves depending on the internal and external stimuli it encounters. Furthermore, this far-reaching network's existence implies activities resembling those of classical biological factors or activities that modulate the function of other classical biological factors. A few such antibodies have already been found. Another important concept is that natural autoantibodies are highly dependent on the presence or absence of commensal microbes in the organism. These results are in line with past and recent findings showing the fundamental influence of the microbiota on proper immune system development, and necessitate the existence of a host-microbe homeostasis. This homeostasis requires that the participating humoral and cellular receptors are able to recognize self-antigens and commensal microbes without damaging them. Autopolyreactive immune receptors expressing low affinity for both types of antigens fulfil this role. The immune system appears to play a holistic role similar to that of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Avrameas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Deyev SM, Lebedenko EN, Petrovskaya LE, Dolgikh DA, Gabibov AG, Kirpichnikov MP. Man-made antibodies and immunoconjugates with desired properties: function optimization using structural engineering. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hu Z, Leppla SH, Li B, Elkins CA. Antibodies specific for nucleic acids and applications in genomic detection and clinical diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 14:895-916. [PMID: 25014728 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.931810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Detection of nucleic acids using antibodies is uncommon. This is in part because nucleic acids are poor immunogens and it is difficult to elicit antibodies having high affinity to each type of nucleic acid while lacking cross-reactivity to others. We describe the origins and applications of a variety of anti-nucleic acid antibodies, including ones reacting with modified nucleosides and nucleotides, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded DNA, RNA, DNA:RNA hybrids, locked-nucleic acids or peptide nucleic acid:nucleic acid hybrids. Carefully selected antibodies can be excellent reagents for detecting bacteria, viruses, small RNAs, microRNAs, R-loops, cancer cells, stem cells, apoptotic cells and so on. The detection may be sensitive, simple, rapid, specific, reproducible, quantitative and cost-effective. Current microarray and diagnostic methods that depend on cDNA or cRNA can be replaced by using antibody detection of nucleic acids. Therefore, development should be encouraged to explore new utilities and create a robust arsenal of new anti-nucleic acid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Hu
- Winchester Engineering & Analytical Center, Office of Regulatory Affairs, US Food and Drug Administration, 109 Holton Street, Winchester, MA 01890, USA
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The spectrum of anti-chromatin/nucleosome autoantibodies: independent and interdependent biomarkers of disease. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:368274. [PMID: 24804269 PMCID: PMC3996305 DOI: 10.1155/2014/368274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies directed to chromatin components date back to the discovery of the LE cell and the LE cell phenomenon circa 1950, and subsequent evidence that major components of that reaction were chromatin components and histones in particular. Over time, immunoassays ranging from ELISA and line immunoassays to more modern bead-based assays incorporated histone and DNA mixtures, purified histones, and purified nucleosomes leading to a more thorough understanding of the genesis and pathogenetic relationships of antibodies to chromatin components in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune conditions. More recently, interest has focussed on other components of chromatin such as high mobility group (HMG) proteins both as targets of B cell responses and pro-inflammatory mediators. This review will focus on immunoassays that utilize chromatin components, their clinical relationships, and newer evidence implicating HMG proteins and DNA neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) as important players in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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Deering RP, Kommareddy S, Ulmer JB, Brito LA, Geall AJ. Nucleic acid vaccines: prospects for non-viral delivery of mRNA vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:885-99. [PMID: 24665982 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.901308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nucleic acid-based vaccines are being developed as a means to combine the positive attributes of both live-attenuated and subunit vaccines. Viral vectors and plasmid DNA vaccines have been extensively evaluated in human clinical trials and have been shown to be safe and immunogenic, although none have been licensed for human use. More recently, mRNA-based vaccine alternatives have emerged and might offer certain advantages over their DNA-based counterparts. AREAS COVERED This review describes the two main categories of mRNA vaccines: conventional non-amplifying and self-amplifying mRNA. It summarizes the initial clinical proof-of-concept studies and outlines the preclinical testing of the next wave of innovations for the technology. Finally, this review highlights the versatile functionality of the mRNA molecule and introduces opportunities for future improvements in vaccine design. EXPERT OPINION The prospects for mRNA vaccines are very promising. Like other types of nucleic acid vaccines, mRNA vaccines have the potential to combine the positive attributes of live attenuated vaccines while obviating many potential safety limitations. Although data from initial clinical trials appear encouraging, mRNA vaccines are far from a commercial product. These initial approaches have spurred innovations in vector design, non-viral delivery, large-scale production and purification of mRNA to quickly move the technology forward. Some improvements have already been tested in preclinical models for both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine targets and have demonstrated their ability to elicit potent and broad immune responses, including functional antibodies, type 1 T helper cells-type T cell responses and cytotoxic T cells. Though the initial barriers for this nucleic acid vaccine approach seem to be overcome, in our opinion, the future and continued success of this approach lies in a more extensive evaluation of the many non-viral delivery systems described in the literature and gaining a better understanding of the mechanism of action to allow rational design of next generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel P Deering
- Novartis Vaccines, Inc. , 350 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA +1 617 871 3745 ;
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Habib S, Ahmad S, Dixit K, Moinuddin, Ali A. Peroxynitrite modified DNA may be an antigenic trigger for antibodies in various cancers of gynecologic origin. Hum Immunol 2013; 74:1239-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The recently concluded Tenth International Congress on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) held in Buenos Aires was a resounding success. This overview summarizes some of the origins of the First International Congress held in Calgary, Canada in 1986, predictions offered by past Congress Presidents, and a perspective on the trends in autoantibody testing, which remains one of the key approaches to the early and accurate diagnosis of SLE. The last few decades have witnessed a remarkable proliferation of new diagnostic technologies including addressable laser bead immunoassays and, more recently, chemiluminescence and lateral flow technologies that could find a clinical niche in point-of-care diagnostics. Against the backdrop of these constantly emerging technologies, indirect immunofluorescence has remained the platform of choice for many laboratories and diagnosticians. The notion that autoantibodies are pathogenic has been challenged by evidence that some autoantibodies are protective, some may have catalytic capacity while others may be neutral or have no function at all. The latter notion of functionless or "junk" autoantibodies needs to be taken under some advisement, because there was a time when a great proportion of the human genome was considered to include "junk DNA". The butterfly as a symbol of hope and progress in SLE research over the past 27 years since the First International Congress on SLE is almost certainly to be even more appropriate when future Congresses are held in Geneva (2015), Melbourne (2017) and eventually one in 2050.
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