Equilibrium Studies on Pd(II)-Amine Complexes with Bio-Relevant Ligands in Reference to Their Antitumor Activity

This review article presents an overview of the equilibrium studies on Pd-amine complexes with bio-relevant ligands in reference to their antitumor activity. Pd(II) complexes with amines of different functional groups, were synthesized and characterized in many studies. The complex formation equilibria of Pd(amine)²⁺ complexes with amino acids, peptides, dicarboxylic acids and DNA constituents, were extensively investigated. Such systems may be considered as one of the models for the possible reactions occurring with antitumor drugs in biological systems. The stability of the formed complexes depends on the structural parameters of the amines and the bio-relevant ligands. The evaluated speciation curves can help to provide a pictorial presentation of the reactions in solutions of different pH values. The stability data of complexes with sulfur donor ligands compared with those of DNA constituents, can reveal information regarding the deactivation caused by sulfur donors. The formation equilibria of binuclear complexes of Pd(II) with DNA constituents was investigated to support the biological significance of this class of complexes. Most of the Pd(amine)²⁺ complexes investigated were studied in a low dielectric constant medium, resembling that of a biological medium. Investigations of the thermodynamic parameters reveal that the formation of the Pd(amine)²⁺ complex species is exothermic.

Complex formation equilibria of binary and ternary complexes involving 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2yl)propionic acid and bio-relevant ligands as 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid with reference to plant hormone

The formation equilibria for the binary complexes of Cu(II) with 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) and 3,3-bis(1-methylimidazol-2-yl)propionic acid (BIMP) were investigated. ACC and BIMP form the complexes 110, 120 and 11-1. The ternary complexes of Cu(II) with BIMP and biorelevant ligands as some selected amino acids, peptides and DNA constituents are formed in a stepwise mechanism. The stability constants of the complexes formed were determined and their distribution diagrams were evaluated. The kinetics of hydrolysis of glycine methyl ester in presence of [Cu(BIMP)](+) was investigated by pH-stat technique and the mechanism was discussed.

Voltammetric and electrochemical gravimetric selective detection of interactions between Tl(I) and guanine and the influence on activity of DNA drug-intercalators

The interactions of Tl(I), a well known toxic species, with selected oligonucleotides were examined. The oligonucleotide sequences selected for the investigation were taken from gene hOGG1 responsible for repairing of DNA damage. Cyclic voltammetry was particularly useful, since nitrogen N-7 in guanine can be electrooxidized while its binding with Tl(I) leads to the loss of electroactivity. So, this selected interaction could be quantitatively used in drawing Scatchard's plot and calculating the binding constants and the number of active sites in guanine molecules occupied by one metal ion. Further, we have shown that the presence of Tl(I) leads to a decrease in activity of doxorubicin (DOX), a popular anticancer drug, vs. DNA. The obtained circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the measurements with an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) led to a conclusion that in the presence of monovalent thallium cations the DNA double helix was neither damaged/oxidized nor its conformation changed substantially.

Synthesis and structural characterization of Pd(N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine)Cl2 complex--the interaction with bio-relevant ligands with reference to the effect of cysteine on the deactivation of metal-based drug

The synthesis and X-ray structural characterization of Pd(DMPA)Cl(2) complex, where DMPA=N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine, is reported. The complex crystallizes in the space group P2(1)/c, a=8.8923(4), b=10.9050(5), c=11.5006(7) Å, β=120.00(18)°, V=948.25(8) Å(3), Z=4. The palladium centre has a typical square-planar geometry with a tetrahedral distortion. Stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes formed between [Pd(DMPA)(H(2)O)(2)](2+) and some selected DNA constituents and cytsteine are investigated at 25 °C and at constant 0.1M ionic strength. The concentration distribution diagrams of the various species formed are evaluated. The equilibrium constants for the displacement of coordinated ligands as inosine by cysteine are calculated. The results are expected to contribute to the chemistry of tumour therapy.