Developing of an eco-friendly liquid-liquid microextraction method by using menthol-based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent for determination of basic fuchsin dye: assessment of the greenness profile

Herein, we aimed to develop a new environmentally friendly liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) method based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (hDES) synthesized using biodegradable dl-menthol and decanoic acid for the spectrophotometric determination of toxic basic fuchsin dye in environmental water samples. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as pH, mole ratio, and volume of hDES (1:2) and type and volume of organic solvent, sample volume, times of vortex, ultrasonic bath and centrifuge, ionic strength, and matrix effect were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 7.4-167 μg L-1 with a coefficient of determination of 0.9994. The limit of detection, intra-day and inter-day precision, and recovery values were 2.25 μg L-1, 2.46% and 4.45%, and 105 ± 3%, respectively. The preconcentration and enrichment factors were found to be 30 and 61.5, respectively. The proposed hDES-LLME methodology was successfully applied to the environmental water samples to detect toxic BF dye (95-105%). Finally, the ecological impact of the suggested method was evaluated using the analytical eco-scale (PPS:88), complementary green analytical procedure indexe (ComplexGAPI), and the Analytical GREEnness tool (0.63). The assessment results showed that the presented analytical method can be regarded as a green LLME approach for the determination of the BF in water.

Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with solid-phase evaporation as a novel hyphenated method prior to ion mobility spectrometry and its application for trace analysis of fluoxetine

For the hyphenating of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) with nano mesoporous solid-phase evaporation (SPE_V) as a novel method, MCM-41@SiO₂ was synthesized and used as a nano mesoporous adsorbent for coating on the solid-phase fiber, preconcentration of fluoxetine antidepressant drug (as a model compound), and total evaporation of the extraction solvents obtained by the DLLME method. To detect the analyte molecules, a corona discharge ionization-ion mobility spectrometer (CD-IMS) was applied. In order to increase the extraction efficiency and the IMS signal of the fluoxetine drug, some variables including extraction solvent and its volume, disperser solvents and its volume, sample solution pH, desorption temperature, and evaporation time of the solvent from the solid-phase fiber were chosen and optimized. Some analytical parameters including limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), linear dynamic range (LDR) with determination coefficient, and relative standard deviations (RSDs) were calculated under the optimized conditions. LOD (S/N = 3), 3 ng mL^-1; LOQ (S/N = 10), 10 ng mL^-1; LDR, 10-200 ng mL^-1; and intra- and inter-day RSDs (n = 3), 2.5% and 9.6% for 10 ng mL^-1, and 1.8% and 7.7% for 150 ng mL^-1, respectively. To investigate the ability of the hyphenated method to determine fluoxetine in real samples, fluoxetine tablets, and some biological samples such as human urine and blood plasma were selected and the relative recovery values were calculated to be 85-110%. The accuracy of the proposed method was compared with that of the HPLC standard method.