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Ritzler CP, Lukas KE, Bernstein-Kurtycz LM, Koester DC. The Effects of Choice-Based Design and Management on the Behavior and Space Use of Zoo-Housed Amur Tigers ( Panthera tigris altaica). J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:256-269. [PMID: 34353192 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1958684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Choice-based design allows animals in human care opportunities to move at will between multiple interconnected spaces. Some evidence suggests providing environmental choice confers benefits to animals, but there is a dearth of research in this area with large carnivores. To understand the effects of this design strategy on large felids, behavioral and space use data were collected on three Amur tigers housed in a new habitat at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo. Data were collected in two conditions: 1) restricted to a single habitat, and 2) access to two habitats. With choice, tigers were less frequently inactive (p = 0.003), and locomoted more frequently (p = 0.009). They also showed different preferences in space use with choice, and a strong preference for overhead runways between habitats (E* = 0.83, E* = 0.78). These results add to what is known about environmental impacts on zoo animal behavior and suggest this design and management strategy may be effective in conferring positive welfare benefits to tigers and other large carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles P Ritzler
- Conservation & Science Department, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kristen E Lukas
- Conservation & Science Department, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Laura M Bernstein-Kurtycz
- Conservation & Science Department, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Diana C Koester
- Conservation & Science Department, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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Smith KD, Snider RJ, Dembiec DP, Siegford JM, Ali AB. Effects of a modern exhibit design on captive tiger welfare. Zoo Biol 2022; 42:371-382. [DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten D. Smith
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Richard J. Snider
- Department of Integrative Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | | | - Janice M. Siegford
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Behavior and Welfare Group Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Ahmed B. Ali
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science Clemson University Clemson South Carolina USA
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3
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Wemer N, Naude VN, Merwe VC, Smit M, Lange G, Komdeur J. Successful predatory‐avoidance behaviour to lion auditory cues during soft‐release from captivity in cheetah. Ethology 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nynke Wemer
- Behavioral Physiology and Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Vincent N. Naude
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Vincent C. Merwe
- Institute for Communities and Wildlife in Africa University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa
- Endangered Wildlife Trust Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Marna Smit
- Ashia Cheetah Conservation Paarl South Africa
| | - Gerhard Lange
- Kuzuko Lodge Private Game Reserve Greater Addo Area South Africa
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Behavioral Physiology and Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES) University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands
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4
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Buglione M, Troisi SR, Petrelli S, van Vugt M, Notomista T, Troiano C, Bellomo A, Maselli V, Gregorio R, Fulgione D. The First Report on the Ecology and Distribution of the Wolf Population in Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Veasey JS. Can Zoos Ever Be Big Enough for Large Wild Animals? A Review Using an Expert Panel Assessment of the Psychological Priorities of the Amur Tiger ( Panthera tigris altaica) as a Model Species. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091536. [PMID: 32878205 PMCID: PMC7552275 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The reduction in space available to wild animals in zoos and aquariums is widely perceived to be detrimental to their welfare by scientists and the general public alike. Evidence suggests that naturally wide-ranging carnivores are more likely to suffer in captivity than those that travel less widely. Using the Amur tiger as a representative for wide-ranging species frequently held in zoos, an expert panel assessment was undertaken to identify psychological priorities in order to see how the negative welfare impacts of reduced ranging opportunities might be most effectively overcome. This assessment highlights that whilst reduced access to space may be central to compromised welfare for many species, there may be more effective strategies in safeguarding welfare than simply making captive habitats marginally bigger. Central to this for Amur tigers is providing appropriate mental stimulation rather than focusing only on behaviours linked to hunting. Various strategies intended to safeguard welfare are discussed for Amur tigers, which can also be considered for other wide-ranging species. Abstract The ecology of large, wide-ranging carnivores appears to make them vulnerable to conservation challenges in the wild and welfare challenges in captivity. This poses an ethical dilemma for the zoo community and supports the case that there is a need to reconsider prevailing management paradigms for these species in captivity. Whilst the welfare challenges wide ranging carnivores face have been attributed to reduced ranging opportunities associated with the decreased size of captive habitats, attempts to augment wild carnivore welfare in captivity typically focus on behaviours linked to hunting. Thus far, this has yet to result in the systematic elimination of signs of compromised welfare amongst captive carnivores. Here an assessment is carried out to identify the likely welfare priorities for Amur tigers, which, as one of the widest ranging terrestrial carnivores, serves as an excellent exemplar for species experiencing extreme compression of their ranging opportunities in captivity. These priorities are then used to consider novel strategies to address the welfare challenges associated with existing management paradigms, and in particular, attempt to overcome the issue of restricted space. The insights generated here have wider implications for other species experiencing substantive habitat compression in captivity. It is proposed here that the impact of habitat compression on captive carnivore welfare may not be a consequence of the reduction in habitat size per se, but rather the reduction in cognitive opportunities that likely covary with size, and that this should inform strategies to augment welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Stuart Veasey
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell NG25 0QF, UK
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Petrunenko YK, Seryodkin IV, Bragina EV, Soutyrina SS, Mukhacheva AS, Rybin NN, Miquelle DG. How does a tigress balance the opposing constraints of raising cubs? MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Chistopolova MD, Rozhnov VV, Hernandez-Blanco JA, Naidenko SV, Sorokin PA. A New Analytical Approach to the Study of the Spatial Structure of the Amur Leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) Population. RUSS J ECOL+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413618060061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Yang H, Zhao X, Han B, Wang T, Mou P, Ge J, Feng L. Spatiotemporal patterns of Amur leopards in northeast China: Influence of tigers, prey, and humans. Mamm Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Naidenko S, Hernandez-Blanco J, Pavlova E, Erofeeva M, Sorokin P, Litvinov M, Kotlyar A, Sulikhan N, Rozhnov V. Primary study of seroprevalence to virus pathogens in wild felids of South Primorie, Russia. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Seroprevalence to nine different virus pathogens was estimated for Russian big cats (Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica Temminck, 1844) and far-eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis (Schiegel, 1857))) in Southern Primorie, Russia (n = 25), in 2008–2016. Serum samples from smaller cats (Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758)) and far-eastern wildcat (leopard cat) (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus (Elliot, 1871))) were also tested for these pathogens (n = 19) during the same period. Felids of Russian Southern Primorie showed seroprevalence to eight out of nine tested pathogens, including highly dangerous feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus, and canine distemper virus. Antibodies to feline panleukopenia virus were found to be much more widespread in cats (45%) than antibodies to any other virus. They were detected in samples taken from tigers, leopards, and far-eastern wildcats but not lynxes. Antibodies to pseudorabies virus were detected only in Amur tiger (29%), whose main prey is the most common carrier of the virus (wild boar), unlike for the other studied cats’ species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.V. Naidenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Behavior and Behavioral Ecology, Lenisky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - J.A. Hernandez-Blanco
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Behavior and Behavioral Ecology, Lenisky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - E.V. Pavlova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Behavior and Behavioral Ecology, Lenisky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - M.N. Erofeeva
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Behavior and Behavioral Ecology, Lenisky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - P.A. Sorokin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Behavior and Behavioral Ecology, Lenisky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
| | - M.N. Litvinov
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia
| | - A.K. Kotlyar
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia
| | - N.S. Sulikhan
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia
- National Park “Land of the Leopard”, pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka 127, Vladivostok, 690068 Russia
| | - V.V. Rozhnov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Behavior and Behavioral Ecology, Lenisky prospect 33, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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10
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Yeates J. Naturalness and Animal Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E53. [PMID: 29621140 PMCID: PMC5946137 DOI: 10.3390/ani8040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturalness is considered important for animals, and is one criterion for assessing how we care for them. However, it is a vague and ambiguous term, which needs definition and assessments suitable for scientific and ethical questions. This paper makes a start on that aim. This paper differentiates the term from other related concepts, such as species-typical behaviour and wellbeing. It identifies contingent ways in which naturalness might be used, as: (i) prompts for further welfare assessment; (ii) a plausible hypothesis for what safeguards wellbeing; (iii) a threshold for what is acceptable; (iv) constraints on what improvements are unacceptable; and (v) demarcating what is not morally wrong, because of a lack of human agency. It then suggests an approach to evaluating animals' behaviour that is quantitative, is based on reality, and which assesses naturalness by degrees. It proposes classing unaffected wild populations as natural by definition. Where animals might have been affected by humans, they should be compared to the closest population(s) of unaffected animals. This approach could allow us both to assess naturalness scientifically, and to make practical decisions about the behaviour of domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Yeates
- RSPCA Wilberforce Way, Southwater, Horsham, West Sussex RH13 9RS, UK.
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11
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Xiao W, Feng L, Mou P, Miquelle DG, Hebblewhite M, Goldberg JF, Robinson HS, Zhao X, Zhou B, Wang T, Ge J. Estimating abundance and density of Amur tigers along the Sino-Russian border. Integr Zool 2017; 11:322-32. [PMID: 27136188 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As an apex predator the Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) could play a pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems in Northeast Asia. Due to habitat loss and harvest over the past century, tigers rapidly declined in China and are now restricted to the Russian Far East and bordering habitat in nearby China. To facilitate restoration of the tiger in its historical range, reliable estimates of population size are essential to assess effectiveness of conservation interventions. Here we used camera trap data collected in Hunchun National Nature Reserve from April to June 2013 and 2014 to estimate tiger density and abundance using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) methods. A minimum of 8 individuals were detected in both sample periods and the documentation of marking behavior and reproduction suggests the presence of a resident population. Using Bayesian SECR modeling within the 11 400 km(2) state space, density estimates were 0.33 and 0.40 individuals/100 km(2) in 2013 and 2014, respectively, corresponding to an estimated abundance of 38 and 45 animals for this transboundary Sino-Russian population. In a maximum likelihood framework, we estimated densities of 0.30 and 0.24 individuals/100 km(2) corresponding to abundances of 34 and 27, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. These density estimates are comparable to other published estimates for resident Amur tiger populations in the Russian Far East. This study reveals promising signs of tiger recovery in Northeast China, and demonstrates the importance of connectivity between the Russian and Chinese populations for recovering tigers in Northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Limin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Pu Mou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Dale G Miquelle
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Ecology, Far Eastern Federal University, Ayaks, Russki Island, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Joshua F Goldberg
- Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology Program, Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Xiaodan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering, and College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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12
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Hernandez-Blanco JA, Naidenko SV, Chistopolova MD, Lukarevskiy VS, Kostyrya A, Rybin A, Sorokin PA, Litvinov MN, Kotlyar AK, Miquelle DG, Rozhnov VV. Social structure and space use of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in Southern Russian Far East based on GPS telemetry data. Integr Zool 2016; 10:365-75. [PMID: 26037451 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the spatial structure of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) at the southern edge of their range we fitted 14 tigers (6♀♀ and 8♂♂) with 15 GPS-Argos collars between 2008 and 2011 in 2 study sites: the Ussuriskii Reserve of southern Sikhote-Alin and the Land of the Leopard National Park in southwest Primorye, Russian Far East. Fixed kernel estimates of male home ranges were larger than those of female home ranges (P < 0.05 [mean 95% fixed kernel(♀) = 401 ± 205 km(2) ; mean 95% fixed kernel(♂) = 778 ± 267 km(2)]). The home range size of females varied greatly, but on average was similar to estimates derived from earlier work further north. Low overlap of adjacent home ranges suggested that females retained exclusive territories. Real core areas of females overlapped only slightly, and remained stable over multiple years. The home ranges of adult males were smaller than those of males to the north, and in contrast to previous studies, high overlap among males indicated the absence of territoriality. Nonetheless, real core areas of males did not overlap, suggesting some spatial separation. In comparison to other tiger populations and other areas of the Russian Far East, the sex ratio in our 2 study areas was highly skewed towards males. We believe this skewed sex ratio resulted in the dissolution of territoriality of males due to an inability to defend individual females, with males resorting to scramble competition for mates. Continued monitoring of these sites to determine whether shifts in the sex ratio might result in a return to male territoriality would provide confirmation of our tentative hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Hernandez-Blanco
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei V Naidenko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria D Chistopolova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor S Lukarevskiy
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kostyrya
- Institute of Biology and Soil Sciences, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | - Pavel A Sorokin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Litvinov
- V.L. Komarov Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Ussurisk, Russia
| | - Andrey K Kotlyar
- V.L. Komarov Ussuriskii State Nature Reserve, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Ussurisk, Russia
| | | | - Viatcheslav V Rozhnov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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13
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McCauley DJ, Pinsky ML, Palumbi SR, Estes JA, Joyce FH, Warner RR. Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean. Science 2015; 347:1255641. [PMID: 25593191 DOI: 10.1126/science.1255641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J McCauley
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Malin L Pinsky
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - James A Estes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Francis H Joyce
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Robert R Warner
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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14
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Influence of enclosure size on the distances covered and paced by captive tigers (Panthera tigris). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Miller CS, Hebblewhite M, Petrunenko YK, Seryodkin IV, DeCesare NJ, Goodrich JM, Miquelle DG. Estimating Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) kill rates and potential consumption rates using global positioning system collars. J Mammal 2013. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-209.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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