1
|
Gillingham MD, Gomes RL, Ferrari R, West HM. Sorption, separation and recycling of ammonium in agricultural soils: A viable application for magnetic biochar? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151440. [PMID: 34742971 PMCID: PMC8811483 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on the magnetisation of biochar, a carbon-based material that can be used as a sorbent, has opened novel opportunities in the field of environmental remediation, as incorporating magnetic particles into biochar can simplify subsequent separation. This could offer a sustainable circular economy-based solution in two areas of waste management; firstly, pyrolysis of agricultural waste for magnetic biochar synthesis could reduce greenhouse gas emissions derived from traditional agricultural waste processing, such as landfill and incineration, while secondly, application of magnetic biochar to remove excess nitrogen from soils (made possible through magnetic separation) could provide opportunities for this pollutant to be used as a recycled fertiliser. While sorption of pollutants by magnetic biochar has been researched in wastewater, few studies have investigated magnetic biochar use in polluted soils. Nitrogen pollution (e.g. NH4+), stemming from agricultural fertiliser management, is a major environmental and economic issue that could be significantly reduced before losses from soils occur. This review demonstrates that the use of magnetic biochar tailored to NH4+ adsorption has potential to remove (and recycle for reuse) excess nitrogen from soils. Analysis of research into recovery of NH4+ by sorption/desorption, biochar magnetisation and biochar-soil interactions, suggests that this is a promising application, but a more cohesive, interdisciplinary approach is called for to elucidate its feasibility. Furthermore, research shows variable impacts of biochar upon soil chemistry and biology, such as pH and microbial diversity. Considering wide concerns surrounding global biodiversity depletion, a more comprehensive understanding of biochar-soil dynamics is required to protect and support soil ecosystems. Finally, addressing research gaps, such as optimisation and scaling-up of magnetic biochar synthesis, would benefit from systems thinking approaches, ensuring the many complex considerations across science, industry, policy and economics are connected by circular-economy principles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max D Gillingham
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Rachel L Gomes
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Ferrari
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M West
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alghamdi MM, El-Zahhar AA, Idris AM, Said TO, Sahlabji T, El Nemr A. Synthesis, characterization, and application of a novel polymeric-bentonite-magnetite composite resin for water softening. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
3
|
Mahmudi M, Shadjou N, Hasanzadeh FAM. Synthesis and adsorption behavior of dendritic Fibrous Nano-silica (DFNS) grafted by d-penicillamine as an advanced nanomaterial for the removal of some metal ions from contaminated water. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
4
|
Noori AH, Rezaee M, Kazemipour M, Mashayekhi HA. Development of magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the simultaneous determination of biphenyl and biphenyl oxide in water samples. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2018.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hassan Noori
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaee
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School, Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute, Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, P.O. Box 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Kazemipour
- Department of Chemistry, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sanmugam A, Vikraman D, Park HJ, Kim HS. One-Pot Facile Methodology to Synthesize Chitosan-ZnO-Graphene Oxide Hybrid Composites for Better Dye Adsorption and Antibacterial Activity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E363. [PMID: 29099076 PMCID: PMC5707580 DOI: 10.3390/nano7110363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel chitosan-ZnO-graphene oxide hybrid composites were prepared using a one-pot chemical strategy, and their dye adsorption characteristics and antibacterial activity were demonstrated. The prepared chitosan and the hybrids such as chitosan-ZnO and chitosan-ZnO-graphene oxide were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The thermal and mechanical properties indicate a significant improvement over chitosan in the hybrid composites. Dye adsorption experiments were carried out using methylene blue and chromium complex as model pollutants with the function of dye concentration. The antibacterial properties of chitosan and the hybrids were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species, which revealed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.1 µg/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anandhavelu Sanmugam
- Department of Chemistry (S&H), Vel Tech Multitech Dr.Rangarajan Dr.Sakunthala Engineering College, Chennai 600062, India.
| | - Dhanasekaran Vikraman
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Hui Joon Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Determination of Tributyltin in Seafood Based on Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. J FOOD QUALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/7405475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Fe3O4 was adopted as a carrier for surface molecular imprinting with two-stage polymerization. First, the functional monomer (methacrylic acid, MAA) was modified on the surface of Fe3O4, which was then polymerized with the template molecule (tributyltin, TBT), cross linking agent (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, EGDMA), and porogen (acetonitrile), hereby successfully preparing Fe3O4@MIPs prone to specifically identify TBT. The physical properties of Fe3O4@MIPs were then characterized, and adsorption and selection capacities were also assessed. Compared with conventional imprinting polymers, this magnetic molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) displayed significantly increased and more specific adsorption. Meanwhile, its pretreatment was simpler and faster due to magnetic separation characteristics. Using magnetic MIPs as adsorbents for enrichment and separation, detection limit, recovery rate, and linear range were 1.0 ng g−1, 79.74–95.72%, and 5 ng g−1~1000 ng g−1, respectively, for a number of seafood samples. High-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS) was used to analyze Tegillarca granosa, mussels, large yellow croaker, and other specimens, with recovery rates of 79.74–95.72% and RSD of 1.3%–4.7%. Overall, this method has a shorter total analysis time, lower detection limit, and wider linear range and can be more effectively applied to determine MAA in seawater and seafood.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fungaro DA, Graciano JEA. Adsorption of Zinc Ions from Water Using Zeolite/Iron Oxide Composites. ADSORPT SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1260/026361707785284185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denise A. Fungaro
- Center of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José E. A. Graciano
- Center of Environmental Chemistry, Institute for Energy and Nuclear Research, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, CEP 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vidhyadevi T, Murugesan A, Kirupha SD, Baskaralingam P, Ravikumar L, Sivanesan S. Adsorption of Congo Red Dye over Pendent Chlorobenzylidine Rings Present on Polythioamide Resin: Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2012.726306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
9
|
Fan L, Li M, Lv Z, Sun M, Luo C, Lu F, Qiu H. Fabrication of magnetic chitosan nanoparticles grafted with β-cyclodextrin as effective adsorbents toward hydroquinol. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 95:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
10
|
Fan L, Luo C, Sun M, Li X, Lu F, Qiu H. Preparation of novel magnetic chitosan/graphene oxide composite as effective adsorbents toward methylene blue. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 114:703-6. [PMID: 22464421 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetic composite bioadsorbent composed of magnetic chitosan and graphene oxide (MCGO) was prepared as the magnetic adsorbent toward methylene blue. The magnetic composite bioadsorbent was characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD measurements. The effect factors including pH, contact time and temperature on the adsorption properties of methylene blue onto MCGO were investigated. The resulting shows extraordinary adsorption capacity and fast adsorption rates for removal of methylene blue. The kinetics are well-described by pseudo-second-order kinetic. The experimental data of isotherm followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the Freundlich model, respectively. This work shows that the MCGO could be utilized as an efficient, magnetically separable adsorbent for the environmental cleanup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan L, Zhang Y, Luo C, Lu F, Qiu H, Sun M. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic β-cyclodextrin–chitosan nanoparticles as nano-adsorbents for removal of methyl blue. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 50:444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
12
|
Fan L, Luo C, Lv Z, Lu F, Qiu H. Preparation of magnetic modified chitosan and adsorption of Zn2+ from aqueous solutions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 88:574-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Kalkan NA, Aksoy S, Aksoy EA, Hasirci N. Adsorption of reactive yellow 145 onto chitosan coated magnetite nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
14
|
de Vicente I, Merino-Martos A, Cruz-Pizarro L, de Vicente J. On the use of magnetic nano and microparticles for lake restoration. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 181:375-381. [PMID: 20554113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Innovative approaches are of outstanding importance to devise technologies for dealing with eutrophication of inland waters. This study provides a quantitative estimate showing the convenience of using magnetic nano- and micronsized particles as phosphate absorbents and their later removal from solution by high gradient magnetic separation. Two different materials are investigated (iron and magnetite) having a controlled shape and size well in the colloidal domain. Magnetite particles adsorb more phosphate (empirical saturation constant=27.15 mg P g(-1) Fe) than iron particles (empirical saturation constant=18.83 mg P g(-1) Fe) as a consequence of the different particle size (average values for particle diameters of 90.6+/-1.2 and 805+/-10 nm for magnetite and for iron, respectively). A protocol is established for the successful reutilization of these magnetic particles by repeated washing with NaOH and therefore, optimizing the economic cost of this technology. Magnetic particles are also surface treated with amino silane groups (APTS) to counteract magnetic and van der Waals attractive interactions and promote kinetic stability. APTS-coated iron particles experience a notable increase in phosphate maximum adsorption capacity which could be explained by a remarkable increase in electrophoretic mobility. We propose the use of APTS-coated iron particles which are less-expensive and easy to obtain as a promising technique for lake restoration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada de Vicente
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen C, Hu J, Shao D, Li J, Wang X. Adsorption behavior of multiwall carbon nanotube/iron oxide magnetic composites for Ni(II) and Sr(II). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 164:923-928. [PMID: 18842337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/iron oxide magnetic composites were prepared, and were characterized by scan electron microscopy using a field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer. The adsorptions of Ni(II) and Sr(II) onto MWCNT/iron oxide magnetic composites were studied as a function of pH and ionic strength. The results show that the adsorptions of Ni(II) and Sr(II) on the magnetic composites is strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The adsorption capacity of the magnetic composites is much higher than that of MWCNTs and iron oxides. The solid magnetic composites can be separated from the solution by a magnetic process. The Langmuir model fits the adsorption isotherm data of Ni(II) better than the Freundlich model. Results of desorption study shows that Ni(II) adsorbed onto the magnetic composites can be easily desorbed at pH<2.0. MWCNT/iron oxide magnetic composites may be a promising candidate for pre-concentration and solidification of heavy metal ions and radionuclides from large volumes of aqueous solution, as required for remediation purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changlun Chen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou L, Wang Y, Liu Z, Huang Q. Characteristics of equilibrium, kinetics studies for adsorption of Hg(II), Cu(II), and Ni(II) ions by thiourea-modified magnetic chitosan microspheres. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 161:995-1002. [PMID: 18538924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic chitosan microspheres were prepared and chemically modified with thiourea (TMCS) for adsorption of metal ions. TMCS obtained were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR, magnetic properties and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption properties of TMCS toward Hg(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+) ions were evaluated. Various factors affecting the uptake behavior such as contact time, temperature, pH and initial concentration of the metal ions were investigated. The kinetics was evaluated utilizing the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and the intra-particle diffusion models. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Tempkin isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics followed the mechanism of the pseudo-second-order equation for all systems studied, evidencing chemical sorption as the rate-limiting step of adsorption mechanism and not involving a mass transfer in solution. The best interpretation for the equilibrium data was given by Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 625.2, 66.7, and 15.3mg/g for Hg(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+) ions, respectively. TMCS displayed higher adsorption capacity for Hg(2+) in all pH ranges studied. The adsorption capacity of the metal ions decreased with increasing temperature. The metal ion-loaded TMCS with were regenerated with an efficiency of greater than 88% using 0.01-0.1M ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment (East China Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Xuefu Road No. 56, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344000, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Katsumata H, Asai H, Kaneco S, Suzuki T, Ohta K. Determination of linuron in water samples by high performance liquid chromatography after preconcentration with octadecyl silanized magnetite. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Kumar KV, Porkodi K. Relation between some two- and three-parameter isotherm models for the sorption of methylene blue onto lemon peel. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2006; 138:633-5. [PMID: 16949743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium uptake of methylne blue onto lemon peel was fitted to the 2 two-parameter isotherm models namely Freundlich and Langmuir and 3 six-parameter isotherm models namely Redlich-Peterson, Toth, Radke-Prausnitz, Fritz-Schluender, Vieth-Sladek and Sips isotherms by non-linear method. A comparison between two-parameter and three-parameter isotherms was reported. The best fitting isotherm was the Sips isotherm followed by Langmuir isotherm and Redlich-Peterson isotherm equation. Redlich-Peterson isotherm is a special case of Langmuir isotherm when the Redlich-Peterson isotherm constant g was unity. Radke-Prausnitz, Toth, Vieth-Sladek isotherm were the same when the Toth isotherm constant, n(T) and the Radke-Prausnitz isotherm, m(RP) are equal to unity and when the Vieth-Sladek isotherm constant, K(VS) equals zero. The sorption capacity of lemon peel for methylene blue uptake was found to be 29 mg/g.
Collapse
|
19
|
Oliveira LCA, Petkowicz DI, Smaniotto A, Pergher SBC. Magnetic zeolites: a new adsorbent for removal of metallic contaminants from water. WATER RESEARCH 2004; 38:3699-3704. [PMID: 15350421 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this work the adsorption features of Na Y zeolite with the magnetic properties of iron oxides have been combined in a composite to produce a magnetic adsorbent. These magnetic composites can be used as an adsorbent for metallic contaminants in water and subsequently removed from the medium by a simple magnetic process. The zeolites:iron oxide magnetic composites, were prepared by using Na Y with weight ratio of 3:1 and were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetization measurements, chemical analyses, N(2) adsorption isotherms and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms showed that the surface area decreased from 505 m(2)g(-1) for the pure Na Y to 353 m(2)g(-1) for the Na Y:Fe oxide 3:1 composite. The adsorption isotherms of metal ions Cr(3+), Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) from aqueous solution onto the composites also showed that the presence of iron oxide does not affect the adsorption capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C A Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 37, CEP 37200-000, Lavras-MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Šafaříková M, Nymburská K, Blažek Z, Šafařík I. Rapid removal of magnetic particles from large volumes of suspensions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00174221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|