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Oliveira PM, Alencar-Silva T, Pires FQ, Cunha-Filho M, Gratieri T, Carvalho JL, Gelfuso GM. Nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with an association of minoxidil and latanoprost for targeted topical therapy of alopecia. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:78-88. [PMID: 35143972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alopecia is a condition associated with different etiologies, ranging from hormonal changes to chemotherapy, that affects over 80 million people in the USA. Nevertheless, there are currently few FDA-approved drugs for topical treatment, and existing formulations still present skin irritation issues, compromising treatment adherence. This work aimed to develop a safe formulation based on nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) that entrap an association of minoxidil and latanoprost and target drug delivery to the hair follicles. To do so, thermal techniques combined with FTIR were used to assess the chemical compatibility of the proposed drug association. Then, NLC with 393.5 ± 36.0 nm (PdI<0.4) and +22.5 ± 0.2 mV zeta potential were produced and shown to entrap 86.9% of minoxidil and 99.9% of latanoprost efficiently. In vitro, the free drug combination was indicated to exert positive effects over human primary epidermal keratinocytes, supporting cell proliferation, migration and inducing the mRNA expression of MKI67 proliferation marker and VEGF - a possible effector for minoxidil-mediated hair growth. Interestingly, such a favorable drug combination profile was optimized when delivered using our NLC. Furthermore, according to the HET-CAM and reconstructed human epidermis assays, the nanoformulation was well tolerated. Finally, drug penetration was evaluated in vitro using porcine skin. Such experiments indicated that the NLC could be deposited preferentially into the hair follicles, causing a considerable increase in the penetration of the two drugs in such structures, compared to the control (composed of the free compounds) and generating a target-effect of approximately 50% for both drugs. In summary, present results suggest that hair follicle-targeted delivery of the minoxidil and latanoprost combination is a promising alternative to treat alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Oliveira
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Thuany Alencar-Silva
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasilia, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Felipe Q Pires
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Marcilio Cunha-Filho
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasilia, 70790-160 Brasília, DF, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Gelfuso
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics (LTMAC), University of Brasilia, 70910-900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Juchniewicz P, Piotrowska E, Kloska A, Podlacha M, Mantej J, Węgrzyn G, Tukaj S, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J. Dosage Compensation in Females with X-Linked Metabolic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094514. [PMID: 33925963 PMCID: PMC8123450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the use of new genomic and metabolomic technologies, our comprehension of the molecular and biochemical etiologies of genetic disorders is rapidly expanding, and so are insights into their varying phenotypes. Dosage compensation (lyonization) is an epigenetic mechanism that balances the expression of genes on heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Many studies in the literature have suggested a profound influence of this phenomenon on the manifestation of X-linked disorders in females. In this review, we summarize the clinical and genetic findings in female heterozygotic carriers of a pathogenic variant in one of ten selected X-linked genes whose defects result in metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Juchniewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.J.); (A.K.); (J.J.-B.)
| | - Ewa Piotrowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-523-6040
| | - Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.J.); (A.K.); (J.J.-B.)
| | - Magdalena Podlacha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Jagoda Mantej
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefan Tukaj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.P.); (J.M.); (G.W.); (S.T.)
| | - Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (P.J.); (A.K.); (J.J.-B.)
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Minocherhomji S, Hansen C, Kim HG, Mang Y, Bak M, Guldberg P, Papadopoulos N, Eiberg H, Doh GD, Møllgård K, Hertz JM, Nielsen JE, Ropers HH, Tümer Z, Tommerup N, Kalscheuer VM, Silahtaroglu A. Epigenetic remodelling and dysregulation of DLGAP4 is linked with early-onset cerebellar ataxia. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6163-76. [PMID: 24986922 PMCID: PMC4222360 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability, epigenetic remodelling and structural chromosomal rearrangements are hallmarks of cancer. However, the coordinated epigenetic effects of constitutional chromosomal rearrangements that disrupt genes associated with congenital neurodevelopmental diseases are poorly understood. To understand the genetic-epigenetic interplay at breakpoints of chromosomal translocations disrupting CG-rich loci, we quantified epigenetic modifications at DLGAP4 (SAPAP4), a key post-synaptic density 95 (PSD95) associated gene, truncated by the chromosome translocation t(8;20)(p12;q11.23), co-segregating with cerebellar ataxia in a five-generation family. We report significant epigenetic remodelling of the DLGAP4 locus triggered by the t(8;20)(p12;q11.23) translocation and leading to dysregulation of DLGAP4 expression in affected carriers. Disruption of DLGAP4 results in monoallelic hypermethylation of the truncated DLGAP4 promoter CpG island. This induced hypermethylation is maintained in somatic cells of carriers across several generations in a t(8;20) dependent-manner however, is erased in the germ cells of the translocation carriers. Subsequently, chromatin remodelling of the locus-perturbed monoallelic expression of DLGAP4 mRNAs and non-coding RNAs in haploid cells having the translocation. Our results provide new mechanistic insight into the way a balanced chromosomal rearrangement associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder perturbs allele-specific epigenetic mechanisms at breakpoints leading to the deregulation of the truncated locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheroy Minocherhomji
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Claus Hansen
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Yuan Mang
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Mads Bak
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Per Guldberg
- Danish Cancer Society, Institute of Cancer Biology, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Hans Eiberg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Gerald Dayebga Doh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Jens Michael Hertz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C DK-5000, Denmark
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Section for Neurogenetics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N 2200, Denmark, Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark and
| | - Hans-Hilger Ropers
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup DK-2600, Denmark
| | - Niels Tommerup
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Vera M Kalscheuer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Asli Silahtaroglu
- Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark,
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Guillén-Navarro E, Domingo-Jiménez MR, Alcalde-Martín C, Cancho-Candela R, Couce ML, Galán-Gómez E, Alonso-Luengo O. Clinical manifestations in female carriers of mucopolysaccharidosis type II: a Spanish cross-sectional study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013; 8:92. [PMID: 23800320 PMCID: PMC3697996 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an inherited X-linked disease associated with a deficiency in the enzyme iduronate 2-sulfatase due to iduronate 2-sulfatase gene (IDS) mutations. Recent studies in MPS II carriers did not find clinical involvement, but these were mainly performed by anamnesis and patients’ self-reported description of signs and symptoms. So although it is rare in heterozygous carriers, investigations in other types of inherited X-linked disorders suggest that some clinical manifestations may be a possibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical pattern in female carriers of MPS II and to determine whether clinical symptoms were associated with the X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) pattern and age. Methods Female carriers of MPS II were genetically identified by molecular analysis of IDS. The clinical evaluation protocol included pedigree analysis, a comprehensive anamnesis, complete physical examination, ophthalmological evaluation, brain-evoked auditory response, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, abdominal sonogram, skeletal survey, neurophysiological studies, blood cell counts and biochemistry, urine glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) quantification, karyotype and pattern of XCI. Results Ten women were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 40.2 ± 13.1 years. Six carriers presented a skewed XCI pattern, 3 of whom (aged 38, 42 and 52 years) had increased levels of GAGs in the urine and showed typical MPS II clinical manifestations, such as skeletal anomalies, liver abnormalities, carpal tunnel syndrome, recurrent ear infection, hypoacusia and more frequent severe odontological problems without coarse facial features. Conclusions This is the first study performing a comprehensive evaluation of heterozygous MPS II carriers. Our results provide evidence of possible progressive, age-dependent, mild clinical manifestations in MPS II female carriers with a skewed XCI pattern, most likely affecting the normal allele. Further comparative studies with systematized clinical examinations in larger age-stratified populations of MPS II female carriers are required.
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Guillén-Navarro E, Domingo-Jiménez MR, Alcalde-Martín C, Cancho-Candela R, Couce ML, Galán-Gómez E, Alonso-Luengo O. Clinical manifestations in female carriers of mucopolysaccharidosis type II: a Spanish cross-sectional study. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013. [PMID: 23800320 DOI: 10.1186/1750‐1172‐8‐92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is an inherited X-linked disease associated with a deficiency in the enzyme iduronate 2-sulfatase due to iduronate 2-sulfatase gene (IDS) mutations. Recent studies in MPS II carriers did not find clinical involvement, but these were mainly performed by anamnesis and patients' self-reported description of signs and symptoms. So although it is rare in heterozygous carriers, investigations in other types of inherited X-linked disorders suggest that some clinical manifestations may be a possibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical pattern in female carriers of MPS II and to determine whether clinical symptoms were associated with the X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) pattern and age. METHODS Female carriers of MPS II were genetically identified by molecular analysis of IDS. The clinical evaluation protocol included pedigree analysis, a comprehensive anamnesis, complete physical examination, ophthalmological evaluation, brain-evoked auditory response, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, pulmonary function tests, abdominal sonogram, skeletal survey, neurophysiological studies, blood cell counts and biochemistry, urine glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) quantification, karyotype and pattern of XCI. RESULTS Ten women were included in the study. The mean age of the participants was 40.2 ± 13.1 years. Six carriers presented a skewed XCI pattern, 3 of whom (aged 38, 42 and 52 years) had increased levels of GAGs in the urine and showed typical MPS II clinical manifestations, such as skeletal anomalies, liver abnormalities, carpal tunnel syndrome, recurrent ear infection, hypoacusia and more frequent severe odontological problems without coarse facial features. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study performing a comprehensive evaluation of heterozygous MPS II carriers. Our results provide evidence of possible progressive, age-dependent, mild clinical manifestations in MPS II female carriers with a skewed XCI pattern, most likely affecting the normal allele. Further comparative studies with systematized clinical examinations in larger age-stratified populations of MPS II female carriers are required.
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Mucopolysaccharidosis type II in a female carrying a heterozygous stop mutation of the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene and showing a skewed X chromosome inactivation. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 56:159-62. [PMID: 23232253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a Mexican girl showing the full blown clinical picture of mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII). Iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity was low and she carried a heterozygous de novo c.1327C>T transition in exon 9, that changes codon 443 for a premature stop (TGA; p.Arg443(*)). Analysis of X-chromosome inactivation in androgen receptor (AR) locus showed a highly skewed ratio of 92:8 suggesting a functional hemizygosity with dominant expression of the mutant IDS and explaining the disease manifestation. This is one of the rare cases of females affected by MPSII due to the combined effect of a skewed X-chromosome inactivation and a de novo IDS mutation. We recommend that clinicians should consider the diagnosis of MPSII even in a girl without positive family history for this condition.
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Jurecka A, Krumina Z, Żuber Z, Różdżyńska-Świątkowska A, Kłoska A, Czartoryska B, Tylki-Szymańska A. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II in females and response to enzyme replacement therapy. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:450-4. [PMID: 22246721 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). Two affected girls with moderate and severe forms of MPS II with normal karyotypes and increased urinary dermatan sulphate and heparin sulphate excretion and marked deficiencies of IDS activity are reported. Molecular studies showed that case 1 has a heterozygous mutation c.1568A > G (p.Y523C) associated with almost totally skewed inactivation of the normal maternal X chromosome, and case 2 has a heterozygous deletion that includes exons 1-4 of IDS (minimal deletion range c.1-103_184del). The multi-exon deletion correlated with early onset of the disease and severe phenotype with intellectual disability, whereas the missense mutation was associated with moderate developmental delay. Although genotype-phenotype correlation in MPS II is difficult, gene deletions seem to correlate with more severe clinical manifestation of the disease. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in these two females resulted in disease stabilization in both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Jurecka
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Polandd.
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Scarpa M, Almássy Z, Beck M, Bodamer O, Bruce IA, De Meirleir L, Guffon N, Guillén-Navarro E, Hensman P, Jones S, Kamin W, Kampmann C, Lampe C, Lavery CA, Teles EL, Link B, Lund AM, Malm G, Pitz S, Rothera M, Stewart C, Tylki-Szymańska A, van der Ploeg A, Walker R, Zeman J, Wraith JE. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II: European recommendations for the diagnosis and multidisciplinary management of a rare disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:72. [PMID: 22059643 PMCID: PMC3223498 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare, life-limiting, X-linked recessive disease characterised by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase. Consequent accumulation of glycosaminoglycans leads to pathological changes in multiple body systems. Age at onset, signs and symptoms, and disease progression are heterogeneous, and patients may present with many different manifestations to a wide range of specialists. Expertise in diagnosing and managing MPS II varies widely between countries, and substantial delays between disease onset and diagnosis can occur. In recent years, disease-specific treatments such as enzyme replacement therapy and stem cell transplantation have helped to address the underlying enzyme deficiency in patients with MPS II. However, the multisystem nature of this disorder and the irreversibility of some manifestations mean that most patients require substantial medical support from many different specialists, even if they are receiving treatment. This article presents an overview of how to recognise, diagnose, and care for patients with MPS II. Particular focus is given to the multidisciplinary nature of patient management, which requires input from paediatricians, specialist nurses, otorhinolaryngologists, orthopaedic surgeons, ophthalmologists, cardiologists, pneumologists, anaesthesiologists, neurologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, speech therapists, psychologists, social workers, homecare companies and patient societies. Take-home message Expertise in recognising and treating patients with MPS II varies widely between countries. This article presents pan-European recommendations for the diagnosis and management of this life-limiting disease.
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de Camargo Pinto LL, Maluf SW, Leistner-Segal S, Zimmer da Silva C, Brusius-Facchin A, Burin MG, Brustolin S, Llerena J, Moraes L, Vedolin L, Schuch A, Giugliani R, Schwartz IVD. Are MPS II heterozygotes actually asymptomatic? A study based on clinical and biochemical data, X-inactivation analysis and imaging evaluations. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:50-7. [PMID: 21204210 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
For some X-linked disorders the expressivity and penetrance in females are almost similar to those ones found in males. For mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), there are no studies in the literature trying to identify subtle signs and symptoms of this disease in heterozygotes. The objective of this study was to compare heterozygotes and non-heterozygotes for MPS II, in order to test the hypothesis that heterozygotes may present subtle manifestations of the disease. In this observational and transversal study we collected data on 40 Brazilian women with a positive familial history for MPS II that included clinical and physical exam, karyotype, pattern of X-inactivation, iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) activity in leukocytes and plasma, urinary glycosaminoglycans levels, computerized tomography scans (CT) of abdomen and spine, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. The Results showed the following: According to DNA analysis, 22 women were classified as heterozygote and 18 as non-heterozygotes. We did not find any abnormality on physical examination, karyotype, or spine CT. Also the pattern of X-inactivation was not different between the groups. Applying the Bonferroni's correction, both groups were found to differ only in relation to IDS activity in plasma and in leukocyte, which were lower in heterozygotes. In our investigation we did not find any evidence of subtle clinical manifestations of MPS II in heterozygotes. Our findings suggest there is no relation between the absence of clinical signs in these women and the occurrence of a favorable skewing pattern of X-inactivation.
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Holt JB, Poe MD, Escolar ML. Natural progression of neurological disease in mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Pediatrics 2011; 127:e1258-65. [PMID: 21518713 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2010-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by insufficiency of the iduronate-2-sulfatase enzyme, which results in excess heparan and dermatan sulfates within the lysosomes of various tissues and organs, including the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural progression of neurologic disease in a large cohort of patients evaluated with standardized testing at a single institution. METHODS During the period of December 2002 to October 2010, patients with MPS II were referred to the Program for Neurodevelopmental Function in Rare Disorders. A retrospective review of patient data was performed, which included the use of detailed questionnaires that addressed medical history, notes from previous health care providers, and the results of a multidisciplinary evaluation that lasted 4 to 6 hours and was performed by a team of neurodevelopmental pediatricians, speech pathologists, psychologists, audiologists, psychometricians, and occupational and physical therapists. Patients were evaluated annually for management of disease progression. RESULTS A total of 50 male patients with MPS II were evaluated over 152 encounters. Two distinct subgroups of children were identified. One subset of patients had normal cognitive, speech and language, and adaptive functions whereas the other showed a dramatic decline in these areas. All patients developed fine and gross motor deficits. CONCLUSION The natural progression of MPS II manifests as 2 divergent and distinct neurologic phenotypes with similar somatic disease. Patients may have primary neural parenchymal disease with cognitive involvement or may maintain normal cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Holt
- PO Box 7255, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Manara R, Rampazzo A, Cananzi M, Salviati L, Mardari R, Drigo P, Tomanin R, Gasparotto N, Priante E, Scarpa M. Hunter syndrome in an 11-year old girl on enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase: brain magnetic resonance imaging features and evolution. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33 Suppl 3:S67-72. [PMID: 20052546 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-9023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS-II, Hunter disease) is a X-linked recessive disorder. Affected females are extremely rare, mostly due to skewed X chromosome inactivation. A few papers outline MPS-II brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) "gestalt" in males, but neuroradiological reports on females are still lacking. We present an 11-year-old girl affected by the severe form of MPS-II who was followed up over a time span of 8 years, focusing on clinical and brain MRI evolution. In the last 2.5 years, the patient has been treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with idursulfase (Elaprase™, Shire Human Genetic Therapies AB, Sweden). On brain and cervical MRI examination, abnormalities in our patient did not differ from those detected in male patients: J-shaped pituitary sella, enlargement of perivascular spaces, brain atrophy, mild T2-hyperintensity in the paratrigonal white matter, diffuse platyspondylia, and mild odontoid dysplasia with odontoid cup. Brain atrophy progressed despite ERT introduction, whereas perivascular space enlargement did not change significantly before and after ERT. Cognitive impairment worsened independently from the course of white matter abnormality. Despite a profound knowledge of genetic and biochemical aspects in MPS-II, neuroradiology is still poorly characterized, especially in female patients. Spinal and brain involvement and its natural course and evolution after ERT introduction still need to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzo Manara
- Neuroradiologic Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
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Kloska A, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Tylki-Szymańska A, Czartoryska B, Węgrzyn G. Female Hunter syndrome caused by a single mutation and familial XCI skewing: implications for other X-linked disorders. Clin Genet 2010; 80:459-65. [PMID: 21062272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) skewing was investigated in a family in which a female mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) (Hunter syndrome, an X-linked genetic disease) occurred. Among eight related females aged under 60 years from three generations who were tested, four revealed a non-random pattern of XCI. Detailed genetic analysis failed to find mutations in genes that were previously reported as important for the XCI process. Haplotype analysis excluded linkage of non-random XCI with genes localized on the X-chromosome. We propose that analysis of the XCI pattern should be taken into consideration when assessing risk factors for X-linked recessive genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kloska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdańsk, Poland
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Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS-II) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficiency in the activity of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulphatase. This enzyme is responsible for the catabolism of two different glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. Lysosomal accumulation of these GAG molecules results in cell, tissue, and organ dysfunction. The skeletal-muscle system involvement is because of essential accumulated GAGs in joints and connective tissue. MPS-II has many clinical features and includes two recognized clinical entities, mild and severe, that represent two ends of a wide spectrum of clinical severity. The aim of this study is to review the involvement of the skeletal-muscle system in MPS-II.
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Pinto LLC, Vieira TA, Giugliani R, Schwartz IVD. Expression of the disease on female carriers of X-linked lysosomal disorders: a brief review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010; 5:14. [PMID: 20509947 PMCID: PMC2889886 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most lysosomal diseases (LD) are inherited as autosomal recessive traits, but two important conditions have X-linked inheritance: Fabry disease and Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II). These two diseases show a very different pattern regarding expression on heterozygotes, which does not seem to be explained by the X-inactivation mechanism only. While MPS II heterozygotes are asymptomatic in most instances, in Fabry disease most of female carriers show some disease manifestation, which is sometimes severe. It is known that there is a major difference among X-linked diseases depending on the cell autonomy of the gene product involved and, therefore, on the occurrence of cross-correction. Since lysosomal enzymes are usually secreted and uptaken by neighbor cells, the different findings between MPS II and Fabry disease heterozygotes can also be due to different efficiency of cross-correction (higher in MPS II and lower in Fabry disease). In this paper, we review these two X-linked LD in order to discuss the mechanisms that could explain the different rates of penetrance and expressivity observed in the heterozygotes; this could be helpful to better understand the expression of X-linked traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L C Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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15
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Schwartz IVD, Pinto LLC, Breda G, Lima L, Ribeiro MG, Mota JG, Acosta AX, Correia P, Horovitz DDG, Porciuncula CGG, Lipinski-Figueiredo E, Fett-Conte AC, Oliveira Sobrinho RP, Norato DYJ, Paula AC, Kim CA, Duarte AR, Boy R, Leistner-Segal S, Burin MG, Giugliani R. Clinical and biochemical studies in mucopolysaccharidosis type II carriers. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:732-738. [PMID: 19821143 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterize clinically and biochemically mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) heterozygotes. Fifty-two women at risk to be a carrier, with a mean age of 34.1 years (range 16-57 years), were evaluated through pedigree analysis, medical history, physical examination, measurement of iduronate sulfatase (IDS) activities in plasma and in leukocytes, quantification of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in urine, and analysis of the IDS gene. Eligibility criteria for the study also included being 16 years of age or older and being enrolled in a genetic counselling programme. The pedigree and DNA analyses allowed the identification of 40/52 carriers and 12/52 non-carriers. All women evaluated were clinically healthy, and their levels of urinary GAGs were within normal limits. Median plasma and leukocyte IDS activities found among carriers were significantly lower than the values found for non-carriers; there was, however, an overlap between carriers' and non-carriers' values. Our data suggests that MPS II carriers show lower plasma and leukocyte IDS activities but that this reduction is generally associated neither with changes in levels of urinary GAGs nor with the occurrence of clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V D Schwartz
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - L L C Pinto
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Pediatrics Post Graduation Program, School of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - G Breda
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L Lima
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M G Ribeiro
- Clinical Genetics Service, IPPMG, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - J G Mota
- Institute of Oncology of the South of Minas Gerais (ISMO), Pouso Alegre, Brazil
| | - A X Acosta
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
| | - P Correia
- Post Graduation Program in Women and Children Health, Fernandes Figueira Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - D D G Horovitz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Fernandes Figueira Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C G G Porciuncula
- Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital, UFAL, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - A C Fett-Conte
- Department of Molecular Biology, FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - D Y J Norato
- Department of Medical Genetics, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - A C Paula
- Genetics Unit, IC-HC-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Kim
- Genetics Unit, IC-HC-USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Duarte
- Medical Genetics Service, IMIP, Recife, Brazil
| | - R Boy
- Pediatrics Department, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - S Leistner-Segal
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M G Burin
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Giugliani
- Department of Genetics, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Pediatrics Post Graduation Program, School of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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16
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Sardiello M, Annunziata I, Roma G, Ballabio A. Sulfatases and sulfatase modifying factors: an exclusive and promiscuous relationship. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3203-17. [PMID: 16174644 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatases catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate ester bonds from a wide variety of substrates. Several human inherited diseases are caused by the deficiency of individual sulfatases, while in patients with multiple sulfatase deficiency mutations in the Sulfatase Modifying Factor 1 (SUMF1) gene cause a defect in the post-translational modification of a cysteine residue into C(alpha)-formylglycine (FGly) at the active site of all sulfatases. This unique modification mechanism, which is required for catalytic activity, has been highly conserved during evolution. Here, we used a genomic approach to investigate the relationship between sulfatases and their modifying factors in humans and several model systems. First, we determined the complete catalog of human sulfatases, which comprises 17 members (versus 14 in rodents) including four novel ones (ARSH, ARSI, ARSJ and ARSK). Secondly, we showed that the active site, which is the target of the post-translational modification, is the most evolutionarily constrained region of sulfatases and shows intraspecies sequence convergence. Exhaustive sequence analyses of available proteomes indicate that sulfatases are the only likely targets of their modifying factors. Thirdly, we showed that sulfatases and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatases share significant homology at their active sites, suggesting a common evolutionary origin as well as similar catalytic mechanisms. Most importantly, gene association studies performed on prokaryotes suggested the presence of at least two additional mechanisms of cysteine-to-FGly conversion, which do not require SUMF1. These results may have important implications in the study of diseases caused by sulfatase deficiencies and in the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sardiello
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
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17
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Tuschl K, Gal A, Paschke E, Kircher S, Bodamer OA. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II in females: case report and review of literature. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 32:270-2. [PMID: 15797184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter disease, iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency) was diagnosed in a 4-year-old female by demonstrating low iduronate-2-sulfatase activity both in leukocytes and fibroblasts and by the presence of a novel, complex rearrangement of the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene in heterozygous form. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and consequently females are rare. The disease phenotype in this case is due to complete unilateral inactivation of the nonmutant paternal X chromosome of the patient. The case presented here underscores the fact that a diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidosis type II should be suspected in any female who presents with the relevant clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tuschl
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Vienna, Austria
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18
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Keulemans JLM, Sinigerska I, Garritsen VH, Huijmans JGM, Voznyi YV, van Diggelen OP, Kleijer WJ. Prenatal diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome and the introduction of a new fluorimetric enzyme assay. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22:1016-21. [PMID: 12424767 DOI: 10.1002/pd.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of the Hunter syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis type II; MPS II) is preferably achieved by the assay of iduronate-2-sulphate sulphatase (IDS) in uncultured chorionic villi (CV) as this allows early (12th week), rapid (2-3 days) and reliable results. We summarize the results of 174 prenatal analyses in the past 30 years, using various methods such as radiolabelled sulphate incorporation in amniotic fluid (AF) cells, glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-electrophoresis in AF and IDS assay in CV, CV-cells, AF and AF-cells. Twenty-seven fetuses with MPS II were diagnosed after finding clearly abnormal results in pregnancies with a male fetus; very low IDS activity has also been measured in some pregnancies with a (heterozygous) female fetus, emphasizing the need to combine enzyme assay with fetal sex determination. IDS activity has until recently been assessed by a cumbersome radioactive enzyme assay. Here we describe the use of a novel fluorigenic 4-methylumbelliferyl substrate, which allows a sensitive, rapid and convenient assay of IDS activity and reliable early prenatal diagnosis. This novel IDS assay was validated in retrospective analyses of 14 CV, CV-cell, AF and AF-cell samples from affected pregnancies in addition to prospective prenatal diagnosis in eight pregnancies at risk with one MPS II-affected fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L M Keulemans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Sukegawa K, Song XQ, Masuno M, Fukao T, Shimozawa N, Fukuda S, Isogai K, Nishio H, Matsuo M, Tomatsu S, Kondo N, Orii T. Hunter disease in a girl caused by R468Q mutation in the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene and skewed inactivation of the X chromosome carrying the normal allele. Hum Mutat 2000; 10:361-7. [PMID: 9375851 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)10:5<361::aid-humu5>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hunter disease is an X-linked recessive mucopolysaccharide storage disorder caused by iduronate-2-sulfatase deficiency and is rare in females. We describe here findings in a girl with Hunter disease of the severe type. She had a normal karyotype but a marked deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts. In a sequence analysis of the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene, evidence was obtained for the R468Q (G1403 to A) mutation, a common one in Hunter disease. RT-PCR showed her cDNA to represent only the R468Q allele, although at the genomic level she was a heterozygote with one normal allele. Her brother had the R468Q mutation, and their mother was a carrier of this mutation. The fusion products of CHO (TG(R),Neo(R)) with patient's fibroblasts cultured in HAT/G418 selective medium, carried only the maternal allele. However, in genomic DNA from the patient's fibroblasts, only the paternal allele of the androgen receptor gene, a gene subjected to differential methylation of the inactive X-chromosome, was methylated. These findings strongly suggest that the severe form of Hunter disease in this girl was the result of selective expression of the maternal allele carrying the missense mutation R468Q, which in turn resulted from skewed X inactivation of the paternal nonmutant X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sukegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Vellodi A, Young E, Cooper A, Lidchi V, Winchester B, Wraith JE. Long-term follow-up following bone marrow transplantation for Hunter disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 1999; 22:638-48. [PMID: 10399096 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005525931994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was performed in 10 patients with Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II, iduronate-2-sulphatase deficiency). The donor was an HLA-identical sibling in 2 cases, an HLA-nonidentical relative in 6 cases, a volunteer unrelated donor in 1 case, and details were not available in 1 case. Only three patients have survived for more than 7 years post BMT; however, this high mortality probably resulted from poor donor selection. In two, there has been a steady progression of physical disability and mental handicap. One patient has maintained normal intellectual development, with only mild physical disability. It is possible that BMT may be useful in selected patients with MPS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vellodi
- Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, UK
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21
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Sukegawa K, Matsuzaki T, Fukuda S, Masuno M, Fukao T, Kokuryu M, Iwata S, Tomatsu S, Orii T, Kondo N. Brother/sister siblings affected with Hunter disease: evidence for skewed X chromosome inactivation. Clin Genet 1998; 53:96-101. [PMID: 9611068 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hunter disease is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase activity. We describe a pair of brother/sister siblings with a typical feature of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II). They had normal karyotypes but a marked deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in both lymphocytes and fibroblasts. The molecular analysis of the iduronate-2-sulfatase gene revealed the R468L(G1403-->T) substitution in their genes. Although the sister's genomic DNA was heterozygous for the mutant allele, the sister's cDNA was found to be homogeneous for this mutation. The mother was found to be a heterozygote. The analysis of X chromosome inactivation by comparison of the methylation patterns of the androgen-receptor (AR) gene which was isolated from the sister's fibroblasts and leucocytes revealed a skewed X chromosome inactivation of the paternal allele. These findings indicate that a skewed X chromosome inactivation of the paternal gene and a point mutation in the maternal gene were responsible for the lack of iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in the sister.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sukegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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22
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Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE, Arena JF, Lubs HA. X-linked mental retardation: the early era from 1943 to 1969. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 51:538-41. [PMID: 7943037 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320510450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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23
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Chery M, Biancalana V, Philippe C, Malpuech G, Carla H, Gilgenkrantz S, Mandel JL, Hanauer A. Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia in a female with balanced X;9 translocation: mapping of the Xp22 chromosome breakpoint. Hum Genet 1994; 93:587-91. [PMID: 8168840 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium-dependent hypocalcaemia (HSH), a rare inherited disease, is caused by selective disorders of magnesium absorption. Both X-linked and autosomal recessive modes of inheritance have been reported for HSH; this suggests a genetically heterogeneous condition. A balanced de novo t(X;9)(p22;q12) translocation has been reported in a female manifesting hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia. In a lymphoblastoid cell line, derived from this patient, the normal X chromosome is preferentially inactivated, suggesting that the patient's phenotype is caused by disruption of an HSH gene in Xp22. In an attempt to define more precisely the position of the X breakpoint, we have constructed a hybrid cell line retaining the der(X)(Xqter-Xp22.2::9q12-9qter) in the absence of the der(9) and the normal X chromosome. Southern blot analysis of this hybrid and in situ hybridization on metaphase chromosomes have localized the breakpoint between DXS16 and the cluster (DXS207, DXS43), in Xp22.2. Thus, if a gene involved in HSH residues at or near the translocation breakpoint, our findings should greatly facilitate its isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chery
- Laboratoire de Génétique des Eucaryotes du CNRS, Unité 184 de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génie Génétique de l'INSERM, Faculté de Médicine, Strasbourg, France
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24
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Abstract
The successful mapping of numerous mendelian disorders by chromosome rearrangements turned out to be a key method for positional location of disease genes. We present some personal observations and comments on the interest of cytogenetic studies in human gene mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gilgenkrantz
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine, Centre Régional de transfusion Sanguine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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25
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Tommerup N. Mendelian cytogenetics. Chromosome rearrangements associated with mendelian disorders. J Med Genet 1993; 30:713-27. [PMID: 8411066 PMCID: PMC1016528 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.30.9.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Tommerup
- Danish Centre for Human Genome Research, John F Kennedy Institute, Glostrup, Denmark
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26
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Yamada Y, Tomatsu S, Sukegawa K, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Hopwood JJ, Orii T. Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter disease): 13 gene mutations in 52 Japanese patients and carrier detection in four families. Hum Genet 1993; 92:110-4. [PMID: 8370574 DOI: 10.1007/bf00219675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Southern blot analysis of the iduronate sulfatase (IDS) gene in 52 unrelated Japanese patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II was carried out using a cDNA probe, and mutations in 13 patients (25%) were identified. Of these, 3 had partial gene deletions (in 2 the normal 9.4-kb fragment was absent and in 1 the normal 7.4-kb fragment was absent, as determined by Southern blot analysis using EcoRI-digested DNA, respectively), 2 had gene insertions (in 1 there was a unique 11.2-kb fragment and in the other there was a unique 5-kb fragment, determined by Southern blot analysis using EcoRI-digested DNA), and 8 had rearrangements (in 6 the normal 9.4-kb and 7.0-kb fragments were absent and a unique 11.2-kb fragment was present; in the remaining 2 patients there were different rearrangements). In these 13 patients, the similar Southern blot patterns were indicative of structural alterations of the IDS gene, as revealed when their DNA was digested with HindIII or PstI and probed with IDS cDNA. All patients with these structural alterations were in a clinically severe state, except for 1 with an intermediate clinical phenotype. Our analyses of four families among those of the 13 patients revealed that all four mothers were carriers. The detection of structural abnormalities led to a precise identification of Hunter heterozygotes and revealed one de novo rearrangement in a germ cell of one of the maternal grandparents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan
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27
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Molecular and Genetic Studies of Human X Chromosome Inactivation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3116(08)60026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adinolfi
- Division of Medical & Molecular Genetics, United Medical School, Guy's Hospital, London
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29
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Winchester B, Young E, Geddes S, Genet S, Hurst J, Middleton-Price H, Williams N, Webb M, Habel A, Malcolm S. Female twin with Hunter disease due to nonrandom inactivation of the X-chromosome: a consequence of twinning. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1992; 44:834-8. [PMID: 1481858 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320440625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the occurrence of Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) in a karyotypically normal girl who was one of identical twins. Molecular studies showed nonrandom X-inactivation in both her fibroblasts and lymphocytes, while her normal twin showed equal usage of both X chromosomes. In view of previous reports of 7 pairs of identical female twins in which one had Duchenne muscular dystrophy, it seems that twinning may be strongly associated with nonrandom X-inactivation, and is not specific to the properties of the disease causing gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Winchester
- Division of Biochemistry and Metabolism, Institute of Child Health, London, U.K
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30
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Kehrer H, Krone W, Schindler D, Kaufmann R, Schrezenmeier H. Cytogenetic studies of skin fibroblast cultures from a karyotypically normal female with dyskeratosis congenita. Clin Genet 1992; 41:129-34. [PMID: 1563086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1992.tb03648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Skin fibroblast cultures from a female patient with dyskeratosis congenita revealed markedly increased frequencies of chromosomal breaks, hypodiploidy, and premature centromere disjunction. The frequencies of mitotic disturbances, like ana- and telophase bridges, lagging chromosomes, and micronuclei were almost as dramatically elevated as in cultures from two severely affected patients with Fanconi anemia. Provided that our patient is representative for an autosomal form of dyskeratosis congenita, this type of the disease seems to be characterized by chromosomal instability with a characteristic pattern of cytogenetic abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kehrer
- Abteilung Humangenetik, Universität, Ulm, Federal Republik of Germany
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31
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Abstract
Increasing awareness of the role of genetic factors in the causation of many human eye diseases has made ocular genetics one of the fastest growing areas of ophthalmology. The objective of this paper is to present the basic principles of gene mapping and their application to ophthalmology. The techniques used to map the genome are reviewed with emphasis placed on molecular genetics. The advances in this area have already provided the major impetus to the areas of diagnosis and prevention of some genetic eye disorders. Tables are presented that list the autosomal, X-linked and mitochondrial assignment of eye genes and disorders with ocular involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Musarella
- Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Ophthalmology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Palmieri G, Capra V, Romano G, D'Urso M, Johnson S, Schlessinger D, Morris P, Hopwood J, Di Natale P, Gatti R, Ballabio A. The iduronate sulfatase gene: isolation of a 1.2-Mb YAC contig spanning the entire gene and identification of heterogeneous deletions in patients with Hunter syndrome. Genomics 1992; 12:52-7. [PMID: 1733863 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90405-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A recently isolated cDNA clone from the iduronate sulfatase (IDS) gene has been used both to seed a contig of overlapping yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and to investigate the molecular defect in patients with Hunter syndrome (MPS II). Six YAC clones were found to span the IDS gene, and those and 14 other YACs were assembled into a 1.2-Mb contig around the gene in Xq27-q28. The physical map of the region identifies several putative CpG islands, suggesting the presence of other genes in the vicinity. DNA from a patient with a translocation breakpoint in the gene also permitted the orientation of the contig in the chromosome. Southern analysis of DNA from 25 unrelated Italian Hunter syndrome patients revealed 4 with deletions or rearrangements in the IDS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Palmieri
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
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33
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Cooper A, Thornley M, Wraith JE. First-trimester diagnosis of Hunter syndrome: very low iduronate sulphatase activity in chorionic villi from a heterozygous female fetus. Prenat Diagn 1991; 11:731-5. [PMID: 1820774 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1970110911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Iduronate sulphatase activity was determined in uncultured chorionic villi from four fetuses at risk for Hunter syndrome. All fetuses were shown to be female by chromosome analysis. Biopsy material from three fetuses showed iduronate sulphatase activity within normal limits whilst the fourth fetus showed activity reduced to 7 per cent of our control mean. The importance of fetal sexing in prenatal diagnosis of this condition is emphasized as female carrier fetuses may show iduronate sulphatase activity reduced to levels observed in affected males.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cooper
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Pendlebury, Manchester, U.K
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34
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Clarke JT, Greer WL, Strasberg PM, Pearce RD, Skomorowski MA, Ray PN. Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) associated with unbalanced inactivation of the X chromosomes in a karyotypically normal girl. Am J Hum Genet 1991; 49:289-97. [PMID: 1678247 PMCID: PMC1683291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of profound generalized iduronate sulfatase (IDS) deficiency in a developmentally delayed female with clinical Hunter syndrome was studied. Methylation-sensitive RFLP analysis of DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient, using MspI/HpaII digestion and probing with M27 beta, showed that the paternal allele was resistant to HpaII digestion (i.e., was methylated) while the maternal allele was digested (i.e., was hypomethylated), indicating marked imbalance of X-chromosome inactivation in peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient. Similar studies on DNA from maternal lymphocytes showed random X-chromosome inactivation. Among a total of 40 independent maternal fibroblast clones isolated by dilution plating and analyzed for IDS activity, no IDS- clone was found. Somatic cell hybrid clones containing at least one active human X chromosome were produced by fusion of patient fibroblasts with Hprt- hamster fibroblasts (RJK88) and grown in HAT-ouabain medium. Methylation-sensitive RFLP analysis of DNA from the hybrids showed that of the 22 clones that retained the DXS255 locus (M27 beta), all contained the paternal allele in the methylated (active) form. No clone was isolated containing only the maternal X chromosome, and in no case was the maternal allele hypermethylated. We postulate from these studies that the patient has MPS II as a result of a mutation resulting in both the disruption of the IDS locus on her paternal X chromosome and unbalanced inactivation of the nonmutant maternal X chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Clarke
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wilson PJ, Suthers GK, Callen DF, Baker E, Nelson PV, Cooper A, Wraith JE, Sutherland GR, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ. Frequent deletions at Xq28 indicate genetic heterogeneity in Hunter syndrome. Hum Genet 1991; 86:505-8. [PMID: 1901826 DOI: 10.1007/bf00194643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hunter syndrome is a human X-linked disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal exohydrolase iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS). The consequent accumulation of the mucopolysaccharides dermatan sulphate and heparan sulphate, in the brain and other tissues, often results in death before adulthood. There is, however, a broad spectrum of severity that has been attributed to different mutations of the Hunter syndrome gene. We have used an IDS cDNA clone to localise the IDS gene to Xq28, distal to the fragile X mutation (FRAXA). One-third of Hunter syndrome patients had various deletions or rearrangements of their IDS gene, proving that different mutations are common in this condition. Deletions of the IDS gene can include a conserved locus that is tightly linked to FRAXA, suggesting that deletion of nearby genes may contribute to the variable clinical severity noted in Hunter syndrome. The cDNA clone was also shown to span the X chromosome breakpoint in a female Hunter syndrome patient with an X;autosome translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Wilson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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36
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Ledbetter SA, Schwartz CE, Davies KE, Ledbetter DH. New somatic cell hybrids for physical mapping in distal Xq and the fragile X region. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 38:418-20. [PMID: 2018083 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320380254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cell hybrids were constructed from 3 patients carrying X chromosome abnormalities with breakpoints in distal Xq: 1) 94-3, from a patient with 46,XX,t(X;15)(q25 or q26;q25), 2) 8121-A1, from a patient with 46,X,del(X)(q26), and 3) 2384-A2, from a patient with 46,X,del(X)(q27). The breakpoint of patient 94 is proximal to HPRT in q26, a significant distance from the fragile X locus. The breakpoint of patient 8121 is distal to F9, but proximal to DXS98, and is thus proximal to the fragile site region. The breakpoint of 2384 is distal to DXS98 but proximal to DXS52, placing it within the region of the fragile site. Use of these physical mapping reference points will aid in the rapid localization of new DNA markers to distal Xq and the fragile X region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ledbetter
- Institute for Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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37
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Hirst MC, Bell MV, MacKinnon RN, Watson JE, Callen D, Sutherland G, Dahl N, Patterson MN, Schwartz C, Ledbetter D. Mapping of a cerebellar degeneration related protein and DXS304 around the fragile site. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1991; 38:354-6. [PMID: 1673311 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320380238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have localized the gene encoding a cerebellar degeneration related (CDR) protein to a region proximal to the fragile site close to DXS98 and DXS105. This gene is polymorphic with the enzyme RsaI and therefore also provides a new genetic marker in this region. We have refined the localization of the locus DXS304 distal to the breakpoint in a patient suffering from Hunter disease. This confirms the localization of DXS304 distal to the fragile site previously suggested by linkage studies and localizes the fragile X mutation to a relatively small region between the Hunter breakpoint and the breakpoint in another hybrid B17.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hirst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, England
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38
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Le Guern E, Couillin P, Oberlé I, Ravise N, Boue J. More precise localization of the gene for Hunter syndrome. Genomics 1990; 7:358-62. [PMID: 2114352 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90169-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A linkage analysis between the Hunter syndrome locus (IDS) and four polymorphic loci of the Xq27-Xq28 region, DXS105, DXS98, DXS304, and DXS52, was performed in large families. A significant lod score was obtained between DXS304 and the Hunter gene (Zmax = 6.57 at theta max = 0.0). The Hunter gene can be localized within 7 cM of this marker. In addition, the translocation breakpoint of the Hunter female case described by J. Mossman et al. (1986, Arch. Dis. Child. 58: 911-915) was localized between DXS98 and DXS304 using somatic cell hybrids. These two results are in agreement and give the following order: DXS105-DXS98-IDS-DXS304-DXS52. Probes for these marker loci can thus be used for carrier detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Le Guern
- U.73 (INSERM), Génétique et pathologie foetale, Paris, France
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39
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Clarke JT, Willard HF, Teshima I, Chang PL, Skomorowski MA. Hunter disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type II) in a karyotypically normal girl. Clin Genet 1990; 37:355-62. [PMID: 2112988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1990.tb03519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A female child of healthy, unrelated parents presented at 12 months of age with a history of moderately severe developmental delay, macrocephaly, dysmorphic facies, hypotonia, hepatosplenomegaly, mild generalized dysostosis multiplex, mucopolysacchariduria (dermatan and heparan sulfates), and Alder-Reilly bodies in peripheral blood leukocytes. Iduronate sulfatase activity in plasma was markedly depressed: 0.11 units/ml/h (normal, 1.75 +/- 0.56, N = 6). Analyses of arylsulfatases A, B, and C, heparan N-sulfatase, alpha-mannosidase, beta-mannosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-hexosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, and alpha-fucosidase activities in plasma, leukocytes, and/or cultured skin fibroblasts were all normal. Urinary sulfatide excretion was also within normal limits. Karyotypes of peripheral blood leukocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts were normal. Serum iduronate sulfatase activities in the parents were in the normal range (father, 1.63 units/ml/h; mother, 1.25 units/ml/h). The results of analyses of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) of DNA from cultured skin fibroblasts with the use of probes for loci extending from Xpter to Xq28 showed X chromosome heterozygosity and confirmed the paternal origin of one of the X chromosomes. Studies on sulfur-35 uptake in mixed fibroblast cultures showed cross-correction of [35S]-glycosaminoglycan accumulation between cells from the patient and normal cells or cells from a patient with Hurler disease; however, there was no cross-correction between cells from the patient and those from boys affected with classical Hunter disease. This represents only the second confirmed case of Hunter disease reported in a karyotypically normal girl.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Clarke
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Suthers GK, Callen DF, Hyland VJ, Kozman HM, Baker E, Eyre H, Harper PS, Roberts SH, Hors-Cayla MC, Davies KE. A new DNA marker tightly linked to the fragile X locus (FRAXA). Science 1989; 246:1298-300. [PMID: 2573953 DOI: 10.1126/science.2573953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The fragile X syndrome is the most common cause of familial mental retardation. Genetic counseling and gene isolation are hampered by a lack of DNA markers close to the disease locus. Two somatic cell hybrids that each contain a human X chromosome with a breakpoint close to the fragile X locus have been characterized. A new DNA marker (DXS296) lies between the chromosome breakpoints and is the closest marker to the fragile X locus yet reported. The Hunter syndrome gene, which causes iduronate sulfatase deficiency, is located at the X chromosome breakpoint that is distal to this new marker, thus localizing the Hunter gene distal to the fragile X locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Suthers
- Department of Histopathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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Roberts SH, Upadhyaya M, Sarfarazi M, Harper PS. Further evidence localising the gene for Hunter's syndrome to the distal region of the X chromosome long arm. J Med Genet 1989; 26:309-13. [PMID: 2499679 PMCID: PMC1015597 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.26.5.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic re-evaluation of a fibroblast cell line from a female Hunter's syndrome case with a balanced X;autosome translocation, which had previously been reported to have a breakpoint in Xq26 to Xq27, showed the breakpoint to be either between Xq27 and Xq28 or within Xq28. The normal X chromosome was preferentially inactivated, supporting the view that the translocation had disrupted the Hunter gene. The new localisation is now in full agreement with our previous linkage work and other published data. Results of further linkage studies using probes defining the loci DXS86, DXS144, DXS100, DXS102, DXS105, F8C, and DXS134 are also consistent with our original conclusion that the Hunter locus lies within the distal region of the X chromosome long arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Roberts
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff
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42
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Abstract
High resolution prometaphase chromosome banding has allowed the detection of discrete chromosome aberrations which escaped earlier metaphase examinations. Consistent tiny deletions have been detected in some well established malformation syndromes: an interstitial deletion in 15q11/12 in the majority of patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome and in a minority of patients with the Angelman (happy puppet) syndrome; a terminal deletion of 17p13.3 in most patients examined with the Miller-Dieker syndrome; an interstitial deletion of 8q23.3/24.1 in a large majority of patients with the Giedion-Langer syndrome; an interstitial deletion of 11p13 in virtually all patients with the WAGR (Wilms' tumour-aniridia-gonadoblastoma-retardation) syndrome; and an interstitial deletion in 22q11 in about one third of patients with the DiGeorge sequence. In addition, a combination of chromosome prometaphase banding and DNA marker studies has allowed the localisation of the genes for retinoblastoma and for Wilms' tumour and the clarification of both the autosomal recessive nature of the mutation and the possible somatic mutations by which the normal allele can be lost in retina and kidney cells. After a number of X linked genes had been mapped, discrete deletions in the X chromosome were detected by prometaphase banding with specific attention paid to the sites of the gene(s) in males who had from one to up to four different X linked disorders plus mental retardation. Furthermore, the detection of balanced translocations in probands with disorders caused by autosomal dominant or X linked genes has allowed a better insight into the localisation of these genes. In some females with X linked disorders, balanced X; autosomal translocations have allowed the localisation of X linked genes at the breakpoint on the X chromosome. Balanced autosome; autosome translocations segregating with autosomal dominant conditions have provided some clues to the gene location of these conditions. In two conditions, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly and dominant aniridia, two translocation families with one common breakpoint have allowed quite a confident location of the genes at the common breakpoint at 7p13 and 11p13, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schinzel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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Robertson DA, Callen DF, Baker EG, Morris CP, Hopwood JJ. Chromosomal localization of the gene for human glucosamine-6-sulphatase to 12q14. Hum Genet 1988; 79:175-8. [PMID: 3391615 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucosamine-6-sulphatase (G6S), a lysosomal enzyme found in all cells, is involved in the catabolism of heparin, heparan sulphate, and keratan sulphate. Deficiency of G6S results in the accumulation of undegraded substrate and the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID (Sanfilippo D syndrome). Regional mapping by in situ hybridization of a 3H-labelled human G6S cDNA probe to human metaphase chromosomes indicated that the G6S gene is localized to chromosome 12 at q14. The localization of the G6S gene to chromosome 12 was confirmed using the G6S cDNA clone in Southern blot hybridization analysis of DNA from human x mouse hybrid cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Robertson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Adelaide Children's Hospital, Australia
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Reilly DS, Lewis RA, Ledbetter DH, Nussbaum RL. Tightly linked flanking markers for the Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome, with application to carrier assessment. Am J Hum Genet 1988; 42:748-55. [PMID: 2895982 PMCID: PMC1715172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Lowe oculocerebrorenal syndrome (OCRL) is characterized by congenital cataract, mental retardation, and defective renal tubular function. A map assignment of OCRL to Xq24-q26 has been made previously by linkage analysis with DXS42 at Xq24-q26 (theta = 0, z = 5.09) and with DXS10 at Xq26 (theta = 0, z = 6.45). Two additional families were studied and three additional polymorphisms were identified at DXS42 by using a 35-kb sequence isolated with the probe detecting the original polymorphism at DXS42. With additional OCRL families made informative for DXS42, theta remained 0 with z = 6.63; and for DXS10 theta = 0.03 and z = 7.07. Evidence for placing OCRL at Xq25 also comes from a female with Lowe syndrome and an X;3 translocation. We have used the Xq25 breakpoint in this patient to determine the position of OCRL relative to the two linked markers. Each derivative chromosome was isolated away from its normal counterpart in somatic cell hybrids. DXS42 was mapped to the derivative chromosome X containing Xpterq25, and DXS10 was mapped to the derivative chromosome 3 containing Xq25-qter. The markers DXS10 and DXS42 therefore show tight linkage with OCRL in six families and flank the Xq25 breakpoint in a female patient with an X;3 translocation. Linkage analysis with flanking markers was used to assess OCRL carrier status in women at risk. Results, when compared with carrier determination by ophthalmologic examination, indicated that the slit-lamp exam can be a sensitive and specific method of carrier determination in many cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Reilly
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Ropers
- Faculteit der Geneeskunde en Tandeelkunde, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Netherlands
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46
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47
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Upadhyaya M, Sarfarazi M, Bamforth JS, Thomas NS, Oberle I, Young I, Harper PS. Localisation of the gene for Hunter syndrome on the long arm of X chromosome. Hum Genet 1986; 74:391-8. [PMID: 2878868 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The localisation of the gene for Hunter syndrome (MPS II) has been studied in 11 families using 12 polymorphic DNA markers, one on the short arm and the remaining 11 located at various points on the long arm of the X chromosome. Lod scores for seven probes were uniformly negative for all values of theta; positive scores at values of theta = 0.10 or more were obtained for the five probes located most distally on the long arm (52A, F9C, DX13, St14-1, F8C). Current data suggest the most likely order of the loci to be: 52A, F9C, Hunter, DX13, St14-1, F8C-qter; the Hunter locus may thus be close to that for the fragile site at Xq27.
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48
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Broadhead DM, Kirk JM, Burt AJ, Gupta V, Ellis PM, Besley GT. Full expression of Hunter's disease in a female with an X-chromosome deletion leading to non-random inactivation. Clin Genet 1986; 30:392-8. [PMID: 3100113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1986.tb01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A 2.5-year-old girl who presented with abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, coarse facies, hirsutism and contraction deformities was investigated for mucopolysaccharidoses. Urinary excretion showed increased total glycosaminoglycans (105 mg/mmol creatinine; normal for age 9-20 mg/mmol) with marked increases of dermatan and heparan sulphates. A number of lysosomal enzyme activities were measured on leucocytes, serum and cultured fibroblasts. Normal or high activities were found for alpha-iduronidase, N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphatase, beta-galactosidase, arylsulphatase B and beta-glucuronidase. However a marked deficiency of iduronate sulphate sulphatase activity was observed, consistent with a diagnosis of Hunter's disease. Activities were reduced to less than 2% of mean control values in the patient's leucocytes, serum and cultured fibroblasts. Normal activities were measured in samples from the father and younger sister but a partial deficiency (43% of control serum) was found in the mother. Chromosome studies on the patient revealed a partial deletion of the long arm of one X-chromosome, most probably of band Xq25, which was not inherited from either parent. Studies using BrdU indicated that the deleted X chromosome was consistently late replicating, and as a result the Hunter gene was fully expressed on the other X chromosome.
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Chase DS, Morris AH, Ballabio A, Pepper S, Giannelli F, Adinolfi M. Genetics of Hunter syndrome: carrier detection, new mutations, segregation and linkage analysis. Ann Hum Genet 1986; 50:349-60. [PMID: 3126700 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1986.tb01756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated 31 families segregation for Hunter Syndrome in order to advance our understanding of the genetics of this disease. The hair root test for the diagnosis of carriers of Hunter Syndrome was improved by the adoption of a new diagnostic index that distinguishes between carrier and normal females better than previous methods of analysis. One hundred and eleven female relatives of the affected children were tested by such procedures. This showed that seven out of 31 mothers were not carriers (22.6%), thus suggesting a small deficit of new mutation relative to the expectation that 33% of lethal, recessive alleles arise anew in a population at equilibrium at a sex-linked locus with equal mutation rates in male and female gametogenesis. The difference, however, is not statistically significant. The age of the parents of new mutants was slightly but significantly raised. Nevertheless, the independent increase in the age of the fathers of new female mutants was not statistically significant. Finally, a deficit of affected males was observed. This was significant and suggests the possibility of intrauterine loss of some affected males. Linkage analysis between the Hunter Syndrome locus, three polymorphisms in the Factor IX gene and the anonymous polymorphic probes 52A and DX13 showed that the Hunter locus is fairly closely linked to DX13, and hence distal to the Factor IX gene, while no linkage was observed with the 52A polymorphic site. The maximum lod score for the linkage between factor IX and the Hunter Syndrome locus was 0.424 at theta = 0.25; and that for the linkage between the Hunter Syndrome locus and DX13 was 3.01 at theta = 0.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Chase
- Paediatric Research Unit, United Medical and Dental School of Guy's Hospital, London
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50
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MacDermot KD, Winter RM, Malcolm S. Gene localisation of X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (C-S-T syndrome). Hum Genet 1986; 74:172-3. [PMID: 3464559 DOI: 10.1007/bf00282084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic linkage studies were carried out in families with X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (C-S-T syndrome). A DNA probe DXYS1 (pDP34), which maps both to the proximal part of the long arm of the X chromosome, Xq13-Xq21, and proximally on Yp, was used to detect a TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the X-chromosomal locus in the DNA samples from 11 families. This locus was found to be closely linked to the X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia locus, with a lod score of 2.66 at recombination fraction (theta) of 0.06 (90% confidence limits 0.01-0.26). Only one crossover was observed in nineteen meioses. This indicates that the probe DXYS1 is closely linked to the X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia locus and is likely to facilitate carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis tests.
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