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Vorilhon P, Arpajou B, Vaillant Roussel H, Merlin É, Pereira B, Cabaillot A. Efficacy of vitamin C for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. A meta-analysis in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 75:303-311. [PMID: 30465062 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) is a common infection in children, generally caused by viral respiratory infection. Vitamin C is currently proposed as prophylaxis for URTI. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of vitamin C administration in children for the prevention and reduced duration of URTI through a systematic literature review. METHODS Review of the literature conducted between October 2017 and January 2018 in the main medical databases (CENTRAL, Medline and Embase) and by a gray literature approach. The selection criteria were: double-blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing vitamin C use to placebo in children aged 3 months to 18 years without chronic infection. Efficacy was assessed in terms of incidence, duration and severity of symptoms of URTI. A meta-analysis was conducted where possible. RESULTS Eight RCTs, including 3135 children aged 3 months to 18 years, were selected. Quantitative analysis showed no difference between vitamin C administration and placebo (odds ratio = 0.75, 95% CI [0.54-1.03], p = 0.07, I2 = 74%). Vitamin C administration was found to decrease the duration of URTI by 1.6 days (standardized mean differences = -0.30 [-0.53; -0.08], p = 0.009, I2 = 70%). Children under 6 years of age benefit from more effective vitamin C supplementation associated with echinacea. No serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Although no preventive effects were found, vitamin C intake reduced the duration of URTI. Considering the frequency of URTI, the inappropriate prescription of antibiotics, and the safe nature of vitamin C, its supplementation is justified, especially in children under 6 years of age and those who present a high frequency of URTI. There is a sound rationale for further trials with greater statistical power among children of this age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vorilhon
- Department of General Practice, Clermont Auvergne University, Faculty of Medicine, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Clermont Auvergne University, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, 28, place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Bastien Arpajou
- Department of General Practice, Clermont Auvergne University, Faculty of Medicine, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Vaillant Roussel
- Department of General Practice, Clermont Auvergne University, Faculty of Medicine, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clinical Investigation Center, INSERM-CIC 1401, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,UPU ACCePPT, Clermont Auvergne University, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Étienne Merlin
- Pediatrics, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Pediatrics, INSERM-CIC 1405, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, 1 place Lucie & Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Biostatistics Unit (Clinical Research and Innovation Department), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, 58 Rue Montalembert, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aurélie Cabaillot
- Department of General Practice, Clermont Auvergne University, Faculty of Medicine, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Auvergne University, Inserm 1107, Neuro-Dol, Observatoire Français des Médicaments Antalgiques (OFMA), 63001, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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HPV, KRAS mutations, alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking effects on esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 27:1-12. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2011.8737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an invasive neoplastic disease generally associated with poor survival rates. The incidence of ESCC is characterized by marked geographic variation, with highest rates noted in developing Southeastern African, Central and Eastern Asian countries. In the developed Western European and North American regions where there is a low disease incidence, heavy alcohol and cigarette consumption constitute major risk factors. The toxic effects of both these risk factors cause chronic irritation and inflammation of the esophageal mucosa, while at the cellular level they further confer mutagenic effects by the activation of oncogenes (e.g., RAS mutations), inhibition of tumor-suppressor genes, and profound DNA damage. Viral infections, particularly with human papillomavirus, may activate specific antiapoptotic, proliferative and malignant cellular responses that may be intensified in combination with the effects of alcohol and tobacco. In countries with a high ESCC incidence, low socioeconomic status and an inadequate diet of poorly preserved food are combined with basic nutritional deficiencies and inadequate medical treatment. These conditions are favorable to the above-mentioned risk factors implicated in ESCC development, which may be present and/or habitually used in certain populations. New perspectives in epidemiological studies of ESCC development and its risk factors allow genome-wide research involving specific environments and habits. Such research should consist of adequately large and representative samples, should use newly designed informative genetic markers, and apply genomic variation analysis of the functional transcripts involved in malignant cell cycle regulation and neoplastic transformation in the multi-step process of ESCC carcinogenesis.
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Minne A, Jaworska J, Gerhold K, Ahrens B, Avagyan A, Vanbever R, Matricardi PM, Schmidt AC, Hamelmann E. Intranasal delivery of whole influenza vaccine prevents subsequent allergen-induced sensitization and airway hyper-reactivity in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:1250-8. [PMID: 17651156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with influenza virus has been associated with seemingly opposing effects on the development of asthma. However, there are no data about the effects of mucosal vaccination with inactivated influenza on the inception of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVE To assess the immunological effects of inhaled inactivated influenza vaccine, using two different types of flu vaccines, on the inception of allergic sensitization and allergen-mediated airway disease in a mouse model. METHODS BALB/c mice were intranasally or intratracheally vaccinated with whole or split influenza virus vaccine (days -1 or -1, 27) before systemic sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) (days 1, 14) and repeated airway allergen challenges (days 28-30). Allergen sensitization (IgE serum levels), airway inflammation (differential cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) (in vivo lung function) were analysed. RESULTS The intranasal instillation of whole influenza vaccine before allergen sensitization significantly reduced the serum levels of total and OVA-specific IgE as well as allergen-induced AHR. Prevention was due to an allergen-specific shift from a predominant T helper (Th)2- towards a Th1-immune response. Application of split influenza vaccine did not show the same preventive effect. CONCLUSION Intranasal administration of inactivated whole influenza vaccine reduced subsequent allergen sensitization and prevented allergen-induced AHR. Our results show that the composition of the influenza vaccine has a major influence on subsequent development of allergen-induced sensitization and AHR, and suggest that mucosal inactivated whole influenza vaccination may represent a step towards the development of a preventive strategy for atopic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Minne
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Christy C, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Pulcino T, Weitzman M. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:734-5. [PMID: 15269071 PMCID: PMC1720017 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.030999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of clinical evidence that annual vaccination against influenza prevents asthma exacerbations in children. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 800 children with asthma, where one half did, and the other half did not receive the influenza vaccine. The two groups were compared with respect to clinic visits, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalisations for asthma. In multivariable analyses, adjustment was made for baseline asthma severity, prior utilisation of health services, receipt of vaccine in the previous year, and demographic variables. RESULTS After adjusting for other variables, the vaccine group had a significantly increased risk of asthma related clinic visits and ED visits (odds ratios 3.4 and 1.9, respectively). CONCLUSION This study failed to provide evidence that the influenza vaccine prevents paediatric asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christy
- Strong Children's Research Center, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Thill PJ, McGuire JK, Baden HP, Green TP, Checchia PA. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in children with lower airway obstruction. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2004; 5:337-42. [PMID: 15215002 DOI: 10.1097/01.pcc.0000128670.36435.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Mechanical ventilation of patients with severe lower airway obstruction presents significant risks; therefore, avoiding the intubation in these patients has been a principal goal of clinical management. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation has been shown to be effective in treating adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but its use has not been studied prospectively in children with acute obstructive lower airways disease. The objective of this study was to determine whether noninvasive mask ventilation improved respiratory function in children with asthma and other obstructive lower airways diseases. STUDY DESIGN A prospective, randomized, crossover study. PATIENTS A total of 20 children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with acute lower airway obstruction. METHODS Children were randomized to receive either 2 hrs of noninvasive ventilation followed by crossover to 2 hrs of standard therapy or 2 hrs of standard therapy followed by 2 hrs of noninvasive ventilation. RESULTS Using a Clinical Asthma Score, we found that noninvasive ventilation decreased signs of work of breathing such as respiratory rate, accessory muscle use, and dyspnea as compared with standard therapy. There was no serious morbidity associated with noninvasive ventilation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that noninvasive ventilation can be an effective treatment for children with acute lower airway obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Thill
- Pediatric Intensivist, Children's Hospital and Clinics, Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, USA
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Agarwal G, Awasthi S, Kabra SK, Kaul A, Singhi S, Walter SD. Three day versus five day treatment with amoxicillin for non-severe pneumonia in young children: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 328:791. [PMID: 15070633 PMCID: PMC383371 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38049.490255.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of three days versus five days of treatment with oral amoxicillin for curing non-severe pneumonia in children. DESIGN Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicentre trial. SETTING Outpatient departments of seven referral hospitals in India. PARTICIPANTS 2188 children aged 2-59 months, 1095 given three days of treatment and 1093 given five days. INTERVENTION Oral amoxicillin 31-54 mg/kg/day in three divided doses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Treatment failure: defined as development of chest indrawing, convulsions, drowsiness, or inability to drink at any time; respiratory rate above age specific cut points on day 3 or later; or oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry < 90% on day 3. RESULTS The clinical cure rates with three days and five days of treatment were 89.5% and 89.9%, respectively (absolute difference 0.4 (95% confidence interval--2.1 to 3.0)). Adherence to treatment regimen was 94% and 85% for three day and five day treatments, respectively. Loss to follow up was 5.4% by day 5. There were no deaths, 41 hospitalisations, and 36 minor adverse reactions. There were 225 (10.3%) clinical failures and 106 (5.3%) relapses, and rates were similar in both treatments. At enrollment, 513 (23.4%) children tested positive for respiratory syncytial virus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were isolated from the nasopharynx in 878 (40.4%) and 496 (22.8%) children, respectively. Clinical failure was associated with isolation of respiratory syncytial virus (adjusted odds ratio 1.95 (95% confidence interval 1.0 to 3.8)), excess respiratory rate of > 10 breaths/minute (2.89 (1.83 to 4.55)), and non-adherence with treatment at day 5 (11.57 (7.4 to 18.0)). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with oral amoxicillin for three days was as effective as for five days in children with non-severe pneumonia.
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