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Lin S, Green HD, Hendy P, Heerasing NM, Chanchlani N, Hamilton B, Walker GJ, Heap GA, Hobart J, Martin RJ, Coles AJ, Silverberg MS, Irving PM, Chung-Faye G, Silber E, Cummings JRF, Lytvyak E, Andersen V, Wood AR, Tyrrell J, Beaumont RN, Weedon MN, Kennedy NA, Spiers A, Harrower T, Goodhand JR, Ahmad T. Clinical Features and Genetic Risk of Demyelination Following Anti-TNF Treatment. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1653-1661. [PMID: 32497177 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-TNF exposure has been linked to demyelination events. We sought to describe the clinical features of demyelination events following anti-TNF treatment and to test whether affected patients were genetically predisposed to multiple sclerosis [MS]. METHODS We conducted a case-control study to describe the clinical features of demyelination events following anti-TNF exposure. We compared genetic risk scores [GRS], calculated using carriage of 43 susceptibility loci for MS, in 48 cases with 1219 patients exposed to anti-TNF who did not develop demyelination. RESULTS Overall, 39 [74%] cases were female. The median age [range] of patients at time of demyelination was 41.5 years [20.7-63.2]. The median duration of anti-TNF treatment was 21.3 months [0.5-99.4] and 19 [36%] patients were receiving concomitant immunomodulators. Most patients had central demyelination affecting the brain, spinal cord, or both. Complete recovery was reported in 12 [23%] patients after a median time of 6.8 months [0.1-28.7]. After 33.0 months of follow-up, partial recovery was observed in 29 [55%] patients, relapsing and remitting episodes in nine [17%], progressive symptoms in three [6%]: two [4%] patients were diagnosed with MS. There was no significant difference between MS GRS scores in cases (mean -3.5 × 10-4, standard deviation [SD] 0.0039) and controls [mean -1.1 × 10-3, SD 0.0042] [p = 0.23]. CONCLUSIONS Patients who experienced demyelination events following anti-TNF exposure were more likely female, less frequently treated with an immunomodulator, and had a similar genetic risk to anti-TNF exposed controls who did not experience demyelination events. Large prospective studies with pre-treatment neuroimaging are required to identify genetic susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Lin
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Harry D Green
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Peter Hendy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neel M Heerasing
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Neil Chanchlani
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gareth J Walker
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Graham A Heap
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jeremy Hobart
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Roswell J Martin
- Department of Neurology, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK
| | - Alasdair J Coles
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark S Silverberg
- Mount Sinai Hospital Inflammatory Bowel Disease Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Guy Chung-Faye
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eli Silber
- Department of Neurology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - J R Fraser Cummings
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ellina Lytvyak
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Focussed Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research, IRS-Center Soenderjylland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Alexander Spiers
- Department of Radiology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy Harrower
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
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Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:145-154. [PMID: 32066940 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the introduction of numerous biologic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, low-dose methotrexate therapy remains the gold standard in RA therapy. Methotrexate is generally the first-line drug for the treatment of RA, psoriatic arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis, and it enhances the effect of most biologic agents in RA. Understanding the mechanism of action of methotrexate could be instructive in the appropriate use of the drug and in the design of new regimens for the treatment of RA. Although methotrexate is one of the first examples of intelligent drug design, multiple mechanisms potentially contribute to the anti-inflammatory actions of methotrexate, including the inhibition of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, transmethylation reactions, translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to the nucleus, signalling via the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway and nitric oxide production, as well as the promotion of adenosine release and expression of certain long non-coding RNAs.
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