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Forteza-Genestra MA, Antich-Rosselló M, Ráez-Meseguer C, Sangenís AT, Calvo J, Gayà A, Monjo M, Ramis JM. Intra-articular injection of platelet lysate-derived extracellular vesicles recovers from knee osteoarthritis in an in vivo rat model. J Orthop Translat 2024; 45:1-9. [PMID: 38371711 PMCID: PMC10873568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective MSCs and Platelet-Rich Plasma are the main focus in the study of new regenerative treatments aimed to reverse Osteoarthritis (OA). However, extracellular vesicles (EVs) present several advantages to cell-based treatments. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the regenerative potential of MSC-derived EVs (cEVs) and platelet-derived EVs (pEVs) in an OA cartilage rat model. Design OA in vivo model was established through injection of 6 mg MIA in the rat knee joints. After 14 and 21 days, OA knee joints were treated with 1 × 1010 particles of pEVs or cEVs. At day 28, the animals were sacrificed, plasma was collected to quantify CTX-II and knee joints were excised to be evaluated by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). After decalcification, histology was used to determine the OARSI score and to visualize collagen and glycosaminoglycan content. Results pEVs and cEVs samples did not show significant differences per se but they did in terms of regenerative effects on OA knee joints. pEVs-treated knee joints showed better subchondral bone integrity in CT-analysed parameters when compared to cEVs or OA group, showing similar values to the healthy control group. Moreover, OARSI score indicated that pEVs showed a greater OA reversion in knee joints, especially in female rats, and so indicated the analysed histological images. Conclusions pEVs are proposed as a viable regeneration treatment for OA since they are not only capable of exerting their regenerative potential on osteoarthritic cartilage, but also outperform cEVs in terms of efficacy, particularly in females. Significance statement Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most age-related diseases. It is estimated that 500 million people suffer from OA worldwide, representing the principal cause of chronic disability in adults. In the present study we evaluated the therapeutic effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from different sources (platelet lysate and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells) in an in vivo rat model. Our results demonstrate that platelet-derived EVs (pEVs) induce an OA reversion in knee joints, thus evidencing the therapeutic potential of pEVs as cell-free regenerative agents for OA treatment. The translational potential of this article Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (pEVs) offer a promising cell-free therapy option for OA treatment. Their production could be easily standardized and reproduced without extensive platelet harvesting and amplification, thus paving the way for their clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antònia Forteza-Genestra
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
| | - Miquel Antich-Rosselló
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
| | - Carmen Ráez-Meseguer
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
| | - Anna Tomàs Sangenís
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
| | - Javier Calvo
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears (FBSTIB), 07004, Palma, Spain
| | - Antoni Gayà
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Fundació Banc de Sang i Teixits de les Illes Balears (FBSTIB), 07004, Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, UIB, Palma, Spain
| | - Joana Maria Ramis
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Group, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Crta Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120, Palma, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, UIB, Palma, Spain
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Bergman RF, Lammlin L, Junginger L, Farrell E, Goldman S, Darcy R, Rasner C, Obeidat AM, Malfait AM, Miller RE, Maerz T. Sexual dimorphism of the synovial transcriptome underpins greater PTOA disease severity in male mice following joint injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023:S1063-4584(23)00915-9. [PMID: 37716404 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease with sex-dependent prevalence and severity in both human and animal models. We sought to elucidate sex differences in synovitis, mechanical sensitization, structural damage, bone remodeling, and the synovial transcriptome in the anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACLR) mouse model of post-traumatic OA (PTOA). DESIGN Male and female 12-week-old C57/BL6J mice were randomized to Sham or noninvasive ACLR with harvests at 7d or 28d post-ACLR (n = 9 per sex in each group - Sham, 7d ACLR, 28d ACLR). Knee hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, and intra-articular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity (via intravital imaging) were measured longitudinally. Trabecular and subchondral bone (SCB) remodeling and osteophyte formation were assessed by µCT. Histological scoring of PTOA, synovitis, and anti-MMP13 immunostaining were performed. NaV1.8-Cre;tdTomato mice were used to document localization and sprouting of nociceptors. Bulk RNA-seq of synovium in Sham, 7d, and 28d post-ACLR, and contralateral joints (n = 6 per group per sex) assessed injury-induced and sex-dependent gene expression. RESULTS Male mice exhibited more severe joint damage at 7d and 28d and more severe synovitis at 28d, accompanied by 19% greater MMP activity, 8% lower knee hyperalgesia threshold, and 43% lower hindpaw withdrawal threshold in injured limbs compared to female injured limbs. Females had injury-induced catabolic responses in trabecular and SCB, whereas males exhibited 133% greater normalized osteophyte volume relative to females and sclerotic remodeling of trabecular and SCB. NaV1.8+ nociceptor sprouting in SCB and medial synovium was induced by injury and comparable between sexes. RNA-seq of synovium demonstrated similar injury-induced transcriptomic programs between the sexes at 7d, but only female mice exhibited a transcriptomic signature indicative of synovial inflammatory resolution by 28d, whereas males had persistent pro-inflammatory, pro-fibrotic, pro-neurogenic, and pro-angiogenic gene expression. CONCLUSION Male mice exhibited more severe overall joint damage and pain behavior after ACLR, which was associated with persistent activation of synovial inflammatory, fibrotic, and neuroangiogenic processes, implicating persistent synovitis in driving sex differences in murine PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Bergman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lindsey Lammlin
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lucas Junginger
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Easton Farrell
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sam Goldman
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rose Darcy
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Cody Rasner
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Alia M Obeidat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rachel E Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tristan Maerz
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Poulsen RC, Jain L, Dalbeth N. Re-thinking osteoarthritis pathogenesis: what can we learn (and what do we need to unlearn) from mouse models about the mechanisms involved in disease development. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:59. [PMID: 37046337 PMCID: PMC10100340 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-03042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop effective disease-modifying drugs to treat osteoarthritis have so far proved unsuccessful with a number of promising drug candidates from pre-clinical studies failing to show efficacy in clinical trials. It is therefore timely to re-evaluate our current understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis and the similarities and differences in disease development between commonly used pre-clinical mouse models and human patients. There is substantial heterogeneity between patients presenting with osteoarthritis and mounting evidence that the pathways involved in osteoarthritis (e.g. Wnt signalling) differ between patient sub-groups. There is also emerging evidence that the pathways involved in osteoarthritis differ between the STR/ort mouse model (the most extensively studied mouse model of spontaneously occurring osteoarthritis) and injury-induced osteoarthritis mouse models. For instance, while canonical Wnt signalling is upregulated in the synovium and cartilage at an early stage of disease in injury-induced osteoarthritis mouse models, this does not appear to be the case in the STR/ort mouse. Such findings may prove insightful for understanding the heterogeneity in mechanisms involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis in human disease. However, it is important to recognise that there are differences between mice and humans in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. A much more extensive array of pathological changes are evident in osteoarthritic joints in individual mice with osteoarthritis compared to individual patients. There are also specified differences in the pathways involved in disease development. For instance, although increased TGF-β signalling is implicated in osteoarthritis development in both mouse models of osteoarthritis and human disease, in mice, this is mainly mediated through TGF-β3 whereas in humans, it is through TGF-β1. Studies in other tissues have shown TGF-β1 is more potent than TGF-β3 in inducing the switch to SMAD1/5 signalling that occurs in osteoarthritic cartilage and that TGF-β1 and TGF-β3 have opposing effects on fibrosis. It is therefore possible that the relative contribution of TGF-β signalling to joint pathology in osteoarthritis differs between murine models and humans. Understanding the similarities and differences in osteoarthritis pathogenesis between mouse models and humans is critical for understanding the translational potential of findings from pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Lekha Jain
- Department of Pharmacology & Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dhanabalan KM, Dravid AA, Agarwal S, Sharath RK, Padmanabhan AK, Agarwal R. Intra-articular injection of rapamycin microparticles prevent senescence and effectively treat osteoarthritis. Bioeng Transl Med 2022; 8:e10298. [PMID: 36684078 PMCID: PMC9842044 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the knee joint is associated with significant cartilage degeneration and erosion of subchondral bone, which eventually leads to osteoarthritis (OA), resulting in substantial morbidity and healthcare burden. With no disease-modifying drugs in clinics, the current standard of care focuses on symptomatic relief and viscosupplementation. Modulation of autophagy and targeting senescence pathways are emerging as potential treatment strategies. Rapamycin has shown promise in OA disease amelioration by autophagy upregulation, yet its clinical use is hindered by difficulties in achieving therapeutic concentrations, necessitating multiple weekly injections. Rapamycin-loaded in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles (RMPs) induced autophagy, prevented senescence, and sustained sulphated glycosaminoglycans production in primary human articular chondrocytes from OA patients. RMPs were potent, nontoxic, and exhibited high retention time (up to 35 days) in mice joints. Intra-articular delivery of RMPs effectively mitigated cartilage damage and inflammation in surgery-induced OA when administered as a prophylactic or therapeutic regimen. Together, the study demonstrates the feasibility of using RMPs as a potential clinically translatable therapy to prevent the progression of post-traumatic OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaamini M. Dhanabalan
- Centre for BioSystems Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBengaluruIndia
| | - Ameya A. Dravid
- Centre for BioSystems Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBengaluruIndia
| | - Smriti Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBengaluruIndia
| | | | | | - Rachit Agarwal
- Centre for BioSystems Science and EngineeringIndian Institute of ScienceBengaluruIndia
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Subramanian N, Tavira B, Hofwimmer K, Gutsmann B, Massier L, Abildgaard J, Juul A, Rydén M, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. Sex-specific regulation of IL-10 production in human adipose tissue in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:996954. [PMID: 36313784 PMCID: PMC9606404 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.996954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-associated metabolic complications display sexual dimorphism and can be impacted by cytokines. We previously showed that interleukin-10 (IL-10) was upregulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese women with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whether this pertains to men is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of obesity and T2D on WAT IL-10 levels in men versus women. METHODS Plasma and subcutaneous WAT biopsies were obtained from 108 metabolically well-characterized individuals. WAT IL10 expression/secretion and WAT-resident IL-10-secreting macrophage number were measured. Circulating sex hormone levels were correlated to WAT IL10 expression in 22 individuals and sex hormone effects on macrophage IL10 expression were investigated in vitro. RESULTS Obese women with T2D showed increased IL10 expression/secretion and IL-10-secreting WAT macrophage number compared to other female groups. This difference was absent in men. Non-obese women and men with T2D showed similar IL-10 levels compared to healthy controls, indicating that T2D alone does not regulate IL-10. Although WAT IL10 expression correlated with serum estrone (E1) concentrations, recombinant E1 did not affect macrophage IL10 expression in vitro. CONCLUSION WAT IL-10 levels are higher in women with obesity and T2D, but not in men and this effect is primarily attributed to obesity per se. This is less likely to be driven by circulating sex hormones. We propose that the WAT IL-10 might exert protective effects in obesity-associated chronic inflammation in women which could be one of the contributing factors for the decreased morbidity observed in women during obesity than men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmadha Subramanian
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Narmadha Subramanian, ; Jurga Laurencikiene,
| | - Beatriz Tavira
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaisa Hofwimmer
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beate Gutsmann
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lucas Massier
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Medical Department III – Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julie Abildgaard
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid laboratory, Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Narmadha Subramanian, ; Jurga Laurencikiene,
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Hwang HS, Park IY, Hong JI, Kim JR, Kim HA. Comparison of joint degeneration and pain in male and female mice in DMM model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:728-738. [PMID: 33609695 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE While the prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women, male mice are more frequently used in animal experiments to explore its pathogenesis or drug efficacy. In this study, we examined whether sexual dimorphism affects pain and joint degeneration in destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model. METHODS DMM or sham surgery was performed on the knee of male and female C57BL/6 mice. Joint damage was assessed by safranin O staining and scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. Von Frey hair, incapacitance, and rotarod tests were conducted to measure joint pain. The analgesic effect of capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist, was compared between male and female mice. RESULTS Histology and OARSI scoring analysis showed that cartilage degeneration developed, and progressed in both male and female DMM groups, however, damage was less severe in females at the late stage of OA. Pain behavior, as measured by mechanical allodynia, was displayed for longer in male DMM mice compared to females. Incapacitance data showed that CPZ significantly reduced DMM-induced pain in male mice but not in female mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that DMM surgery increased the expression of TRPV1 in both female and male dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Injection of CPZ significantly suppressed TRPV1 expression in the DRG of male mice only. CONCLUSION Joint damage develops comparably in both female and male mice after DMM although it progresses less in females. There was a subtle sex difference in pain behaviors and analgesic efficacy of a TRPV1 antagonist, which was accompanied by a differential regulation of TPRV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Hwang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea
| | - I Y Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea
| | - J I Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea
| | - J R Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea
| | - H A Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Kyunggi, 14068, South Korea; Institute for Skeletal Aging, Hallym University, Chunchon, 24251, South Korea.
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Temp J, Labuz D, Negrete R, Sunkara V, Machelska H. Pain and knee damage in male and female mice in the medial meniscal transection-induced osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:475-485. [PMID: 31830592 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate sex effects on pain-related behaviors in the medial meniscal transection (MMT) knee osteoarthritis (OA) model. METHODS Experiments were performed in male and female C57BL/6J mice (12/group/sex). MMT was induced by transection of the medial collateral ligament and the medial meniscus. Sham-operated and naïve mice served as controls. Mechanical and heat sensitivity in hind paws, hind limb use, and locomotor activity were measured for 3 months. Knee histology was performed on week 12. RESULTS In males, MMT triggered a bi-phasic mechanical hypersensitivity and decreased load on OA limb, with an acute post-operative (1-5 days) and chronic (3-12 weeks) OA phases separated by a remission in the intermediate phase (1-2 weeks). Females showed a less pronounced bi-phasic pattern, with a greater mechanical hypersensitivity, but not poorer limb use, than males in the intermediate phase (maximal difference: 1.1 g, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [0.7, 1.5]). There were no major sex differences in the chronic phase. MMT did not induce heat hypersensitivity or change in locomotor activity in the chronic phase in both sexes. MMT caused more severe cartilage damage in males than in females (maximal difference: 1.1 score points, 95% CI [1.9, 0.3]), and a comparable between sexes osteophyte formation. The knee damage did not correlate with pain. CONCLUSIONS MMT modelled human knee OA well, capturing cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation, mechanical pain, and poorer limb use in both sexes. Sex differences in pain were modality- and time-dependent, reflecting complex sex-related features of human OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Temp
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - D Labuz
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - R Negrete
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - V Sunkara
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany; Computational Medicine, Zuse Institute Berlin, Germany.
| | - H Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
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Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Arthritis Pain Using Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020533. [PMID: 31947680 PMCID: PMC7013391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis, including osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD) worldwide. Although pain is the cardinal symptom of arthritis, which is directly related to function and quality of life, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of pain in arthritis has lagged behind other areas, such as inflammation control and regulation of autoimmunity. The lack of therapeutics for optimal pain management is partially responsible for the current epidemic of opioid and narcotic abuse. Recent advances in animal experimentation and molecular biology have led to significant progress in our understanding of arthritis pain. Despite the inherent problems in the extrapolation of data gained from animal pain studies to arthritis in human patients, the critical assessment of molecular mediators and translational studies would help to define the relevance of novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of arthritis pain. This review discusses biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of arthritis pain determined in animal models of OA and RA, along with the methodologies used.
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9
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Kanakis I, Liu K, Poulet B, Javaheri B, van 't Hof RJ, Pitsillides AA, Bou-Gharios G. Targeted Inhibition of Aggrecanases Prevents Articular Cartilage Degradation and Augments Bone Mass in the STR/Ort Mouse Model of Spontaneous Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:571-582. [PMID: 30379418 DOI: 10.1002/art.40765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis (OA) is mediated mainly by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and ADAMTS. The therapeutic candidature of targeting aggrecanases has not yet been defined in joints in which spontaneous OA arises from genetic susceptibility, as in the case of the STR/Ort mouse, without a traumatic or load-induced etiology. In addition, we do not know the long-term effect of aggrecanase inhibition on bone. We undertook this study to assess the potential aggrecanase selectivity of a variant of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3), called [-1A]TIMP-3, on spontaneous OA development and bone formation in STR/Ort mice. METHODS Using the background of STR/Ort mice, which develop spontaneous OA, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress [-1A]TIMP-3, either ubiquitously or conditionally in chondrocytes. [-1A]TIMP-3 has an extra alanine at the N-terminus that selectively inhibits ADAMTS but not MMPs. We analyzed a range of OA-related measures in all mice at age 40 weeks. RESULTS Mice expressing high levels of [-1A]TIMP-3 were protected against development of OA, while those expressing low levels were not. Interestingly, we also found that high levels of [-1A]TIMP-3 transgene overexpression resulted in increased bone mass, particularly in females. This regulation of bone mass was at least partly direct, as adult mouse primary osteoblasts infected with [-1A]TIMP-3 in vitro showed elevated rates of mineralization. CONCLUSION The results provide evidence that [-1A]TIMP-3-mediated inhibition of aggrecanases can protect against cartilage degradation in a naturally occurring mouse model of OA, and they highlight a novel role that aggrecanase inhibition may play in increased bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Liu
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Staines K, Poulet B, Wentworth D, Pitsillides A. The STR/ort mouse model of spontaneous osteoarthritis - an update. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:802-808. [PMID: 27965138 PMCID: PMC5446355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease and a world-wide healthcare burden. Characterized by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone thickening and osteophyte formation, osteoarthritis inflicts much pain and suffering, for which there are currently no disease-modifying treatments available. Mouse models of osteoarthritis are proving critical in advancing our understanding of the underpinning molecular mechanisms. The STR/ort mouse is a well-recognized model which develops a natural form of osteoarthritis very similar to the human disease. In this Review we discuss the use of the STR/ort mouse in understanding this multifactorial disease with an emphasis on recent advances in its genetics and its bone, endochondral and immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.A. Staines
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK,Address correspondence and reprint requests to: K.A. Staines, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK.Edinburgh Napier UniversitySchool of Applied SciencesSighthill CampusEdinburghEH11 4BNUK
| | - B. Poulet
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Musculoskeletal Biology 1, University of Liverpool, Room 286, Second Floor, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - D.N. Wentworth
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - A.A. Pitsillides
- The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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Koenen K, Knepper I, Klodt M, Osterberg A, Stratos I, Mittlmeier T, Histing T, Menger MD, Vollmar B, Bruhn S, Müller-Hilke B. Sprint Interval Training Induces A Sexual Dimorphism but does not Improve Peak Bone Mass in Young and Healthy Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44047. [PMID: 28303909 PMCID: PMC5355982 DOI: 10.1038/srep44047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated peak bone mass in early adulthood reduces the risk for osteoporotic fractures at old age. As sports participation has been correlated with elevated peak bone masses, we aimed to establish a training program that would efficiently stimulate bone accrual in healthy young mice. We combined voluntary treadmill running with sprint interval training modalities that were tailored to the individual performance limits and were of either high or intermediate intensity. Adolescent male and female STR/ort mice underwent 8 weeks of training before the hind legs were analyzed for cortical and trabecular bone parameters and biomechanical strength. Sprint interval training led to increased running speeds, confirming an efficient training. However, males and females responded differently. The males improved their running speeds in response to intermediate intensities only and accrued cortical bone at the expense of mechanical strength. High training intensities induced a significant loss of trabecular bone. The female bones showed neither adverse nor beneficial effects in response to either training intensities. Speculations about the failure to improve geometric alongside mechanical bone properties include the possibility that our training lacked sufficient axial loading, that high cardio-vascular strains adversely affect bone growth and that there are physiological limits to bone accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Koenen
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Isabell Knepper
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Madlen Klodt
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Anja Osterberg
- Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Ioannis Stratos
- Department for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Department for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Tina Histing
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Michael D Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Sven Bruhn
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Rostock University, Germany
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Small animal models to understand pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and use of stem cell in cartilage regeneration. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:3-11. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Osterberg A, Thiem D, Herlyn P, Mittlmeier T, Frerich B, Müller-Hilke B. Subchondral bone sclerosis and cancellous bone loss following OA induction depend on the underlying bone phenotype. Joint Bone Spine 2016; 84:71-77. [PMID: 27236261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Osteoarthritis (OA) is increasingly considered a disease of the whole joint, yet the interplay between the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone remains obscure. We here set out to investigate the impact of bone mass on the progression of surgically induced knee OA in the mouse. METHODS OA was induced in the right knees of female C57BL/6 (low bone mass) and STR/ort (high bone mass) mice via anterior cruciate ligament transection and destabilization of the medial meniscus. At 36 weeks of age, left and right knee joints were histologically compared for cartilage degeneration and via microCT analysis for subchondral bone plate thickness. In addition, femora were analyzed for bone mass at diaphysis and distal meta- and epiphysis. RESULTS The severity of cartilage deterioration did not differ under high and low bone mass conditions. However, the extent of bone sclerosis differed and was proportional to the baseline subchondral bone plate thickness. Moreover, the cancellous bone loss following OA progression was inversely related to the bone mass: high bone mass restricted the loss to the epiphysis, whereas low bone mass allowed for a more widespread loss extending into the metaphysis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that cartilage degeneration is independent of the underlying bone mass. In contrast, subchondral bone remodeling associated with OA progression seem to correlate with the initial bone mass and suggest an enhanced crosstalk between the deteriorating cartilage and the subchondral bone under low bone mass conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Osterberg
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Thiem
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Herlyn
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Mittlmeier
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department for Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernhard Frerich
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte Müller-Hilke
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute for Immunology, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Caramés B, Olmer M, Kiosses WB, Lotz MK. The relationship of autophagy defects to cartilage damage during joint aging in a mouse model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1568-76. [PMID: 25708836 DOI: 10.1002/art.39073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging is a main risk factor for osteo arthritis (OA), the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder. Defects in autophagy, an essential cellular homeostasis mechanism, have recently been observed in OA articular cartilage. The objectives of this study were to establish the constitutive level of autophagy activation in normal cartilage and to monitor the temporal relationship between changes in autophagy and aging-related degradation of cartilage in a mouse model. METHODS In GFP-LC3-transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-light chain 3 (LC3) is ubiquitously expressed, and the accumulation of GFP puncta, representing autophagosomes, was quantified by confocal microscopy as a measure of autophagy activation. Expression of the autophagy proteins autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG-5) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cartilage cellularity, apoptotic cell death, and cartilage structural damage and changes in synovium and bone were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Basal autophagy activation was detected in liver and knee articular cartilage from young (6-month-old) mice, with higher levels in cartilage than in liver in the same animals. In 28-month-old mice, there was a statistically significant reduction in the total number of autophagic vesicles per cell (P < 0.01) and in the total area of vesicles per cell (P < 0.01) in the articular cartilage as compared to that from young 6-month-old mice. With increasing age, the expression of ATG-5 and LC3 decreased, and this was followed by a reduction in cartilage cellularity and an increase in the apoptosis marker poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase p85. Cartilage structural damage progressed in an age-dependent manner subsequent to the autophagy changes. CONCLUSION Autophagy is constitutively activated in normal cartilage. This is compromised with aging and precedes cartilage cell death and structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Caramés
- The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña SERGAS and Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Merissa Olmer
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Martin K Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a slowly progressing, degenerative disorder of synovial joints culminating in the irreversible destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. It affects almost everyone over the age of 65 and influences life quality of affected individuals with enormous costs to the health care system. Current therapeutic strategies seek to ameliorate pain and increase mobility; however, to date none of them halts disease progression or regenerates damaged cartilage or bone. Thus, there is an ultimate need for the development of new, noninvasive treatments that could substitute joint replacement for late- or end-stage patients. Therefore, osteoarthritis animal models for mimicking of all OA features are important. Mice develop an OA pathology that is comparable to humans, rapidly develop OA due to the short lifetime and show reproducible OA symptoms. They provide a versatile and widely used animal model for analyzing molecular mechanisms of OA pathology. One major advantage over large animal models is the availability of knockout or transgenic mice strains to examine genetic predispositions/contributions to OA.In this chapter, we describe three widely used instability-inducing murine osteoarthritis models. The most common two methods for surgical induction are: (1) destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) and (2) anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). In the DMM model, the medial meniscotibial ligament is transected while in the ACLT model the anterior cruciate ligament is destroyed. In the third, chemical induced instability method, intraarticular collagenase is injected into the knee joint. Intraarticular collagenase weakens articular ligaments which cause instability of the joint, and full-blown OA develops within 6 weeks. For morphological evaluation, we correspond mainly to the recommendations of OARSI for histological assessment of osteoarthritis in mouse. For statistical evaluation summed or mean scores of all four knee areas (medial tibial plateau (MTP), medial tibial condyle (MFC), lateral tibial plateau (LTP) or lateral femoral condyle (LFC)), medial and/or lateral regions are used.In future, not only large animal models like guinea pigs, sheep, goats, or horses will be important for a better understanding of osteoarthritis, but especially the mouse model with its rapid development of osteoarthritis and its numerous advantages by providing knockout or transgenic strains will become more and more relevant for drug development and determination of genetic predispositions of osteoarthritis pathology.
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Pasold J, Engelmann R, Keller J, Joost S, Marshall RP, Frerich B, Müller-Hilke B. High bone mass in the STR/ort mouse results from increased bone formation and impaired bone resorption and is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis. J Bone Miner Metab 2013. [PMID: 23192248 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-012-0394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We here describe the novel high bone mass phenotype in STR/ort mice that leads to increased bone masses of cortical and trabecular bone and is associated with elevated osteoblast activity and impaired osteoclast function alike. Comparison of STR/ort and C57BL/6 mice reveals an increase in trabecular bone volumes of the vertebrae and at femoral metaphysis. In the females, this difference is significant as early as 2 months of age and at 9 months the females by far exceed their age matched males in all parameters measured. The increase in cortical bone mass at femoral diaphysis results from an apposition to the endosteal surface, it is significant for both sexes as early as 1 month of age and leads to bone marrow compression and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Altered activities of both, the osteoblast and the osteoclast contribute to the high bone mass and collectively this phenotype supports a multifactorial pathogenesis. Moreover, the spontaneous development of osteoarthritis in male STR/ort mice is suggestive of a tight correlation between trabecular bone mass and the development of degenerative changes of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Pasold
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 68, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Pasold J, Osterberg A, Peters K, Taipaleenmäki H, Säämänen AM, Vollmar B, Müller-Hilke B. Reduced expression of Sfrp1 during chondrogenesis and in articular chondrocytes correlates with osteoarthritis in STR/ort mice. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:649-59. [PMID: 23261541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To circumvent the problems of genetic and environmental diversity hampering the analysis in humans, we turned to a murine model for human knee osteoarthritis (OA) and fine mapped a previously defined OA-quantitative trait locus (QTL). We here focused on one of the candidate genes within the OA-QTL encoding the Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled related protein 1 (Sfrp1). Sequence analysis of the Sfrp1 gene in the OA strain STR/ort revealed 23 polymorphic changes with a potential to alter the gene expression. Indeed, a reduced expression in STR/ort mice was demonstrated for articular chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes of the femoral growth plate as shown by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR of in vitro generated mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and chondrogenically differentiated MSC (cMSC) confirmed the reduced Sfrp1 expression in STR/ort mice. This reduced Sfrp1 expression in MSC correlated with an increased amount of cytoplasmic β-catenin, a downregulation of the Wnt target gene PPARγ and an upregulation of Runx2 as well as a preferential differentiation of the MSC along the osteoblasts lineage. Given the role of Wnt signalling during chondrogenesis and in maintaining the integrity of the long lived articular chondrocytes, we conclude from our results that the reduced Sfrp1 expression in STR/ort mice not only leads to an increased activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling early in life but also renders the articular cartilage prone to premature ageing and to the development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Pasold
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Ramsey JM, Schwarz E, Guest PC, van Beveren NJM, Leweke FM, Rothermundt M, Bogerts B, Steiner J, Ruta L, Baron-Cohen S, Bahn S. Molecular sex differences in human serum. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51504. [PMID: 23251558 PMCID: PMC3520798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sex is an important factor in the prevalence, incidence, progression, and response to treatment of many medical conditions, including autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and psychiatric conditions. Identification of molecular differences between typical males and females can provide a valuable basis for exploring conditions differentially affected by sex. Methodology/Principal Findings Using multiplexed immunoassays, we analyzed 174 serum molecules in 9 independent cohorts of typical individuals, comprising 196 males and 196 females. Sex differences in analyte levels were quantified using a meta-analysis approach and put into biological context using k-means to generate clusters of analytes with distinct biological functions. Natural sex differences were established in these analyte groups and these were applied to illustrate sexually dimorphic analyte expression in a cohort of 22 males and 22 females with Asperger syndrome. Reproducible sex differences were found in the levels of 77 analytes in serum of typical controls, and these comprised clusters of molecules enriched with distinct biological functions. Analytes involved in fatty acid oxidation/hormone regulation, immune cell growth and activation, and cell death were found at higher levels in females, and analytes involved in immune cell chemotaxis and other indistinct functions were higher in males. Comparison of these naturally occurring sex differences against a cohort of people with Asperger syndrome indicated that a cluster of analytes that had functions related to fatty acid oxidation/hormone regulation was associated with sex and the occurrence of this condition. Conclusions/Significance Sex-specific molecular differences were detected in serum of typical controls and these were reproducible across independent cohorts. This study extends current knowledge of sex differences in biological functions involved in metabolism and immune function. Deviations from typical sex differences were found in a cluster of molecules in Asperger syndrome. These findings illustrate the importance of investigating the influence of sex on medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Ramsey
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. Guest
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - F. Markus Leweke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Liliana Ruta
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Braza-Boïls A, Ferrándiz ML, Terencio MC, Alcaraz MJ. Analysis of early biochemical markers and regulation by tin protoporphyrin IX in a model of spontaneous osteoarthritis. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:406-9. [PMID: 22459696 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in joint tissues lead to osteoarthritis (OA). Detection of early changes in OA patients may help to initiate treatments before the establishment of irreversible joint destruction. STR/ort mice develop with age a severe degenerative joint disease that resembles human OA thus allowing the investigation of biochemical markers as well as new treatments in an accelerated time frame. We have analyzed the changes in serum levels of different mediators during the early phases of idiopathic OA in STR/ort mice. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) but not those of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin(IL)-1β, IL-17 or prostaglandin E(2) correlated with histopathological changes in knees of STR/ort mice at 9 weeks. Treatment of animals with tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP, 12 mg/kg/dayi.p.) for 4 weeks significantly reduced the progression of OA. Our data suggest that MMP-3 is a sensitive biomarker to detect early OA alterations and that SnPP could be a protective agent in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Braza-Boïls
- Department of Pharmacology, and IDM, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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Impact of sex hormones, insulin, growth factors and peptides on cartilage health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 45:239-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the mouse. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18 Suppl 3:S17-23. [PMID: 20864019 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1045] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe a histologic scoring system for murine osteoarthritis (OA) that can be applied universally to instability, enzymatic, transgenic and spontaneous OA models. METHODS Scientists with expertise in assessing murine OA histopathology reviewed the merits and drawbacks of methods described in the literature. A semi-quantitative scoring system that could reasonably be employed in any basic cartilage histology laboratory was proposed. This scoring system was applied to a set of 10 images of the medial tibial plateau and femoral condyle to yield 20 scores. These images were scored twice by four experienced scorers (CL, SG, MC, TA), with a minimum time interval of 1 week between scores to obtain intra-observer variability. An additional three novice scorers (CR, CL and MM) with no previous experience evaluated the images to determine the ease of use and reproducibility across laboratories. RESULTS The semi-quantitative scoring system was relatively easy to apply for both experienced and novice scorers and the results had low inter- and intra-scorer variability. The variation in scores across both the experienced and novice scorers was low for both tibia and femur, with the tibia always having greater consistency. CONCLUSIONS The semi-quantitative scoring system recommended here is simple to apply and required no specialized equipment. Scoring of the tibial plateaus was highly reproducible and more consistent than that of the femur due to the much thinner femoral cartilage. This scoring system may be a useful tool for both new and experienced scorers to sensitively evaluate models and OA mechanisms, and also provide a common paradigm for comparative evaluation across the many groups performing these analyses.
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Clements DN, Short AD, Barnes A, Kennedy LJ, Ferguson JF, Butterworth SJ, Fitzpatrick N, Pead M, Bennett D, Innes JF, Carter SD, Ollier WER. A Candidate Gene Study of Canine Joint Diseases. J Hered 2009; 101:54-60. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esp088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Jaeger K, Selent C, Jaehme W, Mahr S, Goebel U, Ibrahim S, Vollmar B, Mueller-Hilke B. The genetics of osteoarthritis in STR/ort mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:607-14. [PMID: 17931911 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The complex genetics of osteoarthritis (OA) are still poorly defined. To circumvent the problems of genetic and environmental diversity hampering the analysis in humans, we investigated quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with murine OA in the STR/ort strain which spontaneously develops osteoarthritic changes of the knee joints, overweight and elevated serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels. METHODS Two hundred and seventy six male F2 intercross (STR/ortxC57BL/6) animals were genotyped using 96 microsatellite markers and phenotyped by analyzing weight, serum COMP levels and osteoarthritic changes of the knee joints. Quantitative trait analyses were performed using the R/qtl software. RESULTS Elevated weight, serum COMP levels and osteoarthritic changes of the knee joints in the F2 generation compared to C57BL/6 parental animals confirm Mendelian inheritance. Quantitative trait analyses revealed three weight-, one serum COMP- and one OA-locus. CONCLUSIONS The weight-QTL coincide with previously described genes and QTL involved in fatty acid metabolism and offer a plausible explanation for the observed phenotype in STR/ort mice. The exact match of the COMP-QTL and the COMP gene itself suggests a regulatory polymorphism to account for elevated serum levels in STR/ort mice and questions the robustness of serum COMP as a prognostic marker in human knee OA. The newly identified QTL associated with degenerative changes of the knee joints support the concept of OA resulting from a defective chondrocyte metabolism and/or altered apoptosis rate. However, we also discuss the unlikelihood of one QTL being responsible for OA in STR/ort mice and the inherent limitations of microsatellite analyses for complex genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jaeger
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Ma HL, Blanchet TJ, Peluso D, Hopkins B, Morris EA, Glasson SS. Osteoarthritis severity is sex dependent in a surgical mouse model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:695-700. [PMID: 17207643 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of sex hormones in cartilage degradation and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in a murine model induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). DESIGN Accelerated OA development in mice was induced by transection of the menisco-tibial ligament, which anchors the medial meniscus to the tibial plateau. Intact male and female, and orchiectomized (ORX) male and ovariectomized (OVX) female mouse knee histology were compared for signs of OA following DMM. The effect of testosterone or estrogen addition in vivo was assessed in ORX males in the surgical OA model. RESULTS OA severity was markedly higher in males than females after DMM. OVX females developed significantly more severe OA than control females. ORX males developed significantly less severe OA than control males. When ORX male mice were supplemented with exogenous dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the severity of OA was restored to the level experienced by the control male mice. Hip cartilage from mice of both sexes demonstrated similar spontaneous and interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) induced proteoglycan (PG) release in vitro. DHT and 17-beta estradiol (E2) did not significantly alter the PG release pattern when supplemented to cartilage cultures of either sex. CONCLUSION Sex hormones play a critical role in the progression of OA in the murine DMM surgical model, with males having more severe OA than females. Intact females had more OA than OVX females, indicating that ovarian hormones decrease the severity of OA in the female mice. Male hormones, such as testosterone, exacerbate OA in male mice as demonstrated by the fact that ORX mice experienced less OA than intact males, and that addition of DHT to ORX males was able to counteract the effect of castration and re-establish severe OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Ma
- Wyeth, Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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de Hooge ASK, van de Loo FAJ, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, de Hooge P, van den Berg WB. Male IL-6 gene knock out mice developed more advanced osteoarthritis upon aging. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:66-73. [PMID: 15639639 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is expressed in osteoarthritic joints but its function in osteoarthritis (OA) is unknown. To study this, spontaneous and experimental OA were evaluated in IL-6 deficient (IL-6(-/-)) mice. DESIGN Histology of knees of 18-23-month-old wild type (wt) and IL-6(-/-) mice was compared for signs of OA. Cartilage proteoglycan (PG) density was measured by image analysis on safranin-O stained whole knee sections. Chondrocyte PG synthesis was measured ex vivo by (35)S-sulfate incorporation. Knee bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. In young mice (3 months), OA was induced by intra-articular injection of collagenase. RESULTS The incidence of extensive cartilage loss at both lateral and medial sides was markedly higher in old IL-6(-/-) males, but not in females, as compared to their wt controls. Compared to age-matched wt mice, reduced ex vivo PG synthesis was found during aging in IL-6(-/-) males, without affecting their cartilage PG density. IL-6(-/-) males showed more extensive extracellular matrix deposition in the collateral ligaments and subchondral bone sclerosis, predominantly at the medial side. Total knee BMD decreased more in IL-6(-/-) (-23%) than in wt (-10%) males during aging. Collagenase-induced OA showed a similar degree of joint pathology in both strains, implying that OA susceptibility was not different at younger age. CONCLUSIONS Upon aging, IL-6(-/-) male mice developed more severe spontaneous OA. Reduced PG synthesis and BMD values might be indicative for an impaired repair response in IL-6(-/-) mice. This suggests a protective role for IL-6 in age-related OA in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfons S K de Hooge
- Rheumatology Research Laboratory, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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