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Komura K, Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Yoshizaki A, Hasegawa M, Varga J, Takehara K, Matsushita T. Perspective to precision medicine in scleroderma. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1298665. [PMID: 38304250 PMCID: PMC10830793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1298665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare and heterogeneous disease with no relevant environmental trigger or significant responsible gene. It has been and will continue to be difficult to identify large enough patients to conduct classic population-based epidemiologic exposure/non-exposure studies with adequate power to ascertain environmental and genetic risk factors for these entities. The complexity of pathogenesis and heterogeneity are likely to require personalized/precision medicine for SSc. Since several potential drugs are currently available for specific patients if not whole SSc, classification of SSc seems to form the foundation for a better therapeutic strategy. To date, SSc has been classified based on the extent/severity of the affected area as well as some disease markers, including the autoantibody profile. However, such an analysis should also lead to improvements in the design of appropriately stratified clinical trials to determine the effects and prediction of targeted therapies. An approach based on drug response preclinically conducted using patients' own fibroblasts in vitro, can provide a precise disease marker/therapeutic selection for clinical practice. Because scleroderma dermal fibroblasts have a persistent hyper-productive phenotype occurring not only in person, but also in cell culture conditions. Thus, an accumulating approach based on disease markers ensures progression and de-escalation to re-establish a better life with a personally optimized drug environment after the onset of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Komura
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa Red Cross Hospital, Japanese Red Cross Society, Kanazawa, Japan
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Koichi Yanaba
- Department of Dermatology, Jikei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - John Varga
- Northwestern Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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Huang J, Zhu H, Liu S, Li M, Li Y, Luo H, Zuo X. Protein profiling in systemic sclerosis patients with different pulmonary complications using proteomic antibody microarray. Arthritis Res Ther 2024; 26:29. [PMID: 38233947 PMCID: PMC10792928 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-024-03267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) are leading causes of systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related death. In this study, we aimed to identify biomarkers for detecting SSc pulmonary complications that are mild and in the early stages to improve the prognosis. METHODS We screened for serum biomarkers using a proteomic antibody microarray that simultaneously assessed 1000 proteins. Differentially expressed proteins were further verified using ELISA. Finally, we performed a correlation analysis using clinical data. RESULTS We identified 125 differentially expressed proteins, of which calcitonin, sclerostin (SOST), CD40, and fibronectin were selected for further verification. Serum calcitonin and SOST levels were significantly elevated in all SSc pulmonary complication subgroups, whereas serum calcitonin levels were higher in the SSc with PAH subgroup than in the SSc without PAH and ILD subgroup. Serum SOST levels were possibly associated with the presence of ILD and positively related to the presence of cardiac and gastrointestinal involvement. Serum CD40 and calcitonin levels appeared to be positively related to the presence of renal involvement, and serum calcitonin was also positively related to the presence of gastrointestinal involvement. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that serum calcitonin and SOST levels may be promising biomarkers for SSc-related PAH and ILD, respectively. Further research is needed to verify this result and understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Honglin Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Changsha, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, No.1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Yisha Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Provincial Clinical Research Center for Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Changsha, China
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3
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Epigenetic Dysregulation in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:447-471. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-022-08956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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B Cell Aberrance in Lupus: the Ringleader and the Solution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:301-323. [PMID: 33534064 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity but the common characterization of numerous autoantibodies and systemic inflammation which lead to the damage of multiple organs. Aberrance of B cells plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of SLE via both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent manners. Escape of autoreactive B cells from the central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints, over-activation of B cells and their excessive cytokines release which drive T cells and dendritic cells stimulation, and dysregulated surface molecules, as well as intracellular signal pathways involved in B cell biology, are all contributing to B cell aberrance and participating in the pathogenesis of SLE. Based on that rationale, targeting aberrance of B cells and relevant molecules and pathways is expected to be a promising strategy for lupus control. Multiple approaches targeting B cells through different mechanisms have been attempted, including B-cell depletion via monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-specific molecules, blockade of B-cell survival and activation factors, suppressing T-B crosstalk by interrupting costimulatory molecules and inhibiting intracellular activation signaling cascade by targeting pathway molecules in B cells. Though most attempts ended in failure, the efficacy of B-cell targeting has been encouraged by the FDA approval of belimumab that blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the recommended use of anti-CD20 as a remedial therapy in refractory lupus. Still, quantities of clinical trials targeting B cells or relevant molecules are ongoing and some of them have displayed promising preliminary results. Additionally, advances in multi-omics studies help deepen our understandings of B cell biology in lupus and may promote the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. The combination of real-world data with basic research achievements may pave the road to conquering lupus.
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Nicholson SM, Casey KA, Gunsior M, Drabic S, Iverson W, Cook H, Scott S, O'Day T, Karanth S, Dixit R, Ryan PC. The enhanced immunopharmacology of VIB4920, a novel Tn3 fusion protein and CD40L antagonist, and assessment of its safety profile in cynomolgus monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1061-1076. [PMID: 31648370 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibition of the T- and B-cell interaction through the CD40/CD40 ligand (L) axis is a favourable approach for inflammatory disease treatment. Clinical studies of anti-CD40L molecules in autoimmune diseases have met challenges because of thromboembolic events and adverse haemostasis. VIB4920 (formerly MEDI4920) is a novel CD40L antagonist and Tn3 fusion protein designed to prevent adverse haemostasis and immunopharmacology. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, activity and toxicity of VIB4920 in monkeys. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cynomolgus monkeys received i.v. or s.c. 5-300 mg·kg-1 VIB4920 or vehicle, once weekly for 1 month (Studies 1 and 2) or 28 weeks (Study 3). VIB4920 exposure and bioavailability were determined using pharmacokinetic analyses, and immune cell population changes via flow cytometry. Pharmacological activity was evaluated by measuring the animals' capacity to elicit an immune response to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and tetanus toxoid (TT). KEY RESULTS VIB4920 demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics at multiple doses. Lymphocyte, monocyte, cytotoxic T-cell and NK cell counts were not significantly different between treatment groups. B-cell counts reduced dose-dependently and the T-cell dependent antibody response to KLH was suppressed by VIB4920 dose-dependently. The recall response to TT was similar across treatment groups. No thromboembolic events or symptoms of immune system dysfunctionality were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS VIB4920 demonstrated an acceptable safety profile in monkeys. VIB4920 showed favourable pharmacokinetics, dose-dependent inhibition of a neoantigen-specific immune response and no adverse effects on immune function following long-term use. Our data support the use of VIB4920 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Halie Cook
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Terry O'Day
- MedImmune/AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Zigrino P, Sengle G. Fibrillin microfibrils and proteases, key integrators of fibrotic pathways. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 146:3-16. [PMID: 29709492 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular networks composed of multi-domain ECM proteins represent intricate cellular microenvironments which are required to balance tissue homeostasis and direct remodeling. Structural deficiency in ECM proteins results in imbalances in ECM-cell communication resulting often times in fibrotic reactions. To understand how individual components of the ECM integrate communication with the cell surface by presenting growth factors or providing fine-tuned biomechanical properties is mandatory for gaining a better understanding of disease mechanisms in the quest for new therapeutic approaches. Here we provide an overview about what we can learn from inherited connective tissue disorders caused primarily by mutations in fibrillin-1 and binding partners as well as by altered ECM processing leading to defined structural changes and similar functional knock-in mouse models. We will utilize this knowledge to propose new molecular hypotheses which should be tested in future studies.
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Mazzone R, Zwergel C, Artico M, Taurone S, Ralli M, Greco A, Mai A. The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:34. [PMID: 30808407 PMCID: PMC6390373 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic pathways play a pivotal role in the development and function of the immune system. Over the last decade, a growing body of studies has been published out seeking to explain a correlation between epigenetic modifications and the development of autoimmune disorders. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases mainly by regulating gene expression. This paper reviews the importance of epigenetic alterations during the development of the most prevalent human autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjogren’s syndrome (SS), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), and type 1 diabetes (T1D), aiming to provide new insights in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the possibility to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Clemens Zwergel
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Samanta Taurone
- IRCCS G.B. Bietti Foundation, Via Livenza, 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy. .,Pasteur Institute - Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Matsushita T, Kobayashi T, Mizumaki K, Kano M, Sawada T, Tennichi M, Okamura A, Hamaguchi Y, Iwakura Y, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Takehara K. BAFF inhibition attenuates fibrosis in scleroderma by modulating the regulatory and effector B cell balance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas9944. [PMID: 30009261 PMCID: PMC6040844 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by skin and lung fibrosis. More than 90% of patients with SSc are positive for autoantibodies. In addition, serum B cell activating factor (BAFF) level is correlated with SSc severity and activity. Thus, B cells are considered to play a pathogenic role in SSc. However, there are two opposing subsets: regulatory B cells (Bregs) and effector B cells (Beffs). Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing Bregs negatively regulate the immune response, while IL-6-producing Beffs positively regulate it. Therefore, a protocol that selectively depletes Beffs would represent a potent therapy for SSc. The aims of this study were to investigate the roles of Bregs and Beffs in SSc and to provide a scientific basis for developing a new treatment strategy targeting B cells. A bleomycin-induced scleroderma model was induced in mice with a B cell-specific deficiency in IL-6 or IL-10. We also examined whether BAFF regulates cytokine-producing B cells and its effects on the scleroderma model. IL-6-producing Beffs increased in number and infiltrated the inflamed skin in the scleroderma model. The skin and lung fibrosis was attenuated in B cell-specific IL-6-deficient mice, whereas B cell-specific IL-10-deficient mice showed more severe fibrosis. In addition, BAFF increased Beffs but suppressed Bregs. Furthermore, BAFF antagonist attenuated skin and lung fibrosis in the scleroderma model with reduction of Beffs but not of Bregs. The current study indicates that Beffs play a pathogenic role in the scleroderma model, while Bregs play a protective role. BAFF inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for SSc via alteration of B cell balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Tadahiro Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kie Mizumaki
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Miyu Kano
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Momoko Tennichi
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Ai Okamura
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Hamaguchi
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takehara
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Matsushita T, Takehara K. An update on biomarker discovery and use in systemic sclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2017; 17:823-833. [DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1356722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takehara
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Mediation of transitional B cell maturation in the absence of functional Bruton's tyrosine kinase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46029. [PMID: 28378771 PMCID: PMC5380950 DOI: 10.1038/srep46029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked immune-deficient (Xid) mice, carrying a mutation in Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (Btk), have multiple B cell lineage differentiation defects. We now show that, while Xid mice showed only mild reduction in the frequency of the late transitional (T2) stage of peripheral B cells, the defect became severe when the Xid genotype was combined with either a CD40-null, a TCRbeta-null or an MHC class II (MHCII)-null genotype. Purified Xid T1 and T2 B cells survived poorly in vitro compared to wild-type (WT) cells. BAFF rescued WT but not Xid T1 and T2 B cells from death in culture, while CD40 ligation equivalently rescued both. Xid transitional B cells ex vivo showed low levels of the p100 protein substrate for non-canonical NF-kappaB signalling. In vitro, CD40 ligation induced equivalent activation of the canonical but not of the non-canonical NF-kappaB pathway in Xid and WT T1 and T2 B cells. CD40 ligation efficiently rescued p100-null T1 B cells from neglect-induced death in vitro. These data indicate that CD40-mediated signals, likely from CD4 T cells, can mediate peripheral transitional B cell maturation independent of Btk and the non-canonical NF-kappaB pathway, and thus contribute to the understanding of the complexities of peripheral B cell maturation.
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Capillaroscopic findings and vascular biomarkers in systemic sclerosis: Association of low CD40L levels with late scleroderma pattern. Microvasc Res 2016; 108:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morin F, Kavian N, Nicco C, Cerles O, Chéreau C, Batteux F. Niclosamide Prevents Systemic Sclerosis in a Reactive Oxygen Species–Induced Mouse Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3018-3028. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology that is characterized by fibrosis of the skin and several internal organs, vasculopathy, inflammation and autoimmunity. Animal models have improved our understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc. Many inducible and genetic animal models of SSc have been developed and characterized in the last years. All of these models have different strengths and limitations and mimic different aspects of the pathogenesis of SSc. The purpose of this review is to summarize the characteristics of the various animal models of SSc and to provide an outline of how to use these models to study certain aspects in the pathogenesis of SSc and to test the effects of potential therapeutic approaches.
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Murdaca G, Contatore M, Gulli R, Mandich P, Puppo F. Genetic factors and systemic sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Sanges S, Guerrier T, Launay D, Lefèvre G, Labalette M, Forestier A, Sobanski V, Corli J, Hauspie C, Jendoubi M, Yakoub-Agha I, Hatron PY, Hachulla E, Dubucquoi S. Role of B cells in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rev Med Interne 2016; 38:113-124. [PMID: 27020403 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an orphan disease characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Aside from vasculopathy and fibrotic processes, its pathogenesis involves an aberrant activation of immune cells, among which B cells seem to play a significant role. Indeed, B cell homeostasis is disturbed during SSc: the memory subset is activated and displays an increased susceptibility to apoptosis, which is responsible for their decreased number. This chronic loss of B cells enhances bone marrow production of the naïve subset that accounts for their increased number in peripheral blood. This permanent activation state can be explained mainly by two mechanisms: a dysregulation of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling, and an overproduction of B cell survival signals, B cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). These disturbances of B cell homeostasis induce several functional anomalies that participate in the inflammatory and fibrotic events observed during SSc: autoantibody production (some being directly pathogenic); secretion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokines (interleukin-6); direct cooperation with other SSc-involved cells [fibroblasts, through transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, and T cells]. These data justify the evaluation of anti-B cell strategies as therapeutic options for SSc, such as B cell depletion or blockage of B cell survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sanges
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - T Guerrier
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - D Launay
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - G Lefèvre
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Labalette
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Forestier
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - V Sobanski
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J Corli
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de rhumatologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C Hauspie
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Jendoubi
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France
| | - I Yakoub-Agha
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département des maladies du sang, 59000 Lille, France
| | - P-Y Hatron
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Hachulla
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, département de médecine interne et immunologie clinique, 59000 Lille, France; Centre national de référence maladies systémiques et auto-immunes rares (sclérodermie systémique), 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - S Dubucquoi
- Université de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), 59000 Lille, France; Inserm, U995, 59000 Lille, France; FHU Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases and Targeted Therapies, 59000 Lille, France; CHU de Lille, Centre de biologie-pathologie-génétique, institut d'Immunologie, 59000 Lille, France
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Barlow JD, Morrey ME, Hartzler RU, Arsoy D, Riester S, van Wijnen AJ, Morrey BF, Sanchez-Sotelo J, Abdel MP. Effectiveness of rosiglitazone in reducing flexion contracture in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis with surgical capsular release: A biomechanical, histological, and genetic analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016; 5:11-7. [PMID: 26813567 PMCID: PMC5009236 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.51.2000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Animal models have been developed that allow simulation of post-traumatic joint contracture. One such model involves contracture-forming surgery followed by surgical capsular release. This model allows testing of antifibrotic agents, such as rosiglitazone. METHODS A total of 20 rabbits underwent contracture-forming surgery. Eight weeks later, the animals underwent a surgical capsular release. Ten animals received rosiglitazone (intramuscular initially, then orally). The animals were sacrificed following 16 weeks of free cage mobilisation. The joints were tested biomechanically, and the posterior capsule was assessed histologically and via genetic microarray analysis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in post-traumatic contracture between the rosiglitazone and control groups (33° (standard deviation (sd) 11) vs 37° (sd14), respectively; p = 0.4). There was no difference in number or percentage of myofibroblasts. Importantly, there were ten genes and 17 pathways that were significantly modulated by rosiglitazone in the posterior capsule. DISCUSSION Rosiglitazone significantly altered the genetic expression of the posterior capsular tissue in a rabbit model, with ten genes and 17 pathways demonstrating significant modulation. However, there was no significant effect on biomechanical or histological properties.Cite this article: M. P. Abdel. Effectiveness of rosiglitazone in reducing flexion contracture in a rabbit model of arthrofibrosis with surgical capsular release: A biomechanical, histological, and genetic analysis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:11-17. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.51.2000593.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Barlow
- Ohio State Orthopedic Surgery, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Suite 3200 Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | - M E Morrey
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - R U Hartzler
- San Antonio Orthopaedic Group and Burkhart Research Institute for Orthopaedics, 150 E. Sonterra Blvd. Suite 300 San Antonio, Texas 78258, USA
| | - D Arsoy
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 450 Broadway St. MC: 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - S Riester
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - A J van Wijnen
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | - B F Morrey
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
| | | | - M P Abdel
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA
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Jeffries MA, Sawalha AH. Autoimmune disease in the epigenetic era: how has epigenetics changed our understanding of disease and how can we expect the field to evolve? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:45-58. [PMID: 25534978 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.994507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are complex and enigmatic, and have presented particular challenges to researchers seeking to define their etiology and explain progression. Previous studies have implicated epigenetic influences in the development of autoimmunity. Epigenetics describes changes in gene expression related to environmental influences without alterations in the underlying genomic sequence, generally classified into three main groups: cytosine genomic DNA methylation, modification of various sidechain positions of histone proteins and noncoding RNAs feedback. The purpose of this article is to review the most relevant literature describing alterations of epigenetic marks in the development and progression of four common autoimmune diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis and Sjögren's syndrome. The contribution of DNA methylation, histone modification and noncoding RNA for each of these disorders is discussed, including examples both of candidate gene studies and larger epigenomics surveys, and in various tissue types important for the pathogenesis of each. The future of the field is speculated briefly, as is the possibility of therapeutic interventions targeting the epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matlock A Jeffries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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The role of the acquired immune response in systemic sclerosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:519-28. [PMID: 26152639 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Profound alterations characterize the adaptive immune response in systemic sclerosis, and several layers of evidence support a prominent role exerted by immune cellular effectors and humoral mediators in the pathogenesis of this disease. These include (i) the presence of oligoclonal T cells in tissues undergoing fibrosis consistent with (auto)antigen-specific recruitment, (ii) the preferential expansion of polarized CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing pro-fibrotic cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13, (iii) the presence of increased number of cells producing mediators belonging to the IL-17 family, including IL-22, which may drive and participate in inflammatory pathways involving epithelial cells as well as fibroblasts, (iv) the deficient or redirected function of T regulatory cells favoring fibrosis, and (v) the enhanced expression of CD19 and CD21 on naïve B cells, and the upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules in mature B cells, which together with the increased levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF) underlie the propensity to an exaggerated humoral response possibly favoring fibrogenesis. Despite all the progress made in understanding the features of the aberrant immune response in scleroderma, it remains unclear whether the activation of immune effector pathways ultimately drives the disease pathogenesis or rather represents a defective attempt to limit or even reverse excessive extracellular matrix deposition and progressive vasculopathy, the main hallmarks of this disease.
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP. The cytokines of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine 2015; 74:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex autoimmune disease of unclear aetiology. A multitude of genetic studies, ranging from candidate-gene studies to genome-wide association studies, have identified a large number of genetic susceptibility factors for SSc and its clinical phenotypes, but the contribution of these factors to disease susceptibility is only modest. However, in an endeavour to explore how the environment might affect genetic susceptibility, epigenetic research into SSc is rapidly expanding. Orchestrated by environmental factors, epigenetic modifications can drive genetically predisposed individuals to develop autoimmunity, and are thought to represent the crossroads between the environment and genetics in SSc. Therefore, in addition to providing a comprehensive description of the current understanding of genetic susceptibility underlying SSc, this Review describes the involvement of epigenetic phenomena, including DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications and microRNAs, in SSc.
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Pope J, Walker KM, de Leon F, Vanderhoek L, Seney S, Summers KL. Correlations between changes in cytokines and clinical outcomes for early phase (proof of concept) trials in active diffuse systemic sclerosis using data from an imatinib study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:1830-4. [PMID: 24850877 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Data from a small study testing imatinib to treat SSc were used to determine if cytokine changes were related to differences in clinical parameters to model future early phase trials pairing cytokine changes and clinical parameters. METHODS Plasma and punch skin biopsy specimens collected at baseline and 6 months were analysed for levels of 26 fibrotic and inflammatory cytokines using multiplexed immunoassays and ELISA. Seven of nine patients on active treatment had paired data. Biopsies were biopulverized and standardized to protein levels in the tissue homogenate. Plasma was frozen at -80°C and analysed using multiplexed immunoassays or ELISAs standardized to CRP. Correlations between fold changes in cytokines and differences in clinical parameters (skin score, physician and patient global assessments and HAQ) were performed. P < 0.01 was considered significant. RESULTS After 6 months of imatinib treatment, plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 decreased significantly (P < 0.001), while tissue levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 increased (P < 0.01). Some significant correlations between fold changes in certain plasma fibrotic and inflammatory cytokines and changes in clinical parameters after 6 months of treatment were found: patient global scores and IL-13 (r = 0.964, P < 0.0001); ESR and IL-12p70 (r = -0.903, P < 0.01); in tissue samples, patient global score and soluble E-selectin (r = 0.913, P < 0.01); and physician global score with sCD40L (r = -0.883, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Some serum and tissue cytokines may have a role in early phase clinical trials of SSc, correlating with changes in clinical parameters. Serum and tissue samples could be analysed in early phase trials to determine whether they support the clinical observations. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01545427.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Pope
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle M Walker
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Faye de Leon
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Louise Vanderhoek
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon Seney
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly L Summers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, Medical School, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, Department of Mathematics/Statistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Lawson Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Altorok N, Almeshal N, Wang Y, Kahaleh B. Epigenetics, the holy grail in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 54:1759-70. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pauling JD, O’Donnell VB, Mchugh NJ. The contribution of platelets to the pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Platelets 2012; 24:503-15. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2012.719090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Lian X, Xiao R, Hu X, Kanekura T, Jiang H, Li Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zhao M, Lu Q. DNA demethylation of CD40L in CD4+ T cells from women with systemic sclerosis: A possible explanation for female susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2338-45. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Hasegawa M, Takehara K. Potential immunologic targets for treating fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: a review focused on leukocytes and cytokines. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2012; 42:281-96. [PMID: 22542279 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by tissue fibrosis. Although the pathogenesis remains unclear, a variety of cells contribute to the fibrotic process via interactions with each other and production of various cytokines. Recent literature related to the immunologic pathogenesis and future strategies for treating the fibrosis of SSc are discussed and, especially, this literature-based review that includes the authors' perspective, focused on leukocytes and cytokines. METHODS A PubMed search for articles published between January 2005 and January 2012 was conducted using the following keywords: systemic sclerosis, leukocyte, cytokine, growth factor, and chemokine. The reference lists of identified articles were searched for further articles. RESULTS Targeting profibrogenic cytokines, including transforming growth factor-β, is still a very active area of research in SSc and most cellular studies have focused on the roles of fibroblasts in SSc. However, a growing number of recent studies indicate a role for B cells in the development of SSc and other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, B-cell-targeted therapies, including currently available monoclonal antibodies against CD19, CD20, CD22, and B-cell-activating factor, belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family represent possible treatment options. Furthermore, the modulation of T-cell costimulatory molecules such as a recombinant fusion protein of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 may be as effective in SSc as it is in treating other autoimmune diseases. Approaches to antagonize interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, or IL-17A signaling may also be attractive. CONCLUSIONS This review describes recent advances in the treatment of fibrosis in SSc patients focused on immunologic strategies, such as leukocyte- or cytokine-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Hasegawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Croft M, Duan W, Choi H, Eun SY, Madireddi S, Mehta A. TNF superfamily in inflammatory disease: translating basic insights. Trends Immunol 2011; 33:144-52. [PMID: 22169337 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor superfamilies (TNFSF and TNFRSF) consist of approximately 50 membrane and soluble proteins that can modulate cellular function. Most of these molecules are expressed by or can target cells of the immune system, and they have a wide range of actions including promoting cellular differentiation, survival, and production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Emerging data show that TNFSF ligand-receptor signaling pathways are active in inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Furthermore, several genetic polymorphisms in TNFSF and TNFRSF associate with susceptibility to developing disease. Here, we examine recent data regarding the potential of these molecules as targets for therapy of autoimmune and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Division of Immune Regulation, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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27
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Ge Y, Chen Y, Ju S, Zhang XG. Functional expression of chimeric Fab of an anti-CD40L mAb: Vector design and culture condition optimization. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Emblom-Callahan MC, Chhina MK, Shlobin OA, Ahmad S, Reese ES, Iyer EPR, Cox DN, Brenner R, Burton NA, Grant GM, Nathan SD. Genomic phenotype of non-cultured pulmonary fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Genomics 2010; 96:134-45. [PMID: 20451601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated fibroblasts are the central effector cells of the progressive fibrotic process in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Characterizing the genomic phenotype of isolated fibroblasts is essential to understanding IPF pathogenesis. Comparing the genomic phenotype of non-cultured pulmonary fibroblasts from advanced IPF patients' and normal lungs revealed novel genes, biological processes and concomitant pathways previously unreported in IPF fibroblasts. We demonstrate altered expression in proteasomal constituents, ubiquitination-mediators, Wnt, apoptosis and vitamin metabolic pathways and cell cycle regulators, suggestive of loss of cellular homeostasis. Specifically, FBXO32, CXCL14, BDKRB1 and NMNAT1 were up-regulated, while RARA and CDKN2D were down-regulated. Paradoxically, pro-apoptotic inducers TNFSF10, BAX and CASP6 were also found to be increased. This comprehensive description of altered gene expression in isolated IPF fibroblasts underscores the complex biological processes characteristic of IPF and may provide a foundation for future research into this devastating disease.
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Yoshizaki A, Yanaba K, Yoshizaki A, Iwata Y, Komura K, Ogawa F, Takenaka M, Shimizu K, Asano Y, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Sato S. Treatment with rapamycin prevents fibrosis in tight-skin and bleomycin-induced mouse models of systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2476-87. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Peters AL, Stunz LL, Bishop GA. CD40 and autoimmunity: the dark side of a great activator. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:293-300. [PMID: 19595612 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD40 is a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member expressed by immune and non-immune cells. CD40:CD154 interactions mediate T-dependent B cell responses and efficient T cell priming. Thus, CD40 is a likely candidate to play roles in autoimmune diseases in which activated T and B cells cause pathology. Diseases in which CD40 plays a pathogenic role include autoimmune thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This review discusses the role of CD40:CD154 interaction in human and mouse autoimmunity, human polymorphisms associated with disease incidence, and disrupting CD40:CD154 interactions as an autoimmune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Peters
- Immunology Graduate Program and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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MS80, a novel sulfated polysaccharide, inhibits CD40-NF-κB pathway via targeting RIP2. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:277-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Selected Toll-like receptor ligands and viruses promote helper-independent cytotoxic T cell priming by upregulating CD40L on dendritic cells. Immunity 2009; 30:218-27. [PMID: 19200758 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD40L (CD154) on CD4(+) T cells has been shown to license dendritic cells (DCs) via CD40 to prime cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. We found that the converse (CD40L on DCs) was also important. Anti-CD40L treatment decreased endogenous CTL responses to both ovalbumin and influenza infection even in the absence of CD4(+) T cells. DCs expressed CD40L upon stimulation with agonists to Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR9. Moreover, influenza infection, which stimulates CTLs without help, upregulated CD40L on DCs, but herpes simplex infection, which elicits CTLs through help, did not. CD40L-deficient (Cd40lg(-/-)) DCs are suboptimal both in vivo in bone marrow chimera experiments and in vitro in mixed lymphocyte reactions. In contrast, Cd40lg(-/-) CD8(+) T cells killed as effectively as wild-type cells. Thus, CD40L upregulation on DCs promoted optimal priming of CD8(+) T cells without CD4(+) T cells, providing a mechanism by which pathogens may elicit helper-independent CTL immunity.
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T cells, B cells, and polarized immune response in the pathogenesis of fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2009; 20:707-12. [PMID: 18946333 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32830c45ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A better comprehension of the interactions between cells of the adaptive immune system with fibroblasts and endothelial cells is required to understand abnormal extracellular matrix deposition, development of pathologic fibrosis, and vasculopathy. RECENT FINDINGS Skin T cells with high IL-4 production potential and peripheral blood T cells preferentially expressing chemokine receptors associated with Th2 functions are found in individuals with active systemic sclerosis. Animal models indicate that Th2 cells and IL-13 can induce muscular hypertrophy in pulmonary arterial vasculature. In bleomycin-induced fibrosis, B cells produce fibrogenic cytokines upon interaction of an endogenous ligand (hyaluronan) with toll-like receptor-4. In the sclerodermatous graft versus host model, the lack of tumor necrosis factor-production by CD4+ T cells is permissive for fibrosis development. Dermal fibrosis and capillary loss typical of systemic sclerosis can be reversible after high-dose immunosuppression and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. SUMMARY Although immunosuppressive strategies to treat patients with systemic sclerosis and allied conditions are largely disappointing, thus indicating a permissive rather than causative role of immunoinflammatory events characteristic of the disease, new findings stress that cells of the adaptive immune system play important roles in assisting fibrogenesis and vascular abnormalities. This may help in identifying efficacious strategies aimed at their control.
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Kawai M, Masuda A, Kuwana M. A CD40-CD154 interaction in tissue fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3562-73. [PMID: 18975310 DOI: 10.1002/art.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of an interaction between fibroblasts and mononuclear infiltrates through CD40-CD154 engagement in the development of tissue fibrosis. METHODS Cultured dermal fibroblasts derived from healthy skin were induced to express CD40 by adenoviral gene transfer, stimulated with soluble CD154, and evaluated for proliferation, gene expression, and protein expression in vitro. The skin of mice with bleomycin-induced skin sclerosis, a model for systemic sclerosis (SSc), was assessed for CD40 and CD154 expression, in vivo fibroblast proliferation, and the expression of specific genes. The effects of an anti-CD154 monoclonal antibody on bleomycin-induced skin sclerosis were also examined. RESULTS Upon stimulation with soluble CD154, cultured fibroblasts induced to express CD40 by adenoviral gene transfer proliferated and showed up-regulation of the genes for intercellular adhesion molecule 1, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), and RANTES, as well as up-regulation of their proteins. In the skin from bleomycin-treated mice, dermal fibroblasts expressed CD40, and mast cells and CD4+ T cells expressed CD154. Electron microscopic analysis revealed fibroblasts attached to mast cells and T cells with primitive contacts. The proliferation of fibroblasts and the up-regulated MCP-1 gene expression preceded thickening of the dermis. Finally, the anti-CD154 antibody inhibited the bleomycin-induced skin sclerosis by suppressing fibroblast proliferation and down-regulating MCP-1 expression. CONCLUSION The interaction between fibroblasts and mast cells or T cells through CD40-CD154 signaling is critical for fibroblast activation early in the course of fibrosis. Blockade of the CD40-CD154 signal may be a novel therapeutic strategy for human fibrotic diseases, such as SSc.
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