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Miranda WAS, Barreto LBM, Miarka B, Salinas AE, Soto DAS, Muñoz EAA, Brito CJ. Can Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Improve Combat Sports Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:273-282. [PMID: 35394616 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To verify the effects of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on biochemical and physical measurements of combat sports athletes. RECENT FINDINGS A systematic review of articles indexed in three databases (PubMed, CAPES journal, and Google Scholar) was carried out until October 2020, using descriptors related to NaHCO3 supplementation in combat sports. First, 38 articles were identified. Next, eight articles were selected through the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale (8 and 9 points). Blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, Special Judo Fitness Test, Dummy throw, and mean and peak powers for Wingate were evaluated. Random effects meta-analysis was used, the effect size was adjusted by corrected Hedges' g, and the heterogeneity is explored by I2. The results were obtained through weighted average and 95% CI, and the significance limit was set as p < 0.05. NaHCO3 supplementation had a significant effect on increasing blood lactate (p = 0.006) of the athletes studied. However, the performance measures (rating of perceived exertion, power, and specific performance) did not show a significant difference (p ˂ 0.05). In conclusion, NaHCO3 supplementation causes a significant increase in blood lactate, indicating an ergogenic effect on buffer, which can delay the onset of fatigue and contribute to the performance of combat sports athletes. New experimental studies need to be published that assess the effect of acute and chronic NaHCO3 supplementation in specific combat sports tests and in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walesca Agda Silva Miranda
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Street São Paulo, 745, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil
| | - Lindsei Brabec Mota Barreto
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Street São Paulo, 745, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dany Alexis Sorbazo Soto
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Esteban Ariel Aedo Muñoz
- Departamento de Educación Física Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Artes y Educación Física, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencia de La Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ciro Jose Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Street São Paulo, 745, Governador Valadares, MG, 35010-180, Brazil.
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de Oliveira LF, Dolan E, Swinton PA, Durkalec-Michalski K, Artioli GG, McNaughton LR, Saunders B. Extracellular Buffering Supplements to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:505-526. [PMID: 34687438 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01575-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular buffering supplements [sodium bicarbonate (SB), sodium citrate (SC), sodium/calcium lactate (SL/CL)] are ergogenic supplements, although questions remain about factors which may modify their effect. OBJECTIVE To quantify the main effect of extracellular buffering agents on exercise outcomes, and to investigate the influence of potential moderators on this effect using a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. METHODS This study was designed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Three databases were searched for articles that were screened according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. Bayesian hierarchical meta-analysis and meta-regression models were used to investigate pooled effects of supplementation and moderating effects of a range of factors on exercise and biomarker responses. RESULTS 189 articles with 2019 participants were included, 158 involving SB supplementation, 30 with SC, and seven with CL/SL; four studies provided a combination of buffering supplements together. Supplementation led to a mean estimated increase in blood bicarbonate of + 5.2 mmol L-1 (95% credible interval (CrI) 4.7-5.7). The meta-analysis models identified a positive overall effect of supplementation on exercise capacity and performance compared to placebo [ES0.5 = 0.17 (95% CrI 0.12-0.21)] with potential moderating effects of exercise type and duration, training status and when the exercise test was performed following prior exercise. The greatest ergogenic effects were shown for exercise durations of 0.5-10 min [ES0.5 = 0.18 (0.13-0.24)] and > 10 min [ES0.5 = 0.22 (0.10-0.33)]. Evidence of greater effects on exercise were obtained when blood bicarbonate increases were medium (4-6 mmol L-1) and large (> 6 mmol L-1) compared with small (≤ 4 mmol L-1) [βSmall:Medium = 0.16 (95% CrI 0.02-0.32), βSmall:Large = 0.13 (95% CrI - 0.03 to 0.29)]. SB (192 outcomes) was more effective for performance compared to SC (39 outcomes) [βSC:SB = 0.10 (95% CrI - 0.02 to 0.22)]. CONCLUSIONS Extracellular buffering supplements generate large increases in blood bicarbonate concentration leading to positive overall effects on exercise, with sodium bicarbonate being most effective. Evidence for several group-level moderating factors were identified. These data can guide an athlete's decision as to whether supplementation with buffering agents might be beneficial for their specific aims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Farias de Oliveira
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eimear Dolan
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul A Swinton
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland.
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Grgic J, Pedisic Z, Saunders B, Artioli GG, Schoenfeld BJ, McKenna MJ, Bishop DJ, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Kalman DS, Arent SM, VanDusseldorp TA, Lopez HL, Ziegenfuss TN, Burke LM, Antonio J, Campbell BI. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: sodium bicarbonate and exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:61. [PMID: 34503527 PMCID: PMC8427947 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00458-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance, conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society: 1. Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (doses from 0.2 to 0.5 g/kg) improves performance in muscular endurance activities, various combat sports, including boxing, judo, karate, taekwondo, and wrestling, and in high-intensity cycling, running, swimming, and rowing. The ergogenic effects of sodium bicarbonate are mostly established for exercise tasks of high-intensity that last between 30 s and 12 min. 2. Sodium bicarbonate improves performance in single- and multiple-bout exercise. 3. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance in both men and women. 4. For single-dose supplementation protocols, 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate seems to be the minimum dose required to experience improvements in exercise performance. The optimal dose of sodium bicarbonate dose for ergogenic effects seems to be 0.3 g/kg. Higher doses (e.g., 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg) may not be required in single-dose supplementation protocols, because they do not provide additional benefits (compared with 0.3 g/kg) and are associated with a higher incidence and severity of adverse side-effects. 5. For single-dose supplementation protocols, the recommended timing of sodium bicarbonate ingestion is between 60 and 180 min before exercise or competition. 6. Multiple-day protocols of sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be effective in improving exercise performance. The duration of these protocols is generally between 3 and 7 days before the exercise test, and a total sodium bicarbonate dose of 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg per day produces ergogenic effects. The total daily dose is commonly divided into smaller doses, ingested at multiple points throughout the day (e.g., 0.1 to 0.2 g/kg of sodium bicarbonate consumed at breakfast, lunch, and dinner). The benefit of multiple-day protocols is that they could help reduce the risk of sodium bicarbonate-induced side-effects on the day of competition. 7. Long-term use of sodium bicarbonate (e.g., before every exercise training session) may enhance training adaptations, such as increased time to fatigue and power output. 8. The most common side-effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation are bloating, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. The incidence and severity of side-effects vary between and within individuals, but it is generally low. Nonetheless, these side-effects following sodium bicarbonate supplementation may negatively impact exercise performance. Ingesting sodium bicarbonate (i) in smaller doses (e.g., 0.2 g/kg or 0.3 g/kg), (ii) around 180 min before exercise or adjusting the timing according to individual responses to side-effects, (iii) alongside a high-carbohydrate meal, and (iv) in enteric-coated capsules are possible strategies to minimize the likelihood and severity of these side-effects. 9. Combining sodium bicarbonate with creatine or beta-alanine may produce additive effects on exercise performance. It is unclear whether combining sodium bicarbonate with caffeine or nitrates produces additive benefits. 10. Sodium bicarbonate improves exercise performance primarily due to a range of its physiological effects. Still, a portion of the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate seems to be placebo-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport; Rheumatology Division; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme G Artioli
- Centre for Bioscience, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
| | | | - Michael J McKenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Physiology of Work and Exercise Response (POWER) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Hector L Lopez
- The Center for Applied Health Sciences, Stow, OH, USA
- Supplement Safety Solutions, Bedford, MA, 01730, USA
| | | | - Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Gurton W, Macrae H, Gough L, King DG. Effects of post-exercise sodium bicarbonate ingestion on acid-base balance recovery and time-to-exhaustion running performance: a randomised crossover trial in recreational athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1111-1118. [PMID: 33730517 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of post-exercise sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on acid-base balance recovery and time-to-exhaustion (TTE) running performance. Eleven male runners (stature, 1.80 ± 0.05 m; body mass, 74.4 ± 6.5 kg; maximal oxygen consumption, 51.7 ± 5.4 mL·kg-1·min-1) participated in this randomised, single-blind, counterbalanced and crossover design study. Maximal running velocity (v-V̇O2max) was identified from a graded exercise test. During experimental trials, participants repeated 100% v-V̇O2max TTE protocols (TTE1, TTE2) separated by 40 min following the ingestion of either 0.3 g·kg-1 body mass NaHCO3 (SB) or 0.03 g·kg-1 body mass sodium chloride (PLA) at the start of TTE1 recovery. Acid-base balance (blood pH and bicarbonate, HCO3-) data were studied at baseline, post-TTE1, after 35 min recovery and post-TTE2. Blood pH and HCO3- concentration were unchanged at 35 min recovery (p > 0.05), but HCO3- concentration was elevated post-TTE2 for SB vs. PLA (+2.6 mmol·L-1; p = 0.005; g = 0.99). No significant differences were observed for TTE2 performance (p > 0.05), although a moderate effect size was present for SB vs. PLA (+14.3 s; g = 0.56). Post-exercise NaHCO3 ingestion is not an effective strategy for accelerating the restoration of acid-base balance or improving subsequent TTE performance when limited recovery is available. Novelty: Post-exercise sodium bicarbonate ingestion did not accelerate the restoration of blood pH or bicarbonate after 35 min. Performance enhancing effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion may display a high degree of inter-individual variation. Small-to-moderate changes in performance were likely due to greater up-regulation of glycolytic activation during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gurton
- Surrey Human Performance Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Macrae
- Surrey Human Performance Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Gough
- Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), School of Health Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B15 3TN, United Kingdom
| | - David G King
- Surrey Human Performance Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Sakamoto A, Naito H, Chow CM. Hyperventilation-Aided Recovery for Extra Repetitions on Bench Press and Leg Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1274-1284. [PMID: 32329989 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sakamoto, A, Naito, H, and Chow, CM. Hyperventilation-aided recovery for extra repetitions on bench press and leg press. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1274-1284, 2020-Hyperventilation (HV)-induced alkalosis, an ergogenic strategy, improved repeated pedaling sprint performance through enhanced H removal. However, it did not confer beneficial effects on other forms of exercises. This study investigated the benefits of HV-aided recovery on lifting repetitions and joint velocity during resistance training involving multiple joints and both concentric and eccentric contractions. Eleven power-trained men (mean ± SD age: 22.5 ± 4.3 years, training experience: 8.3 ± 3.6 years) performed 6 sets each of bench press and leg press at 80% 1 repetition maximum. Each set was continued until failure, with a 5-minute recovery between sets. In protocol A, HV was implemented for 30 seconds before the first, third, and fifth sets of each exercise (HV-aided recovery), whereas spontaneous breathing continued throughout the recovery before the second, fourth, and sixth sets (control recovery). In protocol B, the order of the HV and control recoveries was reversed. For both protocols, reductions in repetitions (range: -4.7% to -22.5%) and velocity (range: -23.1% to -37.7%) were consistently observed after control recovery (p < 0.05), whereas HV-aided recovery resulted in increased repetitions (range: +21.3% to +55.7%) and velocity (range: +6.3% to +15.3%) (p < 0.05) or no reductions in these measures from the previous set. The total repetitions performed across 6 sets (protocols A and B combined) were greater after the HV-aided than control recovery (p ≤ 0.001) in bench press (44 ± 10 vs. 36 ± 10 reps, increased by 27.1 ± 24.1%) and leg press (64 ± 9 vs. 50 ± 15 reps, increased by 35.2 ± 29.5%). Hyperventilation-aided recovery may boost the effectiveness of resistance training through increased training volume and lifting velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Sakamoto
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Chin Moi Chow
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, New South Wales, Australia
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Fontanella LR, Azara C, Scudese E, Silva DDO, Nogueira CJ, Costa MSE, Senna GW. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation in resistance exercise performance, perceived exertion and blood lactate concentration. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Estevão Scudese
- Universidade Católica de Petrópolis, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Gilmar Weber Senna
- Universidade Católica de Petrópolis, Brasil; Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Lopes-Silva JP, Choo HC, Franchini E, Abbiss CR. Isolated ingestion of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate on repeated sprint performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:962-972. [PMID: 31036532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at investigating the isolated effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion on repeated sprint ability (RSA). METHODS Following a search through PubMed and Scopus, 13 studies (7 with caffeine and 6 with NaHCO3) were found to meet inclusion criteria. Random-effects of standardized mean difference (SMD) for total work and best sprint performance was examined. Study quality was assessed using QualSyst. RESULTS The meta-analysis indicated that caffeine ingestion did not improve the total work done (weighted average effect size Hedges's g = -0.01, 95%CI: -0.32 to 0.31, p = 0.97), best sprint (weighted average effect size Hedges's g = -0.02, 95% CI: -0.32 to 0.27; p = 0.87) or last sprint performance (weighed average effect size Hedge's g = -0.27, 95%CI: -0.68 to 0.14; p = 0.20), when compared with a placebo condition. Similarly, NaHCO3 ingestion did not improve the total work done (weighted average effect size Hedges's g = 0.43, 95% CI: -0.11 to 0.97, p = 0.12), best sprint (weighted average effect size Hedges's g = 0.02, 95% CI -0.30 to 0.34; p = 0.90) or last sprint performance (weighted average effect size Hedge's g = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.13 to 0.52, p = 0.14), compared with a placebo condition. Quality assessment of selected articles was classified as strong. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides evidence that repeated sprint ability is not affected by acute ingestion of caffeine or NaHCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Lopes-Silva
- School of Physical Education, Cesmac University Center, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; UNINASSAU, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Hui C Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Emerson Franchini
- High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Chris R Abbiss
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
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8
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Lopes-Silva JP, Reale R, Franchini E. Acute and chronic effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on Wingate test performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:762-771. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1524739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Cesmac University Center, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- UNINASSAU, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Reid Reale
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Emerson Franchini
- High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Physiology Research Group, School of Physical and Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
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9
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Effects of Three-Day Serial Sodium Bicarbonate Loading on Performance and Physiological Parameters During a Simulated Basketball Test in Female University Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:547-552. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 3-day serial sodium bicarbonate ingestion on repeated sprint and jump performance. Fifteen female university basketball players (23.3 ± 3.4 years; 173.1 ± 5.8 cm; 65.8 ± 6.3 kg; 23.6 ± 4.9% body fat) ingested 0.4 g/kg body mass of sodium bicarbonate or placebo for 3 days (split in three equal daily doses), before completing a simulated basketball exercise. Sprint and circuit times, jump heights, performance decrements, and gastrointestinal side effects were recorded during the test, and blood lactate concentration was measured pre- and posttest. Sodium bicarbonate supplementation led to significant decreases in mean sprint times (1.34 ± 0.23 vs. 1.70 ± 0.41 s, p = .008, 95% confidence intervals [−0.54, −0.10 s]) and mean circuit times (30.6 ± 2.0 vs. 31.3 ± 2.0 s, p = .044) and significantly greater mean jump height (26.8 [range 25.2–34.2] vs. 26.0 [range 25.6–33.6] cm, p = .013) compared with placebo. Performance decrement was significantly less for sprints with sodium bicarbonate compared with placebo (9.9 [range 3.4–37.0]% vs. 24.7 [range 4.1–61.3]%, p = .013), but not different for jumps (13.1 ± 4.5% vs. 12.5 ± 3.1%, p = .321) between conditions. No differences in gastrointestinal side effects were noted between conditions. Significantly greater postexercise blood lactate concentrations were measured in the sodium bicarbonate condition compared with the placebo condition (8.2 ± 2.8 vs. 6.6 ± 2.4 mmol/L, p = .010). This study is the first to show that serial loading of sodium bicarbonate is effective for basketball players to improve repeated sprint and jump performance during competition, or withstand greater training load during practice sessions without any gastrointestinal side effects.
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10
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Heibel AB, Perim PHL, Oliveira LF, McNaughton LR, Saunders B. Time to Optimize Supplementation: Modifying Factors Influencing the Individual Responses to Extracellular Buffering Agents. Front Nutr 2018; 5:35. [PMID: 29868599 PMCID: PMC5951986 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood alkalosis, as indicated by an increased blood bicarbonate concentration and pH, has been shown to be beneficial for exercise performance. Sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, and sodium or calcium lactate, can all result in increased circulating bicarbonate and have all independently been shown to improve exercise capacity and performance under various circumstances. Although there is considerable evidence demonstrating the efficacy of these supplements in several sports-specific situations, it is commonly acknowledged that their efficacy is equivocal, due to contrasting evidence. Herein, we discuss the physiological and environmental factors that may modify the effectiveness of these supplements including, (i) absolute changes in circulating bicarbonate; (ii) supplement timing, (iii) the exercise task performed, (iv) monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) activity; (v) training status, and (vi) associated side-effects. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the factors which may modify the response to these supplements, so that individuals can use this information to attempt to optimize supplementation and allow the greatest possibility of an ergogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B Heibel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pedro H L Perim
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,São Camilo University Centre, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana F Oliveira
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Sports Nutrition and Performance Group, Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Sparks A, Williams E, Robinson A, Miller P, Bentley DJ, Bridge C, Mc Naughton LR. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and individual variability in time-to-peak pH. Res Sports Med 2016; 25:58-66. [PMID: 27934546 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2016.1258645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study determined variability in time-to-peak pH after consumption of 300 mg kg-1 of sodium bicarbonate. Seventeen participants (mean ± SD: age 21.38 ± 1.5 years; mass 75.8 ± 5.8 kg; height 176.8 ± 7.6 cm) reported to the laboratory where a resting capillary sample was taken. Then, 300 mg kg-1 of NaHCO3 in 450 ml of flavoured water was ingested. Participants rested for 90 min and repeated blood samples were procured at 10 min intervals for 60 min and then every 5 min until 90 min. Blood pH concentrations were measured. Results suggested that time-to-peak pH (64.41 ± 18.78 min) was variable with a range of 10-85 min and a coefficient of variation of 29.16%. A bimodal distribution occurred, at 65 and 75 min. In conclusion, athletes, when using NaHCO3 as an ergogenic aid, should determine their time-to-peak pH to best utilize the added buffering capacity this substance allows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Sparks
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University Exercise Nutrition Research Group, Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Emily Williams
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University Exercise Nutrition Research Group, Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Amy Robinson
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University Exercise Nutrition Research Group, Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Peter Miller
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University Exercise Nutrition Research Group, Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - David J Bentley
- b Flinders University, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences , School of Health Sciences , Adelaide , South Australia , Australia
| | - Craig Bridge
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University Exercise Nutrition Research Group, Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
| | - Lars R Mc Naughton
- a Department of Sport and Physical Activity , Edge Hill University Exercise Nutrition Research Group, Edge Hill University , Ormskirk , UK
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Siegler JC, Marshall PWM, Bishop D, Shaw G, Green S. Mechanistic Insights into the Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation to Improve Athletic Performance. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2016; 2:41. [PMID: 27747796 PMCID: PMC5059234 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-016-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A large proportion of empirical research and reviews investigating the ergogenic potential of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation have focused predominately on performance outcomes and only speculate about underlying mechanisms responsible for any benefit. The aim of this review was to critically evaluate the influence of NaHCO3 supplementation on mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle fatigue as it translates directly to exercise performance. Mechanistic links between skeletal muscle fatigue, proton accumulation (or metabolic acidosis) and NaHCO3 supplementation have been identified to provide a more targeted, evidence-based approach to direct future research, as well as provide practitioners with a contemporary perspective on the potential applications and limitations of this supplement. The mechanisms identified have been broadly categorised under the sections ‘Whole-body Metabolism’, ‘Muscle Physiology’ and ‘Motor Pathways’, and when possible, the performance outcomes of these studies contextualized within an integrative framework of whole-body exercise where other factors such as task demand (e.g. large vs. small muscle groups), cardio-pulmonary and neural control mechanisms may outweigh any localised influence of NaHCO3. Finally, the ‘Performance Applications’ section provides further interpretation for the practitioner founded on the mechanistic evidence provided in this review and other relevant, applied NaHCO3 performance-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Siegler
- School of Science and Health, Sport and Exercise Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1792, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Paul W M Marshall
- School of Science and Health, Sport and Exercise Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1792, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Greg Shaw
- Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Simon Green
- School of Science and Health, Sport and Exercise Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1792, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Higgins MF, Shabir A. Expectancy of ergogenicity from sodium bicarbonate ingestion increases high-intensity cycling capacity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:405-10. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether expectancy of ergogenicity of a commonly used nutritional supplement (sodium bicarbonate; NaHCO3) influenced subsequent high-intensity cycling capacity. Eight recreationally active males (age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 75 ± 8 kg; height, 178 ± 4 cm; WPEAK = 205 ± 22 W) performed a graded incremental test to assess peak power output (WPEAK), one familiarisation trial and two experimental trials. Experimental trials consisted of cycling at 100% WPEAK to volitional exhaustion (TLIM) 60 min after ingesting either a placebo (PLA: 0.1 g·kg−1 sodium chloride (NaCl), 4 mL·kg−1 tap water, and 1 mL·kg−1 squash) or a sham placebo (SHAM: 0.1 g·kg−1 NaCl, 4 mL·kg−1 carbonated water, and 1 mL·kg−1 squash). SHAM aimed to replicate the previously reported symptoms of gut fullness (GF) and abdominal discomfort (AD) associated with NaHCO3 ingestion. Treatments were administered double blind and accompanied by written scripts designed to remain neutral (PLA) or induce expectancy of ergogenicity (SHAM). After SHAM mean TLIM increased by 9.5% compared to PLA (461 ± 148 s versus 421 ± 150 s; P = 0.048, d = 0.3). Ratings of GF and AD were mild but ∼1 unit higher post-ingestion for SHAM. After 3 min TLIM overall ratings of perceived exertion were 1.4 ± 1.3 units lower for SHAM compared to PLA (P = 0.020, d = 0.6). There were no differences between treatments for blood lactate, blood glucose, or heart rate. In summary, ergogenicity after NaHCO3 ingestion may be influenced by expectancy, which mediates perception of effort during subsequent exercise. The observed ergogenicity with SHAM did not affect our measures of cardiorespiratory physiology or metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Higgins
- Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, Department of Life Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
- Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, Department of Life Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Akbar Shabir
- Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, Department of Life Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
- Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, Department of Life Sciences, Derby University, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
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Miller P, Robinson AL, Sparks SA, Bridge CA, Bentley DJ, McNaughton LR. The Effects of Novel Ingestion of Sodium Bicarbonate on Repeated Sprint Ability. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:561-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Hyperventilation-induced respiratory alkalosis falls short of countering fatigue during repeated maximal isokinetic contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1453-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Duncan MJ, Weldon A, Price MJ. The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on back squat and bench press exercise to failure. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:1358-66. [PMID: 24126895 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of NaHCO3 ingestion on repetitions to failure and rating of perceived exertion in the back squat and bench press in trained men. Eight resistance-trained men took part in this double-blind, randomized crossover experimental study whereby they ingested NaHCO3 (0.3 g·kg(-1) body mass) or placebo (sodium chloride NaCl: 0.045 g·kg(-1) body mass) solution 60 minutes before completing a bout of resistance exercise (3 sets of bench press and back squat exercise to failure at an intensity of 80% 1 repetition maximum). Experimental conditions were separated by at least 48 hours. Participants completed more repetitions to failure in the back squat after NaHCO3 ingestion (p = 0.04) but not for bench press (p = 0.679). Mean ± SD of total repetitions was 31.3 ± 15.3 and 24.6 ± 16.2 for back squat and 28.7 ± 12.2 and 26.7 ± 10.2 for bench press in NaHCO3 and placebo conditions, respectively. Repetitions to failure decreased as set increased for the back squat and bench press (p = 0.001, both). Rating of perceived exertion significantly increased with set for the back squat and bench press (p = 0.002, both). There was no significant change in blood lactate across time or between conditions. There were however treatment × time interactions for blood pH (p = 0.014) and blood HCO3 concentration (p = 0.001). After ingestion, blood pH and HCO3 (p = 0.008) concentrations were greater for the NaHCO3 condition compared with the placebo condition (p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that sodium bicarbonate ingestion can enhance resistance exercise performance using a repetition to failure protocol in the first exercise in a resistance exercise session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duncan
- Department of Biomolecular and Sports Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Repeated high intensity bouts with long recovery: are bicarbonate or carbohydrate supplements an option? ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:145747. [PMID: 25431775 PMCID: PMC4241585 DOI: 10.1155/2014/145747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of varying recovery modes and the influence of preexercise sodium bicarbonate and carbohydrate ingestion on repeated high intensity performance, acid-base response, and recovery were analyzed in 12 well-trained males. They completed three repeated high intensity running bouts to exhaustion with intervening recovery periods of 25 min under the following conditions: sodium bicarbonate, active recovery (BIC); carbohydrate ingestion, active recovery (CHO); placebo ingestion, active recovery (ACTIVE); placebo ingestion, passive recovery (PASSIVE). Blood lactate (BLa), blood gases, heart rate, and time to exhaustion were collected. The three high intensity bouts had a duration of 138 ± 9, 124 ± 6, and 121 ± 6 s demonstrating a decrease from bout 1 to bout 3. Supplementation strategy had no effect on performance in the first bout, even with differences in pH and bicarbonate (HCO3(-)). Repeated sprint performance was not affected by supplementation strategy when compared to ACTIVE, while PASSIVE resulted in a more pronounced decrease in performance compared with all other interventions. BIC led to greater BLa, pH, and HCO3(-) values compared with all other interventions, while for PASSIVE the opposite was found. BLa recovery was lowest in PASSIVE; recovery in pH, and HCO3(-) was lower in PASSIVE and higher in BIC.
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Bishop DJ, Girard O. Determinants of team-sport performance: implications for altitude training by team-sport athletes. Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i17-21. [PMID: 24282200 PMCID: PMC3903139 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Team sports are increasingly popular, with millions of participants worldwide. Athletes engaged in these sports are required to repeatedly produce skilful actions and maximal or near-maximal efforts (eg, accelerations, changes in pace and direction, sprints, jumps and kicks), interspersed with brief recovery intervals (consisting of rest or low-intensity to moderate-intensity activity), over an extended period of time (1–2 h). While performance in most team sports is dominated by technical and tactical proficiencies, successful team-sport athletes must also have highly-developed, specific, physical capacities. Much effort goes into designing training programmes to improve these physical capacities, with expected benefits for team-sport performance. Recently, some team sports have introduced altitude training in the belief that it can further enhance team-sport physical performance. Until now, however, there is little published evidence showing improved team-sport performance following altitude training, despite the often considerable expense involved. In the absence of such studies, this review will identify important determinants of team-sport physical performance that may be improved by altitude training, with potential benefits for team-sport performance. These determinants can be broadly described as factors that enhance either sprint performance or the ability to recover from maximal or near-maximal efforts. There is some evidence that some of these physical capacities may be enhanced by altitude training, but further research is required to verify that these adaptations occur, that they are greater than what could be achieved by appropriate sea-level training and that they translate to improved team-sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, , Melbourne, Australia
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Sakamoto A, Naito H, Chow CM. Hyperventilation as a Strategy for Improved Repeated Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:1119-26. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a1fe5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Ducker KJ, Dawson B, Wallman KE. Effect of Beta Alanine and Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation on Repeated-Sprint Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:3450-60. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828fd310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Barber JJ, McDermott AY, McGaughey KJ, Olmstead JD, Hagobian TA. Effects of combined creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on repeated sprint performance in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:252-8. [PMID: 23254493 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318252f6b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation independently increase exercise performance, but it remains unclear whether combining these 2 supplements is more beneficial on exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of combining creatine monohydrate and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on exercise performance. Thirteen healthy, trained men (21.1 ± 0.6 years, 23.5 ± 0.5 kg·m(-2), 66.7 ± 5.7 ml·(kg·m)(-1) completed 3 conditions in a double-blinded, crossover fashion: (a) Placebo (Pl; 20 g maltodextrin + 0.5 g·kg(-1) maltodextrin), (b) Creatine (Cr; 20 g + 0.5 g·kg(-1) maltodextrin), and (c) Creatine plus sodium bicarbonate (Cr + Sb; 20 g + 0.5 g·kg(-1) sodium bicarbonate). Each condition consisted of supplementation for 2 days followed by a 3-week washout. Peak power, mean power, relative peak power, and bicarbonate concentrations were assessed during six 10-second repeated Wingate sprint tests on a cycle ergometer with a 60-second rest period between each sprint. Compared with Pl, relative peak power was significantly higher in Cr (4%) and Cr + Sb (7%). Relative peak power was significantly lower in sprints 4-6, compared with that in sprint 1, in both Pl and Cr. However, in Cr + Sb, sprint 6 was the only sprint significantly lower compared with sprint 1. Pre-Wingate bicarbonate concentrations were significantly higher in Cr + Sb (10%), compared with in Pl and Cr, and mean concentrations remained higher after sprint 6, although not significantly. Combining creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation increased peak and mean power and had the greatest attenuation of decline in relative peak power over the 6 repeated sprints. These data suggest that combining these 2 supplements may be advantageous for athletes participating in high-intensity, intermittent exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Barber
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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Peart DJ, Siegler JC, Vince RV. Practical Recommendations for Coaches and Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:1975-83. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182576f3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Peart DJ, Kirk RJ, Hillman AR, Madden LA, Siegler JC, Vince RV. The physiological stress response to high-intensity sprint exercise following the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 113:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Opheim MN, Rankin JW. Effect of Capsaicin Supplementation on Repeated Sprinting Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:319-26. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182429ae5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Morin JB, Dupuy J, Samozino P. Performance and fatigue during repeated sprints: what is the appropriate sprint dose? J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1918-24. [PMID: 21701281 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e075a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
When testing the ability of sportsmen to repeat maximal intensity efforts, or when designing specific training exercises to improve it, fatigue during repeated sprints is usually investigated through a number of sprints identical for all subjects, which induces a high intersubject variability in performance decrement in a typical heterogeneous group of athletes (e.g., team sport group, students, and research protocol volunteers). Our aim was to quantify the amplitude of the reduction in this variability when individualizing the sprint dose, that is, when requiring subjects to perform the number of sprints necessary to reach a target level of performance decrement. Fifteen healthy men performed 6-second sprints on a cycle ergometer with 24 seconds of rest until exhaustion or until 20 repetitions in case no failure occurred. Peak power output (PPO) was measured and a fatigue index (FI) computed. The variability in PPO decrement was compared between the 10th sprint and the sprint at which subject reached the target FI of 10%. Individual FI values after the 10th sprint were 14.6 ± 6.9 vs. 11.1 ± 1.2%, when individualizing the sprint dose, which corresponded to coefficients of interindividual variability of ∼47.3 and ∼10.8%, respectively. Individualizing the sprint dose substantially reduced intersubject variability in performance decrement, enabling a more standardized state of fatigue in repeated-sprints protocols designed to induce fatigue and test or train this specific repeated-sprint ability in a heterogeneous group of athletes. A direct feedback on the values of performance parameters is necessary between each sprint for the experimenter to set this individualized sprint dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, University of Saint-Etienne, PRES Lyon, France.
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Abstract
A well designed diet is the foundation upon which optimal training and performance can be developed. However, as long as competitive sports have existed, athletes have attempted to improve their performance by ingesting a variety of substances. This practice has given rise to a multi-billion-dollar industry that aggressively markets its products as performance enhancing, often without objective, scientific evidence to support such claims. While a number of excellent reviews have evaluated the performance-enhancing effects of most dietary supplements, less attention has been paid to the performance-enhancing claims of dietary supplements in the context of team-sport performance. Dietary supplements that enhance some types of athletic performance may not necessarily enhance team-sport performance (and vice versa). Thus, the first aim of this review is to critically evaluate the ergogenic value of the most common dietary supplements used by team-sport athletes. The term dietary supplements will be used in this review and is defined as any product taken by the mouth, in addition to common foods, that has been proposed to have a performance-enhancing effect; this review will only discuss substances that are not currently banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Evidence is emerging to support the performance-enhancing claims of some, but not all, dietary supplements that have been proposed to improve team-sport-related performance. For example, there is good evidence that caffeine can improve single-sprint performance, while caffeine, creatine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion have all been demonstrated to improve multiple-sprint performance. The evidence is not so strong for the performance-enhancing benefits of β-alanine or colostrum. Current evidence does not support the ingestion of ribose, branched-chain amino acids or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, especially in well trained athletes. More research on the performance-enhancing effects of the dietary supplements highlighted in this review needs to be conducted using team-sport athletes and using team-sport-relevant testing (e.g. single- and multiple-sprint performance). It should also be considered that there is no guarantee that dietary supplements that improve isolated performance (i.e. single-sprint or jump performance) will remain effective in the context of a team-sport match. Thus, more research is also required to investigate the effects of dietary supplements on simulated or actual team-sport performance. A second aim of this review was to investigate any health issues associated with the ingestion of the more commonly promoted dietary supplements. While most of the supplements described in the review appear safe when using the recommended dose, the effects of higher doses (as often taken by athletes) on indices of health remain unknown, and further research is warranted. Finally, anecdotal reports suggest that team-sport athletes often ingest more than one dietary supplement and very little is known about the potential adverse effects of ingesting multiple supplements. Supplements that have been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious when ingested on their own may have adverse effects when combined with other supplements. More research is required to investigate the effects of ingesting multiple supplements (both on performance and health).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) and School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Price MJ, Simons C. The Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion on High-Intensity Intermittent Running and Subsequent Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1834-42. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e06e4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Perrey S, Racinais S, Saimouaa K, Girard O. Neural and muscular adjustments following repeated running sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:1027-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Multiple-Sprint Work: Methodological, Physiological, and Experimental Issues. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2008; 3:107-12. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.3.1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tests of repeated-sprint ability provide a simple way to evaluate the basic physical characteristics of speed and endurance necessary to excel in various multiple-sprint sports. Furthermore, such tests help overcome the complications associated with field-based evaluations of this type of exercise. Nevertheless, despite over 40 y of research, many issues regarding our understanding of multiple-sprint work remain unresolved. This commentary aims to raise awareness of issues relating to methodology, physiological responses, and the effectiveness of various ergogenic and training strategies; to promote a greater understanding; and to drive future research.
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Artioli GG, Coelho DF, Benatti FB, Gailey AC, Gualano B, Lancha Junior AH. A ingestão de bicarbonato de sódio pode contribuir para o desempenho em lutas de judô? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922006000600014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da ingestão de NaHCO3 sobre o desempenho no judô. Seis atletas do sexo masculino ingeriram 0,3g x kg¹ de peso corporal de NaHCO3 ou CaCO3 (placebo) 2h antes de três lutas de 5 min, intercaladas por 15 min de recuperação. Imediatamente após e 15 min após cada luta, os atletas relataram a percepção subjetiva de esforço. A concentração sanguínea de lactato foi verificada em repouso, após o aquecimento, 0, 3, 5, 7, 10 e 15 min após cada luta. O mesmo protocolo experimental foi repetido duas vezes por cada atleta, com exceção da substância ingerida. O estudo adotou o modelo duplo-cego contrabalançado. Não houve diferença significativa para as variáveis de desempenho. A percepção subjetiva de esforço não diferiu entre os tratamentos e a concentração sanguínea de lactato foi significativamente maior (p < 0,05) após a ingestão de NaHCO3, especialmente nos primeiros momentos da coleta. Concluindo, os efeitos ergogênicos do NaHCO3 não parecem ser suficientes para contribuir para a melhora da performance em lutas de judô. Contudo, as limitações do modelo utilizado devem ser consideradas quando da generalização dos resultados. Estudos futuros devem utilizar outras ferramentas para avaliar o desempenho no judô.
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Glaister M. Multiple sprint work : physiological responses, mechanisms of fatigue and the influence of aerobic fitness. Sports Med 2005; 35:757-77. [PMID: 16138786 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200535090-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The activity patterns of many sports (e.g. badminton, basketball, soccer and squash) are intermittent in nature, consisting of repeated bouts of brief (<or=6-second) maximal/near-maximal work interspersed with relatively short (<or=60-second) moderate/low-intensity recovery periods. Although this is a general description of the complex activity patterns experienced in such events, it currently provides the best means of directly assessing the physiological response to this type of exercise. During a single short (5- to 6-second) sprint, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is resynthesised predominantly from anaerobic sources (phosphocreatine [PCr] degradation and glycolysis), with a small (<10%) contribution from aerobic metabolism. During recovery, oxygen uptake (V-O2) remains elevated to restore homeostasis via processes such as the replenishment of tissue oxygen stores, the resynthesis of PCr, the metabolism of lactate, and the removal of accumulated intracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi). If recovery periods are relatively short, V-O2 remains elevated prior to subsequent sprints and the aerobic contribution to ATP resynthesis increases. However, if the duration of the recovery periods is insufficient to restore the metabolic environment to resting conditions, performance during successive work bouts may be compromised. Although the precise mechanisms of fatigue during multiple sprint work are difficult to elucidate, evidence points to a lack of available PCr and an accumulation of intracellular Pi as the most likely causes. Moreover, the fact that both PCr resynthesis and the removal of accumulated intracellular Pi are oxygen-dependent processes has led several authors to propose a link between aerobic fitness and fatigue during multiple sprint work. However, whilst the theoretical basis for such a relationship is compelling, corroborative research is far from substantive. Despite years of investigation, limitations in analytical techniques combined with methodological differences between studies have left many issues regarding the physiological response to multiple sprint work unresolved. As such, multiple sprint work provides a rich area for future applied sports science research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Glaister
- School of Human Sciences, St Mary's College, a College of the University of Surrey, Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, UK.
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Bishop D, Edge J, Davis C, Goodman C. Induced Metabolic Alkalosis Affects Muscle Metabolism and Repeated-Sprint Ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:807-13. [PMID: 15126714 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000126392.20025.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of induced metabolic alkalosis, via sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) ingestion, on muscle metabolism and power output during repeated short-duration cycle sprints. METHODS : Ten active females (mean +/- SD: age = 19 +/- 2 yr, VO2max = 41.0 +/- 8.8 mL x kg x min ) ingested either 0.3 g x kg NaHCO3 or 0.207 g x kg of NaCl (CON), in a double-blind, random, counterbalanced order, 90 min before performing a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test (5 x 6-s all-out cycle sprints every 30 s). RESULTS Compared with CON, there was a significant increase in resting blood bicarbonate concentration [HCO3] (23.6 +/- 1.1 vs 30.0 +/- 3.0 mmol x L ) and pH (7.42 +/- 0.02 vs 7.50 +/- 0.04), but no significant difference in resting lactate concentration [La] (0.8 +/- 0.2 vs 0.8 +/- 0.3 mmol x L ) during the NaHCO3 trial. Muscle biopsies revealed no significant difference in resting muscle [La], pH, or buffer capacity (beta(in vitro)) between trials (P > 0.05). Compared with CON, the NaHCO3 trial resulted in a significant increase in total work (15.7 +/- 3.0 vs 16.5 +/- 3.1 kJ) and a significant improvement in work and power output in sprints 3, 4, and 5. Despite no significant difference in posttest muscle pH between conditions, the NaHCO3 trial resulted in significantly greater posttest muscle [La]. CONCLUSIONS As NaHCO3 ingestion does not increase resting muscle pH or beta(in vitro), it is likely that the improved performance is a result of the greater extracellular buffer concentration increasing H efflux from the muscles into the blood. The significant increase in posttest muscle [La] in NaHCO3 suggests that an increased anaerobic energy contribution is one mechanism by which NaHCO3 ingestion improved RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop
- Team Sport Research Group, School of Human Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Price M, Moss P, Rance S. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1303-8. [PMID: 12900682 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000079067.46555.3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise and performance. METHODS Eight healthy male subjects (mean +/- SD: age 25.4 +/- 6.4 yr, mass 70.9 +/- 5.1 kg, height 179 +/- 7 cm, VO(2max) 4.21 +/- 0.51 L.min-1) volunteered for the study, which had received ethical approval. Subjects undertook two 30-min intermittent cycling trials (repeated 3-min blocks; 90 s at 40% VO(2max), 60 s at 60% VO(2max), 14-s maximal sprint, 16-s rest) after ingestion of either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3); 0.3 g.kg-1) or sodium chloride (NaCl; 0.045 g x kg(-1). Expired air, blood lactate (BLa), bicarbonate (HCO(3)-), and pH were measured at rest, 30 and 60 min postingestion, and during the 40% VO(2max) component of exercise (4, 10, 16, and 29 min). RESULTS After ingestion, pH increased from rest to 7.46 +/- 0.03 and 7.40 +/- 0.01 for NaHCO(3) and NaCl, respectively (main effect for time and trial; P < 0.05). Values decreased at 15 min of exercise to 7.30 +/- 0.07 and 7.21 +/- 0.06, respectively, remaining at similar levels until the end of exercise. BLa peaked at 15 min (12.03 +/- 4.31 and 10.00 +/- 2.58 mmol.L-1, for NaHCO(3) and NaCl, respectively; P > 0.05) remaining elevated until the end of exercise (P < 0.05). Peak power expressed relative to sprint 1 demonstrated a significant main effect between trials (P < 0.05). Sprint 2 increased by 11.5 +/- 5% and 1.8 +/- 9.5% for NaHCO(3) and NaCl, respectively. During NaHCO(3), sprint 8 remained similar to sprint 1 (0.2 +/- 17%), whereas a decrease was observed during NaCl (-10.0 +/- 16.0%). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that ingestion of NaHCO(3) improves sprint performance during prolonged intermittent cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Price
- School of Science and the Environment, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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Aschenbach W, Ocel J, Craft L, Ward C, Spangenburg E, Williams J. Effect of oral sodium loading on high-intensity arm ergometry in college wrestlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32:669-75. [PMID: 10731011 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200003000-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 0.3 g x kg(-1) of NaHCO3, 0.21 g x kg(-1) of NaCl, and a low-calorie placebo control (PC) on high-intensity arm ergometry in eight college wrestlers (aged 20.6 +/- 0.8 yr, body mass 70.4 +/- 2.1 kg). METHODS Subjects performed eight 15-s intervals of maximal effort arm ergometry separated by 20 s of recovery cranking. Treatments were administered in a randomized, double-blind manner in two equal doses at 90 and 60 min before testing. Venous blood samples were withdrawn at baseline, preexercise, and postexercise intervals. RESULTS Preexercise pH (7.33 +/- 0.01, 7.31 +/- 0.01, and 7.40 +/- 0.01) and base excess (2.41 +/- 0.35, 0.93 +/- 0.39, and 8.45 +/- 0.51) after PC and NaCl ingestion, respectively, were similar, whereas ingestion of NaHCO3 resulted in significantly higher values (P < or = 0.05). Postexercise pH (7.02 +/- 0.01, 7.02 +/- 0.03, and 7.09 +/- 0.03) and base excess (-13.29 +/- 0.96, -14.49 +/- 1.01, and -8.83 +/- 1.38) were significantly lower after both PC and NaCl ingestion compared with NaHCO3 ingestion. Postexercise plasma [lactate] was also greater in both PC and NaHCO3 trials (21.42 +/- 1.52, 20.07 +/- 1.39, and 22.65 +/- 1.77 mmol x L(-1)). However, peak power (370.7 +/- 26.0, 346.3 +/- 13.6, and 354.3 +/- 18.9 W) and total work accomplished in eight intervals (30.2 +/- 1.5, 29.6 +/- 1.1, and 29.9 +/- 1.1 kJ), and percent fatigue (31.0 +/- 2.7, 29.0 +/- 3.2, and 29.2 +/- 4.0%) were similar. CONCLUSIONS These data contradict previous reports of ergogenic benefits NaHCO3 and NaCl administration before exercise and further suggest that performance in this type of activity may not be enhanced by exogenously induced metabolic alkalosis or sodium ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Aschenbach
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise Science, Blacksburg 24061, USA
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Kesl LD, Engen RL. Effects of NaHCO3 loading on acid-base balance, lactate concentration, and performance in racing greyhounds. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 85:1037-43. [PMID: 9729581 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.3.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This investigation examined the effects of NaHCO3 loading on lactate concentration ([La]), acid-base balance, and performance for a 603. 5-m sprint task. Ten greyhounds completed a NaHCO3 (300 mg/kg body weight) and control trial in a crossover design. Results are expressed as means +/- SE. Presprint differences (P < 0.05) were found for NaHCO3 vs. control, respectively, for blood pH (7.47 +/- 0.01 vs. 7.42 +/- 0.01), HCO-3 (28.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 23.5 +/- 0.3 meq/l), and base excess (5.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.2 +/- 0.3 meq/l). Peak blood [La] increased (P < 0.05) in NaHCO3 vs. control (20.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 16.9 +/- 1.3 mM, respectively). Relative to control, NaHCO3 produced a greater (P < 0.05) reduction in blood base excess (-18.5 +/- 1.4 vs. -14.1 +/- 0.8 meq/l) and HCO-3 (-17.4 +/- 1.2 vs. -12.8 +/- 0.7 meq/l) from presprint to postexercise. Postexercise peak muscle H+ concentration ([H+]) was higher (P < 0.05) in NaHCO3 vs. control (158.8 +/- 8.8 vs. 137.0 +/- 5.3 nM, respectively). Muscle [H+] recovery half-time (7.2 +/- 1.6 vs. 11.3 +/- 1.6 min) and time to predose values (22.2 +/- 2.4 vs. 32.9 +/- 4.0 min) were reduced (P < 0.05) in NaHCO3 vs. control, respectively. No differences were found in blood [H+] or blood [La] recovery curves or performance times. NaHCO3 increased postexercise blood [La] but did not reduce the muscle or blood acid-base disturbance associated with a 603.5-m sprint or significantly affect performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Kesl
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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Holloway SA, Sundstrom D, Senior DF. Effect of acute induced metabolic alkalosis on the acid/base responses to sprint exercise of six racing greyhounds. Res Vet Sci 1996; 61:245-51. [PMID: 8938856 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(96)90072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of acute induced metabolic alkalosis on the haematological, biochemical and metabolic responses to sprint exercise, six greyhound dogs with previously placed carotid arterial catheters were raced four times over a distance of 400 metres. Each dog was raced twice after receiving oral sodium bicarbonate solution (NaHCO3) (400 mg kg-1) or lactated Ringer's solution (LRS). Before, and for intervals of up to one hour after, the exercise arterial blood samples were collected for the measurement of blood gases, packed cell volume, total protein, serum biochemistry and plasma lactate. The time to complete the 400 metre sprint ranged from 32.7 seconds to 36.9 seconds. There was no significant difference in racing times between the dogs treated with NaHCO3 and LRS, and there was no significant difference between the plasma lactate measurements after the treatments with NaHCO3 or LRS. Serum chloride concentrations were significantly lower after NaHCO3 than after LRS, and there was a trend towards a lower serum potassium concentration after NaHCO3 treatment. Plasma lactate concentrations showed a similar increase and time course of disappearance after both LRS and NaHCO3 treatments. There were significant changes in all the parameters measured after the exercise, but there were large variations between individual dogs and between races when the dogs were receiving the same treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Holloway
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Matson LG, Tran ZV. Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on anaerobic performance: a meta-analytic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1993; 3:2-28. [PMID: 8388767 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.3.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers have investigated the effects of induced metabolic alkalosis, by ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, on anaerobic exercise performance. But the results have been inconsistent and often contradictory. The purpose of this review was to synthesize the varied findings using a meta-analytic approach. Twenty-nine investigations met our inclusion criteria. Results show that NaHCO3 ingestion clearly results in a more alkaline extracellular environment. The dosage, however, was only moderately related to the increase in pH and HCO3-. Overall, performance was enhanced but the range of effect sizes was large, -0.12 to 2.87. In studies that measured time to exhaustion, there was a mean 27 +/- 20% increase in duration. The treatment effect, however, was only weakly related to the degree of induced alkalosis. But in comparing the 19 studies that showed a positive treatment effect with the 16 that showed no effect, the former were associated with a greater increase in pH following ingestion of a somewhat larger dosage, and a greater decrease in pH with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Matson
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley 80639
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McNaughton LR. Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and its effects on anaerobic exercise of various durations. J Sports Sci 1992; 10:425-35. [PMID: 1331494 DOI: 10.1080/02640419208729941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Four groups of male subjects participated in anaerobic testing on a Repco EX10 cycle ergometer to determine the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g kg-1 body mass) as an ergogenic aid during exercise of 10, 30, 120 and 240 s duration. Blood was collected 90 min prior to ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), after ingestion of NaHCO3 and immediately post-exercise from a heated (43-46 degrees C) fingertip and analysed immediately post-collection for pH, base excess, bicarbonate and lactate. The total work undertaken (kJ) and peak power achieved during the tests were also obtained via a Repco Work Monitor Unit. Blood bicarbonate levels were again increased above the control and placebo conditions (P < 0.001) and blood lactate levels were also increased following the bicarbonate trials. The pH levels fell significantly (P < 0.05) below the control and placebo conditions in all trials. The results indicate that NaHCO3 at this dosage has no ergogenic benefit for work of either 10 or 30 s duration, even though blood bicarbonate levels were significantly increased (P < 0.05) following ingestion of NaHCO3. For work periods of 120 and 240 s, performance was significantly increased (P < 0.05) above the control and placebo conditions following NaHCO3 ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R McNaughton
- Centre for Physical Education, University of Tasmania, Australia
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McNaughton L, Cedaro R. Sodium citrate ingestion and its effects on maximal anaerobic exercise of different durations. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 64:36-41. [PMID: 1735409 DOI: 10.1007/bf00376437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an alkalising agent were studied in ten subjects who participated in anaerobic testing on a cycle ergometer to determine the effectiveness of sodium citrate (0.5 g.kg-1 body mass) as an ergogenic aid during exercise of 10-s, 30-s, 120-s and 240-s duration. Blood was collected prior to, after ingestion of sodium citrate (NaHCO3), and postexercise, from a heated (43-46 degrees C) fingertip and analysed immediately postcollection for pH, partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide, base excess and blood bicarbonate. Total work undertaken (kJ) and peak power (W) achieved during the tests was also obtained via a work monitor unit. The results indicated that a dose of 0.5 g.kg-1 body mass sodium citrate had no ergogenic benefit for exercise of either 10-s or 30-s duration. Blood bicarbonate concentrations, however, were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) following ingestion of the citrate during these trials. Exercise periods of 120 s and 240 s were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) above the control and placebo conditions following sodium citrate ingestion. Blood bicarbonate concentrations were again increased above control and placebo conditions and blood lactate concentrations were also increased following the citrate trials. The pH decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) in all trials below the control and placebo conditions. On the basis of the exercise undertaken in this study we would suggest that a dose of 0.5 g.kg-1 body mass of sodium citrate could improve anaerobic exercise performance of 120-s and 240-s duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McNaughton
- University of Tasmania, Centre for Physical Education, Launceston, Australia
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Gaitanos GC, Nevill ME, Brooks S, Williams C. Repeated bouts of sprint running after induced alkalosis. J Sports Sci 1991; 9:355-70. [PMID: 1664869 DOI: 10.1080/02640419108729896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Seven healthy male subjects performed 10 maximal 6-s sprints, separated by 30-s recovery periods, on a non-motorized treadmill. On two occasions, separated by 3 days, the subjects ingested a solution of either sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; alkaline) or sodium chloride (NaCl; placebo), 2.5 h prior to exercise. The doses were 0.3 g kg-1 body mass for the alkaline treatment and 1.5 g total for the placebo, dissolved in 500 ml of water. The order of testing was randomly assigned. Pre-exercise blood pH was 7.43 +/- 0.02 and 7.38 +/- 0.01 for the alkaline and placebo trials respectively (P less than 0.01). Performance indices (i.e. mean and peak power outputs and mean and peak running speeds) were significantly reduced as a result of the cumulative effects of successive sprints, but not significantly affected by the treatments. However, the total work done (i.e. mean power output) in the alkaline condition was 2% higher than that achieved in the placebo condition. Post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were higher for the alkaline treatment than for the placebo condition (15.3 +/- 3.7 vs 13.6 +/- 3.0 mM respectively; P less than 0.01), but blood pH was similar in both conditions (alkaline: 7.15 +/- 0.13; placebo: 7.09 +/- 0.11). In both conditions, a relationship was found between post-exercise blood lactate and mean power output (alkaline: r = 0.82, P less than 0.01; placebo: r = 0.79, P less than 0.01). No significant differences were found in VE, VO2 and VCO2 between the two experimental conditions. This study demonstrates that alkali ingestion results in significant shifts in the acid-base balance of the blood, but has no effect on the power output during repeated bouts of brief maximal exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Gaitanos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Loughborough University of Technology, UK
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McNaughton L, Curtin R, Goodman G, Perry D, Turner B, Showell C. Anaerobic work and power output during cycle ergometer exercise: effects of bicarbonate loading. J Sports Sci 1991; 9:151-60. [PMID: 1910096 DOI: 10.1080/02640419108729876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Eight trained male cyclists who competed regularly in track races, were studied under control, alkalotic (NaHCO3) and placebo (CaCO3) conditions in a laboratory setting to study the effect of orally induced metabolic alkalosis on 60 s anaerobic work and power output on a bicycle ergometer. Basal, pre- and post-exercise blood samples in the three conditions were analysed for pH, pCO2, pO2, bicarbonate, base excess and lactate. All blood gas measurements were within normal limits at basal levels. There were significant differences in the amount of work produced, and in the maximal power output produced by the cyclists in the experimental condition when compared to the control and placebo conditions (P less than 0.01). The post-exercise pH decreased in all three conditions (P less than 0.05) and post-exercise pCO2 increased significantly in the alkalosis trial (P less than 0.01). In the alkalotic condition, the pre-exercise base excess and HCO3- levels were both higher (P less than 0.05) than the basal levels, suggesting that the bicarbonate ingestion had a significant increase in the buffering ability of the blood. Post-exercise lactate levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) after the alkalotic trial when compared to the other two conditions, immediately post-exercise and for the next 3 min. Post-exercise lactate levels were higher than basal or pre-exercise levels (P less than 0.001). This was true immediately post-exercise and for the next 5 min. The results of this study suggest that NaHCO3 is an effective ergogenic aid when used for typically anaerobic exercise as used in this experiment. We feel that this ergogenic property is probably due to the accelerated efflux of H+ ions from the muscle tissue due to increased extracellular bicarbonate buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McNaughton
- Centre for Physical Education, Tasmanian State Institute of Technology, Launceston, Australia
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