Relationship between obesity indices and hypertension among middle-aged and elderly populations in Taiwan: a community-based, cross-sectional study

The effect of probiotic-fortified kefir on depression, appetite, oxidative stress, and inflammatory parameters in Iranian overweight and obese elderly: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

It has been shown that the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract undergoes changes in obese individuals. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of kefir fortified with two strains, Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum, on depression, appetite, oxidative stress, and inflammatory parameters in overweight and obese elderly individuals.

METHODS

This study was a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted on 67 elderly men aged over 65, who were randomly divided into two groups. One group (n = 35) received one bottle (240 cc) of regular kefir as a placebo, while the intervention group (n = 32) received one bottle of probiotic-fortified kefir for eight weeks. Depression and appetite were evaluated using the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) and a validated Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), respectively. Oxidative stress parameters were assessed using the standard calorimetric method, and inflammatory parameters were measured via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method (ELISA). The differences between the two groups were compared using the independent samples T-test.

RESULTS

The median age of participant in both groups was 65 years. A significant difference in depression scores and the mean change between the two groups was observed after eight weeks (p = 0.001 and p = 0.042, respectively). Within-group comparison revealed a significant increase in appetite scores in both groups (p < 0.05 for both). Moreover, a significant difference in the changes in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was noted (p = 0.009). However, no significant differences were observed in other oxidative and inflammatory parameters between the two groups (p˃0.05 for all).

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrated the positive impact of two specific strains of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus on improving depression in the elderly. However, when comparing the two groups, no significant effects were observed on appetite, inflammation, and oxidative stress parameters, except for TAC.

Association between triglyceride glucose index-related indices and kidney stones in adults based on NHANES 2007-2020

Background

The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and related indices, including the triglyceride-glucose body mass index (TyG-BMI), triglyceride-glucose waist circumference (TyG-WC), and triglyceride-glucose waist-to-height ratio (TyG-WHtR), are increasingly recognized as valuable markers of insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to assess the associations between these TyG-related indices and kidney stones.

Methods

This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 10,824 participants obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007 and 2020. Weighted logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the associations between TyG-related indices and kidney stones, with adjustments for potential confounding factors. Subgroup analyses and smooth curve fittings were performed to further examine these associations, while receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive performance of each index.

Results

All TyG-related indices demonstrated significant positive associations with kidney stones when analyzed as continuous variables. The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.0040 (1.0028, 1.0052) for TyG-BMI, 1.0015 (1.0011, 1.0020) for TyG-WC, and 1.3305 (1.2277, 1.4419) for TyG-WHtR. Similar trends were observed in subgroup and smooth curve analyses. When stratified into tertiles, higher tertiles of each TyG-related index were associated with increased odds of kidney stones. TyG-WC demonstrated the strongest predictive capability for kidney stones (AUC = 0.6158), followed closely by TyG-WHtR (AUC = 0.6156) and TyG-BMI (AUC = 0.5949), with TyG showing the lowest AUC (0.5815).

Conclusion

This study identified significant positive associations between TyG-related indices and kidney stone formation. Among these indices, TyG-WHtR exhibited the highest predictive power for identifying kidney stone risk.

Predictive Models of Muscle Strength in Older People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Purpose

To propose predictive models for absolute muscle strength (AMS) of elderly people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) in primary health care.

Patients and Methods

The cross-sectional study was conducted with 138 elderly diabetics. The AMS was measured by a JAMAR® hydraulic handgrip dynamometer, determined by the sum of both hands. The following indices were evaluated: waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body mass index (BMI), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), Triglyceride/High Density Lipoprotein (TG/HDL) ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Multiple linear regression was used in the statistical analysis.

Results

The final regression model indicated 66.4% (R²=0.66) of the variation in AMS. WHtR decreased AMS by 41.1% (β = -0.19; t = -3.70; p < 0.001), while PLR by 11.3% (β = -0.12; t = -2.36; p = 0.020). Male sex increased AMS by 10.6% (β = 0.32; t = 4.16; p < 0.001), and lean mass (LM) by 0.89% (β = 0.46; t = 6.03; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

WHtR and PLR predicted a decrease, while male sex and LM predicted an increase in AMS. It is suggested that these markers be used as screening measures for variation in AMS in older adults with DM2. These results have relevant practical application in primary health care since the markers are easy to use.

Physical Activity Level Alterations Due to the Lockdowns: A Multi-Center Greek University-Based Study

OBJECTIVE

This cross-sectional study determines the impact of the pandemic lockdowns on physical activity, and evaluates the factors associated with physical activity cessation on students and personnel of eight Greek Higher Education Institutions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 6,380 volunteer participants completed a survey reporting their physical activity levels and perceptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was made available through an online platform.

RESULTS

Both the conduct and intensity of physical activity were significantly reduced from the pre-pandemic era to the second lockdown (P<0.001). Walking was the most frequently selected type of physical activity, in all periods except for the second lockdown. Loss of interest (52.4%) was the main, self-reported factor for cessation of physical activity. Females had a 31% lower probability of ceasing physical activity during lockdowns.

CONCLUSION

The conduct and intensity of physical activity decreased significantly during the pandemic. Female gender, annual checkup attendance, and specific physical activity types during the pre-pandemic era were associated with a reduction in the risk of pausing physical activity during lockdowns. Lockdowns may be implemented in future health crises, hence measures for maintaining the physical activity of the general population, such as online group sessions and support from healthcare professionals, should be prepared.

Low Obesity-Related Indices Are Associated with a Low Baseline Calcaneus Ultrasound T-Score, and a Rapid Decline in T-Score in a Large Taiwanese Population Follow-Up Study

Osteoporosis results in reduced bone strength and an elevated risk of fractures. Both overweight and underweight have been associated with osteoporosis; however, few studies have examined associations between osteoporosis and indices related to obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of obesity-related indices, including body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body roundness index (BRI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI), with baseline and change in calcaneus ultrasound T-score between baseline and follow-up (ΔT-score). T-score was measured using ultrasound. A total of 26,983 subjects were enrolled (mean age 51.2 ± 10.4 years). Multivariable analysis showed significant associations between low BMI (per 1 kg/m²; β, 0.065), WHR (per 1%; β, 0.012), WHtR (per 1%; β, 0.024), BRI (per 1; β, 0.079), BAI (per 1; β, 0.032), AVI (per 1; β, 0.049), and LAP (per 1; β, 0.005) with low baseline T-scores (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, there were significant associations between low BMI (per 1 kg/m²; β, 0.005; p = 0.036), BAI (per 1; β, 0.010; p < 0.001), and VAI (per 1; β, 0.017; p = 0.002) with low ΔT-scores. A low baseline T-score was significantly associated with low values of LAP, AVI, BAI, BMI, BRI, WHR, and WHtR but not VAI. In addition, low BMI, BAI, and VAI were significantly associated with low ΔT-scores, representing a rapidly decreasing T-score. Consequently, avoiding being underweight may help prevent osteoporosis in the Taiwanese population.

Development of the Anthropometric Grouping Index for the Eastern Caribbean Population Using the Eastern Caribbean Health Outcomes Research Network (ECHORN) Cohort Study Data

Improving public health initiative requires an accurate anthropometric index that is better suited to a specific community. In this study, the anthropometric grouping index is proposed as a more efficient and discriminatory alternative to the popular BMI for the Eastern Caribbean population. A completely distribution-free cluster analysis was performed to obtain the 11 categories, leading to AGI-11. Further, we studied these groups using novel non-parametric clustering summaries. Finally, two generalized linear mixed models were fitted to assess the association between elevated blood sugar, AGI-11 and BMI. Our results showed that AGI-11 tends to be more sensitive in predicting levels of elevated blood sugar compared to BMI. For instance, individuals identified as obese III according to BMI are (POR: 2.57; 95% CI: (1.68, 3.74)) more likely to have elevated blood sugar levels, while, according to AGI, individuals with similar characteristics are (POR: 3.73; 95% CI: (2.02, 6.86)) more likely to have elevated blood sugar levels. In conclusion, the findings of the current study suggest that AGI-11 could be used as a predictor of high blood sugar levels in this population group. Overall, higher values of anthropometric measures correlated with a higher likelihood of high blood sugar levels after adjusting by sex, age, and family history of diabetes.

Sex Difference in the Associations among Obesity-Related Indices with Incident Hypertension in a Large Taiwanese Population Follow-Up Study

Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases, and obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate sex differences in the correlations among obesity-related indices and incident hypertension in a large Taiwanese cohort. We included 21,466 enrollees in the Taiwan Biobank and followed them for 4 years. Of the 21,466 patients enrolled in this study, 6899 (mean age, 49.6 ± 10.9 years) were male and 14,567 (mean age, 49.7 ± 10.0 years) were female. Data on visceral adiposity index (VAI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid accumulation product (LAP), conicity index (CI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI), and abdominal volume index (AVI) were collected and analyzed. The results showed that all of the studied obesity-related indices were significantly associated with incident hypertension. Among them, WHtR was the strongest predictor of hypertension in both sexes. In addition, interactions between VAI, LAP, CI, BMI, and AVI with sex on incident hypertension were also statistically significant. CI and AVI were more strongly associated with hypertension in the men than in the women, while VAI, LAP, and BMI were more strongly associated with hypertension in the women. In conclusion, the studied obesity-related indices were found to be predictors of incident hypertension, and there were differences in the associations between the male and female participants. Our findings may imply that reducing body weight may be associated with a lower risk of developing hypertension.

Utility of Obesity Indicators for Predicting Hypertension among Older Persons in Limpopo Province, South Africa

In view of the epidemic proportions of obesity in South Africa and its relationship to cardiometabolic diseases, such as hypertension, a cross sectional study was conducted to investigate the utility of obesity indicators for predicting hypertension among older persons (≥60 years, n = 350) in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The WHO STEPwise approach was used to collect data on demographic and lifestyle factors. Anthropometrics and blood pressure were measured according to the standard procedures. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were used to investigate and compare the ability of obesity indicators to predict overall hypertension and either increased systolic (SBP) or increased diastolic (DBP) blood pressure. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to assess a certain indicator’s potential to predict overall hypertension and either increased SBP or increased DBP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of hypertension with obesity indicators. The mean age of the participants was 69 years (±SD = 7), and hypertension (46%), general obesity (36%) and abdominal obesity (57%) were prevalent among older persons. The obesity indicator body mass index (BMI) (AUC = 0.603 (0.52; 0.69)) was the best predictor of hypertension in older men. Waist circumference (WC) (AUC = 0.640 (0.56; 0.72)) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (AUC = 0.605 (0.52; 0.69)) were better predictors of hypertension than BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in older women. After adjustment for risk factors, only WC (AOR = 1.22 (1.16; 1.79)) was significantly associated with hypertension in older women, proposing WC as a screening tool for the prediction of hypertension in South African older women.

Salivary Neurotrophins Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Associated with Childhood Obesity: A Multiplex Magnetic Luminescence Analysis

Obesity is linked with higher inflammatory markers and is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation. Neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and β-nerve growth factor (β-NGF), in addition to their neuronal functions, act on several immune cells and have been recently designated as metabokines due to their regulatory role in energy homeostasis and food intake. The current study evaluates the salivary BDNF and β-NGF and their association with anthropometric measurement, blood pressure, and salivary insulin in children. Anthropometric measurements and saliva samples were obtained from 76 children, aged 6–10 years. Multiplex analysis was carried out for the salivary analysis of BDNF, NGF, and insulin by human magnetic Luminex performance assay. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the best fit diagnostic value for biomarkers and the relationship of the neurotrophic levels of BDNF and NGF with obesity measures and blood pressure. Salivary BDNF and β-NGF showed a significantly higher concentration in obese children than normal-weight children. Both neurotrophins are positively associated with obesity anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and salivary insulin. Multinominal regression analysis reported a significant association between salivary BDNF, β-NGF, insulin, and systolic pressure adjusted for age, gender, income, and maternal education. The salivary concentration of BDNF and NGF was higher in obese children, and it is positively associated with anthropometric measures, suggesting that neurotrophins can be used as a non-invasive predictor of obesity-related complications in children.

Covid-19 and the impact on the physical activity level of elderly people: A systematic review

INTRODUCTION

Social isolation and lifestyle changes provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively affected the level of physical activity of the elderly people.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the available evidence related to the level of physical activity (PA) of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

This is a systematic review, registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021241116), which included cross-sectional and cohort studies. Embase, Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases were used to search for the studies. Finally, the New Castle-Ottawa Quality Assessment scale was used to measure the quality of the studies.

RESULTS

25 studies were found, being 14 cross-sectional and 11 cohort studies. The studies showed that the elderly population was highly affected in relation to the level of physical activity and lifestyle during restrictions, quarantine and lockdowns caused by the COVID-19. There was a significant reduction in physical activity levels, leading to declines in physical fitness and increased sedentary lifestyle, factors directly related to the increase in frailty in this population.

CONCLUSION

The level of physical activity in the elderly population decreased during the quarantine period of COVID-19 worldwide. Strategies to maintain physical condition must be encouraged with physical exercises that meets the needs of the elderly in the current pandemic scenario, in order to maintain and improve the health of this population.

Association of mammographic density and benign breast calcifications individually or combined with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in women ≥40 years of age: a retrospective study

Recent evidence has linked certain mammographic characteristics, including breast calcifications (Bcs) and mammographic density (MD), with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors in women, but data are limited and inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate the association of MD and/or Bcs with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in women ≥40 years of age. Through hospital electronic records, we retrospectively identified mammograms of non-pregnant women aged ≥40 years and without breast cancer and retrieved reports and relevant data. MD and Bcs were recorded; risk factor status was diagnosed based on treatment profile and clinical and laboratory data. In total, 1406 women were included. MD was inversely related to hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, triglyceride levels, age, and body mass index (BMI) (p value for trend <0.001). Bcs were positively associated with hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, age, BMI, and elevated creatinine (p<0.05). Controlling for age and BMI, MD category A (MD-A) was independently associated with hypercholesterolemia; Bcs were independently associated with diabetes. Combining MD-A with Bcs did not increase the odds significantly. Analysis for additive interactions revealed a significant interaction between MD-A and BMI, increasing the odds of hypertension, and a trend for increased odds of diabetes by adding MD-A and/or Bcs to BMI. Decreased MD and presence of Bcs are associated with hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia in women ≥40 years of age. MD-A may represent a new obesity index independently associated with hypercholesterolemia and additive to hypertension risk. Bcs are independently associated with diabetes. Combining MD and Bcs did not improve the odds significantly, which may reflect mechanistic differences.

Comparison of bioelectrical body and visceral fat indices with anthropometric measures and optimal cutoffs in relation to hypertension by age and gender among Chinese adults

Background

Few studies have compared bioelectrical body and visceral fat indices with anthropometric measures, or evaluated their optimal cutoffs in relation to hypertension among Asians. We compared the efficiencies of bioelectrical indices (percentage of body fat, PBF; visceral fat area, VFA) with anthropometric measures (body mass index, BMI; waist-hip ratio, WHR) for hypertension and re-evaluated the optimal cutoffs of each index by age and gender.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 8234 adults for health examination. PBF, VFA, BMI, WHR, and data on hypertension and behaviors were collected. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and areas under curves (AUCs) were used to analyze the efficiencies of the indices for hypertension, optimal cutoffs were estimated using the Youden index.

Results

A total of 8234 individuals aged 21–91 with median age 44 (interquartile range [IQR] 33–56) years were included and 40.56% were men. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 27.47%. The studied indices were all associated with hypertension in all age-specific groups both among men and women except for WHR in 21–29 years old men and PBF in in 21–29 years old women. Among males, there were no statistical differences in powers of four indices for hypertension in all age-specific groups, except for 40–49 years, in which WHR was better than VFA. Among females, no differences were found among the indices in 30–39 and 70–79 years groups, while WHR was the best in 21–29 years group, VFA was better than PBF in 30–39 and 50–59 years groups, BMI was better than PBF and WHR in 60–69 years group. The optimal cutoffs of PBF, VFA, BMI and WHR ranged from 23.9 to 28.7%, 86.4 to 106.9cm², 23.5 to 27.1 kg/m², 0.92 to 0.96 across the age categories in males, and 32.8 to 36.3%, 75.9 to 130.9cm², 21.9 to 26.4 kg/m², 0.84 to 0.95 across the age categories in females, respectively.

Conclusions

The obesity indices’ efficiencies for hypertension varied by age and gender, and their cutoff values varied across the age categories and gender. Specific indices and cutoffs based on person’s age and gender should be used to identify individuals with hypertension.

Abdominal Obesity is Associated with Physical Activity Index in Indonesian Middle-Aged Adult Rural Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background

Obesity is one of the significant health problems. Physical activity includes a potential modifier in the development of abdominal obesity.

Objective

The objective of the study is to analyze the association between physical activity and abdominal obesity in middle-aged adults in the Indonesian rural population.

Methods

A community-based study was conducted in a rural area of Malang, Indonesia. Data were collected using interviews to obtain sociodemographic and physical activity index (PAI). Waist circumference was measured using a tape measure. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and logistic regression.

Results

A total of 75 adults (62.7% were female) was included in this study. Mean waist circumference was 88.18 ± 9.21 cm. Total prevalence of abdominal obesity was 69.3%. Among the total of participants, 29.3% were inactive. A significant association was found between physical activity and abdominal obesity. Participants with inactive PAI have a higher risk of suffering from abdominal obesity than those with active PAI with odds ratio = 7.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.55-31.99.

Conclusion

In middle-aged adults living in a rural area of Indonesia, physical activity was associated with a lower risk of abdominal obesity. Strategies for preventing and reducing abdominal obesity in rural areas should consider improving physical activity.

The Influence of Anthropometric Indices and Intermediary Determinants of Hypertension in Bangladesh

Hypertension is a major public health burden in Bangladesh. However, studies considering the underlying multifaceted risk factors of this health condition are sparse. The present study concurrently examines anthropometric parameters and intermediary factors influencing hypertension risk in Bangladesh. Using the 2018 World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPwise approach to non-communicable disease risk factor surveillance (STEPS) study conducted in Bangladesh and involving 8019 nationally representative adult respondents, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between anthropometrics, other intermediary factors and hypertension. The regression results were presented using the odds ratio (OR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The risk of hypertension was higher among females and males who were 40 years and older. However, among females, those who were age 60 years and older were more than twice and thrice more likely to be hypertensive compared to those in the younger age groups (18–39, 40–59). Females who were obese (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR], waist to height ratio [WHtR]) or had high waist circumference [WC] were twice as likely to be hypertensive. Males and females who were physically active, consuming more fruits and vegetables daily and educated had lower odds of developing hypertension. Key findings suggest that the association between anthropometric indices (body mass index [BMI], waist to hip ratio [WHR], waist to height ratio [WHtR]), waist circumference [WC]), other intermediary determinants (e.g., education, physical activity) and hypertension exist across gender and with increasing age among adults in Bangladesh. Developing appropriate public health interventions (e.g., regular assessment of anthropometric parameters) for early identification of the risk and pattern of hypertension through appropriate screening and diagnosis is required to meet the specific health needs of the adult Bangladesh population.

Association of adiposity indicators with hypertension among Chinese adults

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Obesity has been linked to the development of hypertension, but the comparison of relationships between different obesity parameters with hypertension are scarcely studied with nationally representative Chinese adults samples. We sought to compare the predictive strengths of different obesity indicators to hypertension.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Data in this study were obtained from the Chinese National Stroke Prevention Project with a nationally representative sample of Chinese aged 40 years and older. A total of 162,880 individuals were included. Multi-level analyses and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were used to examine the risk of hypertension in relation to different obesity parameters, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), lipid accumulation product index (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and body adiposity index (BAI). As results, the BMI, WC, LAP, VAI, and BAI were positively associated with the risk of hypertension (P < 0.001). In total, BMI had the strongest association with hypertension when compared with other obesity indicators, and one SD up of BMI would increase the risk of hypertension by 53.9% (95% CI: 1.514-1.566). For men, WC was most associated with hypertension, and one SD up of WC would increase the risk of hypertension by 73.3% (95% CI: 1.685-1.782). For women, BMI showed the strongest predictive power, one SD up of BMI would increase the risk of hypertension by 51.0% (95% CI: 1.479-1.543).

CONCLUSIONS

BMI, WC, LAP, VAI, and BAI are all positively corrected to hypertension, but gender disparities should be considered in predicting hypertension by obesity indicators.

Blood pressure and adiposity in midlife Singaporean women

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiac events and stroke. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is known to increase the risk of incident hypertension in adults. Although adiposity has been linked to markers of inflammation, few studies have examined these markers as potential mediators of the association between visceral adiposity and elevated blood pressure. We evaluated sociodemographic, reproductive, and lifestyle risk factors for elevated blood pressure among midlife Singaporean women. A total of 1189 women, with a mean age of 56.3 ± 6.2 years, from the Integrated Women's Health Program (IWHP) at National University Hospital, Singapore were studied. Hypothesized risk factors and levels of inflammatory markers were examined in relation to systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) using multivariable linear regression models. Prehypertension (SBP 120-139 mmHg and/or DBP 80-89 mmHg) and hypertension (SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg) were observed in 518 (43.6%) and 313 (26.3%) women, respectively. Compared to women in the lowest tertiles, women in the middle and upper tertiles of VAT had 7.1 (95% CI, 4.4, 9.8) mmHg and 10.2 (95% CI, 6.7, 13.7) mmHg higher adjusted SBP, respectively. Nulliparous older women with a lower education level and those with no or mild hot flashes also had a significantly higher adjusted SBP. No significant independent risk factors were observed for DBP. Adjustments for IL-6, TNF-α, and hs-CRP did not attenuate the association between VAT and SBP. In summary, we found an independent positive association between VAT and SBP. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers did not mediate the increase in SBP in women with high VAT.