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Boakye DS, Kumah E, Adjorlolo S. Policies and Practices Facilitating Access to and Uptake of HIV Testing Services among Adolescents in Sub-Sahara Africa: A Narrative Review. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2024:10.1007/s11904-024-00701-4. [PMID: 38814361 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-024-00701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Expanding access to HIV testing services and linking newly diagnosed positive adolescents to antiretroviral therapy is critical to epidemic control. However, testing coverage and treatment initiation rates continue to lag behind adult counterparts. This article synthesizes evidence on facilitative policies and service delivery practices focused on adolescents to inform programming. RECENT FINDINGS Our narrative review found that national policies are growing more adolescent-inclusive but barriers around the age of consent, waiver frameworks and dissemination constrain translate into practice. Facility-based provider-initiated testing through integrated sexual health services and dedicated youth centres demonstrates uptake effectiveness if confidentiality and youth-friendly adaptations are assured. Supportive policies, youth-responsive adaptations across testing models and strengthening age-disaggregated monitoring are vital to improving adolescents' engagement across the HIV testing and treatment cascade. Further implementation research is imperative to expand the reach of adolescent HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Serwaa Boakye
- Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana, P.O. Box 25, South Campus.
| | - Emmanuel Kumah
- Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana, P.O. Box 25, South Campus
| | - Samuel Adjorlolo
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- Research and Grant Institute of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Olum R, Geng EH, Kitutu FE, Musoke PM. Feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effect of a community-led HIV self-testing model among adolescent girls and young women in Rural Northern Uganda: a quasi-experimental study protocol. Implement Sci Commun 2024; 5:56. [PMID: 38773505 PMCID: PMC11110295 DOI: 10.1186/s43058-024-00596-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa face a disproportionately higher HIV/AIDS burden despite the global decline in incidence. Existing interventions often fail to adequately address their unique social, economic, and cultural challenges, limiting access to essential HIV/AIDS services, including HIV testing. Emerging evidence indicates that HIV self-testing, a user-friendly and confidential method, enhances HIV diagnosis and linkage to care by targeting these barriers. This study aims to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of a peer-delivered, community-health worker (CHW)-facilitated HIV self-testing intervention for AGYW in Northern Uganda. METHODS This mixed-methods quasi-experimental implementation science study will employ a three-fold approach. Firstly, we will conduct baseline formative qualitative research with 50 AGYW, 50 parents/partners to AGYW, 30 CHWs, 15 community leaders, and the district health office to inform the design of a peer-delivered CHW-facilitated HIV self-testing intervention tailored to AGYW's needs in Northern Uganda. Secondly, we will implement a mixed-methods pilot study to assess the intervention's feasibility and acceptability, involving 415 AGYW, 30 AGYW peer leaders, and 10 CHWs in selected parishes and villages in Omoro district, Northern Uganda. Lastly, we will evaluate the implementation outcomes and preliminary impact of the intervention on HIV self-testing rates and linkage to care by collecting and analyzing quantitative data pre- and post-intervention, laying the groundwork for a future robust randomized controlled trial. DISCUSSION Our intervention combines CHWs and peer-led strategies to address the unique challenges of AGYW in Northern Uganda, leveraging community resilience and peer influence. Successful completion of this project will provide a scalable model to be evaluated in a randomized trial and replicated in similar contexts. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER PACTR202404851907736. Registered with the Pan-African Clinical Trials Registry on April 22, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Olum
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Elvin H Geng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, MO, St Louis, USA
| | - Freddy E Kitutu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Philippa M Musoke
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University-John Hopkins University (MU-JHU) Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
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Nkambule BS, Sambo G, Aydin HZ, Yildiz NG, Aydin K, Yildiz H, Santri IN, Wardani Y, Isni K, Mwamlima B, Phiri YVA. Factors associated with HIV-positive status awareness among adults with long term HIV infection in four countries in the East and Southern Africa region: A multilevel approach. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0002692. [PMID: 38051679 PMCID: PMC10697566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) appropriately and regularly used decreases the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load in the bloodstream, preventing HIV-infected people from spreading the infection to others. Disparities in ART adoption persists in East and Southern Africa, with low HIV-positive status knowledge being the primary factor. We investigated individual and household characteristics of HIV-positive status awareness among adults with long-term HIV infection in four East and Southern African countries: Eswatini, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The study analyzed data from surveys conducted in Eswatini, Malawi, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe in 2015-2016. Only individuals who tested positive for HIV through rapid tests were included in the analysis. Those who already knew they were HIV-positive were categorized as aware, while those who reported being negative, never tested, or didn't know their status were categorized as unaware. Statistical models were used to examine various factors related to HIV awareness. Pooled and country-specific odds ratios were computed. The percentage of people who knew they had HIV ranged from 58% (Tanzania and Malawi) to 87% (Eswatini). After adjusting for other variables, young persons in all countries were less likely to be aware of their HIV-positive status. Gender, marital status, education, working status, household wealth, and urbanization level of households were also associated with HIV-positive status awareness but inconsistent across countries. HIV-positive status awareness in these four East and Southern African nations remained unsatisfactory as compared to the United Nations' 95% guideline, indicating that testing and knowledge of HIV testing in this region still has a lot of potential for improvement. The observed variations among nations may be attributable to differences in HIV pandemic culture and policies. The findings of this study will assist governments determining which subpopulations to target to boost adoption of HIV testing services, as well as in designing and development of policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongi Siyabonga Nkambule
- International Health Program, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Grace Sambo
- Chang Gung Medical Education Research Centre (CG-MERC), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Halide Z. Aydin
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nadire Gülçin Yildiz
- Faculty of Education, Department of Guidance and Counseling, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Aydin
- Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Amasya University, Amasya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Yildiz
- Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yuniar Wardani
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Khoiriyah Isni
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bwanalori Mwamlima
- Directorate of Health and Social Services, Rumphi District Council, Rumphi, Malawi
| | - Yohane Vincent Abero Phiri
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (EEH), University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Charis Professional and Academic Research Consultants (CPARC), Mchinji, Malawi
- Malawi Environmental Health Association (MEHA), Lilongwe, Malawi
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Govender K, Nyamaruze P, Cowden RG, Pillay Y, Bekker LG. Children and young women in eastern and southern Africa are key to meeting 2030 HIV targets: time to accelerate action. Lancet HIV 2023; 10:e343-e350. [PMID: 37149293 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(23)00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths among children and adolescent girls and young women (aged 15-24 years) in eastern and southern Africa continue to occur at unacceptably high rates. The COVID-19 pandemic has also severely undermined ongoing initiatives for HIV prevention and treatment, threatening to set the region back further in its efforts to end AIDS by 2030. Major impediments exist to attaining the UNAIDS 2025 targets among children, adolescent girls, young women, young mothers living with HIV, and young female sex workers residing in eastern and southern Africa. Each population has specific but overlapping needs with regard to diagnosis and linkage to and retention in care. Urgent action is needed to intensify and improve programmes for HIV prevention and treatment, including sexual and reproductive health services for adolescent girls and young women, HIV-positive young mothers, and young female sex workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaymarlin Govender
- Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
| | - Patrick Nyamaruze
- Health Economics and HIV and AIDS Research Division, School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Richard G Cowden
- Human Flourishing Program, Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yogan Pillay
- Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Rosen JG, Stone EM, Mbizvo MT. Age-of-consent requirements and adolescent HIV testing in low-and middle-income countries: multinational insights from 51 population-based surveys. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:168-174. [PMID: 36524432 PMCID: PMC9928845 DOI: 10.1177/09564624221142372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pervasive social and structural barriers-including national policies-inhibit HIV testing uptake among priority populations, including adolescents. We assessed the relationship between age-of-consent policies for HIV testing and adolescent HIV testing coverage in 51 low- and middle-income countries. METHODS We pooled data from household surveys (2010-2020) and calculated the weighted country-level prevalence of lifetime HIV testing separately for adolescent girls and boys (ages 15-19). We then abstracted age-of-consent requirements for HIV testing across countries. Using multivariable linear regression, we estimated the average difference in national HIV testing coverage estimates for adolescent girls and boys by age-of-consent restrictions for HIV testing. RESULTS National HIV testing coverage estimates ranged from 0.7% to 72.5% among girls (median: 18.0%) and 0% to 73.2% among boys (median: 7.5%) in Pakistan and Lesotho, respectively. In adjusted models, HIV testing coverage in countries requiring parental consent for individuals <18 years was, on average, 9.4 percentage-points (pp) lower (95% confidence interval [95%CI] -17.9pp to -0.9pp) among girls and 9.3pp lower (95%CI: -17.3pp to -1.2pp) among boys, relative to countries with less restrictive policies (age-of-consent: ≤16 years). Compared to countries with less restrictive (age-of-consent: ≤14 years) policies, HIV testing prevalence was significantly lower among girls (β -10.5pp, 95%CI: -19.7pp to -1.3pp) and boys (β -10.5pp, 95%CI -19.2pp to -1.8pp) in countries with more restrictive (age-of-consent: 18 years) parental consent requirements. CONCLUSIONS Age-of-consent policies are persistent obstacles to adolescent HIV testing. Repealing parental consent requirements for HIV testing is needed to expand coverage and accelerate progress towards global HIV treatment and prevention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Rosen
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Stone
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Considerations to Improve Pediatric HIV Testing and Close the Treatment Gap in 16 African Countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2023; 42:110-118. [PMID: 36638395 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2019, South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Mozambique, Zambia, Angola, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, Ghana, Ethiopia, Malawi, Kenya, South Sudan and Côte d'Ivoire accounted for 80% of children living with HIV (CLHIV) not receiving HIV treatment. This manuscript describes pediatric HIV testing to inform case-finding strategies. METHODS We analyzed US President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief monitoring, evaluation, and reporting data (October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2019) for these 16 countries. Number of HIV tests and positive results were reported by age band, country, treatment coverage and testing modality. The number needed to test (NNT) to identify 1 new CLHIV 1-14 years was measured by testing modality and country. The pediatric testing gap was estimated by multiplying the estimated number of CLHIV unaware of their status by NNT per country. RESULTS Among children, 6,961,225 HIV tests were conducted, and 101,762 CLHIV were identified (NNT 68), meeting 17.6% of the pediatric testing need. Index testing accounted for 13.0% of HIV tests (29.7% of positive results, NNT 30), provider-initiated testing and counseling 65.9% of tests (43.6% of positives, NNT 103), and universal testing at sick entry points 5.3% of tests (6.5% of positives, NNT 58). CONCLUSIONS As countries near HIV epidemic control for adults, the need to increase pediatric testing continues. Each testing modality - PITC, universal testing at sick entry points, and index testing - offers unique benefits. These results illustrate the comparative advantages of including a strategic mix of testing modalities in national programs to increase pediatric HIV case finding.
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Li H, Shah SK, Healy E, Agot K, Neary J, Wilson K, Badia J, Atieno WO, Moraa H, Meischke H, Kibugi J, Inwani I, Chhun N, Mukumbang FC, John‐Stewart G, Kohler P, Beima‐Sofie K. "[T]he laws need to change to reflect current society": Insights from stakeholders involved in development, review or implementation of policies about adolescent consent for HIV testing, care and research in Kenya. J Int AIDS Soc 2023; 26:e26057. [PMID: 36642867 PMCID: PMC9841068 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.26057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Engaging adolescents in HIV care and research promotes the development of interventions tailored to their unique needs. Guidelines generally require parental permission for adolescents to receive HIV care/testing or participate in research, with exceptions. Nevertheless, parental permission requirements can restrict adolescent involvement in care and research. To better appreciate prospects for policy reform, we sought to understand the perspectives of stakeholders involved in the development, review and implementation of policies related to adolescents living with HIV. METHODS Semi-structured individual interviews (IDIs) were conducted from October 2019 to March 2020 with 18 stakeholders with expertise in the (1) development of policy through membership in the Law Society of Kenya or work as a health policy official; (2) review of policy through ethics review committee service; or (3) implementation of policy through involvement in adolescent education. IDIs were conducted in English by Kenyan social scientists, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. We used thematic analysis to identify themes around how policies can be reformed to improve adolescent engagement in HIV care and research. RESULTS Our analysis identified three major themes. First, policies should be flexible rather than setting an age of consent. Stakeholders noted that adolescents' capacity for engagement in HIV care and research depended on context, perceived risks and benefits, and "maturity"-and that age was a poor proxy for the ability to understand. Second, policies should evolve with changing societal views about adolescent autonomy. Participants recognized a generational shift in how adolescents learn and mature, suggesting the need for a more frequent review of HIV care and research guidelines. Third, adults should empower adolescent decision-making. Stakeholders felt that caregivers can gradually involve adolescents in decision-making to equip them to gain ownership over their health and lives, improving their confidence and capacity. CONCLUSIONS Revising relevant laws to consider context, alternative measures of maturity, and evolving societal views about adolescence, along with supporting caregivers to assist in developing adolescent autonomy may promote more equitable and representative participation of adolescents in HIV care and research. Additional research should explore how to support caregivers and other adults to empower adolescents and improve stakeholder engagement in a more routine process of policy reform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangqianyu Li
- Department of Health ServicesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Seema K. Shah
- Department of PediatricsNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA,Bioethics Program at Lurie Children's HospitalChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Elise Healy
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kawango Agot
- Impact Research and Development OrganizationKisumuKenya
| | - Jillian Neary
- Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Kate Wilson
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jacinta Badia
- Impact Research and Development OrganizationKisumuKenya
| | | | - Hellen Moraa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child HealthUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Hendrika Meischke
- Department of Health ServicesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - James Kibugi
- Impact Research and Development OrganizationKisumuKenya
| | - Irene Inwani
- University of Nairobi/Kenyatta National HospitalNairobiKenya
| | - Nok Chhun
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | | | - Grace John‐Stewart
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Department of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Pamela Kohler
- Department of Global HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA,Department of ChildFamily and Population Health NursingUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Mason S, Ezechi OC, Obiezu-Umeh C, Nwaozuru U, BeLue R, Airhihenbuwa C, Gbaja-Biamila T, Oladele D, Musa AZ, Modi K, Parker J, Uzoaru F, Engelhart A, Tucker J, Iwelunmor J. Understanding factors that promote uptake of HIV self-testing among young people in Nigeria: Framing youth narratives using the PEN-3 cultural model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268945. [PMID: 35657809 PMCID: PMC9165856 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to understand how to frame the formats for promoting HIV self-testing to increase uptake among young people. In this study, we used a culture-centered model to understand the narratives of HIV self-testing preferences among young people in Nigeria. We conducted a crowdsourcing contest to solicit ideas surrounding HIV self-testing promotion among young people (10–24 years) in Nigeria from October to November 2018 as part of the 2018 World AIDS Day event. We received 903 submissions and employed thematic content analysis to evaluate 769 eligible youth narratives. Thematic content analysis of the statements from the youth narratives was guided by the PEN-3 cultural model to examine the positive, existential, and negative perceptions (beliefs and values), enablers (resources), and nurturers (roles of friends and family) of HIV self-testing promotion among young people in Nigeria. Several themes emerged as factors that influence the uptake of HIV self-testing among young people in Nigeria. Specifically, seven themes emerged as perceptions: HIV testing accessibility, stigma reduction, and autonomy (positive); HIV self-testing kit packaging and advertisements (existential); lack of knowledge and increased stigma (negative). Seven themes emerged as enablers: social media, school, and government promotion (positive); gamification and animation (existential); high cost and access to linkage to care services (negative); And seven themes emerged as nurturers: peer, families, and faith-based communities (positive); parents and family-centered approach (existential); and partners and family (negative). Our data suggests that increased awareness around HIV self-testing on current youth-friendly platforms, de-stigmatization of HIV and HIV self-testing, decreased prices for HIV self-testing kits, reliability of testing kits, increased linkage to care services, and promotion of self-testing among family members and the community will be beneficial for HIV self-testing scale-up measures among young people in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Mason
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Oliver C. Ezechi
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Medical Compound, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Chisom Obiezu-Umeh
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ucheoma Nwaozuru
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rhonda BeLue
- Department of Health Management and Policy, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Collins Airhihenbuwa
- Global Research Against Noncommunicable Diseases (GRAND), Georgia State University, School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Titilola Gbaja-Biamila
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Oladele
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Adesola Z. Musa
- Clinical Sciences Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Medical Compound, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Karan Modi
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jessica Parker
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Florida Uzoaru
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alexis Engelhart
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joseph Tucker
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juliet Iwelunmor
- Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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Tariq S, Kasadha B. HIV and women’s health: Where are we now? WOMEN'S HEALTH 2022; 18:17455065221076341. [PMID: 35107041 PMCID: PMC8814966 DOI: 10.1177/17455065221076341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shema Tariq
- UCL Centre for Clinical Research in Infection and Sexual Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Mortimer Market Centre, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Bakita Kasadha
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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