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Collings TJ, Lima YL, Dutaillis B, Bourne MN. Concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of VALD ForceDecks' strength, balance, and movement assessment tests. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00144-0. [PMID: 38777737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of common movement, strength, and balance tests using portable uniaxial dual force plates. DESIGN Repeated measures cross-sectional study. METHODS Sixteen healthy individuals participated in two testing sessions, where they performed 12 different movement, strength, and balance tests. Vertical ground reaction force and centre of pressure data were collected using the VALD ForceDecks simultaneously with ground-embedded laboratory force plates. Concurrent validity was assessed using root mean square error for raw time-series data and Bland-Altman plots for discrete metrics. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients and minimal detectable changes. RESULTS ForceDecks recorded vertical ground reaction forces and center of pressure with high accuracy compared to laboratory force plates. The mean bias between systems was negligible (<2 N or 0.1 mm), with small limits of agreement (<5 N or 1 mm). Overall, 530/674 (79%) showed good or excellent validity (<10% difference) and 611/773 (79%) had good or excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.75). ForceDecks reliability was similar to laboratory force plates (<0.07 intraclass correlation coefficient median difference for all metrics). CONCLUSIONS Portable uniaxial force plates record highly accurate vertical ground reaction forces and center of pressure during a range of movement, strength, and balance tests. The VALD ForcDecks are a valid and reliable alternative to laboratory force plates when strict standardized testing and data analysis procedures are followed. Users should be aware of the validity and reliability characteristics of the tests and metrics they choose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Collings
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia; Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia.
| | - Yuri Lopes Lima
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia; Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia. https://twitter.com/YuriLimaPT
| | - Benjamin Dutaillis
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia; Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia. https://twitter.com/benji_dutaillis
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia; Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Australia. https://twitter.com/MBourne5
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Tooth C, Schwartz C, Ann C, Croisier JL, Gofflot A, Stephen B, Forthomme B. Upper limb functional testing in athletes: A Delphi study. Shoulder Elbow 2024; 16:89-99. [PMID: 38425736 PMCID: PMC10901172 DOI: 10.1177/17585732221101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Functional testing has recently become more and more popular to assess athletes, both for injury prevention, as well as in an objective of performance. However, the relationship between the results of these tests and performances (or injuries) or their interpretation remains unclear. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the usefulness, the characteristics, and the interpretation of the most frequently used upper-limb functional test. Methods Twenty-two experts with an excellent knowledge of upper limb functional tests and an expertise in sports medicine and/or sports training of at least 5 years were recruited. They answered to qualitative and quantitative questions about functional testing trough structured questionnaires (online). Results Four rounds were needed to reach a consensus about the usefulness as well as the characteristics of each test. Different sports-specific batteries of tests were also suggested by the experts and reached consensus. However, concerning the interpretation of the test, a consensus was only found for half of the tests considered. Conclusion The current study summarizes the characteristics and the usefulness of the most popular upper-limb functional tests. However, the interpretation of some tests will have to be further explored since no consensus was found for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tooth
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Cools Ann
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Gent, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Amandine Gofflot
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bornheim Stephen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- LAM-Motion Lab-Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Intelangelo L, Elias G, Lassaga I, Bustos C, Jerez-Mayorga D. Reliability of two devices for shoulder strength assessment: Wii Fit Balance Board and hand-held dynamometer. Shoulder Elbow 2024; 16:110-118. [PMID: 38425742 PMCID: PMC10901178 DOI: 10.1177/17585732221145558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and agreement between two devices - Wii Fit Balance Board (WBB) versus Hand-Held Dynamometer (HHD) to measure isometric strength during the athletic shoulder (ASH) test in healthy amateur rugby players. Methods Fifteen males (23.73 ± 2.8 years) completed two testing sessions. Maximal isometric contractions using the dominant arm (D) and non-dominant arm (ND) against a WBB and HHD were assessed at three angles of abduction (180°, 'I'; 135°, 'Y' and 90°, 'T'), in a prone lying position. Results The results indicate a very large correlation between the HHD and the WBB. WBB provides acceptable reliability at I-Test D (CV = 9.97%, ICC = 0.88) and HHD in the I-Test D (CV = 8.90%, ICC = 0.94), I-Test ND (CV = 8.60%, ICC = 0.95) in peak strength values. The HHD is most reliable in D ASH I-Y-T (CV = 10.94%) and WBB (CV = 11.05%). In the ND ASH I-Y-T test, the HHD is the most reliable (CV = 12.5%) compared to the WBB (CV = 14.43%). Conclusions These results suggest that WBB is a reliable device to assess strength in the ASH test with a very large correlation with the HHD. WBB and HHD are two affordable devices to assess isometric shoulder strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Intelangelo
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research, University of Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Elias
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research, University of Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Lassaga
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research, University of Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cristian Bustos
- Department of Innovation & Technology, University Center for Assistance, Teaching and Research, University of Gran Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniel Jerez-Mayorga
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy L. Uhl
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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5
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Rabin A, Chechik O, Olds MK, Uhl TL, Kazum E, Deutsch A, Citron E, Cohen T, Dolkart O, Bibas A, Maman E. The supine moving apprehension test-Reliability and validity among healthy individuals and patients with anterior shoulder instability. Shoulder Elbow 2024; 16:98-105. [PMID: 38435037 PMCID: PMC10902411 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231170197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Performance-based tests for patients with anterior shoulder dislocation are lacking. This study determined the reliability and validity of the supine moving apprehension test designed to assess the ability to control anterior instability loads. Methods Thirty-six participants were recruited (18 healthy individuals, and 18 patients following anterior shoulder dislocation). Healthy participants performed the supine moving apprehension test on 2 separate occasions to determine test-retest reliability. Patients completed the supine moving apprehension test and the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability index before and 6 months after surgical stabilization of their shoulder. The presence of anterior apprehension was also documented post-operatively. Results The supine moving apprehension test demonstrated good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.74-0.84). Patients performed 18-30 repetitions less than healthy individuals during the supine moving apprehension test (P < 0.01). A strong correlation was found between supine moving apprehension test scores and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability post-operatively (r = -0.74, P ≤ 0.01). Supine moving apprehension test scores significantly improved among patients following surgery (P < 0.01). Patients with a negative apprehension test post-operatively performed the supine moving apprehension test significantly better than patients with a positive apprehension test (P < 0.01). Conclusions The supine moving apprehension test is reliable and valid among patients with anterior shoulder dislocation and may serve to assess patients' ability to control shoulder anterior instability loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Rabin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Ofir Chechik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder Surgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Timothy L Uhl
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Efi Kazum
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Adin Deutsch
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Eran Citron
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Tal Cohen
- Department of Physical Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Assaf Bibas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder Surgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eran Maman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shoulder Surgery Unit, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Arundale AJH, McNulty R, Snyder C, O'Brien J, Stöggl T. Injury, Training, Biomechanical, and Physiological Profiles of Professional Breakdancers. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1123-1135. [PMID: 37795328 PMCID: PMC10547081 DOI: 10.26603/001c.87762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breakdancing or breaking will enter the Olympics in 2024, however, there is a paucity of literature exploring the epidemiology, demands, and performance. Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe injury and training profiles, along with the results of a short performance test battery, in a group of elite breakers. Study Design Cross-sectional study (retrospective). Methods Fourteen breakdancers (breakers) (4 Bgirls, 10 Bboys) participated in an interview regarding their injury and training history, endurance test (cycle VO2max testing), counter movement jump, squat jump, drop jump, isometric hip abduction, adduction, shoulder external and internal rotation strength testing on a fixed-frame dynamometer. Breakers were divided into elite (n=10) and developing (n=4) based on their qualification for a world finals competition; Wilcoxen rank sums were used to compare the two groups, or in the case of strength testing between those with and without an injury history. Results The breakers had a median 11.0 [10.0 - 14.0] years breaking experience and trained 24.4 [20.5 - 30.0] hours per week. The knee was the most commonly injured body part and most frequently injured joint, with the thigh being the most common site for muscle injuries. There were no differences in endurance testing or jump height testing results between elite and developing breakers. There was no difference in shoulder external or internal rotation strength between athletes with a history of shoulder injury and those without. Similarly, there was no difference in hip abduction or adduction strength in those with a history of hip injury and those without. Conclusion The results of this study should be viewed with caution due to the small sample size. However, this study is the first to publish functional and physiological descriptives on breakers. The authors hope these results support clinicians treating breakers as well as encourages future research related to breaking. Level of Evidence 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J H Arundale
- Rehabilitation Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Health System
- Red Bull Athlete Performance GmbH
| | | | - Cory Snyder
- Red Bull Athlete Performance GmbH
- Sport and Exercise Science University of Salzburg
| | | | - Thomas Stöggl
- Red Bull Athlete Performance GmbH
- Sport and Exercise Science University of Salzburg
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Whittamore T, Funk L. Surgical repair and rehabilitation of a ruptured pectoralis major muscle in a professional footballer - A case report. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:291-299. [PMID: 37949574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectoralis Major ruptures normally occur in activities and sports such as powerlifting and American football or rugby. It is a rarely reported phenomena in professional footballers. Surgery is normally considered the choice of management to enable a safe return to play with conservatively managed ruptures often resulting in significant strength deficits. This case report highlights the management of a pectoralis major rupture in a professional footballer. CASE PRESENTATION A 27-year-old professional footballer sustained a left pectoralis major rupture after falling to the floor. A subsequent MRI reported a 5cm retraction of the pectoralis major tendon from its attachment at the humerus. Following a consultation with an orthopaedic surgeon the player underwent a pectoralis major surgical repair. Following surgery, the player underwent a rehabilitation programme under the care of the club physiotherapist. Return to play testing included a handheld dynamometer test, closed kinetic chain upper extremity test and progressive falling activities. The player returned to full contact training after 87 days. CONCLUSION This case study demonstrates a successful return to professional football following a pectoralis major rupture and supports the notion that surgical repair of these injuries produces a favourable outcome in professional athletes when returning to sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Whittamore
- Mansfield Town Football Club, Radford and Hymas Academy, Woburn Lane, Mansfield, NG19 7RT, UK.
| | - Lennard Funk
- The Arm Clinic, The Wilmslow Hospital, Wilmslow, SK9 1NY, UK.
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Olds M, McLaine S, Magni N. Validity and Reliability of the Kinvent Handheld Dynamometer in the Athletic Shoulder Test. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:764-772. [PMID: 37290770 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-lever shoulder strength tests may aid clinical decision-making regarding return to sport after a shoulder injury. The Athletic Shoulder Test (AST) was developed to measure force production in 3 positions of shoulder abduction (90°, 135°, and 180°) using force plates. However, handheld dynamometers (HHDs) are more portable, affordable, and may provide valid and reliable results which would increase the clinical utility of long-lever tests. HHDs vary in shape, design, and their capacity to report parameters such as rate of force production and require further investigation. The aim of this study was to examine the intrarater reliability of the Kinvent HHD and assess its validity against Kinvent force plates in the AST. Peak force (in kilograms), torque (in Newton meters), and normalized torque (in Newton meters per kilogram) were reported. DESIGN Validity and reliability study. METHODS Twenty-seven participants with no history of upper limb injury performed the test in a randomized order using the Kinvent HHD and force plates. Each condition was assessed 3 times, and peak force was recorded. Arm length was measured to calculate peak torque. Normalized peak torque was calculated by dividing torque by bodyweight (in kilograms). RESULTS The Kinvent HHD is reliable when measuring force (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] ≥ .80), torque (ICC ≥ .84), and normalized torque (ICC ≥ .64) during the AST. The Kinvent HHD is also valid when compared with the Kinvent force plates for force (ICC ≥ .79; r ≥ .82), torque (ICC ≥ .82; r ≥ .76), and normalized torque (ICC ≥ .71; r ≥ .61). There were no statistically significant differences across the 3 trials on analyses of variance (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The Kinvent HHD is a reliable tool when used to measure force, torque, and normalized torque in the AST. Furthermore, given the lack of significant difference between trials, clinicians can use one test to accurately report relative peak force/torque/normalized torque rather than average 3 separate trials. Finally, the Kinvent HHD is valid when compared with Kinvent force plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie Olds
- Flawless Motion Ltd, Auckland,New Zealand
- Department of Physiotherapy, Otago University, New Zealand
| | - Sally McLaine
- Physiotas Launceston, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS,Australia
| | - Nico Magni
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland,New Zealand
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Taberner M, Spencer N, Murphy B, Antflick J, Cohen DD. Progressing On-Court Rehabilitation After Injury: The Control-Chaos Continuum Adapted to Basketball. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023; 53:498–509. [PMID: 37555664 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2023.11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sport-specific training is an integral component of returning to sport following injury. Frameworks designed to guide sport-specific rehabilitation need to integrate and adapt to the specific context of elite sport. The control-chaos continuum (CCC) is a flexible framework originally designed for on-pitch rehabilitation in elite football (soccer). The concepts underpinning the CCC transfer to other elite sport rehabilitation environments. CLINICAL QUESTION: How can practitioners and clinicians transfer the CCC to elite basketball, to support planning and return to sport? On-court rehabilitation is a critical sport-specific rehabilitation component of return to sport, yet there are no frameworks to guide practitioners when planning and delivering on-court rehabilitation. KEY RESULTS: Based on our experience working in the National Basketball Association, we report how the CCC framework can apply to elite basketball. We focus on the design and delivery of progressive training in the presence of injury in this basketball-specific edition of the CCC. Given the challenges when quantifying "load" in basketball, we encourage practitioners and clinicians to consider the qualitative aspects of performance such as skill, sport-specific movement, contact, and decision making. CLINICAL APPLICATION: The 5-phase framework describes training progression from high control, a return to on-court running, to high chaos, a return to "live" unrestricted basketball. The model can be adapted to both short- and long-term injuries based on injury and progression criteria. Strength and power "diagnostics" can be strategically implemented to enhance decision making throughout the return to sport continuum. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023;53(9):1-12. Epub: 9 August 2023. doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.11981.
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Partner R, Tee J, Darrall-Jones J, Jones B. Development of a rugby shoulder function (RSF) questionnaire: An online Delphi study. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 61:185-191. [PMID: 37116373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a questionnaire to monitor symptoms of player perceived shoulder function/dysfunction. DESIGN 3-Stage Online Delphi Study. METHODS Participants: surgeons, sports and exercise medics, academic researchers, strength and conditioning coaches, therapists and athletes split by level of expertise/experience. Stage-1: experts (n = 12) rated constructs/items from the steering group and made changes/proposed additional constructs/items. Stage-2: experts rated/amended new constructs/items from stage-1. Stage-3: experienced professionals (n = 25) rated/ranked constructs/items from stage 2. Consensus thresholds were defined per stage (≥50% agreement/4-5 rating on 1-5 Likert scale (stages 1-2), ≥68% agreement, and items ranked for perceived importance (stage-3)). RESULTS Stage-1, all four constructs (a. Activities of daily living, b. Range of motion, c. Strength and conditioning, d. Sports specific training and competition) and 26/42 original items achieved consensus. Twelve items were combined into five items. Four new items were also proposed. Stage-2, the combined items and three of the four new items achieved consensus. Stage-3 the four constructs and 22 items all achieved consensus. CONCLUSIONS Following a 3-stage online Delphi process, involving expert and experienced clinicians, practitioners and athletes, a new four construct, 22 item RSF questionnaire has been developed which can be used with rugby players, to monitor perceived shoulder performance and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Partner
- Musculoskeletal Health Research Group, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Jason Tee
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Josh Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom; England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom; School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
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The Modified-Athletic Shoulder Test: Reliability and validity of a new on-field assessment tool. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 58:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trunt A, Fisher BT, MacFadden LN. Athletic Shoulder Test Differences Exist Bilaterally in Healthy Pitchers. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2022; 17:715-723. [PMID: 35693860 PMCID: PMC9159713 DOI: 10.26603/001c.35722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a lack of valid and reliable tests that assess upper extremity strength and function for rehabilitation and injury prevention purposes in throwing athletes. The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test has been proposed as a reliable measure of shoulder strength, but has not yet been studied in baseball pitchers. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish values for healthy baseball pitchers performing the ASH test, compare those values with other common tests of shoulder strength and function, and compare ASH test performance bilaterally. It was hypothesized that the dominant arm would perform significantly better on the ASH test compared to the non-dominant arm. A secondary purpose of the study was to evaluate if ASH test performance was related to fastball velocity in baseball pitchers. It was hypothesized that ASH test performance would positively correlate with fastball velocity. Study Design Cross-Sectional Study. Methods College and high school baseball pitchers were recruited to complete shoulder range of motion (ROM), isokinetic shoulder strength, and isometric shoulder strength testing using the ASH test. The ASH test was used to assess force production as a proxy for strength bilaterally at four levels of shoulder abduction (0°, 90°, 135°, and 180°), using a force plate. Approximately one-week later subjects returned for a bullpen session where fastball velocity was recorded with a radar gun. Bilateral differences in passive ROM, isokinetic, and isometric shoulder strength were examined using paired t-tests while linear relationships between isometric shoulder strength and fastball velocity were assessed using Pearson correlations. Results Thirty-five healthy pitchers participated in the study (19.7 ± 1.8 years). Pitchers demonstrated significantly greater isometric shoulder strength at the 90° and 135° abduction positions with the throwing arm compared to the non-throwing arm. Pitchers also demonstrated commonly observed musculoskeletal adaptations in the throwing arm such as increased passive external rotation, decreased passive internal rotation, and greater internal and external rotator strength during isokinetic testing. Peak force production during the ASH test was not related to fastball velocity. Conclusion The ASH test is capable of detecting bilateral shoulder strength adaptations commonly observed in other clinical tests in healthy pitchers. Pitchers demonstrated greater isometric peak force during the ASH test at levels of shoulder abduction similar to those observed in pitching. While these results may be intriguing for clinical use, peak force from the ASH test was not correlated to fastball velocity in pitchers, and therefore should be used with caution for predictions in this realm. Level of Evidence 2. Clinical Relevance A need exists for objective measures of shoulder strength for rehabilitation and injury risk monitoring in throwing athletes that are easy to administer, have high reliability and validity, and provide minimal re-injury risk to athletes recovering from injury. What is known about the subject Data from the ASH test has been published previously in non-throwing athletes and was shown to be valid and reliable in that group. However, the test has not been explored widely in throwing athletes who are known to have significant musculoskeletal adaptations to the throwing shoulder. What this study adds to existing knowledge The results from this study confirm that the ASH test is sensitive enough to detect the adaptations that are present in the healthy throwing athlete's shoulder. Due to the prior proven validity and reliability and these results, the test can be used to monitor throwing arm strength and function during rehabilitation or as a pre/intra-season screening tool to help describe arm health.
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Reliability and Validity of the Athletic Shoulder (ASH) Test Performed Using Portable Isometric-Based Strength Training Device. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040577. [PMID: 35453777 PMCID: PMC9024613 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test was developed to quantify force across the shoulder girdle in athletes for diagnosis and monitoring. Initially, this test was performed using force plates. The question remains whether force plates may be replaced with a more feasible tool for field testing, such as an isometric-based strength training device. Hence, the present study determined whether Active5™ may be an alternative to force plates for ASH test purposes. Consequently, the ASH test was performed on different days by the same rater and different raters using Active5™ and K-Force plates. It was also checked whether the test results obtained using various tools correlated with each other. The study indicated that both devices were reliable tools, and the ASH test results obtained with the use of the two devices were largely correlated with each other. Abstract The Athletic Shoulder (ASH) test was introduced as a tool for quantifying the ability to produce and transfer force across the shoulder girdle. Whether using the portable isometric-based strength training device Active5™ is a reliable alternative to a gold standard force plate for ASH testing purposes remains unknown; therefore, the present study determined the reliability and validity of Active5™ usage in the ASH test compared to force plates. Fifty-one healthy participants performed the ASH test using Active5™ and K-Force plates in three separate sessions. The maximal force was measured bilaterally in a prone position at three shoulder abduction angles, precisely at 180°, 135°, and 90°. The first rater carried out the first and third sessions, spaced at a one-week interval. A second rater performed the second session. The reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The linear Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) calculation was used to determine the relationship between ASH test results using the two devices. The ICC = 0.77–0.99 result indicated good to excellent reliability for Active5™ usage. A high to a very high correlation between the two devices at 180° and 90° was noted (r = 0.75–0.95). This data supports the isometric-based strength training device Active5™ as a reliable and valid tool for ASH test performance.
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Partner R, Jones B, Tee J, Francis P. Playing through the pain: The prevalence of perceived shoulder dysfunction in uninjured rugby players using the Rugby Shoulder Score. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 54:53-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Boudreau SL, Mattes LL, Lowenstein NA, Matzkin EG, Wilcox RB. Customizing Functional Rehabilitation and Return to Sport in the Female Overhead Athlete. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e271-e285. [PMID: 35141561 PMCID: PMC8811549 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natalie A. Lowenstein
- Department of Orthopedics, Mass General Brigham Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth G. Matzkin
- Department of Orthopedics, Mass General Brigham Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Address correspondence to Elizabeth G.Matzkin, M.D., Department of Orthopedics, Mass General Brigham Sports Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Brigham and Women’s/Mass General Health Care Center, 20 Patriot Place, Foxboro, MA 02135.
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16
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Otley T, Myers H, Lau BC, Taylor DC. Return to Sport After Shoulder Stabilization Procedures: A Criteria-Based Testing Continuum to Guide Rehabilitation and Inform Return-to-Play Decision Making. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e237-e246. [PMID: 35141557 PMCID: PMC8811525 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The athlete with shoulder instability poses a unique challenge to the sports medicine team. Clinical studies support surgical intervention followed by a phased approach to rehabilitation. In the latter phases, it is important to tailor this program to the individual’s specific athletic needs, which requires ongoing qualitative assessment and objective measurement. Passing a return-to-sport testing battery has been shown to decrease the risk of recurrent instability. What is lacking in the literature is a consensus for how to best measure shoulder performance when the required athletic demands are widely varied by hand dominance, sport played, and playing position. Multiple upper-extremity tests have been described in the literature, but there is no consensus on which tests should be used to direct rehabilitation and to safely return the athlete to unrestricted athletic exposure. Using available evidence, we suggest a framework for return-to-play testing that integrates traditional rehabilitation phases with performance testing and graduated sports exposure. Level of Evidence Level V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Otley
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Heather Myers
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Brian C Lau
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Dean C Taylor
- Duke Sports Sciences Institute, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
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2022 Bern Consensus Statement on Shoulder Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport for Athletes at All Participation Levels. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022; 52:11-28. [PMID: 34972489 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an absence of high-quality evidence to support rehabilitation and return-to-sport decisions following shoulder injuries in athletes. The Athlete Shoulder Consensus Group was convened to lead a consensus process that aimed to produce best-practice guidance for clinicians, athletes, and coaches for managing shoulder injuries in sport. We developed the consensus via a 2-round Delphi process (involving more than 40 content and methods experts) and an in-person meeting. This consensus statement provides guidance with respect to load and risk management, supporting athlete shoulder rehabilitation, and decision making during the return-to-sport process. This statement is designed to offer clinicians the flexibility to apply principle-based approaches to managing the return-to-sport process within a variety of sporting backgrounds. The principles and consensus of experts working across multiple sports may provide a template for developing additional sport-specific guidance in the future. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2022;52(1):11-28. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.10952.
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MacMillan C, Olivier B, Benjamin-Damons N. The interrater and intrarater reliability of the flexibility and strength tests included in the Sport Science Lab ® screening protocol amongst professional rugby players. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2021; 77:1504. [PMID: 34007937 PMCID: PMC8111643 DOI: 10.4102/sajp.v77i1.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Considering the injury incidence rate (IR) associated with elite-level rugby, measures to reduce players' injury risk are important. Establishing scientifically sound, pre-season musculoskeletal screening protocols forms part of injury prevention strategies. Objective To determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of the flexibility and strength tests included in the Sport Science Lab® (SSL) screening protocol. Methods We determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of 11 flexibility and nine strength tests. Twenty-four injury-free, elite, adult (> 18 years), male rugby players were screened by two raters on two occasions. To establish intrarater and interrater reliability, Gwet's AC1, AC2 and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used for the analysis of binary, ordinal and continuous variables, respectively. Statistical significance was set at 95%. Results Flexibility tests which require lineal measurement had at least substantial interrater (ICC = 0.70-0.96) and intrarater reliability (ICC = 0.89-0.97). Most of the flexibility tests with binary outcomes attained almost perfect interrater and intrarater reliability (Gwet's AC1 = 0.8-0.97). All strength tests attained at least substantial interrater (Gwet's AC2 = 0.73-0.96) and intrarater (Gwet's AC2 = 0.67-0.97) reliability. Conclusion The level of interrater and intrarater reliability of most of the flexibility and strength tests investigated supports their use to quantify various aspects of neuromusculoskeletal qualities and possible intrinsic risk factors amongst elite rugby players. Clinical implications Establishing the reliability of tests, is one step to support the inclusion thereof in official screening protocols. Results of our study, verify the reliability of the simple, clinically friendly strength and flexibility tests included and therefore support their use as preparticipation screening tools for rugby players. Further investigation as to the association thereof to athletes' injury risk and performance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice MacMillan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Benita Olivier
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Natalie Benjamin-Damons
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Fanning E, Daniels K, Cools A, Miles JJ, Falvey É. Biomechanical upper-extremity performance tests and isokinetic shoulder strength in collision and contact athletes. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1873-1881. [PMID: 33874850 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1904694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was threefold (1) to assess the reliability of three upper-extremity performance tests: a countermovement push up, press jump and drop box land, performed on a set of dual-force plates (2) to examine whether there was an association between isokinetic dynamometry and the performance tests in a non-injured cohort of collision/contact athletes and (3) to establish a normal descriptive profile of the vertical ground reaction forces from the performance tests, in a cohort of contact/collision athletes. The study was split into two sub-sections; the inter-day reliability of three upper-extremity performance tests (n = 21) and a descriptive, correlation study investigating the relationship between isokinetic dynamometry and performance tests metrics (n = 39). We used intraclass correlation coefficients (absolute agreement, 2-way mixed-effects model) with 95% confidence intervals to quantify inter-day reliability of all variables. We used Pearson correlation coefficients to investigate associations between isokinetic strength and vertical ground reaction force asymmetry variables. Inter-day reliability was moderate-to-excellent for the upper-extremity performance tests (ICC 0.67-0.97). There was no statistically significant correlation between external and internal rotational peak torque and the variables of CPMU, PJ and BDL (r range = .02-.24).These upper-extremity tests are reliable for use with male contact/collision athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Fanning
- Sports Medicine, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Katherine Daniels
- Sports Medicine, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, UK
| | - Ann Cools
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Josh J Miles
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Éanna Falvey
- Sports Medicine, Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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20
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Olds MK, Lemaster N, Picha K, Walker C, Heebner N, Uhl T. Line Hops and Side Hold Rotation Tests Load Both Anterior and Posterior Shoulder: A Biomechanical Study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:477-487. [PMID: 33842043 PMCID: PMC8016413 DOI: 10.26603/001c.21454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical tests should replicate the stressful positions encountered during sport participation. Evaluating the kinetic and electromyographical demands of clinical tests enables clinicians to choose appropriate tests for specific sports. PURPOSE To describe the shoulder forces and muscle activation levels during closed chain functional tests of Line Hops (LH) and Side Hold Rotation (SHR). STUDY DESIGN Descriptive biomechanical study. METHODS Ten asymptomatic participants were examined in a university laboratory. Two functional tests were evaluated using three-dimensional video analysis and electromyography to measure shoulder forces, moments, and muscular activity levels. RESULTS SHR produced a peak average posterior translation force of 4.84 N/kg (CI95 4.32-5.36N/kg) and a peak average anterior translational force of 1.57 N/kg (CI95 1.10-2.01N/kg). High levels of serratus anterior (98% maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and infraspinatus (52 %MVIC) were recorded during SHR. LH produced a posterior translational force of 4.25 N/kg (CI95 3.44-5.06N/kg). High levels of serratus anterior (105 %MVIC) and infraspinatus (87 %MVIC) were recorded during the push off phase of this activity. CONCLUSIONS LH and SHR placed large posterior translational forces that approached half of a person's bodyweight on shoulder structures. SHR produced an anterior translation force at extremes of horizontal abduction placing approximately 18% of bodyweight on shoulder structures. The LH test required the serratus anterior to provide power to push the upper torso of the ground while both the serratus and the infraspinatus provides scapular and humeral stability, respectively. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4: Case series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kelsey Picha
- A.T. Still University, Arizona School of Health Sciences
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21
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Félix I, Dines D, Dines J. Interval Return to Play Programs for the Tennis Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2021; 14:185-191. [PMID: 33532974 PMCID: PMC7990973 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-021-09701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW General guidelines exist for return to sport after injury. The goal of these guidelines is to outline phases of recovery that will minimize the risk of reinjury and promote an optimal return to function for the athlete. This paper analyzes the current research pertaining to interval return to play programs with a special focus on the tennis athlete. The authors examine the different components of an interval tennis program and work to develop what they feel are the necessary elements of the optimal return to sport guidelines for tennis athletes. These criteria are based on the available literature, research, and preliminary data collection as well as the personal experiences and clinical observations of the authors. RECENT FINDINGS Interval sports programs are typically designed to guide the athlete back to competition after an injury. The current research reveals the obstacles present in implementing an appropriate interval sports program including a lack of consensus on which criteria is actually necessary and relevant. Limited research is present for interval tennis programs. Return to sport competition and sports science is continuously evolving. The authors highlight the necessary components in rehabilitation and performance principles for establishing a comprehensive interval tennis program. In addition, the role of technology in sports rehabilitation is assessed as it pertains to return to play. The authors proposed that interval sports program can help guide and direct future clinicians in their rehabilitation of the tennis athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioonna Félix
- Hospital for Special Surgery Westside Sports Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, 610 W. 58th St, New York, NY 10019 USA
| | - David Dines
- Sports and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, Suite 106 Earle Ovington Blvd Uniondale, New York, NY USA
| | - Joshua Dines
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery Westside Sports Institute, 610 W. 58th St, New York, NY 10019 USA
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22
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Biaggi K, Farmer B, Hobson M, Self C, Grindstaff TL. Shoulder Strength and Range of Motion in Healthy Collegiate Softball Players. J Athl Train 2021; 56:1086-1093. [PMID: 33481015 DOI: 10.4085/301-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are key injury evaluation components for overhead athletes. Most normative values are derived from male baseball players with limited information specific to female softball players. OBJECTIVE To determine between-limb differences in shoulder ROM and strength in healthy collegiate softball players. DESIGN Descriptive laboratory study. SETTING University research laboratory and collegiate athletic training room Participants: Twenty-three healthy collegiate softball players (age=19.9 ± 1.2y; height=170.5 ± 4.3cm; mass=78.4 ± 11.3kg). INTERVENTIONS Outcome measures included shoulder ROM (internal [IR] and external rotation [ER]), isometric strength (IR, ER, flexion, abduction [135 degrees], and horizontal abduction), and a measure of dynamic strength (Upper Quarter Y Balance Test [UQYBT]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Paired sample t-tests were used to determine between limb differences for each outcome measure. RESULTS Participants had significantly more ER ROM (12° more) and significantly less IR ROM (12° less) on the dominant arm, relative to the non-dominant arm. There were no significant differences between limbs for any of the isometric strength measures or for the UQYBT reach directions. CONCLUSIONS While female collegiate softball players demonstrated typical changes in ER and IR ROM in the dominant arm, they demonstrated relatively symmetrical performance across strength measures, which contrasts with previous studies using male baseball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Biaggi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA, , @kelseybiaggi
| | - Brooke Farmer
- Department of Physical Therapy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA, , @befarmer08
| | - Matthew Hobson
- Athletic Training Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA,
| | - Curtis Self
- Athletic Training Department, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA, , @selfjays
| | - Terry L Grindstaff
- Department of Physical Therapy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA, , @GrindstaffTL
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23
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The validity of the sphygmomanometer for shoulder strength assessment in amateur rugby union players. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 47:59-65. [PMID: 33197874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the concurrent validity of a sphygmomanometer for assessing shoulder strength in the I, Y and T positions during the athletic shoulder test (ASH test). Force platforms were used as the gold standard measurement tool for this purpose. DESIGN Shoulder strength was assessed using force platforms and a sphygmomanometer, both placed on the floor and the participant positioned prone. One rater assessed strength, taking three measurements in each of the I, Y and T positions, using the sphygmomanometer and force platforms. Concurrent validity was calculated using the force platforms as the gold standard device. SETTING Data was collected within the treatment room of an amateur rugby club. PARTICIPANTS Twenty male amateur rugby players (25.15 years old ± 3.27 years) were recruited for this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Peak force across the shoulder girdle was assessed using the force platforms and sphygmomanometer which provided values in Newtons (N) and millimetres of mercury (mmHg) respectively. RESULTS Results showed high concurrent validity (Pearsons r = 0.76-0.81) between the sphygmomanometer and the force platform. Coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.59-0.67) showed the sphygmomanometer to have a valid predictive model in the I, Y and T positions. CONCLUSIONS The sphygmomanometer is suitable for monitoring force transfer across the shoulder during the ASH test, and is able to quantify peak force in mmHg. The sphygmomanometer enables coaches and clinicians to accurately quantify force production across the shoulder girdle in order to screen and monitor players at a low cost.
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Fanning E, Maher N, Cools A, Falvey EC. Outcome Measures After Shoulder Stabilization in the Athletic Population: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Patient-Reported Metrics. Orthop J Sports Med 2020; 8:2325967120950040. [PMID: 32984424 PMCID: PMC7498977 DOI: 10.1177/2325967120950040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Athletic endeavor can require the “athletic shoulder” to tolerate significant
load through supraphysiological range and often under considerable
repetition. Outcome measures are valuable when determining an athlete’s safe
return to sport. Few data are available to guide a clinician’s choice from
the variety of measures available. Purpose: To describe the use of quantifiable objective outcome measures and
patient-reported outcome tools after glenohumeral joint stabilization,
specifically in an athletic population. The secondary aim of our study was
to assess whether the method of measurement used was clearly described and
standardized to aid clinical interpretation. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science
databases was performed in December 2018 based on the PRISMA (Preferred
Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. After
the application of selection criteria, a full review of identified papers,
and screening of reference lists, a total of 62 studies were included in the
review. All studies were independently appraised for quality, predefined
data fields were populated and cross-checked for accuracy, and results were
then summarized from these data fields. Results: Of the 62 included studies, 94% used a quantifiable objective clinical
outcome. A majority (85%) of the studies measured range of motion, 21%
recorded muscle strength, 5% measured electromyographic activity, 5%
examined shoulder kinematics, and 3% assessed joint proprioception after
surgery. However, only 18% of the studies clearly described a standardized
method of measuring the outcome. Nearly all (95%) of the studies used at
least 1 patient-reported outcome measure. The Rowe score was most commonly
used (35%). Conclusion: We must standardize and clearly describe the use of quantifiable objective
outcome measures to aid clinical interpretation. A concerted effort should
also be made to standardize the use of patient-reported outcome tools after
shoulder stabilization in the athletic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edel Fanning
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Sports Medicine, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Natasha Maher
- Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ann Cools
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eanna C Falvey
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Sports Medicine, Dublin, Ireland.,University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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25
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Schwab LM, McGhee D, Franettovich Smith MM, Mendis MD, Hides J. Pre-season screening of the upper body and trunk in Australian football players: A prospective study. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 46:120-130. [PMID: 32942242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether screening tests of upper body, trunk region, and of whole-body function could prospectively identify community AFL players who sustain in-season shoulder/head/neck injuries. Additionally, to present screening test reference values. DESIGN Prospective cohort; SETTING: Community sport; PARTICIPANTS: 142 male community AFL players (range 15-37 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (i) isometric shoulder external and internal rotation (ER/IR) strength; (ii) upper body combined elevation functional ROM; (iii/iv) whole-body functional jump ROM; (v) static thoracic spine angle; (vi) cervical joint proprioception, and (vii) trunk muscle size and function. Results were compared among players with (n = 21) and without (n = 121) an in-season shoulder, head, or neck injury. ROC analysis and odds ratios were used to determine the predictive values. RESULTS Two screening tests predicted an in-season shoulder, head, or neck injury; dominant and non-dominant isometric ER strength (AUC 0.629, 95%CI 0.51-0.74; optimal cut point 182 N and AUC 0.619, 95%CI 0.50-0.74; optimal cut point 184 N, respectively). The adjusted odds ratio for the strongest predictor: dominant ER muscle strength was 6.02 (95%CI 1.8-19.9). CONCLUSION Greater ER strength was associated with in-season shoulder/head/neck injuries in community AFL players; however, further research is required to determine the clinical significance of this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Schwab
- Griffith University, School of Allied Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Deirdre McGhee
- University of Wollongong, School of Medicine, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | | | - M Dilani Mendis
- Griffith University, School of Allied Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie Hides
- Griffith University, School of Allied Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Burger N, Lambert M, Hendricks S. Lay of the land: narrative synthesis of tackle research in rugby union and rugby sevens. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000645. [PMID: 32518671 PMCID: PMC7254146 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this review was to synthesise both injury prevention and performance tackle-related research to provide rugby stakeholders with information on tackle injury epidemiology, including tackle injury risk factors and performance determinants, and to discuss potential preventative measures. Design Systematic review and narrative synthesis. Data sources PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria Limited to peer-reviewed English-only publications between January 1995 and October 2018. Results A total of 317 studies were identified, with 177 in rugby union and 13 were in rugby sevens. The tackle accounted for more than 50% of all injuries in rugby union and rugby sevens, both at the professional level and at the lower levels, with the rate of tackle injuries higher at the professional level (mean 32/1000 player-hours) compared with the lower levels (mean 17/1000 player-hours). A player’s tackle actions and technical ability were identified as major risk factors for injury and a key determinant of performance. Summary/conclusion Evidence-based education, progressive tackle technique training with a high potential to transfer and law changes have been proposed as key modifiers of player tackle actions and technical ability. Conceivably, all three modifiers working in unison (as opposed to separately) will have a higher potential at reducing tackle injury risk while enhancing performance. With the guidance of tackle injury and performance studies, as well as stakeholder engagement, experiential and explorative tackle research has the potential to inspire innovative injury prevention and performance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Burger
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mike Lambert
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa.,Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sport Performance, School of Sport, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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27
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Reliability of a shoulder arm return to sport test battery. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 39:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bizzini M, Mathieu N. On the shoulders of giants/shouldering the educational burden… your one-stop shoulder shop: Bern, 22 November 2019. Br J Sports Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Ashworth B, Cohen DD. Force awakens: a new hope for athletic shoulder strength testing. Br J Sports Med 2018; 53:524. [PMID: 30413428 PMCID: PMC6579503 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Ashworth
- Sports Medicine and Performance team, Arsenal Football Club, St Albans, UK
| | - Daniel Dylan Cohen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad de Santander (UDES), Bucaramanga, Colombia
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