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Koehle MS. Physiological impacts of atmospheric pollution: Effects of environmental air pollution on exercise. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16005. [PMID: 38605426 PMCID: PMC11009369 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in our understanding of the physiology of the air pollution and exercise. The key areas covered include the effect of exercise intensity, the effects of pre-exposure to air pollution, acclimation to air pollution, and the utility of masks during exercise. Although higher intensity exercise leads to an increase in the inhaled dose of pollutants for a given distance traveled, the acute effects of (diesel exhaust) air pollution do not appear to be more pronounced. Second, exposure to air pollution outside of exercise bouts seems to have an effect on exercise response, although little research has examined this relationship. Third, humans appear to have an ability to acclimate to ground level ozone, but not other pollutants. And finally, masks may have beneficial effects on certain outcomes at low intensity exercise in pollution with significant levels of particles, but more study is required in realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Division of Sport & Exercise MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Canadian Sport Institute – PacificVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Athletics CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
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2
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Wang K, Lei L, Li G, Lan Y, Wang W, Zhu J, Liu Q, Ren L, Wu S. Association between Ambient Particulate Air Pollution and Soluble Biomarkers of Endothelial Function: A Meta-Analysis. TOXICS 2024; 12:76. [PMID: 38251031 PMCID: PMC10819696 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of cardiovascular diseases caused by ambient particulate air pollution is universal. An increasing number of studies have investigated the potential effects of exposure to particulate air pollution on endothelial function, which is one of the important mechanisms for the onset and development of cardiovascular disease. However, no previous study has conducted a summary analysis of the potential effects of particulate air pollution on endothelial function. OBJECTIVES To summarize the evidence for the potential effects of short-term exposure to ambient particulate air pollution on endothelial function based on existing studies. METHODS A systematic literature search on the relationship between ambient particulate air pollution and biomarkers of endothelial function including endothelin-1 (ET-1), E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to 20 May 2023. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model. RESULTS A total of 18 studies were included in this meta-analysis. A 10 μg/m3 increase in short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 was associated with a 1.55% (95% CI: 0.89%, 2.22%) increase in ICAM-1 and a 1.97% (95% CI: 0.86%, 3.08%) increase in VCAM-1. The associations of ET-1 (0.22%, 95% CI: -4.94%, 5.65%) and E-selectin (3.21%, 95% CI: -0.90% 7.49%) with short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION Short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 pollution may significantly increase the levels of typical markers of endothelial function, including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, suggesting potential endothelial dysfunction following ambient air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yang Lan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wanzhou Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qisijing Liu
- Research Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Lihua Ren
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Shaowei Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (K.W.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases in Ministry of Health, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
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Hung A, Koch S, Bougault V, Gee CM, Bertuzzi R, Elmore M, McCluskey P, Hidalgo L, Garcia-Aymerich J, Koehle MS. Personal strategies to mitigate the effects of air pollution exposure during sport and exercise: a narrative review and position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:193-202. [PMID: 36623867 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is among the leading environmental threats to health around the world today, particularly in the context of sports and exercise. With the effects of air pollution, pollution episodes (eg, wildfire conflagrations) and climate change becoming increasingly apparent to the general population, so have their impacts on sport and exercise. As such, there has been growing interest in the sporting community (ie, athletes, coaches, and sports science and medicine team members) in practical personal-level actions to reduce the exposure to and risk of air pollution. Limited evidence suggests the following strategies may be employed: minimising all exposures by time and distance, monitoring air pollution conditions for locations of interest, limiting outdoor exercise, using acclimation protocols, wearing N95 face masks and using antioxidant supplementation. The overarching purpose of this position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology is to detail the current state of evidence and provide recommendations on implementing these personal strategies in preventing and mitigating the adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure during exercise while recognising the limited evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hung
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Koch
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Cameron Marshall Gee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paddy McCluskey
- Athletics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .,Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Silveira AC, Hasegawa JS, Cruz R, Matsuda M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Giles LV, Saldiva PHN, Koehle MS, Bertuzzi R. Effects of air pollution exposure on inflammatory and endurance performance in recreationally trained cyclists adapted to traffic-related air pollution. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R562-R570. [PMID: 35411800 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00305.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on markers of inflammatory, neuroplasticity, and endurance performance-related parameters in recreationally trained cyclists who were adapted to TRAP during a 50-km cycling time-trial (50-km cycling TT). Ten male cyclists performed a 50-km cycling TT inside an environmental chamber located in downtown Sao Paulo (Brazil), under TRAP or filtered air conditions. Blood samples were obtained before and after the 50-km cycling TT to measure markers of inflammatory [interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-10 (IL-10), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)], and neuroplasticity [brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)]. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and power output (PO) were measured throughout the 50-km cycling TT. There were no significant differences between experimental conditions for responses of IL-6, CRP and IL-10 (P > 0.05). When compared with exercise-induced changes in filtered air condition, TRAP provoked greater exercise-induced increase in BDNF levels (TRAP = 3.3 ± 2.4 fold change; Filtered = 1.3 ± 0.5 fold change; P = 0.04) and lower exercise-induced increase in ICAM-1 (Filtered = 1.1 ± 0.1 fold change; TRAP = 1.0 ± 0.1 fold change; P = 0.01). The endurance performance-related parameters (RPE, HR, PO, and time to complete the 50-km cycling TT) were not different between TRAP and filtered air conditions (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the potential negative impacts of exposure to pollution on inflammatory, neuroplasticity, and performance-related parameters do not occur in recreationally trained cyclists who are adapted to TRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Casanova Silveira
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Satoshi Hasegawa
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazi
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica V Marquezini
- Pro - Sangue Foundation, Sao Paulo and Pathology Department, University of Sao Paulo Faculty of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education (DAEFI), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luisa V Giles
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Fraser Valley (UFV), British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Long E, Schwartz C, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: a method for understanding health effects of traffic-related air pollution. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35216599 PMCID: PMC8876178 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major component of air pollution in urban centers. Controlled human exposure (CHE) experiments are commonly used to investigate the acute effects of DE inhalation specifically and also as a paradigm for investigating responses to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) more generally. Given the critical role this model plays in our understanding of TRAP’s health effects mechanistically and in support of associated policy and regulation, we review the methodology of CHE to DE (CHE–DE) in detail to distill critical elements so that the results of these studies can be understood in context. From 104 eligible publications, we identified 79 CHE–DE studies and extracted information on DE generation, exposure session characteristics, pollutant and particulate composition of exposures, and participant demographics. Virtually all studies had a crossover design, and most studies involved a single DE exposure per participant. Exposure sessions were typically 1 or 2 h in duration, with participants alternating between exercise and rest. Most CHE–DE targeted a PM concentration of 300 μg/m3. There was a wide range in commonly measured co-pollutants including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and total organic compounds. Reporting of detailed parameters of aerosol composition, including particle diameter, was inconsistent between studies, and older studies from a given lab were often cited in lieu of repeating measurements for new experiments. There was a male predominance in participants, and over half of studies involved healthy participants only. Other populations studied include those with asthma, atopy, or metabolic syndrome. Standardization in reporting exposure conditions, potentially using current versions of engines with modern emissions control technology, will allow for more valid comparisons between studies of CHE–DE, while recognizing that diesel engines in much of the world remain old and heterogeneous. Inclusion of female participants as well as populations more susceptible to TRAP will broaden the applicability of results from CHE–DE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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Long E, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35139881 PMCID: PMC8827176 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an issue of increasing interest due to its globally relevant impacts on morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure (CHE) studies are often employed to investigate the impacts of pollution on human health, with diesel exhaust (DE) commonly used as a surrogate of traffic related air pollution (TRAP). This paper will review the results derived from 104 publications of CHE to DE (CHE-DE) with respect to health outcomes. CHE-DE studies have provided mechanistic evidence supporting TRAP’s detrimental effects on related to the cardiovascular system (e.g., vasomotor dysfunction, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and impaired cardiac function) and respiratory system (e.g., airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness, and clinical symptoms of asthma). Oxidative stress is thought to be the primary mechanism of TRAP-induced effects and has been supported by several CHE-DE studies. A historical limitation of some air pollution research is consideration of TRAP (or its components) in isolation, limiting insight into the interactions between TRAP and other environmental factors often encountered in tandem. CHE-DE studies can help to shed light on complex conditions, and several have included co-exposure to common elements such as allergens, ozone, and activity level. The ability of filters to mitigate the adverse effects of DE, by limiting exposure to the particulate fraction of polluted aerosols, has also been examined. While various biomarkers of DE exposure have been evaluated in CHE-DE studies, a definitive such endpoint has yet to be identified. In spite of the above advantages, this paradigm for TRAP is constrained to acute exposures and can only be indirectly applied to chronic exposures, despite the critical real-world impact of living long-term with TRAP. Those with significant medical conditions are often excluded from CHE-DE studies and so results derived from healthy individuals may not apply to more susceptible populations whose further study is needed to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. In spite of limitations, the contributions of CHE-DE studies have greatly advanced current understanding of the health impacts associated with TRAP exposure, especially regarding mechanisms therein, with important implications for regulation and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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The Acute Effects of Exercising in Air Pollution: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sports Med 2021; 52:139-164. [PMID: 34499337 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of air pollution (AP) exposure during physical activity have been studied. However, comprehensive systematic reviews are lacking, particularly regarding moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the acute health- and exercise-related effects of AP exposure during a bout of MVPA in healthy individuals. METHODS We searched for randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, SPORTDiscus, Agricultural and Environmental Science Database, ClinicalTrials.gov, International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform up to July 2020 without language or date restrictions. Studies including healthy subjects engaging in a bout of MVPA while exposed to one or more of the following air pollutants were eligible: particulate matter, black carbon, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, diesel exhaust, and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP). Main outcome measures were markers of pulmonary function, symptoms, cardiovascular function, cognitive function, systemic inflammation, and exercise response. The evidence was synthesized by vote counting based on direction of effect. RESULTS In total, 53 studies were included in the systematic review. Studies employed a heterogeneous mix of exercise protocols, AP interventions, and measured outcomes. Pooled results suggest ozone exposure during MVPA has an adverse effect on pulmonary function (100% [95% confidence interval (CI) 88-100], p < 0.001; high-certainty evidence) and reported symptoms (88% [95% CI 69-96], p < 0.001; low-certainty evidence). The effect of exposure to carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, small engine exhaust, or diesel exhaust during MVPA on health- and exercise-related outcomes is uncertain because of insufficient evidence and the low to very low certainty of available evidence. DISCUSSION The evidence is strongest for ozone, exposure to which generally induced a reduction in pulmonary function and increased symptoms during MVPA. The research related to other outcome domains remains inconclusive. Although long-term exposure to AP is proven to be hazardous, the evidence for healthy individuals to forgo MVPA during periods of high (non-ozone) pollution remains weak. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020188280) on 10 July 2020.
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Pourreza S, Khademi Z, Mirzababaei A, Yekaninejad MS, Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Naghshi S, Mirzaei K. Association of plant-based diet index with inflammatory markers and sleep quality in overweight and obese female adults: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14429. [PMID: 34081826 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and sleep disturbances increase the risk of multiple diseases, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and dementia. Since diet plays a significant role in inflammatory responses and sleep quality, this study aimed to investigate the association of a plant-based diet index (PDI) with sleep quality and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese women. METHODS 390 overweight and obese women aged 18-48 years participated in this cross-sectional study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to create an overall PDI, healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI). Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Higher scores on the PSQI were indicative of poor sleep. Anthropometric measurements and serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were evaluated. Linear regression models were used to determine the association between exposure and outcomes. RESULTS After taking potential confounders into account, we found a significant inverse association between adherence to hPDI and hs-CRP (β = -0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.22,0.06, P = .001) and a significant positive association between uPDI and hs-CRP (β = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.05,0.21, P = .001). Overall, PDI was significantly associated with TGF-β (β = 2.04, 95% CI: 0.54,3.55, P = .008). No association was detected between PDI indices and IL-1β. Higher adherence to uPDI was significantly associated with higher PSQI score (lower sleep quality) (β= 0.20, 95% CI:0.007,0.40, P = .04). A significant positive association was found between TGF-β (β = 0.05, 95% CI:0.005,0.10, P = .03) and hs-CRP (β = 0.32, 95% CI:0.02,0.62, P = .03) with PSQI. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated a significant association between adherence to a plant-based diet with inflammation and sleep quality in obese and overweight females. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS TOPIC?: Sleep is an essential part of life, and sleep quality has a significant impact on individual well-being and performance. There is a bidirectional relationship between disturbed sleep and elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Diet plays a major part in sleep quality and its related health consequences. Plant-based diets are associated with lower risk of chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes, obesity and reduced level of inflammation. WHAT DOES THIS ARTICLE ADD?: Adherence to a healthful plant-based diet is associated with lower level of hs-CRP, while adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet is associated with higher concentrations of hs-CRP. Adherence to an unhealthful plant-based diet is associated with lower sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Pourreza
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Khademi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sina Naghshi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Dorneles GP, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. Should I stay or should I go: Can air pollution reduce the health benefits of physical exercise? Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:109993. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Acute effects of short-term exposure to air pollution while being physically active, the potential for modification: A review of the literature. Prev Med 2020; 139:106195. [PMID: 32652130 PMCID: PMC8043242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The science behind the combined effect of (and possible interaction between) physical activity and air pollution exposure on health endpoints is not well established, despite the fact that independent effects of physical activity and air pollution on health are well known. The objective of this review is to systematically assess the available literature pertaining to exposure to air pollution while being physically active, in order to assess statistical interaction. Articles published during 2000-2020 were identified by searching PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest Agricultural & Environmental Science Database for terms encompassing air pollution and exercise/physical activity. Articles were included if they examined the following four scenarios: at rest in clean air, physical activity in clean air, at rest in polluted air, and physical activity in polluted air. Risk of bias assessment was performed on all included articles. We identified 25 articles for inclusion and determined risk of bias was low to moderate. Nine articles identified evidence of statistical interaction between air pollution exposure and physical activity, while 16 identified no such interaction. However, pollutant levels, exercise intensity, and the population studied appeared to influence statistical interaction. Even in low levels of air pollution, low-intensity activities (i.e., walking), may intensify the negative impacts of air pollution, particularly among those with pre-existing conditions. However, among healthy adults, the review suggests that exercise is generally beneficial even in high air pollution environments. Particularly, the review indicates that moderate to high-intensity exercise may neutralize any short-term negative effects of air pollution.
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