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Attini R, Leone F, Montersino B, Fassio F, Minelli F, Colla L, Rossetti M, Rollino C, Alemanno MG, Barreca A, Todros T, Piccoli GB. Pregnancy, Proteinuria, Plant-Based Supplemented Diets and Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Report on Three Cases and Critical Appraisal of the Literature. Nutrients 2017; 9:E770. [PMID: 28753930 PMCID: PMC5537884 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasingly recognized in pregnant patients. Three characteristics are associated with a risk of preterm delivery or small for gestational age babies; kidney function reduction, hypertension, and proteinuria. In pregnancy, the anti-proteinuric agents (ACE-angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitors or ARBS -angiotensin receptor blockers) have to be discontinued for their potential teratogenicity, and there is no validated approach to control proteinuria. Furthermore, proteinuria usually increases as an effect of therapeutic changes and pregnancy-induced hyperfiltration. Based on a favourable effect of low-protein diets on proteinuria and advanced CKD, our group developed a moderately protein-restricted vegan-vegetarian diet tsupplemented with ketoacids and aminoacids for pregnant patients. This report describes the results obtained in three pregnant patients with normal renal function, nephrotic or sub-nephrotic proteinuria, and biopsy proven diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, a renal lesion in which hyperfiltration is considered of pivotal importance (case 1: GFR (glomerular filtration rate): 103 mL/min; proteinuria 2.1 g/day; albumin 3.2 g/dL; case 2: GFR 86 mL/min, proteinuria 3.03 g/day, albumin 3.4 g/dL; case 3: GFR 142 mL/min, proteinuria 6.3 g/day, albumin 3.23 g/dL). The moderately restricted diet allowed a stabilisation of proteinuria in two cases and a decrease in one. No significant changes in serum creatinine and serum albumin were observed. The three babies were born at term (38 weeks + 3 days, female, weight 3180 g-62th centile; 38 weeks + 2 days, female, weight 3300 g-75th centile; male, 38 weeks + 1 day; 2770 g-8th centile), thus reassuring us of the safety of the diet. In summary, based on these three cases studies and a review of the literature, we suggest that a moderately protein-restricted, supplemented, plant-based diet might contribute to controlling proteinuria in pregnant CKD women with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. However further studies are warranted to confirm the potential value of such a treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Attini
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Filomena Leone
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Montersino
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Fassio
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Fosca Minelli
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Loredana Colla
- SCDU Nephrology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Maura Rossetti
- SCDU Nephrology, Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Rollino
- SCDU Nephrology, Giovanni Bosco Hospital, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Alemanno
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Antonella Barreca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Tullia Todros
- Materno-Foetal Unit, Department of Surgery, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
| | - Giorgina Barbara Piccoli
- Department of Biological and Clinical Sciences, University of Torino, 10100 Turin, Italy.
- Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, 72000 Le Mans, France.
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Gentile G, Mastroluca D, Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G. Novel effective drugs for diabetic kidney disease? or not? Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2014; 19:571-601. [PMID: 25376947 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2014.979151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is increasingly common worldwide and is expected to affect 592 million people by 2035. The kidney is often involved. A key goal in treating diabetes is to reduce the risk of development of kidney disease and, if kidney disease is already present, to delay the progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This represents a social and ethical issue, as a significant proportion of patients reaching ESRD in developing countries do not have access to renal replacement therapy. AREAS COVERED The present review focuses on novel therapeutic approaches for diabetic nephropathy (DN), implemented on the basis of recent insights on its pathophysiology, which might complement the effects of single inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), the cornerstone of renoprotective interventions in diabetes, along with glycemic and blood pressure control. EXPERT OPINION Although a plethora of new treatment options has arisen from experimental studies, the number of novel renoprotective molecules successfully implemented in clinical practice over the last two decades is disappointingly low. Thus, new investigational strategies and diagnostic tools - including the appropriate choice of relevant renal end points and the study of urinary proteome of patients - will be as important as new therapeutic interventions to fight DN. Finally, in spite of huge financial interests in replacing the less expensive ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers with newer drugs, any future therapeutic approach has to be tested on top of - rather than instead of - optimal RAAS blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gentile
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò" , Villa Camozzi, Via Giambattista Camozzi 3, 24020, Ranica, Bergamo , Italy +39 03545351 ; +39 0354535371 ;
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Sever PS, Gradman AH, Azizi M. Managing cardiovascular and renal risk: the potential of direct renin inhibition. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 10:65-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320309104662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aliskiren is the first direct renin inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension. Clinical experience from studies in over 14,000 patients has shown that aliskiren, alone or in combination with other antihypertensive therapies, provides effective blood pressure lowering with a good safety and tolerability profile.The ultimate aim of antihypertensive therapy, however, is to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular and renal outcomes.The effect of aliskiren on surrogate markers of organ damage and clinical outcomes is being assessed in the ongoing ASPIRE HIGHER programme, the largest clinical trials programme in the cardio-renal disease area. Results from the ALOFT, AVOID and ALLAY studies suggest that aliskiren has positive effects on markers of cardiovascular and renal damage in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy, heart failure and left ventricular hypertrophy.ASPIRE HIGHER also includes four large-scale studies assessing the potential outcome benefits of aliskiren, and the results of these trials will help define the clinical utility of aliskiren in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this article, we review the antihypertensive efficacy of aliskiren and explore its potential in the management of cardiovascular and renal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, UK,
| | - Alan H Gradman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, The Western Pennsylvania Hospital and Temple University School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michel Azizi
- Clinical Investigation Center, Hospital European Georges Pompidou and the Paris-Descartes University School of Medicine, Paris, France
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