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De Luca P, Iaconis D, Biffali E, Enza C, de Magistris L, Riegler G, Pappalardo D, Amato MR, Iardino P, Montanino C, De Felice B. Development of a novel SNP assay to detect lactase persistence associated genetic variants. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7087-7093. [PMID: 34515921 PMCID: PMC8572811 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adulthood the activity of the lactase enzyme is inherited as autosomal dominant form associated to Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present research was aimed to develop a novel genetic method to test lactase non persistence more powerfully. METHODS AND RESULTS In our study, we selected eight different SNPs that are associated with lactase persistence from Caucasian, Arabian Bedouins, sub-Saharian Africans and Asian populations to set up an approach to detect all the eight different SNPs at the same time in the same sample. This technique is centred on the identification of SNPs with a single nucleotide primer extension method using Sanger sequencing and capillary electrophoresis. CONCLUSIONS Our method allowed us to check the genotype asset of eight SNPs related to lactase persistence simultaneously and in a very efficient manner. It could be applied to a higher number of SNPs in a single reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale De Luca
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Daniela Iaconis
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Biffali
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Sequencing and Molecular Analyses Center, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy
| | - Coluccia Enza
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Laura de Magistris
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Gabriele Riegler
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Diego Pappalardo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Amato
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Patrizia Iardino
- UOC Clinic and Molecular Pathology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Concetta Montanino
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Bruna De Felice
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy.
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Nowak JK, Dybska E, Dworacka M, Tsikhan N, Kononets V, Bermagambetova S, Walkowiak J. Ileal Lactase Expression Associates with Lactase Persistence Genotypes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041340. [PMID: 33920682 PMCID: PMC8073975 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lactose digestion depends on persistence genotypes (including rs4988235), the frequency of which exhibits broad geographical variability. However, little is known about the relationship between lactase (LCT) genotypes and intestinal expression of LCT. We aimed to investigate ileal expression of LCT depending on main genetic polymorphisms (rs4988235, rs3754689, rs3739022), age, sex, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and the expression of other genes; (2) Methods: phenotype, array-based genotype, and ileal mucosal biopsy expression data were obtained from the CEDAR study; (3) Results: analyses included 196 healthy Europeans (53.6% women) aged 53.0 ± 13.6 years with a mean BMI of 25.6 ± 4.2 kg/m2, of whom 17.4% were smoking. Ileal LCT expression was mostly independent of age, sex, BMI, or smoking. Rs4988235 homozygous minor allele (GG) associated with lower LCT expression (vs. AG p = 2.2 × 10−6, vs. AA p = 1.1 × 10−7). Homozygous major allele of rs3754689 (GG) was related to higher LCT expression (vs. AG p = 1.7 × 10−5, vs. AA p = 0.0074). Rs3754689 genotype did not modify LCT expression (GG vs. AG p = 0.051) in rs4988235-heterozygous subgroup. Interestingly, CD14, which is a marker of monocytes and macrophages, was the strongest negative transcriptomic correlate of LCT expression (r = −0.57, pFDR = 1.1 × 10−14); (4) Conclusions: both rs4988235 and rs3754689 associated with ileal LCT expression, which did not seem related to age, sex, smoking, or BMI. The inverse correlation between LCT and CD14 expression in the ileum is striking and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krzysztof Nowak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Emilia Dybska
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (J.W.)
| | - Marzena Dworacka
- Department of Pharmacology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Natallia Tsikhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Grodno State Medical University, 230009 Grodno, Belarus;
| | - Victoria Kononets
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan; (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Saule Bermagambetova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan; (V.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland; (E.D.); (J.W.)
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3
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Couce ML, Sánchez-Pintos P, González-Vioque E, Leis R. Clinical Utility of LCT Genotyping in Children with Suspected Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103017. [PMID: 33019743 PMCID: PMC7601291 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic testing is a good predictor of lactase persistence (LP) in specific populations but its clinical utility in children is less clear. We assessed the role of lactose malabsorption in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) in children and the correlation between the lactase non-persistence (LNP) genotype and phenotype, based on exhaled hydrogen and gastrointestinal symptoms, during a hydrogen breath test (HBT). We also evaluate dairy consumption in this sample. We conducted a 10-year cross-sectional study in a cohort of 493 children with suspected FGID defined by Roma IV criteria. Distribution of the C/T-13910 genotype was as follows: CC, 46.0%; TT, 14.4% (LP allele frequency, 34.1%). The phenotype frequencies of lactose malabsorption and intolerance were 36.3% and 41.5%, respectively. We observed a strong correlation between genotype and both lactose malabsorption (Cramér’s V, 0.28) and intolerance (Cramér’s V, 0.54). The frequency of the LNP genotype (p = 0.002) and of malabsorption and intolerance increased with age (p = 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). In 61% of children, evaluated dairy consumption was less than recommended. No association was observed between dairy intake and diagnosis. In conclusion, we found a significant correlation between genotype and phenotype, greater in older children, suggesting that the clinical value of genetic testing increases with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- María L. Couce
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (R.L.)
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.C.); (P.S.-P.); Tel.: +34-981950151 (M.L.C.); +34-981950134 (P.S.-P.)
| | - Paula Sánchez-Pintos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (R.L.)
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.L.C.); (P.S.-P.); Tel.: +34-981950151 (M.L.C.); +34-981950134 (P.S.-P.)
| | - Emiliano González-Vioque
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (R.L.)
- CIBERER, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosaura Leis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, IDIS-Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (E.G.-V.); (R.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chen M, Wang J, Liu N, Cui W, Dong W, Xing B, Pan C. Pig SOX9: Expression profiles of Sertoli cell (SCs) and a functional 18 bp indel affecting testis weight. Theriogenology 2019; 138:94-101. [PMID: 31319268 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), an important member of the SRY- type HMGbox (SOX) gene family, plays an important role in the regulation of mammalian reproduction, including sex differentiation during the embryonic development stage and spermatogenesis after birth. To explore the roles of polymorphism and expression of the SOX9 gene in the development of testes, we analyzed the indel of SOX9 in pigs and the corresponding expression level of the SOX9 gene in 7-day and 5-month-old porcine Sertoli cells. Results revealed that the DD haplotype of SOX9 gene as well as the ID genotype were significantly associated with larger testicular weight, while the II haplotype was closely related to the smaller testicular weight. More importantly, the SOX9 gene expression of ID genotyped group was significantly higher than that in II genotyped group. Our results first revealed that the indel polymorphism and expression of SOX9 were significantly associated with pig reproduction traits indicating the critical roles of SOX9 gene in testes development. The study provides a new clue for understanding the regulation of animal reproductive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Wenbo Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Wuzi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Baosong Xing
- Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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5
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Detection of coding sequence, mRNA expression and three insertions/deletions (indels) of KDM6A gene in male pig. Theriogenology 2019; 133:10-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Mnich B, Spinek AE, Chyleński M, Sommerfeld A, Dabert M, Juras A, Szostek K. Analysis of LCT-13910 genotypes and bone mineral density in ancient skeletal materials. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194966. [PMID: 29708972 PMCID: PMC5927400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation of LCT-13910 genotypes and bone mineral density (BMD) has been the subject of modern-day human population studies, giving inconsistent results. In the present study we analyze for the first time a relation of LCT-13910 genotypes and BMD in historical skeletal individuals. Ancient population might be a model for testing this association due to elimination of non-natural factors affecting bone density. Among 22 medieval individuals from Sanok churchyard (South-Eastern Poland; dated from XIV to XVII c. AD) we identified 4 individuals with osteoporosis (mean BMD = 0.468 g/cm2, SD = 0.090), 10 individuals with osteopenia (mean BMD = 0.531 g/cm2, SD = 0.066) and 8 individuals with normal BMD values (mean BMD = 0,642 g/cm2, SD = 0.060). Analyses of BMD and LCT-13910 genotypes revealed that mean BMD was the highest (0.583 g/cm2, SD = 0.065) in the individuals with lactose tolerance genotypes (TT and CT). We also found possible association of lower BMD at the radius and CC genotypes due to higher but not statistically significant frequency of osteoporosis in the lactose intolerant group (p = 0.60). Statistically significant correlation was found between BMD and females aged 20-35 years, with tendency to reduce BMD with age (p = 0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mnich
- Department of Anthropology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Chyleński
- Institute of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sommerfeld
- Department of Agriculture and Bioengineering, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Juras
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
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7
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Hartwig FP, Horta BL, Smith GD, de Mola CL, Victora CG. Association of lactase persistence genotype with milk consumption, obesity and blood pressure: a Mendelian randomization study in the 1982 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort, with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:1573-1587. [PMID: 27170764 PMCID: PMC5100608 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Milk intake has been associated with lower blood pressure (BP) in observational studies, and randomized controlled trials suggested that milk-derived tripeptides have BP-lowering effects. Milk intake has also been associated with body mass index (BMI). Nevertheless, it is unclear whether increasing milk consumption would reduce BP in the general population. Methods: We investigated the association of milk intake with obesity and BP using genetically-defined lactase persistence (LP) based on the rs4988235 polymorphism in a Mendelian randomization design in the 1982 Pelotas (Southern Brazil) Birth Cohort. These results were combined with published reports identified through a systematic review using meta-analysis. Results: In the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, milk intake was 42 [95% confidence interval (CI): 18; 67) ml/day higher in LP individuals. In conventional observational analysis, each 1-dl/day increase in milk intake was associated with −0.26 (95% CI: −0.33; −0.19) kg/m2 in BMI and −0.31 (95% CI: −0.46; −0.16) and -0.35 (95% CI: −0.46; −0.23) mmHg in systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. These results were not corroborated when analysing LP status, but confidence intervals were large. In random effects meta-analysis, LP individuals presented higher BMI [0.17 (95% CI: 0.07; 0.27) kg/m2] and higher odds of overweight-obesity [1.09 (95% CI: 1.02; 1.17)]. There were no reliable associations for BP. Conclusions: Our study supports that LP is positively associated with obesity, suggesting that the negative association of milk intake with obesity is likely due to limitations of conventional observational studies. Our findings also do not support that increased milk intake leads to lower BP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernardo Lessa Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cesar Gomes Victora
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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8
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Labrie V, Buske OJ, Oh E, Jeremian R, Ptak C, Gasiūnas G, Maleckas A, Petereit R, Žvirbliene A, Adamonis K, Kriukienė E, Koncevičius K, Gordevičius J, Nair A, Zhang A, Ebrahimi S, Oh G, Šikšnys V, Kupčinskas L, Brudno M, Petronis A. Lactase nonpersistence is directed by DNA-variation-dependent epigenetic aging. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:566-73. [PMID: 27159559 PMCID: PMC4899171 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inability to digest lactose due to lactase non-persistence is a common trait in adult mammals, with the exception of certain human populations that exhibit lactase persistence. It is not clear how the lactase gene can be dramatically downregulated with age in most individuals, but remains active in some. We performed a comprehensive epigenetic study of the human and mouse intestine using chromosome-wide DNA modification profiling and targeted bisulfite sequencing. Epigenetically-controlled regulatory elements were found to account for the differences in lactase mRNA levels between individuals, intestinal cell types and species. The importance of these regulatory elements in modulating lactase mRNA levels was confirmed by CRISPR-Cas9-induced deletions. Genetic factors contribute to epigenetic changes occurring with age at the regulatory elements, as lactase persistence- and non-persistence-DNA haplotypes demonstrated markedly different epigenetic aging. Thus, genetic factors facilitate a gradual accumulation of epigenetic changes with age to affect phenotypic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Labrie
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Orion J Buske
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Oh
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richie Jeremian
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carolyn Ptak
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giedrius Gasiūnas
- Department of Protein-DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almantas Maleckas
- Department of Surgery, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Petereit
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aida Žvirbliene
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Adamonis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Edita Kriukienė
- Department of Biological DNA Modification, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Koncevičius
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Juozas Gordevičius
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Akhil Nair
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aiping Zhang
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sasha Ebrahimi
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel Oh
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginijus Šikšnys
- Department of Protein-DNA Interactions, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Limas Kupčinskas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Institute for Digestive Research, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Michael Brudno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arturas Petronis
- Krembil Family Epigenetics Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Bergholdt HKM, Nordestgaard BG, Varbo A, Ellervik C. Milk intake is not associated with ischaemic heart disease in observational or Mendelian randomization analyses in 98,529 Danish adults. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 44:587-603. [PMID: 26085675 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observationally, reports on the association between milk intake and risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI) have produced conflicting results; and no previous large-scale study using the lactase persistent/non-persistent LCT-13910 C/T genotype as a largely unconfounded proxy for milk intake free of reverse causation has been conducted. We tested the hypothesis that milk intake observationally and genetically through the LCT-13910 C/T genotype is associated with risk of IHD and MI in a Mendelian randomization design. METHODS We included 98,529 White individuals of Danish descent, aged 20-100 years, from three studies of the general population. Information on IHD (N = 10,372) and MI (N = 4188) were obtained from national Danish registries. First, we investigated observational associations between milk intake and incident IHD and MI. Second, we confirmed the association between the rs4988235 genetic variant LCT-13910 C/T, associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence, and milk intake. Finally, we tested whether LCT-13910 C/T genotype was associated with risk of IHD and MI as well as with cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS During a mean follow-up time of 5.4 years, the observational hazard ratio for a 1 glass/week higher milk intake was 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00,1.01] for both IHD and MI. Median milk intake was 3 glasses/week (interquartile range: 0-7) in lactase CC non-persistent individuals compared with 5 glasses/week (0-10) in lactase TC/TT persistent individuals (P = 3*10(-60)). In the dominant genetic model comparing lactase TC/TT persistent individuals with lactase CC non-persistent individuals, the odds ratio was 1.00 (0.92,1.09) for IHD and 0.96 (0.84,1.09) for MI. Finally, in the dominant genetic model genotype was not associated convincingly with plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides or glucose, nor with blood pressure. CONCLUSION Milk intake was not associated with risk of IHD or MI, observationally or genetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle K M Bergholdt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anette Varbo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Naestved Hospital, Denmark, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Research, Nykoebing Falster Hospital, Nykoebing Falster, Denmark and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Abstract
Incomplete intestinal absorption of fructose might lead to abdominal complaints such as pain, flatulence and diarrhoea. Whether defect fructose transporters such as GLUT5 or GLUT2 are involved in the pathogenesis of fructose malabsorption is a matter of debate. The hydrogen production by colonic bacteria is used for diagnosis with the hydrogen breath test. However, the appropriate fructose test dose for correct diagnosis is unclear. Subjects with fructose malabsorption show increased breath hydrogen levels and abdominal symptoms after fructose administration but do not report any symptoms when fructose is given together with glucose. This beneficial effect of glucose, however, cannot be explained yet but might be used for clinical care of these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Ebert
- Pädiatrische Ernährungsmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Technische Universität München (TUM), Gregor-MendelStr. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin (EKFZ), Technische Universität München (TUM), Gregor-MendelStr. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL), Technische Universität München (TUM), Gregor-MendelStr. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Heiko Witt
- Pädiatrische Ernährungsmedizin, Klinikum rechts der Isar (MRI), Technische Universität München (TUM), Gregor-MendelStr. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin (EKFZ), Technische Universität München (TUM), Gregor-MendelStr. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany. .,Zentralinstitut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelforschung (ZIEL), Technische Universität München (TUM), Gregor-MendelStr. 2, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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11
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Boschmann SE, Boldt AB, de Souza IR, Petzl-Erler ML, Messias-Reason IJ. The Frequency of the LCT*-13910C>T Polymorphism Associated with Lactase Persistence Diverges among Euro-Descendant Groups from Brazil. Med Princ Pract 2016; 25:18-20. [PMID: 26334798 PMCID: PMC5588315 DOI: 10.1159/000440807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the LCT*-13910C>T polymorphism associated with a high expression of lactase in the small intestine during adulthood, and to infer the lactase persistence and adult-type hypolactasia phenotypes among Euro-Brazilians and Mennonites from South Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sequence-specific PCR method to genotype the LCT*-13910C>T polymorphism in 292 Euro-Brazilians and 151 Mennonites (a group with European ancestry and a long history of endogamy) was developed. Using an exact test of population differentiation, the genotype and allele frequency between these and other Brazilian populations were compared. RESULTS The frequency of -13910*T was significantly higher among the Mennonites when compared to the Euro-Brazilian cohort (0.63 vs. 0.33, p < 0.000001). Accordingly, Mennonites had a higher prevalence of the lactase persistence genotype (88.1 vs. 55.5%, p < 0.000001). The distribution of -13910*T differed between Mennonites and all other Brazilian groups (p < 0.0001). The Euro-Brazilians from Curitiba displayed differences when compared to all other Brazilian groups (p < 0.0001), even to Euro-Brazilians from a different geographic region (p = 0.0003), but were similar to those from Porto Alegre (p = 0.2). CONCLUSION Differences in the -13910*T-associated lactase persistence distribution among Euro-Brazilian groups reflect the ancestry and admixture of each particular group and should be considered for adult-type hypolactasia screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Epp Boschmann
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Alto da Glória, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Boldt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Alto da Glória, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ilíada Rainha de Souza
- Laboratório de Polimorfismos Genéticos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Iara Jose Messias-Reason
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Alto da Glória, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- *Prof. Dr. Iara Jose Messias-Reason, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua General Carneiro 181, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, PR 80035-050 (Brazil), E-Mail
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12
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Functional significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lactase gene in diverse US patients and evidence for a novel lactase persistence allele at -13909 in those of European ancestry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:182-91. [PMID: 25625576 PMCID: PMC4308731 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent data from mainly homogeneous European and African populations implicate a 140-bp region 5' to the transcriptional start site of LCT (the lactase gene) as a regulatory site for lactase persistence and nonpersistence. Because there are no studies of US nonhomogeneous populations, we performed genotype/phenotype analysis of the -13910 and -22018 LCT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in New England children, mostly of European ancestry. METHODS Duodenal biopsies were processed for disaccharidase activities, RNA quantification by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), allelic expression ratios by PCR, and genotyping and SNP analysis. Results were compared with clinical information. RESULTS Lactase activity and mRNA levels, and sucrase-to-lactase ratios of enzyme activity and mRNA, showed robust correlations with genotype. None of the other LCT SNPs showed as strong a correlation with enzyme or mRNA levels as did -13910. Data were consistent, with the -13910 being the causal sequence variant instead of -22018. Four individuals heterozygous for -13910T/C had allelic expression patterns similar to individuals with -13910C/C genotypes; of these, 2 showed equal LCT expression from the 2 alleles and a novel variant (-13909C>A) associated with lactase persistence. CONCLUSIONS The identification of -13910C/C genotype is likely to predict lactase nonpersistence, consistent with prior published studies. A -13910T/T genotype will frequently, but not perfectly, predict lactase persistence in this mixed European-ancestry population; a -13910T/C genotype will not predict the phenotype. A long, rare haplotype in 2 individuals with -13910T/C genotype but equal allele-specific expression contains a novel lactase persistence allele present at -13909.
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13
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Lactose inhibits regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of effector T-cell interferon-γ and IL-17 production. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1819-25. [PMID: 25331548 PMCID: PMC4239808 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Our interest in lactose as an immunomodulatory molecule results from studies showing that
lactose binds to galectin-9, which has been shown to have various regulatory functions in
the immune system including regulation of T-cell responses. Impaired regulation of T
helper (Th)1 and Th17 type immune responses and dysfunction of regulatory T cells
(Treg) have been implicated in many human immune-mediated diseases. In the
present study, we investigated the effects of lactose on immune regulation using
co-cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived Treg and
effector T cells (Teff) obtained from twenty healthy adults. Treg,
i.e. CD4+CD25+CD127−, were isolated from PBMC by
immunomagnetic separation. The fraction of CD4+CD127− cells that was
depleted of CD25+ cells was used as Teff. Treg and
Teff at a ratio 1:5 were activated and the effects of lactose on the
secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-17 were analysed using ELISA for protein and
quantitative RT-PCR for mRNA. Treg down-regulated the secretion of both IFN-γ
(8·8–3·9 ng/ml, n 20, P= 0·003) and IL-17
(0·83–0·64 ng/ml, n 15, P= 0·04) in co-cultures, while
in the presence of lactose the levels of secreted IFN-γ and IL-17 remained high and no
down-regulation was observed (16·4 v. 3·99 ng/ml, n 20,
P< 0·0001, and 0·74 v. 0·64 ng/ml,
n 15, P= 0·005, respectively). We showed that lactose
inhibits human Treg-mediated suppression of Th1 and Th17 immune responses
in vitro.
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14
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Lactase non-persistence as a determinant of milk avoidance and calcium intake in children and adolescents. J Nutr Sci 2013; 2:e26. [PMID: 25191575 PMCID: PMC4153075 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2013.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines if lactase non-persistent (LNP) children and adolescents differ from
those who are lactase persistent (LP) as regards milk avoidance and Ca intake. We also
studied potential differences in anthropometric features related to obesity, and examined
if milk avoidance is associated with lactase-persistence status. Additionally, we aimed to
determine if heterozygous subjects showed an intermediary phenotype as regards Ca intake.
Furthermore, we tested if LP and LNP influence vitamin D intake. The European Youth Heart
Study is an ongoing international, multi-centre cohort study primarily designed to address
CVD risk factors. Children (n 298, mean age 9·6 years) and adolescents
(n 386, mean age 15·6 years) belonging to the Swedish part of the
European Youth Heart Study were genotyped for the LCT-13910 C > T polymorphism.
Mendelian randomisation was used. Milk avoidance was significantly more common in LNP
adolescents (OR 3·2; 95% CI 1·5, 7·3). LP subjects had higher milk consumption
(P < 0·001). Accordingly, energy consumption derived from milk and
Ca intake was lower in LNP (P < 0·05 and
P < 0·001, respectively). Heterozygous subjects did not show an
intermediary phenotype concerning milk consumption. LP or LNP status did not affect
vitamin D intake or anthropometric variables. LNP in children and adolescents is
associated with reduced intake of milk and some milk-product-related nutritional
components, in particular Ca. This reduced intake did not affect the studied
anthropometric variables, indicators of body fat or estimated vitamin D intake. However,
independently of genotype, age and sex, daily vitamin D intake was below the recommended
intakes. Milk avoidance among adolescents but not children was associated with LNP.
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15
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Abstract
Most people are born with the ability to digest lactose, the major carbohydrate in milk and the main source of nutrition until weaning. Approximately 75% of the world’s population loses this ability at some point, while others can digest lactose into adulthood. This review discusses the lactase-persistence alleles that have arisen in different populations around the world, diagnosis of lactose intolerance, and its symptomatology and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Mattar
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Choquet H, Meyre D. Genetics of Obesity: What have we Learned? Curr Genomics 2011; 12:169-79. [PMID: 22043165 PMCID: PMC3137002 DOI: 10.2174/138920211795677895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have led to the discovery of nine loci involved in Mendelian forms of obesity and 58 loci contributing to polygenic obesity. These loci explain a small fraction of the heritability for obesity and many genes remain to be discovered. However, efforts in obesity gene identification greatly modified our understanding of this disorder. In this review, we propose an overlook of major lessons learned from 15 years of research in the field of genetics and obesity. We comment on the existence of the genetic continuum between monogenic and polygenic forms of obesity that pinpoints the role of genes involved in the central regulation of food intake and genetic predisposition to obesity. We explain how the identification of novel obesity predisposing genes has clarified unsuspected biological pathways involved in the control of energy balance that have helped to understand past human history and to explore causality in epidemiology. We provide evidence that obesity predisposing genes interact with the environment and influence the response to treatment relevant to disease prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
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The -14010*C variant associated with lactase persistence is located between an Oct-1 and HNF1α binding site and increases lactase promoter activity. Hum Genet 2011; 130:483-93. [PMID: 21327791 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In most people worldwide intestinal lactase expression declines in childhood. In many others, particularly in Europeans, lactase expression persists into adult life. The lactase persistence phenotype is in Europe associated with the -13910*T single nucleotide variant located 13,910 bp upstream the lactase gene in an enhancer region that affects lactase promoter activity. This variant falls in an Oct-1 binding site and shows greater Oct-1 binding than the ancestral variant and increases enhancer activity. Several other variants have been identified very close to the -13910 position, which are associated with lactase persistence in the Middle East and Africa. One of them, the -14010*C, is associated with lactase persistence in Africa. Here we show by deletion analysis that the -14010 position is located in a 144 bp region that reduces the enhancer activity. In transfections the -14010*C allele shows a stronger enhancer effect than the ancestral -4010*G allele. Binding sites for Oct-1 and HNF1α surrounding the -14010 position were identified by gel shift assays, which indicated that -14010*C has greater binding affinity to Oct-1 than -14010*G.
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18
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Tarabra E, Pazienza P, Borghesio E, Actis GC, Tappero G, Framarin L, Ayoubi M, Castellino F, Leone N, Sansoè G, De Paolis P, Comandone A, Rosina F. LCT-13910C>T polymorphism-associated lactose malabsorption and risk for colorectal cancer in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:741-3. [PMID: 20362522 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The activity of epithelial lactase (LCT) associates with a polymorphism 13910 bp upstream the LCT-encoding gene (LCT-13910C>T). The relationship between LCT-13910C>T polymorphism and risk for colorectal cancer is unclear. AIMS We examined the relationship between the LCT-13910C>T polymorphism causing lactose intolerance and risk for colorectal cancer/polyps onset in the Italian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS 793 subjects (306 with colorectal cancer, 176 with polyps and 311 controls) were genotyped for the LCT-13910C>T variant by TaqMan real time-PCR. RESULTS Lactose malabsorption linked to the CC genotype did not associate with an increased risk for either colorectal cancer (OR=1.041; 95% CI=0.751-1.442; p=0.868) or polyps (OR=0.927; 95% CI=0.630-1.363; p=0.769). There was no association with colorectal cancer/polyps site. 60% of the subjects overall bore the CC genotype. CONCLUSION In the Italian population the LCT-13910C>T polymorphism is not associated to the risk for colorectal cancer or polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tarabra
- Center for Predictive Medicine, Presidio Sanitario Gradenigo, C.so Regina Margherita 8, 10153, Turin, Italy
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20
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Kettunen J, Silander K, Saarela O, Amin N, Müller M, Timpson N, Surakka I, Ripatti S, Laitinen J, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Lahermo P, Anttila V, Männistö S, Jula A, Virtamo J, Salomaa V, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari O, Gieger C, Wichmann EH, Van Duijn CM, Smith GD, McCarthy MI, Järvelin MR, Perola M, Peltonen L. European lactase persistence genotype shows evidence of association with increase in body mass index. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 19:1129-36. [PMID: 20015952 PMCID: PMC2830824 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity has increased significantly in recent decades, mainly due to excess calorie intake and increasingly sedentary lifestyle. Here, we test the association between obesity measured by body mass index (BMI) and one of the best-known genetic variants showing strong selective pressure: the functional variant in the cis-regulatory element of the lactase gene. We tested this variant since it is presumed to provide nutritional advantage in specific physical and cultural environments. We genetically defined lactase persistence (LP) in 31 720 individuals from eight European population-based studies and one family study by genotyping or imputing the European LP variant (rs4988235). We performed a meta-analysis by pooling the β-coefficient estimates of the relationship between rs4988235 and BMI from the nine studies and found that the carriers of the allele responsible for LP among Europeans showed higher BMI (P = 7.9 × 10−5). Since this locus has been shown to be prone to population stratification, we paid special attention to reveal any population substructure which might be responsible for the association signal. The best evidence of exclusion of stratification came from the Dutch family sample which is robust for stratification. In this study, we highlight issues in model selection in the genome-wide association studies and problems in imputation of these special genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Kettunen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK.
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21
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Torniainen S, Parker MI, Holmberg V, Lahtela E, Dandara C, Jarvela I. Screening of variants for lactase persistence/non-persistence in populations from South Africa and Ghana. BMC Genet 2009; 10:31. [PMID: 19575818 PMCID: PMC2713916 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-10-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactase non-persistence is a condition where lactase activity is decreased in the intestinal wall after weaning. In European derived populations a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C/T-13910 residing 13.9 kb upstream from the lactase gene has been shown to define lactase activity, and several other single nucleotide polymorphisms (G/C-14010 T/G-13915, C/G-13907 and T/C-13913) in the same region have been identified in African and Middle East populations. RESULTS The T-13910 allele most common in European populations was present in 21.8% mixed ancestry (N = 62) individuals and it was absent in the Xhosa (N = 109) and Ghana (N = 196) subjects. Five other substitutions were also found in the region covering the previously reported variants in African and Middle East populations. These included the G/C-14010 variant common in Kenyan and Tanzanian populations, which was present in 12.8% of Xhosa population and in 8.1% of mixed ancestry subjects. Two novel substitutions (C/T-14091 and A/C-14176) and one previously reported substitution G/A-13937 (rs4988234) were less common and present only in the Xhosa population. One novel substitution G/A-14107 was present in the Xhosa and Ghanaian populations. None of the other previously reported variants were identified. CONCLUSION Identification of the G/C-14010 variant in the Xhosa population, further confirms their genetic relatedness to other nomadic populations members that belong to the Bantu linguistic group in Tanzania and Kenya. Further studies are needed to confirm the possible relationship of the novel substitutions to the lactase persistence trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Torniainen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Torniainen S, Freddara R, Routi T, Gijsbers C, Catassi C, Höglund P, Savilahti E, Järvelä I. Four novel mutations in the lactase gene (LCT) underlying congenital lactase deficiency (CLD). BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:8. [PMID: 19161632 PMCID: PMC2635369 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital lactase deficiency (CLD) is a severe gastrointestinal disorder of newborns. The diagnosis is challenging and based on clinical symptoms and low lactase activity in intestinal biopsy specimens. The disease is enriched in Finland but is also present in other parts of the world. Mutations encoding the lactase (LCT) gene have recently been shown to underlie CLD. The purpose of this study was to identify new mutations underlying CLD in patients with different ethnic origins, and to increase awareness of this disease so that the patients could be sought out and treated correctly. Methods Disaccharidase activities in intestinal biopsy specimens were assayed and the coding region of LCT was sequenced from five patients from Europe with clinical features compatible with CLD. In the analysis and prediction of mutations the following programs: ClustalW, Blosum62, PolyPhen, SIFT and Panther PSEC were used. Results Four novel mutations in the LCT gene were identified. A single nucleotide substitution leading to an amino acid change S688P in exon 7 and E1612X in exon 12 were present in a patient of Italian origin. Five base deletion V565fsX567 leading to a stop codon in exon 6 was found in one and a substitution R1587H in exon 12 from another Finnish patient. Both Finnish patients were heterozygous for the Finnish founder mutation Y1390X. The previously reported mutation G1363S was found in a homozygous state in two siblings of Turkish origin. Conclusion This is the first report of CLD mutations in patients living outside Finland. It seems that disease is more common than previously thought. All mutations in the LCT gene lead to a similar phenotype despite the location and/or type of mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Torniainen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
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23
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Abstract
Lactase non-persistence (adult-type hypolactasia) is present in more than half of the human population and is caused by the down-regulation of lactase enzyme activity during childhood. Congenital lactase deficiency (CLD) is a rare severe gastrointestinal disorder of new-borns enriched in the Finnish population. Both lactase deficiencies are autosomal recessive traits and characterized by diminished expression of lactase activity in the intestine. Genetic variants underlying both forms have been identified. Here we review the current understanding of the molecular defects of human lactase deficiencies and their phenotype-genotype correlation, the implications on clinical practice, and the understanding of their function and role in human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Parker-Katiraee L, Bousiaki E, Monk D, Moore GE, Nakabayashi K, Scherer SW. Dynamic variation in allele-specific gene expression of Paraoxonase-1 in murine and human tissues. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:3263-70. [PMID: 18678600 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential allelic expression has been shown to be common in mice, humans and maize, and variability in the expression of polymorphic alleles has been associated with human disease. Here, we describe the differential expression pattern of Paraoxonase-1, a gene involved in lipid metabolism and implicated in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. We measured the expression of the murine Paraoxonase-1 gene (Pon1) in livers at different stages of embryonic development using F1 hybrid crosses and quantified the transcriptional level of both parental alleles. Using human foetal tissues, we analysed the expression of the human orthologue (PON1) and found monoallelic or preferential allelic expression in 6/7 and 4/4 samples from liver and pancreas, respectively. We observed that Pon1 does not show a parent-of-origin preference in its allelic expression, but has dramatic variations in allele-specific expression occurring throughout development. This study has important repercussions in the analysis of haplotypes at disease loci, since it implies that the expression of polymorphic alleles can be unequal and dynamic.
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Robayo-Torres CC, Nichols BL. Molecular Differentiation of Congenital Lactase Deficiency from Adult-Type Hypolactasia. Nutr Rev 2008; 65:95-8. [PMID: 17345962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited fraction of the human adult population retains intestinal lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) activity during adulthood, and this is called the lactase persistence phenotype. However, 95% of all adults have adult-type hypolactasia (ATH) and have difficulty digesting milk sugar. Rarely, some infants are born with an inability to digest lactase (congenital lactase deficiency or CLD) due to low levels of LPH activity, which results in severe clinical consequences if not properly diagnosed and treated by lactose avoidance. Recently, it has been shown that both recessive LPH deficiencies, CLD and ATH, are related to DNA variants affecting the lactase (LCT) gene, but they are mediated through very different molecular mechanisms. The LCT mutations resulting in childhood CLD lead to low LPH activity through nonsense-mediated LCT mRNA decay, whereas the critical nucleotide variants for the ATH phenotype represent distal enhancer polymorphisms, which regulate developmentally LCT transcript levels in intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Robayo-Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Imtiaz F, Savilahti E, Sarnesto A, Trabzuni D, Al-Kahtani K, Kagevi I, Rashed MS, Meyer BF, Järvelä I. The T/G 13915 variant upstream of the lactase gene (LCT) is the founder allele of lactase persistence in an urban Saudi population. J Med Genet 2007; 44:e89. [PMID: 17911653 PMCID: PMC2597971 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.051631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of lactase persistence is high in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE To identify a DNA variant for the lactase persistence/non-persistence trait in adult Arabs in Saudi Arabia. METHODS We sequenced DNA from 432 anonymous neonatal blood donors from five different regions of Saudi Arabia to cover the 400 bp region surrounding the previously identified lactase persistence/non-persistence variant C/T-13910 residing in intron 13 of the MCM6 gene. RESULTS Two anonymous blood donors carried the C/T-13910 genotype. One variant, T/G -13915, residing 5 bp upstream of the C/T-13910 variant, was present in 332 of 432 (76.9%) of the neonatal samples, compatible with previous prevalence figures of lactase persistence in urban Saudi populations. Determination of disaccharidase activities in 25 intestinal biopsy samples showed a highly significant correlation between lactase activity and the T/G-13915 genotypes (p<0.001; Fisher exact test) as well as between the L:S ratio and the aforementioned genotypes (p<0.001; Fisher exact test). CONCLUSION The T/G-13915 variant is the founder mutation of lactase persistence in an urban Saudi population. The results obtained here have implications for genetic testing of adult-type hypolactasia and to analysis of human evolution, the origin of cattle domestication and migrations of the populations in the Arabian peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Imtiaz
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Torniainen S, Hedelin M, Autio V, Rasinperä H, Bälter KA, Klint A, Bellocco R, Wiklund F, Stattin P, Ikonen T, Tammela TLJ, Schleutker J, Grönberg H, Järvelä I. Lactase Persistence, Dietary Intake of Milk, and the Risk for Prostate Cancer in Sweden and Finland. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:956-61. [PMID: 17507622 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is the most common cancer in men. Its primary pathogenesis is mostly unknown. Dairy products containing lactose have been suggested to be risk factors for prostate cancer. Digestion of lactose is dependent on lactase activity in the intestinal wall. A single nucleotide polymorphism C to T residing 13,910 bp upstream of the lactase gene has been shown to associate with the developmental down-regulation of lactase activity underlying persistence/nonpersistence trait. To find out whether lactase persistence is related to the risk for prostate cancer, we genotyped 1,229 Finnish and 2,924 Swedish patients and their 473 Finnish and 1,842 Swedish controls using solid-phase minisequencing. To explore if dairy products have an association with prostate cancer, we analyzed the milk consumption in the Swedish study consisting of 1,499 prostate cancer patients and 1,130 controls (Cancer Prostate in Sweden I study) using a questionnaire. Only the consumption of low-fat milk was found to be associated with increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.16-2.39]. A statistically significantly higher (P < 0.01) lactose intake was observed among subjects with high lactase activity (C/T and T/T genotypes) compared with those with low lactase activity (C/C genotype). Lactase persistence did not associate with increased risk for prostate carcinoma in the Finnish (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.83-1.47; P = 0.488) or in the Swedish populations (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.91-1.46; P = 0.23). In conclusion, lactase persistence/nonpersistence contains no risk for prostate cancer. Analysis of different milk products showed some evidence for low-fat milk as a potential risk factor for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Torniainen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Anthoni SR, Rasinperä HA, Kotamies AJ, Komu HA, Pihlajamäki HK, Kolho KL, Järvelä IE. Molecularly defined adult-type hypolactasia among working age people with reference to milk consumption and gastrointestinal symptoms. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:1230-5. [PMID: 17451204 PMCID: PMC4146998 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i8.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study milk consumption and subjective milk-related symptoms in adults genotyped for adult-type hypolactasia.
METHODS: A total of 1900 Finnish adults were genotyped for the C/T-13910 variant of adult-type hypolactasia and filled in a structured questionnaire concerning milk consumption and gastrointestinal problems.
RESULTS: The C/C-13910 genotype of adult-type hypolactasia was present in 18% of the study population. The prevalence of the C/C-13910 genotype was higher among subjects who were undergoing investigations because of abdominal symptoms (24%, P < 0.05). Those with the C/C-13910 genotype drank less milk than subjects with either the C/T-13910 or the T/T-13910 genotype of lactase persistence (18% vs 38%; 18% vs 36%, P < 0.01). Subjects with the C/C-13910 genotype had experienced more gastrointestinal symptoms (84%) during the preceding three-month period than those with the C/T-13910 (79%, P < 0.05) or the T/T-13910 genotype (78 %, P < 0.05). Only 9% (29/338) of the subjects with the C/C-13910 genotype consumed milk and reported no symptoms from it.
CONCLUSION: Gastrointestinal symptoms are more common among adults with the C/C-13910 genotype of adult-type hypolactasia than in those with genotypes of lactase persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari R Anthoni
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Lember M, Torniainen S, Kull M, Kallikorm R, Saadla P, Rajasalu T, Komu H, Järvelä I. Lactase non-persistence and milk consumption in Estonia. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:7329-31. [PMID: 17143950 PMCID: PMC4087492 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i45.7329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To define the frequency of the C/T-13910 variant associated with lactase persistence/non-persistence trait and to analyze the milk consumption of lactase non-persistent subjects in Estonia.
METHODS: We genotyped 355 Estonians by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. Milk consumption was analyzed by a questionnaire, specially developed to analyze milk consumption and abdominal complaints.
RESULTS: The frequency of the genotype of the C/C-13910 (lactase non-persistence) was found to be 24.8% in native Estonians. No other single nucleotide polymorphisms covering the region of 400 bp adjacent to the C/T-13910 variant were found. Lactase non-persistence subjects were found to consume less milk than lactase persistence subjects.
CONCLUSION: The frequency of lactase non-persistence defined by the C/C-13910 genotype confirms the results of the previous studies based on indirect methods of determining hypolactasia. Milk consumption of lactase non-persistence subjects is consistent with previously reported figures of adult-type hypolactasia in Estonia. However, lactase non-persistence does not prevent the intake of milk in many adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Lember
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tartu, Estonia.
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Kuokkanen M, Kokkonen J, Enattah NS, Ylisaukko-oja T, Komu H, Varilo T, Peltonen L, Savilahti E, Järvelä I. Mutations in the translated region of the lactase gene (LCT) underlie congenital lactase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:339-44. [PMID: 16400612 PMCID: PMC1380240 DOI: 10.1086/500053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital lactase deficiency (CLD) is a severe gastrointestinal disorder characterized by watery diarrhea in infants fed with breast milk or other lactose-containing formulas. We initially assigned the CLD locus by linkage and linkage disequilibrium on 2q21 in 19 Finnish families. Here we report the molecular background of CLD via characterization of five distinct mutations in the coding region of the lactase (LCT) gene. Twenty-seven patients out of 32 (84%) were homozygous for a nonsense mutation, c.4170T-->A (Y1390X), designated "Fin(major)." Four rare mutations--two that result in a predicted frameshift and early truncation at S1666fsX1722 and S218fsX224 and two point mutations that result in substitutions Q268H and G1363S of the 1,927-aa polypeptide--confirmed the lactase mutations as causative for CLD. These findings facilitate genetic testing in clinical practice and enable genetic counseling for this severe disease. Further, our data demonstrate that, in contrast to common adult-type hypolactasia (lactose intolerance) caused by a variant of the regulatory element, the severe infancy form represents the outcome of mutations affecting the structure of the protein inactivating the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Kuokkanen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Jorma Kokkonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Nabil Sabri Enattah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Tero Ylisaukko-oja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Hanna Komu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Teppo Varilo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Erkki Savilahti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
| | - Irma Järvelä
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Department of Medical Genetics and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Laboratory Services HUSLAB, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Helsinki; Department of Paediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston
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