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Mavridis T, Choratta T, Papadopoulou A, Sawafta A, Archontakis-Barakakis P, Laou E, Sakellakis M, Chalkias A. Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs): Biology and Therapeutic Potential in Perioperative Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0. [PMID: 38326662 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Perioperative stroke is a devastating complication that occurs during surgery or within 30 days following the surgical procedure. Its prevalence ranges from 0.08 to 10% although it is most likely an underestimation, as sedatives and narcotics can substantially mask symptomatology and clinical presentation. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets are of paramount importance. Protease-activated receptors (PARs), a unique family of G-protein-coupled receptors, are widely expressed throughout the human body and play essential roles in various physiological and pathological processes. This review elucidates the biology and significance of PARs, outlining their diverse functions in health and disease, and their intricate involvement in cerebrovascular (patho)physiology and neuroprotection. PARs exhibit a dual role in cerebral ischemia, which underscores their potential as therapeutic targets to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Mavridis
- Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital (TUH)/The Adelaide and Meath Hospital, Dublin, incorporating the National Children's Hospital (AMNCH), Dublin, D24 NR0A, Ireland
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Choratta
- Department of General Surgery, Metaxa Hospital, 18537, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Androniki Papadopoulou
- Department of Anesthesiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital, 54635, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assaf Sawafta
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larisa, 41110, Larisa, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Laou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Agia Sophia Children's Hospital, 15773, Athens, Greece
| | - Minas Sakellakis
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center-North Central Bronx Hospital, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA
| | - Athanasios Chalkias
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5158, USA.
- Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Williams MD, Bullock MT, Johnson SC, Holland NA, Vuncannon DM, Oswald JZ, Adderley SP, Tulis DA. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Controls Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1/2-Dependent Manner. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:213-226. [PMID: 37778342 PMCID: PMC10614497 DOI: 10.1159/000532032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are characterized by vascular smooth muscle (VSM) transition from a contractile to proliferative state. Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) involvement in this phenotypic conversion remains unclear. We hypothesized that PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation in phenotype-dependent manner and through specific protein kinases. METHODS Rat clonal low (PLo; P3-P6) and high passage (PHi; P10-P15) VSM cells were established as respective models of quiescent and proliferative cells, based on reduced PKG-1 and VASP. Western blotting determined expression of cytoskeletal/contractile proteins, PAR2, and select protein kinases. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation were measured 24-72 h following PAR2 agonism (SLIGRL; 100 nM-10 μm) with/without PKA (PKI; 10 μm), MEK1/2 (PD98059; 10 μm), and PI3K (LY294002; 1 μm) blockade. RESULTS PKG-1, VASP, SM22α, calponin, cofilin, and PAR2 were reduced in PHi versus PLo cells. Following PAR2 agonism, DNA synthesis and cell proliferation increased in PLo cells but decreased in PHi cells. Western analyses showed reduced PKA, MEK1/2, and PI3K in PHi versus PLo cells, and kinase blockade revealed PAR2 controls VSM cell proliferation through PKA/MEK1/2. DISCUSSION Findings highlight PAR2 and PAR2-driven PKA/MEK1/2 in control of VSM cell growth and provide evidence for continued investigation of PAR2 in VSM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison D Williams
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael T Bullock
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sean C Johnson
- Department of Internal Medicine/Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan A Holland
- Department of Medical Education, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Danielle M Vuncannon
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joani Zary Oswald
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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Russo V, Fabiani D. Put out the fire: The pleiotropic anti-inflammatory action of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106335. [PMID: 35781059 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) should be the preferred anticoagulant strategy for preventing ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) at increased thromboembolic risk and for treating deep venous thromboembolism (DVT) in the general population. Beyond their inhibiting action on the activated factor X (FXa) or thrombin (FIIa), NOACs showed some pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects. The present review aimed to describe the role of FXa and FIIa in the inflammation pathway and the potential anti-inflammatory effects of NOACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Russo
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" - Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy.
| | - Dario Fabiani
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medical Translational Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" - Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
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Valencia I, Vallejo S, Dongil P, Romero A, San Hipólito-Luengo Á, Shamoon L, Posada M, García-Olmo D, Carraro R, Erusalimsky JD, Romacho T, Peiró C, Sánchez-Ferrer CF. DPP4 Promotes Human Endothelial Cell Senescence and Dysfunction via the PAR2-COX-2-TP Axis and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Hypertension 2022; 79:1361-1373. [PMID: 35477273 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal accumulation of senescent cells in the vessel wall leads to a compromised vascular function contributing to vascular aging. Soluble DPP4 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4; sDPP4) secretion from visceral adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity, now considered a progeric condition. sDPP4 triggers vascular deleterious effects, albeit its contribution to vascular aging is unknown. We aimed to explore sDPP4 involvement in vascular aging, unraveling the molecular pathway by which sDPP4 acts on the endothelium. METHODS Human endothelial cell senescence was assessed by senescence-associated β-galactosidase assay, visualization of DNA damage, and expression of prosenescent markers, whereas vascular function was evaluated by myography over human dissected microvessels. In visceral adipose tissue biopsies from a cohort of obese patients, we explored several age-related parameters in vitro and ex vivo. RESULTS By a common mechanism, sDPP4 triggers endothelial cell senescence and endothelial dysfunction in isolated human resistance arteries. sDPP4 activates the metabotropic receptor PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2), COX-2 (cyclooxygenase 2) activity, and the production of TXA2 (thromboxane A2) acting over TP (thromboxane receptor) receptors (PAR2-COX-2-TP axis), leading to NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome activation. Obese patients exhibited impaired microarterial functionality in comparison to control nonobese counterparts. Importantly, endothelial dysfunction in obese patients positively correlated with greater expression of DPP4, prosenescent, and proinflammatory markers in visceral adipose tissue nearby the resistance arteries. Moreover, when DPP4 activity or sDPP4-induced prosenescent mechanism was blocked, endothelial dysfunction was restored back to levels of healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal sDPP4 as a relevant mediator in early vascular aging and highlight its capacity activating main proinflammatory mediators in the endothelium that might be pharmacologically tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Valencia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,PhD Programme in Pharmacology and Physiology, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., L.S.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Susana Vallejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Pilar Dongil
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Alejandra Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Álvaro San Hipólito-Luengo
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Licia Shamoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,PhD Programme in Pharmacology and Physiology, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., L.S.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - María Posada
- Service of Surgery and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain (M.P., D.G.-O.)
| | - Damián García-Olmo
- Service of Surgery and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain (M.P., D.G.-O.)
| | - Raffaelle Carraro
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (R.C.).,Service of Endocrinology and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Princesa, Madrid, Spain (R.C.)
| | - Jorge D Erusalimsky
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (J.D.E.)
| | - Tania Romacho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Concepción Peiró
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
| | - Carlos F Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain. (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.).,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain (I.V., S.V., P.D., A.R., Á.S.H.-L., L.S., T.R., C.P., C.F.S.-F.)
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Wei M, Liu Y, Zheng M, Wang L, Ma F, Qi Y, Liu G. Upregulation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs). Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:8854-8862. [PMID: 31756174 PMCID: PMC6883764 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2), a G-protein-coupled receptor, has been proved to be enhanced in human coronary atherosclerosis lesions. We aimed to investigate whether PAR2 actively participates in the atherosclerosis process. Material/Methods PAR2 expression was assessed in blood samples by RT-qPCR from healthy controls and patients with atherosclerosis. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were treated with oxidative low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). After PAR2 overexpression by transfection, cell proliferation was determined by CCK-8, and cell migration was evaluated by Transwell assay. The protein expressions associated with cell growth and migration were measured by Western blot. The distribution of α-SMA in VSMCs was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Expression of PAR2 was higher in patients with atherosclerosis compared with normal controls. PAR2 mRNA and protein expression was increased in ox-LDL-treated VSMCs compared with control cells. Induced overexpression of PAR2 in VSMCs led to a reduction in α-SMA expression compared to controls. In addition, PAR2 overexpression caused increased migration compared to normal controls, and upregulated MMP9 and MMP14 expression. PAR-2 overexpression promoted cell proliferation compared to control cells, and increased expression levels of CDK2, and CyclinE1, but reduced levels of p27. We preliminary explored the potential mechanism of PAR2, and results showed that overexpression of PAR2 increased expression levels of VEGFA and Angiopoietin 2 compared to controls. Moreover, overexpression of PAR2 enhanced production of tissue factor and IL-8 compared to normal controls. Conclusions PAR2 promotes cell proliferation and disrupts the quiescent condition of VSMCs, which may be a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wei
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Department of General Family Medicine, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Mingqi Zheng
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Le Wang
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanchao Qi
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Gang Liu
- Heart Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Slack
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Scott M. Gordon
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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7
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Jones SM, Mann A, Conrad K, Saum K, Hall DE, McKinney LM, Robbins N, Thompson J, Peairs AD, Camerer E, Rayner KJ, Tranter M, Mackman N, Owens AP. PAR2 (Protease-Activated Receptor 2) Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1271-1282. [PMID: 29599135 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE PAR2 (protease-activated receptor 2)-dependent signaling results in augmented inflammation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on the development of atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS PAR2 mRNA and protein expression is increased in human carotid artery and mouse aortic arch atheroma versus control carotid and aortic arch arteries, respectively. To determine the effect of PAR2 deficiency on atherosclerosis, male and female low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice (8-12 weeks old) that were Par2+/+ or Par2-/- were fed a fat- and cholesterol-enriched diet for 12 or 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus and aortic root after 12 and 24 weeks. PAR2 deficiency did not alter total plasma cholesterol concentrations or lipoprotein distributions. Bone marrow transplantation showed that PAR2 on nonhematopoietic cells contributed to atherosclerosis. PAR2 deficiency significantly attenuated levels of the chemokines Ccl2 and Cxcl1 in the circulation and macrophage content in atherosclerotic lesions. Mechanistic studies using isolated primary vascular smooth muscle cells showed that PAR2 deficiency is associated with reduced Ccl2 and Cxcl1 mRNA expression and protein release into the supernatant resulting in less monocyte migration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that PAR2 deficiency is associated with attenuation of atherosclerosis and may reduce lesion progression by blunting Ccl2- and Cxcl1-induced monocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Jones
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Adrien Mann
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Kelsey Conrad
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.).,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Keith Saum
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.).,University of Cincinnati Medical Scientist Training Program (K.S.)
| | - David E Hall
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.).,Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Lisa M McKinney
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nathan Robbins
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Joel Thompson
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington (J.T.)
| | - Abigail D Peairs
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health (D.E.H., A.D.P.).,Department of Internal Medicine (D.E.H., A.D.P.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH
| | - Eric Camerer
- INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, France (E.C.)
| | - Katey J Rayner
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (K.J.R.)
| | - Michael Tranter
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.).,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (N.M.)
| | - A Phillip Owens
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease (S.M.J., A.M., K.C., K.S., L.M.M., N.R., M.T., A.P.O.) .,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Program (K.C., M.T., A.P.O.)
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Chao HH, Chen PY, Hao WR, Chiang WP, Cheng TH, Loh SH, Leung YM, Liu JC, Chen JJ, Sung LC. Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment increases protease-activated receptor-2 expression and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 secretion in vascular endothelial cells. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:85. [PMID: 29141644 PMCID: PMC5688698 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increase protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression and enhance the association between PAR-2 expression and chemokine production in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). Methods The morphology of ECs was observed through microphotography in cultured human umbilical vein ECs (EA. hy926 cells) treated with various LPS concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 μg/mL) for 24 h, and cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Intracellular calcium imaging was performed to assess agonist (trypsin)-induced PAR-2 activity. Western blotting was used to explore the LPS-mediated signal transduction pathway and the expression of PAR-2 and adhesion molecule monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in ECs. Results Trypsin stimulation increased intracellular calcium release in ECs. The calcium influx was augmented in cells pretreated with a high LPS concentration (1 μg/mL). After 24 h treatment of LPS, no changes in ECs viability or morphology were observed. Western blotting revealed that LPS increased PAR-2 expression and enhanced trypsin-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 phosphorylation and MCP-1 secretion. However, pretreatment with selective ERK (PD98059), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (SB203580) inhibitors, and the selective PAR-2 antagonist (FSLLRY-NH2) blocked the effects of LPS-activated PAR-2 on MCP-1 secretion. Conclusions Our findings provide the first evidence that the bacterial endotoxin LPS potentiates calcium mobilization and ERK/p38 MAPK pathway activation and leads to the secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 by inducing PAR-2 expression and its associated activity in vascular ECs. Therefore, PAR-2 exerts vascular inflammatory effects and plays an important role in bacterial infection-induced pathological responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12929-017-0393-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsing Chao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, 111, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ping Chiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hurng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology & Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Department of Pharmacology & Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 291, Zhongzheng Rd, Zhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Zuo P, Zuo Z, Zheng Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Chen L, Ma G. Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Deficiency Attenuates Atherosclerotic Lesion Progression and Instability in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:647. [PMID: 28959204 PMCID: PMC5603739 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Accumulating evidence suggests that protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 contributes to the pathophysiology of chronic inflammation on the vasculature. To directly examine the role of PAR-2 in atherosclerosis, we generated apolipoprotein E/PAR-2 double-deficient mice. Mice were fed with high-fat diet for 12 weeks starting at ages of 6 weeks. PAR-2 deficiency attenuated atherosclerotic lesion progression with reduced total lesion area, reduced percentage of stenosis and reduced total necrotic core area. PAR-2 deficiency increased fibrous cap thickness and collagen content of plaque. Moreover, PAR-2 deficiency decreased smooth muscle cell content, macrophage accumulation, matrix metallopeptidase-9 expression and neovascularization in plaque. Relative quantitative PCR assay using thoracic aorta revealed that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory molecules, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1. In vitro experiment, we found that PAR-2 deficiency reduced mRNA expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in macrophage under unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated conditions. These results suggest that PAR-2 deficiency attenuates the progression and instability of atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yueyue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qianxing Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
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Indrakusuma I, Romacho T, Eckel J. Protease-Activated Receptor 2 Promotes Pro-Atherogenic Effects through Transactivation of the VEGF Receptor 2 in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:497. [PMID: 28101054 PMCID: PMC5209375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with impaired vascular function. In the cardiovascular system, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) exerts multiple functions such as the control of the vascular tone. In pathological conditions, PAR2 is related to vascular inflammation. However, little is known about the impact of obesity on PAR2 in the vasculature. Therefore, we explored the role of PAR2 as a potential link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with either a chow or a 60% high fat diet for 24 weeks prior to isolation of aortas. Furthermore, human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCSMC) were treated with conditioned medium obtained from in vitro differentiated primary human adipocytes. To investigate receptor interaction vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was blocked by exposure to calcium dobesilate and a VEGFR2 neutralization antibody, before treatment with PAR2 activating peptide. Student's t-test or one-way were used to determine statistical significance. Results: Both, high fat diet and exposure to conditioned medium increased PAR2 expression in aortas and human vascular cells, respectively. In HCSMC, conditioned medium elicited proliferation as well as cyclooxygenase 2 induction, which was suppressed by the PAR2 antagonist GB83. Specific activation of PAR2 by the PAR2 activating peptide induced proliferation and cyclooxygenase 2 expression which were abolished by blocking the VEGFR2. Additionally, treatment of HCSMC with the PAR2 activating peptide triggered VEGFR2 phosphorylation. Conclusion: Under obesogenic conditions, where circulating levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines are elevated, PAR2 arises as an important player linking obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation to atherogenesis. We show for the first time that the underlying mechanisms of these pro-atherogenic effects involve a potential transactivation of the VEGFR2 by PAR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Indrakusuma
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tania Romacho
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes CenterDüsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.)Düsseldorf, Germany
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Zuo P, Zhou Q, Zuo Z, Wang X, Chen L, Ma G. Effects of the factor Xa inhibitor, fondaparinux, on the stability of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circ J 2015; 79:2499-508. [PMID: 26346031 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-15-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a progressive inflammatory disease that can lead to sudden cardiac events by plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis. Factor Xa (FXa) not only occupies a crucial position in the coagulation cascade responsible for thrombin generation, but also has pro-inflammatory effects. The hypothesis that Fondaparinux, the selective FXa inhibitor, attenuates plaque progression and promotes stability of atherosclerotic lesions was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS Fondaparinux (5 mg/kg body weight/day) or 0.9% saline was intraperitoneally administered for 4 weeks to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n=12 per group) with established atherosclerotic lesions in the innominate arteries. Fondaparinux did not remarkably decrease the progression of atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, but increased the thickness of fibrous cap (P=0.049) and decreased the ratio of necrotic core (P=0.001) significantly. Moreover, Fondaparinux reduced the staining against Mac-2 (P=0.017), α-SMA (P=0.002), protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1 (P=0.001), PAR-2 (P=0.003), CD-31 (P=0.024), MMP-9 (P=0.000), MMP-13(P=0.011), VCAM-1 (P=0.041) and the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators (P<0.05) significantly, such as interleukin (IL)-6, MCP-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and Egr-1. CONCLUSIONS Fondaparinux, the selective FXa inhibitor, can promote the stability of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, possibly through inhibiting expression of the inflammatory mediators in plaque and reduced synthesis of MMP-9 and MMP-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University
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12
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Chen H, Zheng D, Ambadapadi S, Davids J, Ryden S, Samy H, Bartee M, Sobel E, Dai E, Liu L, Macaulay C, Yachnis A, Weyand C, Thoburn R, Lucas A. Serpin treatment suppresses inflammatory vascular lesions in temporal artery implants (TAI) from patients with giant cell arteritis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115482. [PMID: 25658487 PMCID: PMC4319900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu’s disease are inflammatory vasculitic syndromes (IVS) causing sudden blindness and widespread arterial obstruction and aneurysm formation. Glucocorticoids and aspirin are mainstays of treatment, predominantly targeting T cells. Serp-1, a Myxomavirus-derived serpin, blocks macrophage and T cells in a wide range of animal models. Serp-1 also reduced markers of myocardial injury in a Phase IIa clinical trial for unstable coronary disease. In recent work, we detected improved survival and decreased arterial inflammation in a mouse Herpesvirus model of IVS. Here we examine Serp-1 treatment of human temporal artery (TA) biopsies from patients with suspected TA GCA arteritis after implant (TAI) into the aorta of immunodeficient SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice. TAI positive for arteritis (GCApos) had significantly increased inflammation and plaque when compared to negative TAI (GCAneg). Serp-1 significantly reduced intimal inflammation and CD11b+ cell infiltrates in TAI, with reduced splenocyte Th1, Th17, and Treg. Splenocytes from mice with GCApos grafts had increased gene expression for interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-17, and CD25 and decreased Factor II. Serp-1 decreased IL-1β expression. In conclusion, GCApos TAI xenografts in mice provide a viable disease model and have increased intimal inflammation as expected and Serp-1 significantly reduces vascular inflammatory lesions with reduced IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Donghang Zheng
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sriram Ambadapadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Davids
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sally Ryden
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hazem Samy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mee Bartee
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric Sobel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Erbin Dai
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Anthony Yachnis
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Cornelia Weyand
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Thoburn
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Lucas
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Viron Therapeutics, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kagota S, Maruyama K, Wakuda H, McGuire JJ, Yoshikawa N, Nakamura K, Shinozuka K. Disturbance of vasodilation via protease-activated receptor 2 in SHRSP.Z-Leprfa/IzmDmcr rats with metabolic syndrome. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kagota S, Chia E, McGuire JJ. Preserved arterial vasodilatation via endothelial protease-activated receptor-2 in obese type 2 diabetic mice. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:358-71. [PMID: 21426317 PMCID: PMC3174416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In non-obese diabetic animals, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) agonists are more effective vasodilators, which is attributed to increased COX-2 and endothelial NOS (eNOS) activities. Under conditions of diabetes and obesity, the effectiveness of PAR2 agonists is unknown. We compared the vasodilator responses of small calibre mesenteric arteries from obese diabetic B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J (db/db) induced by PAR2-activating agonists 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide (2fly) and trypsin to those obtained in controls [C57BL/6J (C57)], and assessed the contributions of COX, NOS and calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) to these responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arteries mounted in wire myographs under isometric tension conditions were contracted submaximally by U46619 then exposed to vasodilators. mRNA and protein expression of PAR2, eNOS and soluble GC (sGC) were determined by real-time PCR and Western blots. KEY RESULTS ACh- and nitroprusside-induced relaxations were attenuated in db/db compared with C57. In contrast, 2fly- and trypsin-induced relaxations were largely retained in db/db. A NOS inhibitor partly inhibited ACh- and 2fly-induced relaxations in C57, but not those in db/db. Inhibitors of the COX-cAMP pathway (FR122044, SC560, NS398, SC58125, SQ22536, CAY10441) did not affect these relaxation responses in either strain. Charybdotoxin (BKCa, SK3.1 blocker), but not iberiotoxin (BKCa blocker), inhibited responses to the PAR2 agonists in db/db. In db/db protein levels of eNOS were higher, whereas those of sGC were lower than in C57. PAR2 mRNA expression in db/db was higher than in C57. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PAR2-mediated vasodilatation is protected against the negative effects of obesity and diabetes in mice. In diabetic vascular dysfunction, preserved PAR2 vasodilatation was linked to activation of SK3.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kagota
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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15
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The Interface between Inflammation and Coagulation in Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Inflam 2012; 2012:860301. [PMID: 22518344 PMCID: PMC3299274 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The intimate connection between coagulation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of vascular disease has moved more and more into focus of clinical research. This paper focuses on the essential components of this interplay in the settings of cardiovascular disease and acute coronary syndrome. Tissue factor, the main initiator of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, plays a central role via causing a proinflammatory response through activation of coagulation factors and thereby initiating coagulation and downstream cellular signalling pathways. Regarding activated clotting factors II, X, and VII, protease-activated receptors provide the molecular link between coagulation and inflammation. Hereby, PAR-1 displays deleterious as well as beneficial properties. Unravelling these interrelations may help developing new strategies to ameliorate the detrimental reciprocal aggravation of inflammation and coagulation.
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16
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Jobi K, Rauch BH, Dangwal S, Freidel K, Doller A, Eberhardt W, Fischer JW, Schrör K, Rosenkranz AC. Redox regulation of human protease-activated receptor-2 by activated factor X. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1758-64. [PMID: 21871560 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Activated factor X (FXa) exerts coagulation-independent actions such as proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through the protease-activated receptors PAR-1 and PAR-2. Both receptors are upregulated upon vascular injury but the underlying mechanisms have not been defined. We examined if FXa regulates PAR-1 and PAR-2 in human vascular SMCs. FXa increased PAR-2 mRNA, protein, and cell-surface expression and augmented PAR-2-mediated mitogenesis. PAR-1 was not influenced. The regulatory action of FXa on PAR-2 was concentration-dependent and mimicked by a PAR-2-selective activating peptide. PAR-2 regulation was not influenced by the thrombin inhibitor argatroban or PAR-1 siRNA. FXa increased dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and 8-isoprostane formation and induced expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit NOX-1. NOX-1 siRNA prevented FXa-stimulated PAR-2 regulation, as did ebselen and cell-permeative and impermeative forms of catalase. Exogenous H(2)O(2) increased PAR-2 expression and mitogenic activity. FXa promoted nuclear translocation and PAR-2/DNA binding of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB); NF-κB inhibition prevented PAR-2 regulation by FXa. FXa also promoted PAR-2 mRNA stabilization through increased human antigen R (HuR)/PAR-2 mRNA binding and cytoplasmic shuttling. HuR siRNA abolished FXa-stimulated PAR-2 expression. Thus FXa induces functional expression of PAR-2 but not of PAR-1 in human SMCs, independent of thrombin formation, via a mechanism involving NOX-1-containing NADPH oxidase, H(2)O(2), NF-κB, and HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Jobi
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Fagundes JAG, Monoo LD, Euzébio Alves VT, Pannuti CM, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Holzhausen M. Porphyromonas Gingivalisis Associated With Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Upregulation in Chronic Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1596-601. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Crimi E, Taccone FS, Infante T, Scolletta S, Crudele V, Napoli C. Effects of intracellular acidosis on endothelial function: an overview. J Crit Care 2011; 27:108-18. [PMID: 21798701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium represents the largest functional organ in the human body playing an active role in vasoregulation, coagulation, inflammation, and microvascular permeability. Endothelium contributes to maintain vascular integrity, intravascular volume, and tissue oxygenation promoting inflammatory network response for local defense and repair. Acid-basis homeostasis is an important physiologic parameter that controls cell function, and changes in pH can influence vascular tone by regulating endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells. This review presents a current perspective of the effects of intracellular acidosis on the function and the basic regulatory mechanisms of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Crimi
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Shands Hospital, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Evaluation of plaque stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in apo E-deficient mice after treatment with the oral factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:432080. [PMID: 21772662 PMCID: PMC3134269 DOI: 10.1155/2011/432080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. Thrombin not only plays a central role in thrombus formation and platelet activation, but also in induction of inflammatory processes. Activated factor X (FXa) is traditionally known as an important player in the coagulation cascade responsible for thrombin generation. We assessed the hypothesis that rivaroxaban, a direct FXa inhibitor, attenuates plaque progression and promotes stability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in an in vivo model. Methods and Results. Rivaroxaban (1 or 5 mg/kg body weight/day) or standard chow diet was administered for 26 weeks to apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (n = 20 per group) with already established atherosclerotic lesions. There was a nonsignificant reduction of lesion progression in the high-concentration group, compared to control mice. FXa inhibition with 5 mg Rivaroxaban/kg/day resulted in increased thickness of the protective fibrous caps (12.3 ± 3.8 μm versus 10.1 ± 2.7 μm; P < .05), as well as in fewer medial erosions and fewer lateral xanthomas, indicating plaque stabilizing properties. Real time-PCR from thoracic aortas revealed that rivaroxaban (5 mg/kg/day) treatment reduced mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, such of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and Egr-1 (P < .05). Conclusions. Chronic administration of rivaroxaban does not affect lesion progression but downregulates expression of inflammatory mediators and promotes lesion stability in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
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Abdallah RT, Keum JS, El-Shewy HM, Lee MH, Wang B, Gooz M, Luttrell DK, Luttrell LM, Jaffa AA. Plasma kallikrein promotes epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation and signaling in vascular smooth muscle through direct activation of protease-activated receptors. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:35206-15. [PMID: 20826789 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.171769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system, along with the interlocking renin-angiotensin system, is a key regulator of vascular contractility and injury response. The principal effectors of the kallikrein-kinin system are plasma and tissue kallikreins, proteases that cleave high molecular weight kininogen to produce bradykinin. Most of the cellular actions of kallikrein (KK) are thought to be mediated by bradykinin, which acts via G protein-coupled B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors on VSMCs and endothelial cells. Here, we find that primary aortic vascular smooth muscle but not endothelial cells possess the ability to activate plasma prekallikrein. Surprisingly, exposing VSMCs to prekallikrein leads to activation of the ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via a mechanism that requires kallikrein activity but does not involve bradykinin receptors. In transfected HEK293 cells, we find that plasma kallikrein directly activates G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 2, which possess consensus kallikrein cleavage sites, but not PAR4. In vascular smooth muscles, KK stimulates ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) 17 activity via a PAR1/2 receptor-dependent mechanism, leading sequentially to release of the endogenous ADAM17 substrates, amphiregulin and tumor necrosis factor-α, metalloprotease-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptors, and metalloprotease and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent ERK1/2 activation. These results suggest a novel mechanism of bradykinin-independent kallikrein action that may contribute to the regulation of vascular responses in pathophysiologic states, such as diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rany T Abdallah
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Demetz G, Seitz I, Stein A, Steppich B, Groha P, Brandl R, Schömig A, Ott I. Tissue Factor-Factor VIIa complex induces cytokine expression in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:466-71. [PMID: 20708733 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Within atherosclerotic lesions Tissue Factor (TF)-Factor VIIa (FVIIa) not only contributes to thrombotic events but also alters vascular remodeling through enhancement of migration. Moreover, the TF-FVIIa-FXa complex activates protease-activated receptors (PAR). TF/FVIIa/PAR-2 signaling has also been shown to promote proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells. Since coagulation factors promote inflammation which plays a major role during atherosclerosis as well as tumor metastasis this study sought to investigate the effects of FVIIa on the inflammatory response in vascular cells. METHODS/RESULTS FVIIa induces interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 in primary smooth muscle cells (SMC), which was correlated to the expression of TF and PAR-2 as shown by immunoassay and qRT-PCR. The effect was dose-dependent and required TF, the proteolytic activity of FVIIa and PAR-2. Secondary effects of downstream coagulation factors were excluded. No proinflammatory FVIIa effect was observed in endothelial cells (EC) and mononuclear cells (MNC), expressing either TF or PAR-2. In atherosclerotic lesions mRNA expression of PAR-1, PAR-2 and IL-8 was elevated compared to healthy vessels indicating a role for PAR-1 and PAR-2 signaling in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION In addition to the procoagulant and promigratory role of the TF-FVIIa complex we identify a proinflammatory role of FVIIa in human SMC dependent on expression of TF and PAR-2 that provides yet another link between coagulation and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Demetz
- Deutsches Herzzentrum und 1. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636 Munich, Germany
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Holzhausen M, Cortelli J, da Silva VA, Franco GN, Cortelli SC, Vergnolle N. Protease-activated Receptor-2 (par2) in Human Periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010; 89:948-53. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034510373765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
No evidence for the role of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in human periodontal disease has been demonstrated so far. Thus, we sought to investigate the expression of PAR2 mRNA in chronic periodontitis, and to examine whether its expression is related to the presence of PAR2 potential activators. Microbiological and gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from individuals with chronic periodontitis and control individuals, and the presence of neutrophil serine proteinase 3 (P3) and Porphyromonas gingivalis was evaluated. PAR2 mRNA expression was higher (p < 0.001) in those with chronic periodontitis compared with control individuals, and it was statistically decreased (p = 0.0006) after periodontal treatment. Furthermore, those with chronic periodontitis presented higher (p < 0.05) levels of IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, total proteolytic activity, P. gingivalis prevalence, and P3mRNA expression compared with control individuals. We conclude that PAR2 mRNA expression and its potential activators are elevated in human chronic periodontitis, therefore suggesting that PAR2 may play a role in periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Holzhausen
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - J.R. Cortelli
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - V. Araújo da Silva
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - G.C. Nobre Franco
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - S. Cavalca Cortelli
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Avenida Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-000, Brazil
| | - N. Vergnolle
- INSERM U563, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, F-31300, France
- Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, F-31000, France
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Smeda JS, McGuire JJ, Daneshtalab N. Protease-activated receptor 2 and bradykinin-mediated vasodilation in the cerebral arteries of stroke-prone rats. Peptides 2010; 31:227-37. [PMID: 19954757 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) expression is up-regulated during vascular injury associated with edema. PAR(2) and bradykinin subtype 2 receptor (B(2)) expression and function were assessed in relation to hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) and cerebral hemorrhage (CH) in middle cerebral arteries (MCA) of Kyoto Wistar stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRsp). Before stroke, bradykinin and PAR(2) activation by 2-furoyl-leucine-isoleucine-glycine-arginine-leucine-ornithine-amide (2Fly) produced endothelium-dependent vasodilation that was inhibited by K(+) depolarization, carbenoxolone, and the blockade of intermediate (IK(Ca)) plus small (SK(Ca)) and (in the case of bradykinin) smooth muscle (SM) large conductance (BK(Ca)) calcium-activated K(+) channels. Responses were not altered by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, indomethacin, 17-octadecynoic acid or Ba(2+)+ouabain. We concluded that vasodilation to 2Fly or bradykinin was not mediated by NO, cyclooxygenases, arachidonic acid-metabolizing cytochrome P450s or SM K(ir) channels+Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activation. Vasodilation likely involved the spread of endothelial hyperpolarization (generated by IK(Ca)+SK(Ca)) through myoendothelial junctions and in some cases SM BK(Ca) activation. SHRsp with HE or CH had MCA that could not constrict to pressure and did not vasodilate to bradykinin. Their responses to 2Fly remained unaltered. The patterns and densities of PAR(2) and B(2) immunoreactivity in frozen MCA sections were not altered with stroke. MCA function remained normal in SHRsp subjected to dietary manipulations that prevented stroke without altering hypertension. Despite the presence of vascular injury, edema, inflammation and the loss of endothelium-dependent bradykinin vasodilation we found no evidence that PAR(2) expression or vascular function was altered in MCA after stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Pressure/physiology
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors
- Diet
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/drug effects
- Hypertensive Encephalopathy/pathology
- Hypertensive Encephalopathy/physiopathology
- Intermediate-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive/pathology
- Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive/physiopathology
- Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Male
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Middle Cerebral Artery/drug effects
- Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Nifedipine/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/agonists
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Receptors, KIR/antagonists & inhibitors
- Small-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sodium Chloride, Dietary/pharmacology
- Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Stroke/pathology
- Stroke/physiopathology
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Smeda
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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Matsumoto T, Ishida K, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T, Kamata K. Mechanisms underlying enhanced vasorelaxant response to protease-activated receptor 2-activating peptide in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rat mesenteric artery. Peptides 2009; 30:1729-34. [PMID: 19540892 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor that is proteolytically activated by certain endogenous proteases, such as trypsin, tryptase, and factor Xa. PAR2 can also be activated by synthetic peptides if their sequence mimics the tethered ligand exposed after receptor cleavage. Although it is known that PAR2 modulates vascular reactivity, it is unclear whether at the chronic stage of type 2 diabetes there are alterations in PAR2-mediated vascular responses. We investigated this issue by exposing mesenteric artery rings to PAR2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP; SLIGRL-NH(2)), the arteries used being obtained from later-stage (32-40-week-old) type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats. The PAR2-AP-induced relaxation was enhanced in GK rats (vs. age-matched Wistar rats), whereas the ACh-induced relaxation was weaker in GK than in Wistar rats. In both groups, the PAR2-AP-induced relaxation was largely blocked by endothelial denudation or by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine [nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor] treatment, but it was unaffected by indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor) treatment. Both the NO production induced by PAR2-AP and the PAR2 protein expression were significantly increased in mesenteric arteries from GK rats (vs. Wistar rats). These data are the first to indicate that the PAR2-AP-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation is enhanced in mesenteric arteries isolated from type 2 diabetic GK rats at the chronic stage, and they further suggest that the enhancement may be due to an increased expression of PAR2 receptors in this artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ramelli G, Fuertes S, Narayan S, Busso N, Acha-Orbea H, So A. Protease-activated receptor 2 signalling promotes dendritic cell antigen transport and T-cell activation in vivo. Immunology 2009; 129:20-7. [PMID: 19845798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) modulates inflammation in several models of inflammatory and autoimmune disease, although the underlying mechanism(s) are not understood. PAR2 is expressed on endothelial and immune cells, and is implicated in dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We investigated in vivo the impact of PAR2 activation on DCs and T cells in PAR2 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice using a specific PAR2 agonist peptide (AP2). PAR2 activation significantly increased the frequency of mature CD11c(high) DCs in draining lymph nodes 24 hr after AP2 administration. Furthermore, these DCs exhibited increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86. A significant increase in activated (CD44(+) CD62(-)) CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell frequencies was also observed in draining lymph nodes 48 hr after AP2 injection. No detectable change in DC or T-cell activation profiles was observed in the spleen. The influence of PAR2 signalling on antigen transport to draining lymph nodes was assessed in the context of delayed-type hypersensitivity. PAR2 WT mice that were sensitized by skin-painting with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity possessed elevated proportion of FITC(+) DCs in draining lymph nodes 24 hr after FITC painting when compared with PAR2 KO mice (0.95% versus 0.47% of total lymph node cells). Collectively, these results demonstrate that PAR2 signalling promotes DC trafficking to the lymph nodes and subsequent T-cell activation, and thus provides an explanation for the pro-inflammatory effect of PAR2 in animal models of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Ramelli
- Service of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Christerson U, Keita AV, Söderholm JD, Gustafson-Svärd C. Increased expression of protease-activated receptor-2 in mucosal mast cells in Crohn's ileitis. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3:100-8. [PMID: 21172252 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Activation of protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) may stimulate various events of importance in inflammatory processes, including release of inflammatory mast cell mediators. PAR-2 is frequently up-regulated during inflammatory conditions, but it is not known if the expression is altered in Crohn's disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ileal mucosal PAR-2 expression in Crohn's ileitis, with particular emphasis on the expression in ileal mucosal mast cells. METHODS Surgical specimens from the distal ileum were collected from patients with Crohn's ileitis and patients with colonic cancer as controls. The overall expression of PAR-2 was investigated by Western blot, and the presence of PAR-2 expressing mucosal mast cells by immunohistochemistry and cell counting. The effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the PAR-2 expression in a human mast cell line (HMC-1) was investigated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS In Crohn's specimens, the fraction of PAR-2-expressing mucosal mast cells was increased about 2.5 times (P<0.001; n=14) compared with specimens from control patients (n=6). No difference was found between inflamed (n=6) and uninflamed Crohn's specimens (P>0.05; n=8). Exposure to TNF-α for 48 h up-regulated PAR-2 mRNA and protein expression in the HMC-1 cell line. CONCLUSION PAR-2 is up-regulated on ileal mucosal mast cells in Crohn's ileitis, possibly due to the action of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α. This may contribute to perpetuating the inflammatory process in the intestinal mucosa in Crohn's ileitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Christerson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Christerson U, Keita AV, Söderholm JD, Gustafson-Svärd C. Potential role of protease-activated receptor-2-stimulated activation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation: Implications for stricture formation in Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2009; 3:15-24. [PMID: 21172243 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Myofibroblast hyperplasia contributes to muscularis mucosae thickening and stricture formation in Crohn's disease (CD). Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) are known regulators of cell growth, but their significance in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation remain to be elucidated. The principle aims of the present study were to investigate if PAR-2 is expressed in the expanded muscularis mucosa in ileal CD specimens, if inflammatory cytokines may stimulate PAR-2 expression in intestinal myofibroblasts, and if PAR-2 and cPLA(2) may regulate intestinal myofibroblast growth. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used for detection of PAR-2 in ileal CD specimens. Studies on PAR-2 expression, PLA(2) activation and cell growth were performed in a human intestinal myofibroblast cell line, CCD-18Co. PAR-2 expression was investigated by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. PLA(2) activity was analyzed by quantification of released (14)C-arachidonic acid ((14)C-AA). Cell growth was examined by (3)H-thymidine incorporation and cell counting. RESULTS The thickened muscularis mucosae of the CD specimens showed strong PAR-2 expression. In cultured myofibroblasts, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) up-regulated PAR-2 mRNA and protein, and potentiated PAR-2-stimulated (14)C-AA release by two known PAR-2 activators, trypsin and SLIGRL-NH(2). The release of (14)C-AA was dependent on cPLA(2). Trypsin stimulated the proliferation of serum-starved cells, and inhibition of cPLA(2) reduced normal cell growth and abolished the growth-promoting effect of trypsin. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that PAR-2-mediated cPLA(2) activation might be of importance in intestinal myofibroblast proliferation. The results also point to the possibility that PAR-2 up-regulation by inflammatory cytokines, like TNF-α, may modulate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Christerson
- School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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28
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Sandberg WJ, Halvorsen B, Yndestad A, Smith C, Otterdal K, Brosstad FR, Frøland SS, Olofsson PS, Damås JK, Gullestad L, Hansson GK, Øie E, Aukrust P. Inflammatory Interaction Between LIGHT and Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 in Endothelial Cells. Circ Res 2009; 104:60-8. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.188078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between inflammatory cytokines and endothelial cells is a critical step in atherogenesis leading to endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. We have previously reported that the tumor necrosis factor superfamily member LIGHT could be involved in atherogenesis through its ability to promote vascular inflammation. In the present study we identified proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2 as an inflammatory mediator that was markedly enhanced by LIGHT in endothelial cells. We also found that LIGHT acted synergistically with PAR-2 activation to promote enhanced release of the proatherogenic chemokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, underscoring that the interaction between LIGHT and PAR-2 is biologically active, promoting potent inflammatory effects. We showed that the LIGHT-mediated upregulation of PAR-2 in endothelial cells is mediated through the HVEM receptor, involving Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. A LIGHT-mediated upregulation of PAR-2 mRNA levels was also found in human monocytes when these cells were preactivated by tumor necrosis factor α. We have previously demonstrated increased plasma levels of LIGHT in unstable angina patients, and here we show a similar pattern for PAR-2 expression in peripheral blood monocytes. We also found that LIGHT, LIGHT receptors, and PAR-2 showed enhanced expression, and, to some degree, colocalization in endothelial cells and macrophages, in the atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE
−/−
mice, suggesting that the inflammatory interaction between LIGHT and PAR-2 also may be operating in vivo within an atherosclerotic lesion. Our findings suggest that LIGHT/PAR-2–driven inflammation could be a pathogenic loop in atherogenesis potentially representing a target for therapy in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiggo J. Sandberg
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arne Yndestad
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla Smith
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kari Otterdal
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frank R. Brosstad
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stig S. Frøland
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S. Olofsson
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan K. Damås
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Gullestad
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran K. Hansson
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Øie
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pål Aukrust
- From the Research Institute for Internal Medicine (W.J.S., B.H., A.Y., C.S., K.O., F.R.B., S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases (S.S.F., J.K.D., P.A.), and Department of Cardiology (L.G., E.O.), Rikshosptalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway; and Department of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine (P.S.O., G.K.H.), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Coagulation factor Xa signaling: the link between coagulation and inflammatory bowel disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Borensztajn K, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA. Factor Xa: at the crossroads between coagulation and signaling in physiology and disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:429-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Hollenberg MD, Oikonomopoulou K, Hansen KK, Saifeddine M, Ramachandran R, Diamandis EP. Kallikreins and proteinase-mediated signaling: proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Biol Chem 2008; 389:643-51. [PMID: 18627296 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteinases such as thrombin and trypsin can affect tissues by activating a novel family of G protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptors (PARs 1-4) by exposing a 'tethered' receptor-triggering ligand (TL). Work with synthetic TL-derived PAR peptide sequences (PAR-APs) that stimulate PARs 1, 2 and 4 has shown that PAR activation can play a role in many tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, muscle, nerve, lung and the central and peripheral nervous systems, and can promote tumor growth and invasion. PARs may play roles in many settings, including cancer, arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease, as well as in pathogen-induced inflammation. In addition to activating or disarming PARs, proteinases can also cause hormone-like effects via PAR-independent mechanisms, such as activation of the insulin receptor. In addition to proteinases of the coagulation cascade, recent data suggest that members of the family of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent endogenous PAR regulators. In summary: (1) proteinases are like hormones, signaling in a paracrine and endocrine manner via PARs or other mechanisms; (2) KLKs must now be seen as potential hormone-like PAR regulators in vivo; and (3) PAR-regulating proteinases, their target PARs, and their associated signaling pathways appear to be novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morley D Hollenberg
- Proteinases and Inflammation Network, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary T2N 4N1, AB, Canada.
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Shpacovitch V, Feld M, Bunnett NW, Steinhoff M. Protease-activated receptors: novel PARtners in innate immunity. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:541-50. [PMID: 17977790 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 09/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) belong to a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by serine proteases via proteolytic cleavage. PARs are expressed on epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes, indicating a role in controlling barrier function against external danger. During inflammation, microorganisms as well as host immune cells release various proteases activating PARs. Thus, PARs can be viewed as an integral component of the host antimicrobial alarm system. When stimulated, PARs regulate various functions of leukocytes in vivo and in vitro, revealing a novel pathway by which proteases affect innate immune responses. Understanding protease-immune interactions could lead to novel strategies for the treatment of infectious and immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shpacovitch
- Department of Dermatology and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology of the Skin, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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33
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Hansen KK, Oikonomopoulou K, Li Y, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and the pathophysiology of cancer and diseases of the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 377:377-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Vinten-Johansen J, Jiang R, Reeves JG, Mykytenko J, Deneve J, Jobe LJ. Inflammation, proinflammatory mediators and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion Injury. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2007; 21:123-45. [PMID: 17258123 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic myocardium must be reperfused to terminate the ischemic event; otherwise the entire myocardium involved in the area at risk will not survive. However, there is a cost to reperfusion that may offset the intended clinical benefits of minimizing infarct size, postischemic endothelial and microvascular damage, blood flow defects, and contractile dysfunction. There are many contributors to this reperfusion injury. Targeting only one factor in the complex web of reperfusion injury is not effective because the untargeted mechanisms induce injury. An integrated strategy of reducing reperfusion injury in the catheterization laboratory involves controlling both the conditions and the composition of the reperfusate. Mechanical interventions such as gradually restoring blood flow or applying postconditioning may be used independently in or conjunction with various cardioprotective pharmaceuticals in an integrated strategy of reperfusion therapeutics to reduce postischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Vinten-Johansen
- Department of Surgery (Cardiothoracic), Cardiothoracic Research Laboratory, Carlyle Fraser Heart Center of Emory Crawford Long Hospital, Emory University, 550 Peachtree Street NE, Atlanta, GA 30308-2225, USA.
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Seitz I, Hess S, Schulz H, Eckl R, Busch G, Montens HP, Brandl R, Seidl S, Schömig A, Ott I. Membrane-type serine protease-1/matriptase induces interleukin-6 and -8 in endothelial cells by activation of protease-activated receptor-2: potential implications in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:769-75. [PMID: 17255532 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000258862.61067.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The serine protease MT-SP1/matriptase plays an important role in cell migration and matrix degradation. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) have been identified as in vitro substrates of MT-SP1/matriptase. Because PAR-2 is expressed in endothelial cells and contributes to inflammatory processes, we sought to investigate the effects of MT-SP1/matriptase on endothelial cytokine expression and analyzed MT-SP1/matriptase expression in vascular cells and atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS In endothelial cells, recombinant MT-SP1/matriptase dose-dependently induced interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 mRNA and protein expression dependent on its proteolytic activity. MT-SP1/matriptase time-dependently induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and p42/44 MAPK. Inhibitor experiments revealed that p38 MAPK and PKCalpha were necessary for IL-8 induction. PAR-2 downregulation abolished and PAR-2 overexpression augmented MT-SP1/matriptase-induced IL-8 expression as evidence for PAR-2 signaling. In human atherectomies, MT-SP1/matriptase was expressed in blood cells adherent to the endothelium. Concordantly, basal MT-SP1/matriptase expression was detected in isolated monocytes. Coincubation of monocytes and endothelial cells resulted in an increased IL-8 release, which was reduced after downregulation of endothelial PAR-2 and monocytic MT-SP1/matriptase. CONCLUSION MT-SP1/matriptase induces release of proinflammatory cytokines in endothelial cells through activation of PAR-2. MT-SP1/matriptase is expressed in monocytes, thus, interaction of monocytic MT-SP1/matriptase with endothelial PAR-2 may contribute to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Seitz
- Deutsches Herzzentrum und 1. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, 80636 München, Germany
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Xiang Y, Masuko-Hongo K, Sekine T, Nakamura H, Yudoh K, Nishioka K, Kato T. Expression of proteinase-activated receptors (PAR)-2 in articular chondrocytes is modulated by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006; 14:1163-73. [PMID: 16757188 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the modulation of expression of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in articular chondrocytes by inflammatory cytokines. DESIGN Articular synovium and cartilage tissues were collected from eight patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and three patients without arthropathy ("normal"). Chondrocytes were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. The expression of PAR-2 was detected using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Quantitative PCR was performed to assess the expression levels of PAR-2 messenger RNA (mRNA). RESULTS The expression of PAR-2 mRNA was demonstrated in both OA and normal chondrocytes as well as in synovial fibroblasts. However, the level of PAR-2 in OA chondrocytes was much higher than in normal chondrocytes. Long-term culture revealed that PAR-2 mRNA expression was maintained up to three passages in OA but not in normal chondrocytes. IL-1beta and TNF-alpha both upregulated PAR-2 expression in normal and OA chondrocytes. In contrast, TGF-beta1 significantly decreased expression of PAR-2 in OA chondrocytes but increased PAR-2 in normal chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of PAR-2 in OA chondrocytes is upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha, and down-regulated by regulatory cytokine TGF-beta1. PAR-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xiang
- Department of Bioregulation and Proteomics, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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Bucci M, Roviezzo F, Cirino G. Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in cardiovascular system. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 43:247-53. [PMID: 16183333 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2002] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vascular system is constituted by a complex and articulate network, e.g. arteries, arterioles, venules and veins, that requires a high degree of coordination between different elemental cell types. Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) constitute a recent described family of 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolysis. In recent years several evidence have been accumulated for an involvement of this receptor in the response to endothelial injury in vitro and in vivo experimental settings suggesting a role for PAR2 in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular system. This review will deal with the role of PAR2 receptor in the cardiovascular system analyzing both in vivo and in vitro published data. In particular this review will deal with the role of this receptor in vascular reactivity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, coronary atherosclerotic lesions and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Bucci
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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