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Pant B, Gumel AB. Mathematical assessment of the roles of age heterogeneity and vaccination on the dynamics and control of SARS-CoV-2. Infect Dis Model 2024; 9:828-874. [PMID: 38725431 PMCID: PMC11079469 DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, disproportionately affected certain segments of society, particularly the elderly population (which suffered the brunt of the burden of the pandemic in terms of severity of the disease, hospitalization, and death). This study presents a generalized multigroup model, with m heterogeneous sub-populations, to assess the population-level impact of age heterogeneity and vaccination on the transmission dynamics and control of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the United States. Rigorous analysis of the model for the homogeneous case (i.e., the model with m = 1) reveal that its disease-free equilibrium is globally-asymptotically stable for two special cases (with perfect vaccine efficacy or negligible disease-induced mortality) whenever the associated reproduction number is less than one. The model has a unique and globally-asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium, for special a case, when the associated reproduction threshold exceeds one. The homogeneous model was fitted using the observed cumulative mortality data for the United States during three distinct waves (Waves A (October 17, 2020 to April 5, 2021), B (July 9, 2021 to November 7, 2021) and C (January 1, 2022 to May 7, 2022)) chosen to align with time periods when the Alpha, Delta and Omicron were, respectively, the predominant variants in the United States. The calibrated model was used to derive a theoretical expression for achieving vaccine-derived herd immunity (needed to eliminate the disease in the United States). It was shown that, using the one-group homogeneous model, vaccine-derived herd immunity is not attainable during Wave C of the pandemic in the United States, regardless of the coverage level of the fully-vaccinated individuals. Global sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the parameters of the model that have the most influence on the disease dynamics and burden. These analyses reveal that control and mitigation strategies that may be very effective during one wave may not be so very effective during the other wave or waves. However, strategies that target asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infectious individuals are shown to be consistently effective across all waves. To study the impact of the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 on the elderly population, we considered the heterogeneous model for the case where the total population is subdivided into the sub-populations of individuals under 65 years of age and those that are 65 and older. The resulting two-group heterogeneous model, which was also fitted using the cumulative mortality data for wave C, was also rigorously analysed. Unlike for the case of the one-group model, it was shown, for the two-group model, that vaccine-derived herd immunity can indeed be achieved during Wave C of the pandemic if at least 61% of the populace is fully vaccinated. Thus, this study shows that adding age heterogeneity into a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination model with homogeneous mixing significantly reduces the level of vaccination coverage needed to achieve vaccine-derived herd immunity (specifically, for the heterogeneous model, herd-immunity can be attained during Wave C if a moderate proportion of susceptible individuals are fully vaccinated). The consequence of this result is that vaccination models for SARS-CoV-2 that do not explicitly account for age heterogeneity may be overestimating the level of vaccine-derived herd immunity threshold needed to eliminate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Pant
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Abba B. Gumel
- Department of Mathematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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2
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Vandenbroucke JP, Pearce N. Excess Mortality Calculations to Assess the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Concepts and Methodological Issues. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:593-598. [PMID: 38547492 PMCID: PMC11079831 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2024.307572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We discuss some intriguing methodological aspects of excess mortality analyses, which have been widely used to describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe the main ways of presenting excess mortality: as a mortality rate (incidence rate) or as a percentage increase (relative risk or rate ratio). We discuss what should be regarded as the null value of excess mortality (i.e., when countries or regions can be judged as having fared equally well) and when age and sex standardization, adjustment for other determinants of the spread of a pandemic, or both is necessary. We discuss the level of detail by time and place and person that may be necessary. We note that an excess mortality comparison is essentially a difference-in-differences analysis. We conclude that, although one cannot rule out using excess mortality analyses for causal effect estimates, such analyses will remain most fruitful for generating hypotheses about both the efficiency of measures to curtail the pandemic and factors that cannot be influenced. Nevertheless, a judicious use of arguments and counterarguments can then lead to identifying best practices for various situations. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(6):593-598. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307572).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Vandenbroucke
- Jan P. Vandenbroucke and Neil Pearce are with the Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Jan P. Vandenbroucke is also with the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, and the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
| | - Neil Pearce
- Jan P. Vandenbroucke and Neil Pearce are with the Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Jan P. Vandenbroucke is also with the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, and the Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
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Rutter CE, van Tongeren M, Fletcher T, Rhodes S, Chen Y, Hall I, Warren N, Pearce N. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection at a UK electricity-generating company: a test-negative design case-control study. Occup Environ Med 2024; 81:184-190. [PMID: 38508710 PMCID: PMC11103344 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2023-109184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify workplace risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection, using data collected by a UK electricity-generating company. METHODS Using a test-negative design case-control study, we estimated the OR of infection by job category, site, test reason, sex, vaccination status, vulnerability, site outage and site COVID-19 weekly risk rating, adjusting for age, test date and test type. RESULTS From an original 80 077 COVID-19 tests, there were 70 646 included in the final analysis. Most exclusions were due to being visitor tests (5030) or tests after an individual first tested positive (2968).Women were less likely to test positive than men (OR=0.71; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.86). Test reason was strongly associated with positivity and although not a cause of infection itself, due to differing test regimes by area, it was a strong confounder for other variables. Compared with routine tests, tests due to symptoms were highest risk (94.99; 78.29 to 115.24), followed by close contact (16.73; 13.80 to 20.29) and broader-defined work contact 2.66 (1.99 to 3.56). After adjustment, we found little difference in risk by job category, but some differences by site with three sites showing substantially lower risks, and one site showing higher risks in the final model. CONCLUSIONS In general, infection risk was not associated with job category. Vulnerable individuals were at slightly lower risk, tests during outages were higher risk, vaccination showed no evidence of an effect on testing positive, and site COVID-19 risk rating did not show an ordered trend in positivity rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E Rutter
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rhodes
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yiqun Chen
- Science Division, Health and Safety Executive, Buxton, UK
| | - Ian Hall
- Division of Population Health, Health Services Research & Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Public Health, Advice, Guidance and Expertise, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Neil Pearce
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Griesi JM, Bernardes JM, Alonso M, Gómez-Salgado J, Ruiz-Frutos C, Fagundo-Rivera J, López-López D, Camacho-Vega JC, Dias A. Risk perception of healthcare workers in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25297. [PMID: 38352759 PMCID: PMC10861974 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives To validate the items of the Emotional Impact Questionnaire coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) related to risk perception, estimating its degree, among healthcare workers in the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic, identifying possible associated factors.Methods: cross-sectional study in 1872 healthcare workers of Brazil. The population was characterized by sociodemographic and occupational information, knowledge about COVID-19, quality of information received, risk perception and preventive measures about the disease, and sense of coherence. Results Being divorced, having a chronic disease, spending more than 1 h per day getting informed about COVID-19, and always or almost always wearing a mask regardless of symptoms, as well as self-perception of health were associated with high-risk perception. An inverse association was found between risk perception, sense of coherence and not knowing if one has had occasional contact with confirmed COVID-19 cases. Conclusion Risk perception is influenced by emotions, experiences, and knowledge. Sense of coherence and resilience have a role in reducing risk perception. Understanding risk perception is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and other similar scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Muraguti Griesi
- Department of Public Health, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Bernardes
- Department of Public Health, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
- Public (Collective) Health Graduate Program, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Melissa Alonso
- Public (Collective) Health Graduate Program, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- Safety and Health Graduate Program, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, 092301, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Frutos
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007, Huelva, Spain
- Safety and Health Graduate Program, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, 092301, Ecuador
| | | | - Daniel López-López
- Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry. Industrial Campus of Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, 15403, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Camacho-Vega
- Department of Building Construction II, Higher Technical School of Building Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Adriano Dias
- Department of Public Health, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
- Public (Collective) Health Graduate Program, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Botucatu, 18618-687, Brazil
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Strozza C, Vigezzi S, Callaway J, Aburto JM. The impact of COVID-19 on life expectancy across socioeconomic groups in Denmark. Popul Health Metr 2024; 22:3. [PMID: 38321440 PMCID: PMC10848407 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-024-00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Denmark was one of the few countries that experienced an increase in life expectancy in 2020, and one of the few to see a decrease in 2021. Because COVID-19 mortality is associated with socioeconomic status (SES), we hypothesize that certain subgroups of the Danish population experienced changes in life expectancy in 2020 and 2021 that differed from the country overall. We aim to quantify life expectancy in Denmark in 2020 and 2021 by SES and compare this to recent trends in life expectancy (2014-2019). METHODS We used Danish registry data from 2014 to 2021 for all individuals aged 30+. We classified the study population into SES groups using income quartiles and calculated life expectancy at age 30 by year, sex, and SES, and the differences in life expectancy from 2019 to 2020 and 2020 to 2021. We compared these changes to the average 1-year changes from 2014 to 2019 with 95% confidence intervals. Lastly, we decomposed these changes by age and cause of death distinguishing seven causes, including COVID-19, and a residual category. RESULTS We observed a mortality gradient in life expectancy changes across SES groups in both pandemic years. Among women, those of higher SES experienced a larger increase in life expectancy in 2020 and a smaller decrease in 2021 compared to those of lower SES. Among men, those of higher SES experienced an increase in life expectancy in both 2020 and 2021, while those of lower SES experienced a decrease in 2021. The impact of COVID-19 mortality on changes in life expectancy in 2020 was counterbalanced by improvements in non-COVID-19 mortality, especially driven by cancer and cardiovascular mortality. However, in 2021, non-COVID-19 mortality contributed negatively even for causes as cardiovascular mortality that has generally a positive impact on life expectancy changes, resulting in declines for most SES groups. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 mortality disproportionally affected those of lower SES and exacerbated existing social inequalities in Denmark. We conclude that in health emergencies, particular attention should be paid to those who are least socially advantaged to avoid widening the already existing mortality gap with those of higher SES. This research contributes to the discussion on social inequalities in mortality in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmo Strozza
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Serena Vigezzi
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Julia Callaway
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - José Manuel Aburto
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Haley BM, Patil P, Levy JI, Spangler KR, Tieskens KF, Carnes F, Peng X, Klevens RM, Troppy TS, Fabian MP, Lane KJ, Leibler JH. Evaluating COVID-19 Risk to Essential Workers by Occupational Group: A Case Study in Massachusetts. J Community Health 2024; 49:91-99. [PMID: 37507525 PMCID: PMC10823035 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-023-01249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 varies by profession, but "essential workers" are often considered in aggregate in COVID-19 models. This aggregation complicates efforts to understand risks to specific types of workers or industries and target interventions, specifically towards non-healthcare workers. We used census tract-resolution American Community Survey data to develop novel essential worker categories among the occupations designated as COVID-19 Essential Services in Massachusetts. Census tract-resolution COVID-19 cases and deaths were provided by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. We evaluated the association between essential worker categories and cases and deaths over two phases of the pandemic from March 2020 to February 2021 using adjusted mixed-effects negative binomial regression, controlling for other sociodemographic risk factors. We observed elevated COVID-19 case incidence in census tracts in the highest tertile of workers in construction/transportation/buildings maintenance (Phase 1: IRR 1.32 [95% CI 1.22, 1.42]; Phase 2: IRR: 1.19 [1.13, 1.25]), production (Phase 1: IRR: 1.23 [1.15, 1.33]; Phase 2: 1.18 [1.12, 1.24]), and public-facing sales and services occupations (Phase 1: IRR: 1.14 [1.07, 1.21]; Phase 2: IRR: 1.10 [1.06, 1.15]). We found reduced case incidence associated with greater percentage of essential workers able to work from home (Phase 1: IRR: 0.85 [0.78, 0.94]; Phase 2: IRR: 0.83 [0.77, 0.88]). Similar trends exist in the associations between essential worker categories and deaths, though attenuated. Estimating industry-specific risk for essential workers is important in targeting interventions for COVID-19 and other diseases and our categories provide a reproducible and straightforward way to support such efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M Haley
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Prasad Patil
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan I Levy
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Keith R Spangler
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Koen F Tieskens
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Fei Carnes
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Xiaojing Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Monina Klevens
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T Scott Troppy
- Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Patricia Fabian
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Kevin J Lane
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Jessica H Leibler
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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Stripling MH, Pascoe J. Parasitic Resilience: The Next Phase of Public Health Preparedness Must Address Power Imbalances Between Communities. Health Secur 2023; 21:433-439. [PMID: 37883187 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2023.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Community resilience, a system's ability to maintain its essential functions despite disturbance, is a cornerstone of public health preparedness. However, as currently practiced, community resilience generally focuses on defined neighborhood characteristics to describe factors such as vulnerability or social capital. This ignores the way that residents of some neighborhoods (as "essential workers") were required during the COVID-19 pandemic to sacrifice their wellbeing for the sake of others staying at home in more affluent neighborhoods. Using the global care chain theory, we analyze the way that the resilience of affluent neighborhoods depends on siphoning off the labor of other, less affluent neighborhoods, creating what we call the parasitic nature of resilience. We argue that understanding this neighborhood interdependence-and accounting for its parasitic nature-should be prioritized by public health authorities to prevent unintentional harm in future pandemics. Otherwise, any public health emergency response that relies on this labor (as did the COVID-19 pandemic response) depends on exploitative practices that produce the very disparities the response is trying to address. We explore the theoretical grounding and practical effects of this idea to provide the preparedness enterprise with an initial set of theoretical tools to move from a model of community resilience to one of community renewal. The community renewal model is based on an underlying ethics of care, in which systems are redesigned to become more prosocial during a public health response. We believe this model can more successfully address the tragic inequities in labor and health outcomes that we see during public health emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch H Stripling
- Mitch H. Stripling, MPA, is Director, Pandemic Response Institute, ICAP, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Jordan Pascoe
- Jordan Pascoe, PhD, MPhil, MA, is a Professor, Department of Philosophy, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY
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Kromydas T, Demou E, Edge R, Gittins M, Katikireddi SV, Pearce N, van Tongeren M, Wilkinson J, Rhodes S. Occupational differences in the prevalence and severity of long-COVID: analysis of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:545-552. [PMID: 37770179 PMCID: PMC7615205 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2023-108930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish whether prevalence and severity of long-COVID symptoms vary by industry and occupation. METHODS We used Office for National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey (CIS) data (February 2021-April 2022) of working-age participants (16-65 years). Exposures were industry, occupation and major Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) group. Outcomes were self-reported: (1) long-COVID symptoms and (2) reduced function due to long-COVID. Binary (outcome 1) and ordered (outcome 2) logistic regression were used to estimate odds ratios (OR)and prevalence (marginal means). RESULTS Public facing industries, including teaching and education, social care, healthcare, civil service, retail and transport industries and occupations, had the highest likelihood of long-COVID. By major SOC group, those in caring, leisure and other services (OR 1.44, 95% CIs 1.38 to 1.52) had substantially elevated odds than average. For almost all exposures, the pattern of ORs for long-COVID symptoms followed SARS-CoV-2 infections, except for professional occupations (eg, some healthcare, education, scientific occupations) (infection: OR<1 ; long-COVID: OR>1). The probability of reporting long-COVID for industry ranged from 7.7% (financial services) to 11.6% (teaching and education); whereas the prevalence of reduced function by 'a lot' ranged from 17.1% (arts, entertainment and recreation) to 22%-23% (teaching and education and armed forces) and to 27% (not working). CONCLUSIONS The risk and prevalence of long-COVID differs across industries and occupations. Generally, it appears that likelihood of developing long-COVID symptoms follows likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection, except for professional occupations. These findings highlight sectors and occupations where further research is needed to understand the occupational factors resulting in long-COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theocharis Kromydas
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Evangelia Demou
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rhiannon Edge
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Matthew Gittins
- Centre for Biostatistics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Neil Pearce
- Faculty of Public Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Thomas Ashton Institute for Risk and Regulatory Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack Wilkinson
- Centre for Biostatistics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Rhodes
- Centre for Biostatistics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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9
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Matz M, Rhodes S, Tongeren MV, Coleman MP, Allemani C, Nafilyan V, Pearce N. Excess mortality among essential workers in England and Wales during the COVID-19 pandemic: an updated analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023:jech-2023-220391. [PMID: 37258216 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess mortality from all causes combined during the COVID-19 pandemic in England and Wales in 2020 was predominantly higher for essential workers. In 2021, the vaccination programme had begun, new SARS-CoV-2 variants were identified and different policy approaches were used. We have updated our previous analyses of excess mortality in England and Wales to include trends in excess mortality by occupation for 2021. METHODS We estimated excess mortality for working age adults living in England and Wales by occupational group for each month in 2021 and for the year as a whole. RESULTS During 2021, excess mortality remained higher for most groups of essential workers than for non-essential workers. It peaked in January 2021 when all-cause mortality was 44.6% higher than expected for all occupational groups combined. Excess mortality was highest for adults working in social care (86.9% higher than expected). CONCLUSION Previously, we reported excess mortality in 2020, with this paper providing an update to include 2021 data. Excess mortality was predominantly higher for essential workers during 2021. However, unlike the first year of the pandemic, when healthcare workers experienced the highest mortality, the highest excess mortality during 2021 was experienced by social care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Matz
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK
| | - Sarah Rhodes
- Centre for Biostatistics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Martie Van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Michel P Coleman
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK
| | - Claudia Allemani
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London, UK
| | - Vahe Nafilyan
- Health Analysis Division, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Neil Pearce
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Nab L, Parker EPK, Andrews CD, Hulme WJ, Fisher L, Morley J, Mehrkar A, MacKenna B, Inglesby P, Morton CE, Bacon SCJ, Hickman G, Evans D, Ward T, Smith RM, Davy S, Dillingham I, Maude S, Butler-Cole BFC, O'Dwyer T, Stables CL, Bridges L, Bates C, Cockburn J, Parry J, Hester F, Harper S, Zheng B, Williamson EJ, Eggo RM, Evans SJW, Goldacre B, Tomlinson LA, Walker AJ. Changes in COVID-19-related mortality across key demographic and clinical subgroups in England from 2020 to 2022: a retrospective cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet Public Health 2023; 8:e364-e377. [PMID: 37120260 PMCID: PMC10139026 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(23)00079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has been shown to differently affect various demographic and clinical population subgroups. We aimed to describe trends in absolute and relative COVID-19-related mortality risks across clinical and demographic population subgroups during successive SARS-CoV-2 pandemic waves. METHODS We did a retrospective cohort study in England using the OpenSAFELY platform with the approval of National Health Service England, covering the first five SARS-CoV-2 pandemic waves (wave one [wild-type] from March 23 to May 30, 2020; wave two [alpha (B.1.1.7)] from Sept 7, 2020, to April 24, 2021; wave three [delta (B.1.617.2)] from May 28 to Dec 14, 2021; wave four [omicron (B.1.1.529)] from Dec 15, 2021, to April 29, 2022; and wave five [omicron] from June 24 to Aug 3, 2022). In each wave, we included people aged 18-110 years who were registered with a general practice on the first day of the wave and who had at least 3 months of continuous general practice registration up to this date. We estimated crude and sex-standardised and age-standardised wave-specific COVID-19-related death rates and relative risks of COVID-19-related death in population subgroups. FINDINGS 18 895 870 adults were included in wave one, 19 014 720 in wave two, 18 932 050 in wave three, 19 097 970 in wave four, and 19 226 475 in wave five. Crude COVID-19-related death rates per 1000 person-years decreased from 4·48 deaths (95% CI 4·41-4·55) in wave one to 2·69 (2·66-2·72) in wave two, 0·64 (0·63-0·66) in wave three, 1·01 (0·99-1·03) in wave four, and 0·67 (0·64-0·71) in wave five. In wave one, the standardised COVID-19-related death rates were highest in people aged 80 years or older, people with chronic kidney disease stage 5 or 4, people receiving dialysis, people with dementia or learning disability, and people who had received a kidney transplant (ranging from 19·85 deaths per 1000 person-years to 44·41 deaths per 1000 person-years, compared with from 0·05 deaths per 1000 person-years to 15·93 deaths per 1000 person-years in other subgroups). In wave two compared with wave one, in a largely unvaccinated population, the decrease in COVID-19-related mortality was evenly distributed across population subgroups. In wave three compared with wave one, larger decreases in COVID-19-related death rates were seen in groups prioritised for primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, including people aged 80 years or older and people with neurological disease, learning disability, or severe mental illness (90-91% decrease). Conversely, smaller decreases in COVID-19-related death rates were observed in younger age groups, people who had received organ transplants, and people with chronic kidney disease, haematological malignancies, or immunosuppressive conditions (0-25% decrease). In wave four compared with wave one, the decrease in COVID-19-related death rates was smaller in groups with lower vaccination coverage (including younger age groups) and conditions associated with impaired vaccine response, including people who had received organ transplants and people with immunosuppressive conditions (26-61% decrease). INTERPRETATION There was a substantial decrease in absolute COVID-19-related death rates over time in the overall population, but demographic and clinical relative risk profiles persisted and worsened for people with lower vaccination coverage or impaired immune response. Our findings provide an evidence base to inform UK public health policy for protecting these vulnerable population subgroups. FUNDING UK Research and Innovation, Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, and Health Data Research UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Nab
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Colm D Andrews
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William J Hulme
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Louis Fisher
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Morley
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amir Mehrkar
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Brian MacKenna
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Inglesby
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline E Morton
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastian C J Bacon
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - George Hickman
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Evans
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Ward
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca M Smith
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Davy
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iain Dillingham
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Maude
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ben F C Butler-Cole
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas O'Dwyer
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine L Stables
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Bridges
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bang Zheng
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ben Goldacre
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alex J Walker
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Lee VHF, Adham M, Ben Kridis W, Bossi P, Chen MY, Chitapanarux I, Gregoire V, Hao SP, Ho C, Ho GF, Kannarunimit D, Kwong DLW, Lam KO, Lam WKJ, Le QT, Lee AWM, Lee NY, Leung TW, Licitra L, Lim DWT, Lin JC, Loh KS, Lou PJ, Machiels JP, Mai HQ, Mesía R, Ng WT, Ngan RKC, Tay JK, Tsang RKY, Tong CC, Wang HM, Wee JT. International recommendations for plasma Epstein-Barr virus DNA measurement in nasopharyngeal carcinoma in resource-constrained settings: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:e544-e551. [PMID: 36455583 PMCID: PMC9704820 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(22)00505-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to constrain health-care staff and resources worldwide, despite the availability of effective vaccines. Aerosol-generating procedures such as endoscopy, a common investigation tool for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, are recognised as a likely cause of SARS-CoV-2 spread in hospitals. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA is considered the most accurate biomarker for the routine management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A consensus statement on whether plasma EBV DNA can minimise the need for or replace aerosol-generating procedures, imaging methods, and face-to-face consultations in managing nasopharyngeal carcinoma is urgently needed amid the current pandemic and potentially for future highly contagious airborne diseases or natural disasters. We completed a modified Delphi consensus process of three rounds with 33 international experts in otorhinolaryngology or head and neck surgery, radiation oncology, medical oncology, and clinical oncology with vast experience in managing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, representing 51 international professional societies and national clinical trial groups. These consensus recommendations aim to enhance consistency in clinical practice, reduce ambiguity in delivering care, and offer advice for clinicians worldwide who work in endemic and non-endemic regions of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, in the context of COVID-19 and other airborne pandemics, and in future unexpected settings of severe resource constraints and insufficiency of personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ho-Fun Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China,Correspondence to:Dr Victor Ho-Fun Lee, Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Marlinda Adham
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia–Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wala Ben Kridis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Habib Bourguiba Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health–Medical Oncology, University of Brescia, ASST–Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy,Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Ming-Yuan Chen
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat–sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Imjai Chitapanarux
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Vincent Gregoire
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sheng Po Hao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shin Kong Wu Ho–Su Memorial Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheryl Ho
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gwo Fuang Ho
- Clinical Oncology Unit, University Malaya Cancer Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Danita Kannarunimit
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ka-On Lam
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wai Kei Jacky Lam
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Department of Chemical Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Quynh-Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anne Wing-Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nancy Y Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - To-Wai Leung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy,Department of Oncology and Hemato–Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Jin-Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei-Jen Lou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat–sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ricard Mesía
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology–Badalona, B–ARGO Group, IGTP, Badalona, Spain
| | - Wai-Tong Ng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Roger Kai-Cheong Ngan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong–Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Joshua K Tay
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond King-Yin Tsang
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China,Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi-Chung Tong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Hung-Ming Wang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T Wee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Rhodes S, Wilkinson J, Pearce N, Mueller W, Cherrie M, Stocking K, Gittins M, Katikireddi SV, Tongeren MV. Occupational differences in SARS-CoV-2 infection: analysis of the UK ONS COVID-19 infection survey. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:jech-2022-219101. [PMID: 35817467 PMCID: PMC9484374 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2022-219101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern remains about how occupational SARS-CoV-2 risk has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to ascertain occupations with the greatest risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and explore how relative differences varied over the pandemic. METHODS Analysis of cohort data from the UK Office of National Statistics COVID-19 Infection Survey from April 2020 to November 2021. This survey is designed to be representative of the UK population and uses regular PCR testing. Cox and multilevel logistic regression were used to compare SARS-CoV-2 infection between occupational/sector groups, overall and by four time periods with interactions, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, region, household size, urban/rural neighbourhood and current health conditions. RESULTS Based on 3 910 311 observations (visits) from 312 304 working age adults, elevated risks of infection can be seen overall for social care (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.24), education (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.39), bus and coach drivers (1.43; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.97) and police and protective services (HR 1.45; 95% CI 1.29 to 1.62) when compared with non-essential workers. By time period, relative differences were more pronounced early in the pandemic. For healthcare elevated odds in the early waves switched to a reduction in the later stages. Education saw raises after the initial lockdown and this has persisted. Adjustment for covariates made very little difference to effect estimates. CONCLUSIONS Elevated risks among healthcare workers have diminished over time but education workers have had persistently higher risks. Long-term mitigation measures in certain workplaces may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rhodes
- Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack Wilkinson
- Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Pearce
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Mark Cherrie
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katie Stocking
- Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew Gittins
- Centre for Biostatistics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Martie Van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupation and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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