Generation differences in hospital inpatient care of children aged 1 to 5 years

Health Care for Children and Youth in the United States: 2002 Report on Trends in Access, Utilization, Quality, and Expenditures

OBJECTIVE

To examine changes in insurance coverage, health care utilization, perceived quality of care, and expenditures for children and youth in the United States using data from 1987-2001.

METHODS

Three national health care databases serve as the sources of data for this report. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (1996-2001) provides data on insurance coverage, utilization, expenditures, and perceived quality of care. The National Medical Expenditure Survey (1987) provides additional data on utilization and expenditures. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1995-2000) from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project provides information on hospitalizations.

RESULTS

The percent of children uninsured for an entire year declined from 10.4% in 1996 to 7.7% in 1999. Most changes in children's health care occurred between 1987 and the late 1990s. Overall utilization of hospital-based services has declined significantly since 1987, especially for inpatient hospitalization. Several of the observed changes from 1987 varied significantly by type of health insurance coverage, poverty status, and geographic region. Quality of care data indicate some improvement between 2000 and 2001, which varies by insurance coverage. Overall, mean length of stay of hospitalizations did not change significantly from 1995 to 2000, but changes in the prevalence of hospitalizations and the length of stay associated with age-specific diagnoses were evident during this time period.

CONCLUSIONS

Health care for children and youth has changed significantly since 1987, with most of the changes occurring between 1987 and 1996. Insurance coverage has improved, the site of care has shifted toward ambulatory sites, hospital utilization has declined, and expenditures on children as a proportion of total expenditures have decreased. Variation in these changes is evident by insurance status, poverty, and region.

Hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract illness before the age of two years in western Australia

In this study, hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract illness before two years of age have been documented for all children born in Western Australia in 1986. Admissions data were linked to birth and death records for individual children. Of the total cohort, 5% of non-Aboriginal and 17% of Aboriginal children were hospitalised only once for lower respiratory tract illness; 1% of non-Aboriginal and 11% of Aboriginal children had repeated admissions. Perinatal conditions comprised the greatest proportion of the admissions for non-Aboriginal children, and pneumonia for Aboriginal children. Non-Aboriginal children had decreasing admission rates from the neonatal period onwards, whereas those for Aboriginal children increased. For all children, those of low or high birthweight, male sex and those with young or unmarried mothers or residing in country regions were more likely to be admitted. This research has highlighted potential risk factors for serious respiratory illness in early childhood and has shown the feasibility of using linked data for the total population to formulate and test hypotheses relating to respiratory morbidity.