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Bruserud Ø, Reikvam H. Casein Kinase 2 (CK2): A Possible Therapeutic Target in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3711. [PMID: 37509370 PMCID: PMC10378128 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 (also known as casein kinase 2) is one of the main contributors to the human phosphoproteome. It is regarded as a possible therapeutic strategy in several malignant diseases, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which is an aggressive bone marrow malignancy. CK2 is an important regulator of intracellular signaling in AML cells, especially PI3K-Akt, Jak-Stat, NFκB, Wnt, and DNA repair signaling. High CK2 levels in AML cells at the first time of diagnosis are associated with decreased survival (i.e., increased risk of chemoresistant leukemia relapse) for patients receiving intensive and potentially curative antileukemic therapy. However, it is not known whether these high CK2 levels can be used as an independent prognostic biomarker because this has not been investigated in multivariate analyses. Several CK2 inhibitors have been developed, but CX-4945/silmitasertib is best characterized. This drug has antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in primary human AML cells. The preliminary results from studies of silmitasertib in the treatment of other malignancies suggest that gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicities are relatively common. However, clinical AML studies are not available. Taken together, the available experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the possible use of CK2 inhibition in the treatment of AML should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein Bruserud
- Institute for Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Institute for Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Novel insights into residual hematopoiesis from stem cell populations in pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:1064-1068. [PMID: 34887525 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Examining treatment responses of diagnostic marrow in murine xenografts to predict relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:742-751. [PMID: 32536690 PMCID: PMC7462974 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0933-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While current chemotherapy has increased cure rates for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), the largest number of relapsing patients are still stratified as medium risk (MR) at diagnosis (50-60%). This highlights an opportunity to develop improved relapse-prediction models for MR patients. We hypothesised that bone marrow from MR patients who eventually relapsed would regrow faster in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model after induction chemotherapy than samples from patients in long-term remission. METHODS Diagnostic bone marrow aspirates from 30 paediatric MR-ALL patients (19 who relapsed, 11 who experienced remission) were inoculated into immune-deficient (NSG) mice and subsequently treated with either control or an induction-type regimen of vincristine, dexamethasone, and L-asparaginase (VXL). Engraftment was monitored by enumeration of the proportion of human CD45+ cells (%huCD45+) in the murine peripheral blood, and events were defined a priori as the time to reach 1% huCD45+, 25% huCD45+ (TT25%) or clinical manifestations of leukaemia (TTL). RESULTS The TT25% value significantly predicted MR patient relapse. Mutational profiles of PDXs matched their tumours of origin, with a clonal shift towards relapse observed in one set of VXL-treated PDXs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, establishing PDXs at diagnosis and subsequently applying chemotherapy has the potential to improve relapse prediction in paediatric MR-ALL.
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Richter-Pechańska P, Kunz JB, Bornhauser B, von Knebel Doeberitz C, Rausch T, Erarslan-Uysal B, Assenov Y, Frismantas V, Marovca B, Waszak SM, Zimmermann M, Seemann J, Happich M, Stanulla M, Schrappe M, Cario G, Escherich G, Bakharevich K, Kirschner-Schwabe R, Eckert C, Muckenthaler MU, Korbel JO, Bourquin JP, Kulozik AE. PDX models recapitulate the genetic and epigenetic landscape of pediatric T-cell leukemia. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809443. [PMID: 30389682 PMCID: PMC6284381 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared 24 primary pediatric T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T‐ALL) collected at the time of initial diagnosis and relapse from 12 patients and 24 matched patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs). DNA methylation profile was preserved in PDX mice in 97.5% of the promoters (ρ = 0.99). Similarly, the genome‐wide chromatin accessibility (ATAC‐Seq) was preserved remarkably well (ρ = 0.96). Interestingly, both the ATAC regions, which showed a significant decrease in accessibility in PDXs and the regions hypermethylated in PDXs, were associated with immune response, which might reflect the immune deficiency of the mice and potentially the incomplete interaction between murine cytokines and human receptors. The longitudinal approach of this study allowed an observation that samples collected from patients who developed a type 1 relapse (clonal mutations maintained at relapse) preserved their genomic composition; whereas in patients who developed a type 2 relapse (subset of clonal mutations lost at relapse), the preservation of the leukemia's composition was more variable. In sum, this study underlines the remarkable genomic stability, and for the first time documents the preservation of the epigenomic landscape in T‐ALL‐derived PDX models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Richter-Pechańska
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim B Kunz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat Bornhauser
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline von Knebel Doeberitz
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rausch
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Büşra Erarslan-Uysal
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yassen Assenov
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktoras Frismantas
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Blerim Marovca
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Seemann
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Margit Happich
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Stanulla
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schrappe
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gunnar Cario
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Escherich
- Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kseniya Bakharevich
- Clinic of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renate Kirschner-Schwabe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Eckert
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan O Korbel
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourquin
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas E Kulozik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, and Hopp Children's Cancer Center at NCT Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany .,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit (MMPU), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Development of Personalized Therapeutic Strategies by Targeting Actionable Vulnerabilities in Metastatic and Chemotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer PDXs. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060605. [PMID: 31216647 PMCID: PMC6627522 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer is characterized by a high degree of inter-patients heterogeneity in terms of histology, genomic alterations, gene expression patterns, and metastatic behavior, which deeply influences individual prognosis and treatment response. The main cause of mortality in breast cancer is the therapy-resistant metastatic disease, which sets the priority for novel treatment strategies for these patients. In the present study, we demonstrate that Patient Derived Xenografts (PDXs) that were obtained from metastatic and therapy-resistant breast cancer samples recapitulate the wide spectrum of the disease in terms of histologic subtypes and mutational profiles, as evaluated by whole exome sequencing. We have integrated genomic and transcriptomic data to identify oncogenic and actionable pathways in each PDX. By taking advantage of primary short-term in vitro cultures from PDX tumors, we showed their resistance to standard chemotherapy (Paclitaxel), as seen in the patients. Moreover, we selected targeting drugs and analyzed PDX sensitivity to single agents or to combination of targeted and standard therapy on the basis of PDX-specific genomic or transcriptomic alterations. Our data demonstrate that PDXs represent a suitable model to test new targeting drugs or drug combinations and to prioritize personalized therapeutic regimens for pre-clinal and clinical tests.
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Hernandez MC, Bergquist JR, Leiting JL, Ivanics T, Yang L, Smoot RL, Nagorney DM, Truty MJ. Patient-Derived Xenografts Can Be Reliably Generated from Patient Clinical Biopsy Specimens. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:818-824. [PMID: 30756315 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are clinically relevant human cancer models that can be used to guide individualized medicine. We aimed to generate PDX models from clinically obtained biopsy specimens (surgical or image-guided) hypothesizing that low volume biopsy specimens could provide sufficient viable tissue to successfully engraft PDX models from patients with unresectable or metastatic disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We maintain a prospective high volume gastrointestinal malignancy PDX program. With informed consent and institutional approval, biopsy specimens (surgical or image-guided) were obtained from patients with unresectable or metastatic tumors: pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC), cholangiocarcinoma, gastric and gallbladder carcinoma. Biopsies were implanted into immunodeficient mice. Tumor growth was monitored, viable tumor was passed into subsequent generations, and histopathology was confirmed. RESULTS In this study, biopsy specimens from 29 patients were used for PDX engraftment. Successful PDX engraftment was variable with highest engraftment rates in gastric and gallbladder carcinoma specimens (100%) compared to engraftment rates of 33% and 29% in PDAC and cholangiocarcinoma respectively. PDX models created from metastasis biopsies compared to unresectable primary tumor tissue demonstrated higher engraftment rates (69% versus 15.4%, p = 0.001). PDX models demonstrated higher engraftment rates when biopsies were obtained during surgical operations (n = 15) compared to image-guided (n = 14) (73% versus 14%, p = 0.003). Patient age, pretreatment status, or ischemic time was not different between biopsy methods. CONCLUSIONS PDX models can be successfully created from clinical biopsy specimens in patients with metastatic or unresectable GI cancers. The use of clinical biopsy specimens for PDX engraftment can expand the repertoire of stage-specific PDX models for downstream basic/translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hernandez
- Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - John R Bergquist
- Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jennifer L Leiting
- Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tommy Ivanics
- Department of Surgery, Henry Ford Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rory L Smoot
- Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David M Nagorney
- Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mark J Truty
- Section of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Division of Subspecialty General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. Southwest, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Jung J, Jang K, Ju JM, Lee E, Lee JW, Kim HJ, Kim J, Lee SB, Ko BS, Son BH, Lee HJ, Gong G, Ahn SY, Choi JK, Singh SR, Chang S. Novel cancer gene variants and gene fusions of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) reveal their molecular diversity conserved in the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Cancer Lett 2018; 428:127-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abarrategi A, Mian SA, Passaro D, Rouault-Pierre K, Grey W, Bonnet D. Modeling the human bone marrow niche in mice: From host bone marrow engraftment to bioengineering approaches. J Exp Med 2018; 215:729-743. [PMID: 29453226 PMCID: PMC5839768 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation of patient-derived samples in mouse models has been instrumental in depicting the role of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the establishment as well as progression of hematological malignancies. The foundations for this field of research have been based on the development of immunodeficient mouse models, which provide normal and malignant human hematopoietic cells with a supportive microenvironment. Immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice expressing human growth factors were key milestones in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, highlighting the importance of developing humanized microenvironments. The latest major improvement has been the use of human bone marrow (BM) niche-forming cells to generate human-mouse chimeric BM tissues in PDXs, which can shed light on the interactions between human stroma and hematopoietic cells. Here, we summarize the methods used for human hematopoietic cell xenotransplantation and their milestones and review the latest approaches in generating humanized BM tissues in mice to study human normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Abarrategi
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Diana Passaro
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Kevin Rouault-Pierre
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - William Grey
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, England, UK
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Jung J, Seol HS, Chang S. The Generation and Application of Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Cancer Research. Cancer Res Treat 2017; 50:1-10. [PMID: 28903551 PMCID: PMC5784646 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2017.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing an appropriate preclinical model is crucial for translational cancer research. The most common way that has been adopted by far is grafting cancer cell lines, derived from patients. Although this xenograft model is easy to generate, but has several limitations because this cancer model could not represent the unique features of each cancer patient sufficiently. Moreover, accumulating evidences demonstrate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease so that a tumor is comprised of cancer cells with diverse characteristics. In attempt to avoid these discrepancies between xenograft model and patients' tumor, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model has been actively generated and applied. The PDX model can be developed by the implantation of cancerous tissue from a patient's tumor into an immune-deficient mouse directly, thereby it preserves both cell-cell interactions and tumor microenvironment. In addition, the PDX model has shown advantages as a preclinical model in drug screening, biomarker development and co-clinical trial. In this review, we will summarize the methodology and applications of PDX in detail, and cover critical issues for the development of this model for preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Seol
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suhwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Coats JS, Baez I, Stoian C, Milford TAM, Zhang X, Francis OL, Su R, Payne KJ. Expression of Exogenous Cytokine in Patient-derived Xenografts via Injection with a Cytokine-transduced Stromal Cell Line. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28518123 DOI: 10.3791/55384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mice are produced by transplanting human cells into immune deficient mice. These models are an important tool for studying the mechanisms of normal and malignant hematopoiesis and are the gold standard for identifying effective chemotherapies for many malignancies. PDX models are possible because many of the mouse cytokines also act on human cells. However, this is not the case for all cytokines, including many that are critical for studying normal and malignant hematopoiesis in human cells. Techniques that engineer mice to produce human cytokines (transgenic and knock-in models) require significant expense before the usefulness of the model has been demonstrated. Other techniques are labor intensive (injection of recombinant cytokine or lentivirus) and in some cases require high levels of technical expertise (hydrodynamic injection of DNA). This report describes a simple method for generating PDX mice that have exogenous human cytokine (TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin) via weekly intraperitoneal injection of stroma that have been transduced to overexpress this cytokine. Use of this method provides an in vivo source of continuous cytokine production that achieves physiological levels of circulating human cytokine in the mouse. Plasma levels of human cytokine can be varied based on the number of stromal cells injected, and cytokine production can be initiated at any point in the experiment. This method also includes cytokine-negative control mice that are similarly produced, but through intraperitoneal injection of stroma transduced with a control vector. We have previously demonstrated that leukemia cells harvested from TSLP-expressing PDX, as compared to control PDX, exhibit a gene expression pattern more like the original patient sample. Together the cytokine-producing and cytokine-negative PDX mice produced by this method provide a model system that we have used successfully to study the role of TSLP in normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ineavely Baez
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Cornelia Stoian
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | | | | | - Olivia L Francis
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Ruijun Su
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University
| | - Kimberly J Payne
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University;
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Genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells produce IL-3 and TPO to further improve human scaffold-based xenograft models. Exp Hematol 2017; 51:36-46. [PMID: 28456746 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, NOD-SCID IL2Rγ-/- (NSG) mice were implanted with human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the presence of ceramic scaffolds or Matrigel to mimic the human bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. This approach allowed the engraftment of leukemic samples that failed to engraft in NSG mice without humanized niches and resulted in a better preservation of leukemic stem cell self-renewal properties. To further improve our humanized niche scaffold model, we genetically engineered human MSCs to secrete human interleukin-3 (IL-3) and thrombopoietin (TPO). In vitro, these IL-3- and TPO-producing MSCs were superior in expanding human cord blood (CB) CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. MLL-AF9-transduced CB CD34+ cells could be transformed efficiently along myeloid or lymphoid lineages on IL-3- and TPO-producing MSCs. In vivo, these genetically engineered MSCs maintained their ability to differentiate into bone, adipocytes, and other stromal components. Upon transplantation of MLL-AF9-transduced CB CD34+ cells, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) developed in engineered scaffolds, in which a significantly higher percentage of myeloid clones was observed in the mouse compartments compared with previous models. Engraftment of primary AML, B-cell ALL, and biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) patient samples was also evaluated, and all patient samples could engraft efficiently; the myeloid compartment of the BAL samples was better preserved in the human cytokine scaffold model. In conclusion, we show that we can genetically engineer the ectopic human BM microenvironment in a humanized scaffold xenograft model. This approach will be useful for functional study of the importance of niche factors in normal and malignant human hematopoiesis.
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