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Hale V, Weischer M, Park JY. CHEK2 (∗) 1100delC Mutation and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2014; 2014:294575. [PMID: 25431674 PMCID: PMC4241328 DOI: 10.1155/2014/294575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the causes of prostate cancer are largely unknown, previous studies support the role of genetic factors in the development of prostate cancer. CHEK2 plays a critical role in DNA replication by responding to double-stranded breaks. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the role of a genetic variant, 1100delC, of CHEK2 on prostate cancer risk and discuss the implication for potential translation of this knowledge into clinical practice. Currently, twelve articles that discussed CHEK2 (∗)1100delC and its association with prostate cancer were identified. Of the twelve prostate cancer studies, five studies had independent data to draw conclusive evidence from. The pooled results of OR and 95% CI were 1.98 (1.23-3.18) for unselected cases and 3.39 (1.78-6.47) for familial cases, indicating that CHEK2 (∗)1100delC mutation is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Screening for CHEK2(∗)1100delC should be considered in men with a familial history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Hale
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Maren Weischer
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Weischer M, Heerfordt IM, Bojesen SE, Eigentler T, Garbe C, Röcken M, Hölmich LR, Schmidt H, Klyver H, Bastholt L, Nordestgaard BG. CHEK2*1100delC and Risk of Malignant Melanoma: Danish and German Studies and Meta-Analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:299-303. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sherriff JM, Walji N. Prolonged survival in a patient with multiple metachronous tumors. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:e154-5. [PMID: 21149650 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.31.9939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sherriff
- Arden Cancer Centre, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NationalHealth Services (NHS) Trust, Coventry, UK
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Wasielewski M, Vasen H, Wijnen J, Hooning M, Dooijes D, Tops C, Klijn JGM, Meijers-Heijboer H, Schutte M. CHEK2 1100delC is a susceptibility allele for HNPCC-related colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4989-94. [PMID: 18676774 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The pathogenic CHEK2 1100delC variant is firmly established as a breast cancer susceptibility allele. Dutch CHEK2 1100delC breast cancer families frequently also include colorectal cancer cases, and the variant is particularly prevalent among breast cancer families with hereditary breast and colorectal cancer. Yet, it is still unclear whether CHEK2 1100delC also confers a colorectal cancer risk independent of its breast cancer risk. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CHEK2 1100delC was genotyped in the index cases of 369 Dutch colorectal cancer families that had been excluded for familial breast cancer. The cohort included 132 cases with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and FAP-related disease, and 237 cases with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and HNPCC-related disease. RESULTS None of the FAP/FAP-related cases carried the CHEK2 1100delC variant. In contrast, CHEK2 1100delC was present in 10 of 237 (4.2%) HNPCC/HNPCC-related cases that was significantly more prevalent than the 1.0% Dutch population frequency (odds ratio, 4.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-10.7; P = 0.002). Nine of the 10 CHEK2 1100delC colorectal cancer cases met the revised Amsterdam and/or Bethesda criteria. The 10 CHEK2 1100delC colorectal cancer families had a high-risk cancer inheritance pattern, including 35 colorectal cancer cases, 9 cases with polyps, and 21 cases with other tumor types. CONCLUSION Our analysis provides strong evidence that the 1100delC variant of CHEK2 confers a colorectal cancer risk in HNPCC/HNPCC-related families, supporting the hypothesis that CHEK2 is a multiorgan cancer susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Wasielewski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Bell DW, Kim SH, Godwin AK, Schiripo TA, Harris PL, Haserlat SM, Wahrer DCR, Haiman CA, Daly MB, Niendorf KB, Smith MR, Sgroi DC, Garber JE, Olopade OI, Le Marchand L, Henderson BE, Altshuler D, Haber DA, Freedman ML. Genetic and functional analysis of CHEK2 (CHK2) variants in multiethnic cohorts. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:2661-7. [PMID: 17721994 PMCID: PMC3090684 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The CHEK2-1100delC mutation is recurrent in the population and is a moderate risk factor for breast cancer. To identify additional CHEK2 mutations potentially contributing to breast cancer susceptibility, we sequenced 248 cases with early-onset disease; functionally characterized new variants and conducted a population-based case-control analysis to evaluate their contribution to breast cancer risk. We identified 1 additional null mutation and 5 missense variants in the germline of cancer patients. In vitro, the CHEK2-H143Y variant resulted in gross protein destabilization, while others had variable suppression of in vitro kinase activity using BRCA1 as a substrate. The germline CHEK2-1100delC mutation was present among 8/1,646 (0.5%) sporadic, 2/400 (0.5%) early-onset and 3/302 (1%) familial breast cancer cases, but undetectable amongst 2,105 multiethnic controls, including 633 from the US. CHEK2-positive breast cancer families also carried a deleterious BRCA1 mutation. 1100delC appears to be the only recurrent CHEK2 mutation associated with a potentially significant contribution to breast cancer risk in the general population. Another recurrent mutation with attenuated in vitro function, CHEK2-P85L, is not associated with increased breast cancer susceptibility, but exhibits a striking difference in frequency across populations with different ancestral histories. These observations illustrate the importance of genotyping ethnically diverse groups when assessing the impact of low-penetrance susceptibility alleles on population risk. Our findings highlight the notion that clinical testing for rare missense mutations within CHEK2 may have limited value in predicting breast cancer risk, but that testing for the 1100delC variant may be valuable in phenotypically- and geographically-selected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne W Bell
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Thompson D, Seal S, Schutte M, McGuffog L, Barfoot R, Renwick A, Eeles R, Sodha N, Houlston R, Shanley S, Klijn J, Wasielewski M, Chang-Claude J, Futreal PA, Weber BL, Nathanson KL, Stratton M, Meijers-Heijboer H, Rahman N, Easton DF. A multicenter study of cancer incidence in CHEK2 1100delC mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:2542-5. [PMID: 17164383 PMCID: PMC2714971 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The CHEK2 1100delC protein-truncating mutation has a carrier frequency of approximately 0.7% in Northern and Western European populations and confers an approximately 2-fold increased risk of breast cancer. It has also been suggested to increase risks of colorectal and prostate cancer, but its involvement with these or other types of cancer has not been confirmed. The incidence of cancer other than breast cancer in 11,116 individuals from 734 non-BRCA1/2 breast cancer families from the United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands, and the United States was compared with that predicted by population rates. Relative risks (RR) to carriers and noncarriers were estimated by maximum likelihood, via the expectation-maximization algorithm to allow for unknown genotypes. Sixty-seven families contained at least one tested CHEK2 1100delC mutation carrier. There was evidence of underreporting of cancers in male relatives (422 cancers observed, 860 expected) but not in females (322 observed, 335 expected); hence, we focused on cancer risks in female carriers. The risk of cancers other than breast cancer in female carriers was not significantly elevated, although a modest increase in risk could not be excluded (RR, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-2.17). The carrier risk was not significantly raised for any individual cancer site, including colorectal cancer (RR, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-4.71). However, between ages 20 to 50 years, the risks of colorectal and lung cancer were both higher in female carriers than noncarriers (P = 0.041 and 0.0001, respectively). There was no evidence of a higher prostate cancer risk in carriers than noncarriers (P = 0.26), although underreporting of male cancers limited our power to detect such a difference. Our results suggest that the risk of cancer associated with CHEK2 1100delC mutations is restricted to breast cancer, although we cannot rule out a small increase in overall cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Thompson
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Seal
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mieke Schutte
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lesley McGuffog
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Barfoot
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Renwick
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Nayanta Sodha
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Houlston
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Shanley
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Klijn
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke Wasielewski
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P. Andrew Futreal
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara L. Weber
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine L. Nathanson
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Stratton
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Cancer Genome Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Departments of Clinical Genetics and Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nazneen Rahman
- Cancer Genetics Section, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Bernstein JL, Teraoka SN, John EM, Andrulis IL, Knight JA, Lapinski R, Olson ER, Wolitzer AL, Seminara D, Whittemore AS, Concannon P. The CHEK2*1100delC allelic variant and risk of breast cancer: screening results from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:348-52. [PMID: 16492927 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CHEK2, a serine-threonine kinase, is activated in response to agents, such as ionizing radiation, which induce DNA double-strand breaks. Activation of CHEK2 can result in cell cycle checkpoint arrest or apoptosis. One specific variant, CHEK2*1100delC, has been associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. In this population-based study, we screened 2,311 female breast cancer cases and 496 general population controls enrolled in the Ontario and Northern California Breast Cancer Family Registries for this variant (all controls were Canadian). Overall, 30 cases and one control carried the 1100delC allele. In Ontario, the weighted mutation carrier frequency among cases and controls was 1.34% and 0.20%, respectively [odds ratio (OR), 6.65; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.37-18.68]. In California, the weighted population mutation carrier frequency in cases was 0.40%. Across all cases, 1 of 524 non-Caucasians (0.19%) and 29 of 1,775 Caucasians (1.63%) were mutation carriers (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.89). Among Caucasian cases >45 years age at diagnosis, carrier status was associated with history of benign breast disease (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.30-7.80) and exposure to diagnostic ionizing radiation (excluding mammography; OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.13-9.14); compared with women without exposure to ionizing radiation, the association was strongest among women exposed >15 years before diagnosis (OR, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.50-12.20) and among those who received two or more chest X-rays (OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 1.25-10.52). These data supporting the biological relevance of CHEK2 in breast carcinogenesis suggest that further studies examining the joint roles of CHEK2*1100delC carrier status and radiation exposure may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonine L Bernstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 3rd Floor, 307 East 63rd Street, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Isinger A, Bhat M, Borg A, Nilbert M. CHEK2 1100delC in patients with metachronous cancers of the breast and the colorectum. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:64. [PMID: 16539695 PMCID: PMC1421428 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of multiple primary tumors is a hallmark of hereditary cancer. At least 1/10 of breast cancers and colorectal cancers occur because of heredity and recently the cell cycle kinase 2, CHEK2 1100delC allele has been identified at a particularly high frequency in families with hereditary breast and colorectal cancer. METHODS We utilized the Southern Sweden population-based cancer registry to identify women with double primary breast and colorectal cancer and sequenced tumor material in order to assess the contribution of the CHEK2 1100delC to the development of such metachronous tumors. RESULTS Among the 75 patients successfully analyzed, 2 (2.5%) carried the CHEK2 1100delC allele. which was not significantly different (p = 0.26) from the 1% (3/300) carriers identified in the control group. CONCLUSION In summary, our data suggest that the CHEK2 1100delC is not a major cause of double primary breast and colorectal cancer in Sweden, which suggests that this patient group should not routinely be screened for the CHEK2 1100delC variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Isinger
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Misha Bhat
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ake Borg
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mef Nilbert
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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