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Pimentel Campillo J, Corona Castillo D, Nunez M, Finke Abbott A, Pichardo J. Pneumonia-Induced Thyroid Crisis With Thyrotoxicosis Exacerbation: De Novo Graves' Disease Presentation on a Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). Cureus 2023; 15:e41119. [PMID: 37519569 PMCID: PMC10382790 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects multiple organ systems and is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth retardation, and developmental disabilities. The syndrome is caused by mutations in genes (NIPBL, RAD21, SMC3, HDAC8, and SMC1A) involved in the cohesin complex, which plays a critical role in chromosome segregation and gene expression regulation. Clinical findings typically include dysmorphic facial features (arched eyebrows, synophrys, long eyelashes, ptosis, long philtrum, thin upper lip, and posteriorly rotated ears), growth and mental retardation, upper limb defects (clinodactyly and limb deficiencies), gastrointestinal complications (gastroesophageal reflux, pyloric stenosis, diaphragmatic hernia, malrotation, and volvulus), and heart defects (ventricular and atrial septal defects). In addition, chronic respiratory tract infections including sinusitis and pneumonia have been frequently described in this population. The early recognition and diagnosis of CdLS through genetic testing are crucial to ensure appropriate medical management and early intervention therapies to improve the outcomes of affected individuals. The thyroid gland is not affected by this congenital disease, but complications can arrive in this organ by other disease-related organ malfunctions. Pneumonia-induced thyroiditis is a potentially life-threatening condition that can occur in patients with underlying thyroid disease who also develop pneumonia. The symptoms are due to the hypermetabolic state induced by excess thyroid hormones and include weight loss, heat intolerance, and palpitations. There are many different causes of thyrotoxicosis. It is important to determine the cause since treatment is based on the underlying etiology. The diagnosis of pneumonia-induced thyrotoxicosis can be challenging as symptoms may mimic other conditions and laboratory testing may not always provide a clear answer. The diagnosis is confirmed with low thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and elevated free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein. The management of the condition involves prompt recognition, supportive care, and the use of medications to lower thyroid hormone levels, such as beta-blockers, antithyroid drugs, steroids, and iodine. In severe cases, plasmapheresis or thyroidectomy may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pimentel Campillo
- Internal Medicine, Centros de Diagnóstico y Medicina Avanzada y de Conferencias Médicas y Telemedicina (CEDIMAT), Santo Domingo, DOM
| | - Daneybi Corona Castillo
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Centros de Diagnóstico y Medicina Avanzada y de Conferencias Médicas y Telemedicina (CEDIMAT), Santo Domingo, DOM
| | - Marco Nunez
- Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | | | - Jesús Pichardo
- Surgery and Specialties, Centros de Diagnóstico y Medicina Avanzada y de Conferencias Médicas y Telemedicina (CEDIMAT), Santo Domingo, DOM
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Sekhon M, Brown S. Exome sequencing identifies a cryptic chromosome translocation in a family decades after clinical diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange: Case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6706. [PMID: 36483867 PMCID: PMC9723470 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical genetic evaluations are defined by the knowledge and technology available at the time they occur. In the modern era, microarray and exome sequencing are first line tests for clinical geneticists; however, beginning in the late 1970s and continuing until the turn of the past century, a standard genetic evaluation consisted, in many cases, of an examination by a dysmorphologist as well as a conventional karyotype. In general, once a genetic diagnosis is established, it does not get revisited as more advanced methods become available. Clearly, there will be instances in which new technology can modify or change a prior diagnosis. We present a family in which the recent birth of a baby resulted in the establishment of a cytogenetic diagnosis of a different family member whose initial evaluation and clinical diagnosis had occurred three decades earlier. The new genomic findings have profound implications for other family members, and in addition provided the family with a sense of closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Sekhon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Larner College of MedicineUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Stephen Brown
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Larner College of MedicineUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
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3
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Pathogenic variants detected by RNA sequencing in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Genomics 2022; 114:110468. [PMID: 36041635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that transcript isoforms significantly overlap (approximately 60%) between brain tissue and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Interestingly, 14 cohesion-related genes with variants that cause Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) are highly expressed in the brain and LCLs. In this context, we first performed RNA sequencing of LCLs from 22 solved (with pathogenic variants) and 19 unsolved (with no confirmed variants) CdLS cases. Next, an RNA sequencing pipeline was developed using solved cases with two different methods: short variant analysis (for single-nucleotide and indel variants) and aberrant splicing detection analysis. Then, 19 unsolved cases were subsequently applied to our pipeline, and four pathogenic variants in NIPBL (one inframe deletion and three intronic variants) were newly identified. Two of three intronic variants were located at Alu elements in deep-intronic regions, creating cryptic exons. RNA sequencing with LCLs was useful for identifying hidden variants in exome-negative cases.
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Panaitescu AM, Duta S, Gica N, Botezatu R, Nedelea F, Peltecu G, Veduta A. A Broader Perspective on the Prenatal Diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: Review of the Literature and Case Presentation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010142. [PMID: 33478103 PMCID: PMC7835910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CDLS) is caused by pathogenic variants in genes which are structural or regulatory components of the cohesin complex. The classical Cornelia de Lange (CDLS) phenotype is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth retardation, upper limb reduction defects, hirsutism, and developmental delay. Non-classical phenotypes make this condition heterogeneous. Although CDLS is a heterogeneous clinical and genetic condition, clear diagnostic criteria have been described by specialist consensus. Many of these criteria refer to features that can be seen on prenatal ultrasound. The aim of this paper is twofold: to present the ultrasound findings in fetuses affected by CDLS syndrome; to discuss the recent advances and the limitations in the ultrasound and genetic prenatal diagnosis of CDLS. Our review aims to offer, apart from the data needed to understand the genetics and the prenatal presentation of the disease, a joint perspective of the two specialists involved in the prenatal management of this pathology: the fetal medicine specialist and the geneticist. To better illustrate the data presented, we also include a representative clinical case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Maria Panaitescu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (R.B.); (F.N.); (G.P.)
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania; (S.D.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-23188930
| | - Simona Duta
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania; (S.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Nicolae Gica
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (R.B.); (F.N.); (G.P.)
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania; (S.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Radu Botezatu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (R.B.); (F.N.); (G.P.)
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania; (S.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Florina Nedelea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (R.B.); (F.N.); (G.P.)
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Peltecu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (N.G.); (R.B.); (F.N.); (G.P.)
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania; (S.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Alina Veduta
- Filantropia Clinical Hospital, 011171 Bucharest, Romania; (S.D.); (A.V.)
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Parma B, Cianci P, Decimi V, Mariani M, Provero MC, Funari C, Tajè S, Apuril E, Cereda A, Panceri R, Maitz S, Fossati C, Selicorni A. Complex nutritional deficiencies in a large cohort of Italian patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2094-2101. [PMID: 32648352 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome Spectrum (CdLSp) is characterized by intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms, and growth impairment. Although eating difficulties are a well-known feature of the disease, there is no data regarding the nutritional deficiencies of these patients. The food intake was tracked using a dietary transcription provided by the family/caregivers, biochemical nutritional parameters were measured with laboratory tests and through an accurate clinical evaluation of the incidence of qualitative and quantitative imbalances in a cohort of 73 patients with CdLSp ware determined. Of these 73, 62 (85%) subjects provided a complete and detailed dietary transcription. In the studied population, a quantitative caloric imbalance in 47/62 (76%) subjects was observed. The caloric intake was low in 27/62 (43%) subjects whereas excessive in 20/62 (33%). Only 15/62 (24%) had an optimum caloric intake. Regarding micronutrients, a calcium intake deficiency in 32% of the patients (20/62) was observed. Blood tests revealed a low iron level in 22/73 (30%) of the patients and 25(OH)D deficiency in 49/73 (67%). Serum hypocalcemia was not evidenced. Qualitative and quantitative imbalances resulted in more frequent than expected in CdLSp patients. A qualitative imbalance was more prevalent in younger patients while in older patients prevailed mainly a quantitative disproportion. We found no statistically meaningful correlation between dietary imbalances, genetic, or clinical parameters. Our findings highlight the need for further studies to evaluate the basal metabolic rate of CdLSp patients and find a correlation with their growth impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Parma
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
| | - Paola Cianci
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
| | | | - Milena Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
| | | | - Caterina Funari
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
| | - Silvia Tajè
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
| | - Erika Apuril
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberto Panceri
- Department of Pediatrics, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Maitz
- Department of Pediatrics, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Pediatrics, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics, ASST-Lariana, Sant'Anna Hospital, San Fermo della Battaglia (Como), Italy
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Parenti I, Diab F, Gil SR, Mulugeta E, Casa V, Berutti R, Brouwer RWW, Dupé V, Eckhold J, Graf E, Puisac B, Ramos F, Schwarzmayr T, Gines MM, van Staveren T, van IJcken WFJ, Strom TM, Pié J, Watrin E, Kaiser FJ, Wendt KS. MAU2 and NIPBL Variants Impair the Heterodimerization of the Cohesin Loader Subunits and Cause Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107647. [PMID: 32433956 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIPBL/MAU2 heterodimer loads cohesin onto chromatin. Mutations in NIPBL account for most cases of the rare developmental disorder Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Here we report a MAU2 variant causing CdLS, a deletion of seven amino acids that impairs the interaction between MAU2 and the NIPBL N terminus. Investigating this interaction, we discovered that MAU2 and the NIPBL N terminus are largely dispensable for normal cohesin and NIPBL function in cells with a NIPBL early truncating mutation. Despite a predicted fatal outcome of an out-of-frame single nucleotide duplication in NIPBL, engineered in two different cell lines, alternative translation initiation yields a form of NIPBL missing N-terminal residues. This form cannot interact with MAU2, but binds DNA and mediates cohesin loading. Altogether, our work reveals that cohesin loading can occur independently of functional NIPBL/MAU2 complexes and highlights a novel mechanism protective against out-of-frame mutations that is potentially relevant for other genetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Parenti
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Farah Diab
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6290, Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sara Ruiz Gil
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Valentina Casa
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Berutti
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rutger W W Brouwer
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie Dupé
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6290, Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Juliane Eckhold
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Beatriz Puisac
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, CIBERER-GCV02 and ISS-Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Feliciano Ramos
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, CIBERER-GCV02 and ISS-Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Thomas Schwarzmayr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilfred F J van IJcken
- Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Department of Cell Biology, Center for Biomics, the Netherlands
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Pié
- Unit of Clinical Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology-Physiology and Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, CIBERER-GCV02 and ISS-Aragon, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Erwan Watrin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR6290, Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Frank J Kaiser
- Sektion für Funktionelle Genetik am Institut für Humangenetik Lübeck, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Kerstin S Wendt
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Wagner VF, Hillman PR, Britt AD, Ray JW, Farach LS. A De novo HDAC2 variant in a patient with features consistent with Cornelia de Lange syndrome phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:852-856. [PMID: 30806031 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in NIPBL, RAD21, SMC3, HDAC8, or SMC1A; all of which code for proteins that are components of, or interact with, the cohesin complex. Despite the identification of multiple genes associated with CdLS, over 25% of individuals strongly suspected to have CdLS have negative genetic testing, indicating that there are additional genes associated with the condition. HDAC2 codes for histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and, like HDAC8, is a Class 1 histone deacetylase. We present a patient with a novel de novo variant in HDAC2 with many clinical features consistent with CdLS including severe developmental delay, limb abnormalities, congenital heart defect, cryptorchidism and hypoplastic genitalia, growth retardation, and characteristic craniofacial features. Although variants in HDAC2 are not currently associated with human disease, the variant identified in this patient is within a highly conserved amino acid residue and has not been observed in healthy populations. This information, along with the patient's clinical presentation and the functional similarity between the HDAC2 and HDAC8 proteins, suggests that HDAC2 should be further investigated as a candidate gene for CdLS or a CdLS-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul R Hillman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Allison D Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Joseph W Ray
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Laura S Farach
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
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Decimi V, Parma B, Panceri R, Fossati C, Mariani M, Russo S, Gervasini CC, Cheli M, Cereda A, Selicorni A. Use of nutritional devices in Cornelia de Lange syndrome: Data from a large Italian cohort. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1865-1871. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Parma
- Department of Pediatrics. ASST‐Lariana. Sant'Anna Hospital San Fermo della Battaglia (Como) Italy
| | - Roberto Panceri
- Department of PediatricsUniversità Milano Bicocca Monza Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of PediatricsUniversità Milano Bicocca Monza Italy
| | - Milena Mariani
- School of Specialization in Medical GeneticsUniversity of Milan Milan Italy
| | - Silvia Russo
- Laboratory of Molecular GeneticsIstituto Auxologico Italiano Milano Italy
| | - Cristina C. Gervasini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health SciencesUniversità degli Studi di Milano Milano Italy
| | - Maurizio Cheli
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Department of PediatricsASST Papa Giovanni XXIII Bergamo Italy
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Department of Pediatrics. ASST‐Lariana. Sant'Anna Hospital San Fermo della Battaglia (Como) Italy
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Santoro C, Apicella A, Casale F, La Manna A, Di Martino M, Di Pinto D, Indolfi C, Perrotta S. Unusual association of non-anaplastic Wilms tumor and Cornelia de Lange syndrome: case report. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:365. [PMID: 27291393 PMCID: PMC4904356 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2402-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cornelia de Lange syndrome is the prototype for cohesinopathy disorders, which are characterized by defects in chromosome segregation. Kidney malformations, including nephrogenic rests, are common in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Only one post-mortem case report has described an association between Wilms tumor and Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Here, we describe the first case of a living child with both diseases. Case presentation Non-anaplastic triphasic nephroblastoma was diagnosed in a patient carrying a not yet reported mutation in NIPBL (c.4920 G > A). The patient had the typical facial appearance and intellectual disability associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome in absence of limb involvement. The child’s kidneys were examined by ultrasound at 2 years of age to exclude kidney abnormalities associated with the syndrome. She underwent pre-operative chemotherapy and nephrectomy. Seven months later she was healthy and without residual detectable disease. Conclusion The previous report of such co-occurrence, together with our report and previous reports of nephrogenic rests, led us to wonder if there may be any causal relationship between these two rare entities. The wingless/integrated (Wnt) pathway, which is implicated in kidney development, is constitutively activated in approximately 15–20 % of all non-anaplastic Wilms tumors. Interestingly, the Wnt pathway was recently found to be perturbed in a zebrafish model of Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Mutations in cohesin complex genes and regulators have also been identified in several types of cancers. On the other hand, there is no clear evidence of an increased risk of cancer in Cornelia de Lange syndrome, and no other similar cases have been published since the fist one reported by Cohen, and this prompts to think Wilms tumor and Cornelia de Lange syndrome occurred together in our patient by chance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Santoro
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Andrea Apicella
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Fiorina Casale
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Angela La Manna
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Martina Di Martino
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Pinto
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Cristiana Indolfi
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Silverio Perrotta
- Dipartimento della Donna, del Bambino e di Chirurgia Generale e Specialistica, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 4, Naples, 80138, Italy.
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Cereda A, Mariani M, Rebora P, Sajeva A, Ajmone PF, Gervasini C, Russo S, Kullmann G, Valsecchi G, Selicorni A. A new prognostic index of severity of intellectual disabilities in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:179-89. [PMID: 27148700 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a well-known multiple congenital anomalies/intellectual disability syndrome with genetic heterogeneity and wide clinical variability, regarding the severity of both the intellectual disabilities and the physical features, not completely explained by the genotype-phenotype correlations known to date. The aim of the study was the identification of prognostic features, ascertainable precociously in the patient's life, of a better intellectual outcome and the development of a new prognostic index of severity of intellectual disability in CdLS patients. In 66 italian CdLS patients aged 8 years or more, we evaluated the association of the degree of intellectual disability with various clinical parameters ascertainable before 6 months of life and with the molecular data by the application of cumulative regression logistic model. Based on these results and on the previously known genotype-phenotype correlations, we selected seven parameters to be used in a multivariate cumulative regression logistic model to develop a prognostic index of severity of intellectual disability. The probability of a mild ID increases with the reducing final score less than two, the probability of a severe ID increases with the increasing final score more than three. This prognostic index allows to define, precociously in the life of a baby, the probability of a better or worse intellectual outcome in CdLS patients. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Nizon M, Henry M, Michot C, Baumann C, Bazin A, Bessières B, Blesson S, Cordier-Alex MP, David A, Delahaye-Duriez A, Delezoïde AL, Dieux-Coeslier A, Doco-Fenzy M, Faivre L, Goldenberg A, Layet V, Loget P, Marlin S, Martinovic J, Odent S, Pasquier L, Plessis G, Prieur F, Putoux A, Rio M, Testard H, Bonnefont JP, Cormier-Daire V. A series of 38 novel germline and somatic mutations of NIPBL in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Clin Genet 2016; 89:584-9. [PMID: 26701315 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a multisystemic developmental disorder mainly related to de novo heterozygous NIPBL mutation. Recently, NIPBL somatic mosaicism has been highlighted through buccal cell DNA study in some patients with a negative molecular analysis on leukocyte DNA. Here, we present a series of 38 patients with a Cornelia de Lange syndrome related to a heterozygous NIPBL mutation identified by Sanger sequencing. The diagnosis was based on the following criteria: (i) intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal short stature, (ii) feeding difficulties and/or gastro-oesophageal reflux, (iii) microcephaly, (iv) intellectual disability, and (v) characteristic facial features. We identified 37 novel NIPBL mutations including 34 in leukocytes and 3 in buccal cells only. All mutations shown to have arisen de novo when parent blood samples were available. The present series confirms the difficulty in predicting the phenotype according to the NIPBL mutation. Until now, somatic mosaicism has been observed for 20 cases which do not seem to be consistently associated with a milder phenotype. Besides, several reports support a postzygotic event for those cases. Considering these elements, we recommend a first-line buccal cell DNA analysis in order to improve gene testing sensitivity in Cornelia de Lange syndrome and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nizon
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - M Henry
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - C Michot
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - C Baumann
- Département de Génétique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - A Bazin
- Département de Génétique, CH René Dubos, Pontoise, France
| | - B Bessières
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - S Blesson
- Service de Génétique, CHRU Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France
| | - M-P Cordier-Alex
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - A David
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - A Delahaye-Duriez
- Service de Génétique, CHU Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, France
| | - A-L Delezoïde
- Département de Génétique, CHU Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - A Dieux-Coeslier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHRU de Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Lille, France
| | - M Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche, Reims, France
| | - L Faivre
- Centre de Génétique, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | | | - V Layet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, GH du Havre, Hôpital Jacques Monod, Le Havre, France
| | - P Loget
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Pontchaillou, Université de Rennes 1, CHU, Rennes, France
| | - S Marlin
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - J Martinovic
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - S Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - L Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - G Plessis
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU Clémenceau, Caen, France
| | - F Prieur
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Hôpital Nord, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - A Putoux
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - M Rio
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - H Testard
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - J-P Bonnefont
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - V Cormier-Daire
- Département de Génétique, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1163, Institut IMAGINE, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Cornelia de Lange Syndrome: A Variable Disorder of Cohesin Pathology. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-015-0065-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yuan B, Pehlivan D, Karaca E, Patel N, Charng WL, Gambin T, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Sutton VR, Yesil G, Bozdogan ST, Tos T, Koparir A, Koparir E, Beck CR, Gu S, Aslan H, Yuregir OO, Al Rubeaan K, Alnaqeb D, Alshammari MJ, Bayram Y, Atik MM, Aydin H, Geckinli BB, Seven M, Ulucan H, Fenercioglu E, Ozen M, Jhangiani S, Muzny DM, Boerwinkle E, Tuysuz B, Alkuraya FS, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR. Global transcriptional disturbances underlie Cornelia de Lange syndrome and related phenotypes. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:636-51. [PMID: 25574841 DOI: 10.1172/jci77435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder that presents with extensive phenotypic variability, including facial dysmorphism, developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), abnormal extremities, and hirsutism. About 65% of patients harbor mutations in genes that encode subunits or regulators of the cohesin complex, including NIPBL, SMC1A, SMC3, RAD21, and HDAC8. Wiedemann-Steiner syndrome (WDSTS), which shares CdLS phenotypic features, is caused by mutations in lysine-specific methyltransferase 2A (KMT2A). Here, we performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 2 male siblings clinically diagnosed with WDSTS; this revealed a hemizygous, missense mutation in SMC1A that was predicted to be deleterious. Extensive clinical evaluation and WES of 32 Turkish patients clinically diagnosed with CdLS revealed the presence of a de novo heterozygous nonsense KMT2A mutation in 1 patient without characteristic WDSTS features. We also identified de novo heterozygous mutations in SMC3 or SMC1A that affected RNA splicing in 2 independent patients with combined CdLS and WDSTS features. Furthermore, in families from 2 separate world populations segregating an autosomal-recessive disorder with CdLS-like features, we identified homozygous mutations in TAF6, which encodes a core transcriptional regulatory pathway component. Together, our data, along with recent transcriptome studies, suggest that CdLS and related phenotypes may be "transcriptomopathies" rather than cohesinopathies.
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Mei L, Liang D, Huang Y, Pan Q, Wu L. Two novel NIPBL gene mutations in Chinese patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Gene 2015; 555:476-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Prehistoric genomes reveal the genetic foundation and cost of horse domestication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5661-9. [PMID: 25512547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416991111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The domestication of the horse ∼ 5.5 kya and the emergence of mounted riding, chariotry, and cavalry dramatically transformed human civilization. However, the genetics underlying horse domestication are difficult to reconstruct, given the near extinction of wild horses. We therefore sequenced two ancient horse genomes from Taymyr, Russia (at 7.4- and 24.3-fold coverage), both predating the earliest archeological evidence of domestication. We compared these genomes with genomes of domesticated horses and the wild Przewalski's horse and found genetic structure within Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene, with the ancient population contributing significantly to the genetic variation of domesticated breeds. We furthermore identified a conservative set of 125 potential domestication targets using four complementary scans for genes that have undergone positive selection. One group of genes is involved in muscular and limb development, articular junctions, and the cardiac system, and may represent physiological adaptations to human utilization. A second group consists of genes with cognitive functions, including social behavior, learning capabilities, fear response, and agreeableness, which may have been key for taming horses. We also found that domestication is associated with inbreeding and an excess of deleterious mutations. This genetic load is in line with the "cost of domestication" hypothesis also reported for rice, tomatoes, and dogs, and it is generally attributed to the relaxation of purifying selection resulting from the strong demographic bottlenecks accompanying domestication. Our work demonstrates the power of ancient genomes to reconstruct the complex genetic changes that transformed wild animals into their domesticated forms, and the population context in which this process took place.
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Pavlidis E, Cantalupo G, Bianchi S, Piccolo B, Pisani F. Epileptic features in Cornelia de Lange syndrome: case report and literature review. Brain Dev 2014; 36:837-43. [PMID: 24461912 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a rare genetic disease, caused by mutations in three known different genes: NIBPL (crom 5p), SMC1A (crom X) and SMC3 (crom 10q), that account for about 65% of cases. This syndrome is characterized by distinctive facial features, psychomotor delay, growth retardation since the prenatal period (second trimester of pregnancy), hands and feet abnormalities, and involvement of other organs/systems. SMC1A and SMC3 mutations are responsible for a mild phenotype of the syndrome. METHODS We report the electroclinical features of epilepsy in a child with a mild Cornelia de Lange syndrome and furthermore we reviewed the descriptions of the epileptic findings available in the literature in patients with such syndrome. RESULTS A large heterogeneity of the epileptic findings in the literature is reported. CONCLUSION The presence of epilepsy could be related to pathophysiological factors independent of those implicated in the characterization of main classical phenotypic features. A more detailed description of the epileptic findings could help clinicians in the diagnosis of this syndrome in those cases lacking of the typical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pavlidis
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sara Bianchi
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Piccolo
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Hamilton J, Clement WA, Kubba H. Otolaryngological presentations of Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1548-50. [PMID: 25060937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome frequently present to otolaryngology services with hearing problems. Airway problems have not previously been reported. We wish to describe our experience of the overall management in a series of children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. METHODS Retrospective case note review of children diagnosed with Cornelia de Lange syndrome presenting to our department between 2005 and 2014. RESULTS Six patients were seen. Airway problems consisted of laryngeal overspill with severe gastroesophageal dysmotility and reflux despite structurally normal airway (1 case), laryngomalacia requiring supraglottoplasty (2 cases), reflux laryngitis with secondary laryngomalacia and coincidental tracheal diverticulum (1 case) choanal atresia requiring stents (1 case) and obstructive sleep apnoea (1 case). Supraglottoplasty produced a dramatic improvement in feeding and breathing in both children who underwent the procedure. Two children had palatal anomalies and one underwent cochlear implantation for a profound sensorineural hearing loss. CONCLUSION Children with Cornelia de Lange syndrome have multifaceted ENT problems. Airway pathology has not previously been described in Cornelia de Lange syndrome but has been common in our experience. We wish to highlight that laryngomalacia in Cornelia de Lange syndrome responds well to supraglottoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Andrew Clement
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Haytham Kubba
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow G3 8SJ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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Marchisio P, Selicorni A, Bianchini S, Milani D, Baggi E, Cerutti M, Larizza L, Principi N, Esposito S. Audiological findings, genotype and clinical severity score in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 78:1045-8. [PMID: 24774220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multisystem disorder in which hearing loss (HL) has been reported. However, no data are available concerning the association between audiological findings, clinical severity score and genotype. METHODS The study involved 44 pediatric patients aged 1-18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of CdLS, all of whom underwent a full otolaryngological and audiological examination. The presence of NIPBL and SMC1 mutations was also evaluated. RESULTS According to the severity of clinical phenotypes, 12 (27.3%) children were mild, 15 (34.1%) were moderate and 17 (38.6%) were severe. Thirty-eight children (86%) had OME. Eight children had normal hearing, including one (12.5%) with a severe phenotype. Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was diagnosed in 10 children (22.7%): the degree of HL was severe in 8 (80%), all with a severe phenotype. Conductive hearing loss (CHL) was present in 26 patients (59.1%), of whom 8 (30.8%) had a severe phenotype. A severe phenotype was more prevalent among the patients with moderate to severe HL (10/16, 62.5%) than among those with slight/mild HL or normal hearing (7/28, 25.0% p=0.013). NIPBL mutations were detected in 22 patients (50%): 13 (59.1%) with truncating mutations, four (18.2%) with missense mutations, and five (22.7%) with splicing mutations. The frequency of NIPBL truncating mutations was similar in the children with SNHL and those with CHL, whereas this kind of mutation was not found in children with normal hearing. CONCLUSION Together with SNHL, CHL is an important cause of HL in children with CdLS, and can be associated with a severe phenotype. Moreover, CHL can be associated with NIPBL mutations, particularly truncating mutations. These results highlight the importance of the early identification of audiological problems in children with CdLS and their precise genetic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marchisio
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Angelo Selicorni
- Pediatric Clinic, University of Milano Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Sonia Bianchini
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Milani
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Baggi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Cerutti
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Genetic Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Cheng YW, Tan CA, Minor A, Arndt K, Wysinger L, Grange DK, Kozel BA, Robin NH, Waggoner D, Fitzpatrick C, Das S, Del Gaudio D. Copy number analysis of NIPBL in a cohort of 510 patients reveals rare copy number variants and a mosaic deletion. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2013; 2:115-23. [PMID: 24689074 PMCID: PMC3960053 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by growth retardation, intellectual disability, upper limb abnormalities, hirsutism, and characteristic facial features. In this study we explored the occurrence of intragenic NIPBL copy number variations (CNVs) in a cohort of 510 NIPBL sequence-negative patients with suspected CdLS. Copy number analysis was performed by custom exon-targeted oligonucleotide array-comparative genomic hybridization and/or MLPA. Whole-genome SNP array was used to further characterize rearrangements extending beyond the NIPBL gene. We identified NIPBL CNVs in 13 patients (2.5%) including one intragenic duplication and a deletion in mosaic state. Breakpoint sequences in two patients provided further evidence of a microhomology-mediated replicative mechanism as a potential predominant contributor to CNVs in NIPBL. Patients for whom clinical information was available share classical CdLS features including craniofacial and limb defects. Our experience in studying the frequency of NIBPL CNVs in the largest series of patients to date widens the mutational spectrum of NIPBL and emphasizes the clinical utility of performing NIPBL deletion/duplication analysis in patients with CdLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Cheng
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher A Tan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Agata Minor
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kelly Arndt
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Latrice Wysinger
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dorothy K Grange
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Beth A Kozel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nathaniel H Robin
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Darrel Waggoner
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Soma Das
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois
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Hutson JM, Southwell BR, Li R, Lie G, Ismail K, Harisis G, Chen N. The regulation of testicular descent and the effects of cryptorchidism. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:725-52. [PMID: 23666148 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The first half of this review examines the boundary between endocrinology and embryonic development, with the aim of highlighting the way hormones and signaling systems regulate the complex morphological changes to enable the intra-abdominal fetal testes to reach the scrotum. The genitoinguinal ligament, or gubernaculum, first enlarges to hold the testis near the groin, and then it develops limb-bud-like properties and migrates across the pubic region to reach the scrotum. Recent advances show key roles for insulin-like hormone 3 in the first step, with androgen and the genitofemoral nerve involved in the second step. The mammary line may also be involved in initiating the migration. The key events in early postnatal germ cell development are then reviewed because there is mounting evidence for this to be crucial in preventing infertility and malignancy later in life. We review the recent advances in what is known about the etiology of cryptorchidism and summarize the syndromes where a specific molecular cause has been found. Finally, we cover the recent literature on timing of surgery, the issues around acquired cryptorchidism, and the limited role of hormone therapy. We conclude with some observations about the differences between animal models and baby boys with cryptorchidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hutson
- Urology Department, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
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Gervasini C, Picinelli C, Azzollini J, Rusconi D, Masciadri M, Cereda A, Marzocchi C, Zampino G, Selicorni A, Tenconi R, Russo S, Larizza L, Finelli P. Genomic imbalances in patients with a clinical presentation in the spectrum of Cornelia de Lange syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:41. [PMID: 23551878 PMCID: PMC3626829 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder characterised by facial dysmorphism, growth and psychomotor developmental delay and skeletal defects. To date, causative mutations in the NIPBL (cohesin regulator) and SMC1A (cohesin structural subunit) genes account for > 50% and 6% of cases, respectively. Methods We recruited 50 patients with a CdLS clinical diagnosis or with features that overlap with CdLS, who were negative for mutations at NIPBL and SMC1A at molecular screening. Chromosomal rearrangements accounting for the clinical diagnosis were screened for using array Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (aCGH). Results Four patients were shown to carry imbalances considered to be candidates for having pathogenic roles in their clinical phenotypes: patient 1 had a 4.2 Mb de novo deletion at chromosome 20q11.2-q12; patient 2 had a 4.8 Mb deletion at chromosome 1p36.23-36.22; patient 3 carried an unbalanced translocation, t(7;17), with a 14 Mb duplication of chromosome 17q24.2-25.3 and a 769 Kb deletion at chromosome 7p22.3; patient 4 had an 880 Kb duplication of chromosome 19p13.3, for which his mother, who had a mild phenotype, was also shown to be a mosaic. Conclusions Notwithstanding the variability in size and gene content of the rearrangements comprising the four different imbalances, they all map to regions containing genes encoding factors involved in cell cycle progression or genome stability. These functional similarities, also exhibited by the known CdLS genes, may explain the phenotypic overlap between the patients included in this study and CdLS. Our findings point to the complexity of the clinical diagnosis of CdLS and confirm the existence of phenocopies, caused by imbalances affecting multiple genomic regions, comprising 8% of patients included in this study, who did not have mutations at NIPBL and SMC1A. Our results suggests that analysis by aCGH should be recommended for CdLS spectrum cases with an unexplained clinical phenotype and included in the flow chart for diagnosis of cases with a clinical evaluation in the CdLS spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gervasini
- Medical Genetics, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Kuzniacka A, Wierzba J, Ratajska M, Lipska BS, Koczkowska M, Malinowska M, Limon J. Spectrum of NIPBL gene mutations in Polish patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:27-33. [PMID: 23254390 PMCID: PMC3548104 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-012-0126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multi-system genetic disorder characterised by growth and developmental delay, distinctive facial dysmorphism, limb malformations and multiple organ defects. The disease is caused by mutations in genes responsible for the formation and regulation of cohesin complex. About half of the cases result from mutations in the NIPBL gene coding delangin, a protein regulating the initialisation of cohesion. To date, approximately 250 point mutations have been identified in more than 300 CdLS patients worldwide. In the present study, conducted on a group of 64 unrelated Polish CdLS patients, 25 various NIPBL sequence variants, including 22 novel point mutations, were detected. Additionally, large genomic deletions on chromosome 5p13 encompassing the NIPBL gene locus were detected in two patients with the most severe CdLS phenotype. Taken together, 42 % of patients were found to have a deleterious alteration affecting the NIPBL gene, by and large private ones (89 %). The review of the types of mutations found so far in Polish patients, their frequency and correlation with the severity of the observed phenotype shows that Polish CdLS cases do not significantly differ from other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kuzniacka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of General Nursery, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata S. Lipska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Koczkowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Malinowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Janusz Limon
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1 str., 80211 Gdansk, Poland
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Kemper KE, Visscher PM, Goddard ME. Genetic architecture of body size in mammals. Genome Biol 2013; 13:244. [PMID: 22546202 DOI: 10.1186/gb4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of the heritability for human stature is caused by mutations of small-to-medium effect. This is because detrimental pleiotropy restricts large-effect mutations to very low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Kemper
- Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Abstract
Much of the heritability for human stature is caused by mutations of small-to-medium effect. This is because detrimental pleiotropy restricts large-effect mutations to very low frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Kemper
- Faculty of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Isolated NIBPL missense mutations that cause Cornelia de Lange syndrome alter MAU2 interaction. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 20:271-6. [PMID: 21934712 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS; or Brachmann-de Lange syndrome) is a dominantly inherited congenital malformation disorder with features that include characteristic facies, cognitive delays, growth retardation and limb anomalies. Mutations in nearly 60% of CdLS patients have been identified in NIPBL, which encodes a regulator of the sister chromatid cohesion complex. NIPBL, also known as delangin, is a homolog of yeast and amphibian Scc2 and C. elegans PQN-85. Although the exact mechanism of NIPBL function in sister chromatid cohesion is unclear, in vivo yeast and C. elegans experiments and in vitro vertebrate cell experiments have demonstrated that NIPBL/Scc2 functionally interacts with the MAU2/Scc4 protein to initiate loading of cohesin onto chromatin. To test the significance of this model in the clinical setting of CdLS, we fine-mapped the NIBPL-MAU2 interaction domain and tested the functional significance of missense mutations and variants in NIPBL and MAU2 identified in these minimal domains in a cohort of patients with CdLS. We demonstrate that specific novel mutations at the N-terminus of the MAU2-interacting domain of NIBPL result in markedly reduced MAU2 binding, although we appreciate no consistent clinical difference in the small group of patients with these mutations. These data suggest that factors in addition to MAU2 are essential in determining the clinical features and severity of CdLS.
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Oliveira J, Dias C, Redeker E, Costa E, Silva J, Reis Lima M, den Dunnen JT, Santos R. Development of NIPBL locus-specific database using LOVD: from novel mutations to further genotype-phenotype correlations in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:1216-22. [PMID: 20824775 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of Locus Specific Databases (LSDB) is a crucial aspect for the Human Genetics field and one of the aims of the Human Variation Project. We report the development of a publicly accessible LSDB for the NIPBL gene (http://www.lovd.nl/NIPBL) implicated in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). This rare disorder is characterized by developmental and growth retardation, typical facial features, limb anomalies, and multiple organ involvement. Mutations in the NIPBL gene, the product of which is involved in control of the cohesion complex, account for over half of the patients currently characterized. The NIPBL LSDB adopted the Leiden Open Variation database (LOVD) software platform, which enables the comprehensive Web-based listing and curation of sequence variations and associated phenotypical information. The NIPBL-LOVD database contains 199 unique mutations reported in 246 patients (last accessed April 2010). Information on phenotypic characteristics included in the database enabled further genotype-phenotype correlations, the most evident being the severe form of CdLS associated with premature termination codons in the NIPBL gene. In addition to the NIPBL LSDB, 50 novel mutations are described in detail, resulting from a collaborative multicenter study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Oliveira
- Unidade de Genética Molecular, Centro de Genética Médica Dr. Jacinto Magalhães, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
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27
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Pajkrt E, Griffin DR, Chitty LS. Brachmann-de Lange syndrome: definition of prenatal sonographic features to facilitate definitive prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30:865-72. [PMID: 20665529 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to improve the prenatal diagnosis of Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS) by defining the sonographic criteria. METHODS Retrospective review of Fetal Medicine Unit (FMU) notes from 1998 to 2009 to identify all cases seen with a final diagnosis of BDLS. Literature review undertaken to ascertain all cases where sonographic features of BDLS had been described. Information was pooled to define the most common features. RESULTS Seven cases were identified from review of FMU records. The diagnosis was suspected prenatally in four of the seven. All had asymmetrical forearm defects with oligodactyly/polydactyly, five had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and five had abnormal facial features including micrognathia and/or a long overhanging philtrum. A further 28 cases were identified in the literature, but the diagnosis was only suspected prenatally in nine. Overall the most common feature was IUGR (80%); upper limb anomalies were detected in nearly half of cases. Other common features included facial anomalies (40%), diaphragmatic hernia (34%), increased nuchal translucency/fold (37%) and cardiac anomalies (14%). CONCLUSIONS Identification of asymmetrical oligodactyly with or without forearm anomalies associated with microcephaly and/or IUGR or diaphragmatic hernia are findings that should arouse suspicion of BDLS, although definitive diagnosis at present would have to await delivery in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pajkrt
- Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Chong K, Keating S, Hurst S, Summers A, Berger H, Seaward G, Martin N, Friedberg T, Chitayat D. Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS): prenatal and autopsy findings. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:489-94. [PMID: 19242925 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem disorder characterized by somatic defects and mental retardation. Prenatal diagnosis of this severe condition is difficult in view of the non-specific ultrasound abnormalities. We report three cases with prenatally suspected CdLS based on the ultrasound findings as well as low PAPP-A detected on first trimester screening in one case, and the results of the autopsy and the NIPBL gene mutation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Chong
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Selicorni A, Colli AM, Passarini A, Milani D, Cereda A, Cerutti M, Maitz S, Alloni V, Salvini L, Galli MA, Ghiglia S, Salice P, Danzi GB. Analysis of congenital heart defects in 87 consecutive patients with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1268-72. [PMID: 19449412 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) have been estimated to occur in approximately 20% of patients with Brachmann-de Lange syndrome (BDLS, also known as Cornelia de Lange syndrome, OMIM 122470). We report on the results of a prospective echocardiographic evaluation of a cohort of 87 Italian BDLS patients with longitudinal follow-up from 5 to 12 years. A cardiac anomaly was identified in 29/87 (33.3%) including 28 (32.2%) patients with a structural CHD, and an additional patient (1.2%) with isolated non-obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Of the 28 patients with a CHD, 12 (42.9%) had an isolated obstructive CHD, 10 of which were pulmonary stenosis (36%), 8 (28.6%) had an isolated left to right shunt, and the remainder showed a combination of structural anomalies. Overall incidence of pulmonary stenosis was 39% (11/28). Isolated late-onset mitral or tricuspid valve dysplasia, albeit hemodynamically insignificant, was detected at follow-up examination in 4 (14.3%) patients older than 10 years, previously known to be normal. In contrast to previous studies, only two patients required surgery, one for closure of a large perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) and associated ASD closure (1), and another for VSD closure and relief of pulmonary valve stenosis (1). The remainder are receiving medical follow-up. We believe that the overall frequency (33.3%) and evidence of 4 late onset dysplastic valves anomalies justifies both echocardiographic assessment in all BDLS patients at the first diagnostic assessment, and later on during medical follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Selicorni
- Division of Pediatrics, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is genetically heterogeneous and is usually sporadic, occurring approximately once per 10,000 births. CdLS individuals display diverse and variable deficits in growth, mental development, limbs, and organs. In the past few years it has been shown that CdLS is caused by gene mutations affecting proteins involved in sister chromatid cohesion. Studies in model organisms, and more recently in human cells, have revealed, somewhat unexpectedly, that the developmental deficits in CdLS likely arise from changes in gene expression. The mechanisms by which cohesion factors regulate gene expression remain to be elucidated, but current data suggest that they likely regulate transcription in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1100 South Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Abstract
Mental retardation--known more commonly nowadays as intellectual disability--is a severe neurological condition affecting up to 3% of the general population. As a result of the analysis of familial cases and recent advances in clinical genetic testing, great strides have been made in our understanding of the genetic etiologies of mental retardation. Nonetheless, no treatment is currently clinically available to patients suffering from intellectual disability. Several animal models have been used in the study of memory and cognition. Established paradigms in Drosophila have recently captured cognitive defects in fly mutants for orthologs of genes involved in human intellectual disability. We review here three protocols designed to understand the molecular genetic basis of learning and memory in Drosophila and the genes identified so far with relation to mental retardation. In addition, we explore the mental retardation genes for which evidence of neuronal dysfunction other than memory has been established in Drosophila. Finally, we summarize the findings in Drosophila for mental retardation genes for which no neuronal information is yet available. All in all, this review illustrates the impressive overlap between genes identified in human mental retardation and genes involved in physiological learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- François V Bolduc
- Watson School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, USA
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33
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Gervasini C, Pfundt R, Castronovo P, Russo S, Roversi G, Masciadri M, Milani D, Zampino G, Selicorni A, Schoenmakers EFPM, Larizza L. Search for genomic imbalances in a cohort of 24 Cornelia de Lange patients negative for mutations in the NIPBL and SMC1L1 genes. Clin Genet 2008; 74:531-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Selicorni A, Russo S, Gervasini C, Castronovo P, Milani D, Cavalleri F, Bentivegna A, Masciadri M, Domi A, Divizia MT, Sforzini C, Tarantino E, Memo L, Scarano G, Larizza L. Clinical score of 62 Italian patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome and correlations with the presence and type of NIPBL mutation. Clin Genet 2007; 72:98-108. [PMID: 17661813 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multisystem disorder characterized by facial dysmorphisms, upper limb abnormalities, growth and cognitive retardation. About half of all patients with CdLS carry mutations in the NIPBL gene. The first Italian CdLS cohort involving 62 patients (including 4 related members) was screened for NIPBL mutations after a clinical evaluation using a quantitative score that integrates auxological, malformation and neurodevelopmental parameters. The patients were classified as having an overall 'severe', 'moderate' or 'mild' phenotype. NIPBL screening showed 26 mutations so classified: truncating (13), splice-site (8), missense (3), in-frame deletion (1) and regulatory (1). The truncating mutations were most frequently found in the patients with a high clinical score, whereas most of the splice-site and all missense mutations clustered in the low-medium score groups. The NIPBL-negative group included patients covering the entire clinical spectrum. The prevalence of a severe phenotype in the mutated group and a mild phenotype in the non-mutated group was statistically significant. In terms of the isolated clinical signs, the statistically significant differences between the mutation-positive and mutation-negative individuals were pre- and post-natal growth deficits, limb reduction, and delayed speech development. The proposed score seems to be a valuable means of prioritizing the patients with CdLS to undergo an NIPBL mutation test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Selicorni
- I Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione Policlinico Mangiagalli Regina Elena, Milan, Italy
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35
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Hayashi S, Ono M, Makita Y, Imoto I, Mizutani S, Inazawa J. Fortuitous detection of a submicroscopic deletion at 1q25 in a girl with Cornelia-de Lange syndrome carrying t(5;13)(p13.1;q12.1) by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1191-7. [PMID: 17497725 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 2-year-old Japanese girl with Cornelia-de Lange syndrome (CdLS) who had mental and growth retardation, together with characteristic facial anomalies and mild extremity malformations. She had a balanced chromosomal translocation, 46,XX,t(5;13)(p13.1;q12.1) de novo. Surprisingly, this was the same translocation that had provided a clue to the identification of a major causative gene for CdLS, NIPBL [Krantz et al., 2004; Tonkin et al., 2004]. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the breakpoint was confirmed to lie within NIPBL at 5p13.1. Furthermore, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) demonstrated a cryptic 1-Mb deletion harboring six known genes at 1q25-q31.1. A FISH analysis of her parents confirmed that the deletion was de novo. Although patients with interstitial deletions at 1q are rare, some of their features were similar to those observed in our patient, indicating that her clinical manifestations are likely to be affected by not only the disruption of NIPBL but also the concomitant microdeletion at 1q25-q31.1. The present case suggests that array-CGH can uncover cryptic genomic aberrations affecting atypical phenotypes even in well-known congenital disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- De Lange Syndrome/genetics
- Female
- Genome, Human/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute and School of Biomedical Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, and Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Lalatta F, Russo S, Gentilin B, Spaccini L, Boschetto C, Cavalleri F, Masciadri M, Gervasini C, Bentivegna A, Castronovo P, Larizza L. Prenatal/neonatal pathology in two cases of Cornelia de Lange syndrome harboring novel mutations of NIPBL. Genet Med 2007; 9:188-94. [PMID: 17413424 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e31803183dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study reviews prenatal findings in two cases with a suspected diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome, a multisystem disorder characterized by somatic defects and mental retardation, that were later confirmed by postmortem examination and molecular testing. Although the correlation between the Cornelia de Lange Syndrome genotype and phenotype is still unclear, preliminary data indicate several severe phenotypic features that are likely to be detected prenatally in NIPBL-mutated patients. METHODS We report on two prenatal/neonatal cases with unusual pathologic findings indicating Cornelia de Lange Syndrome. The first, with suspected Cornelia de Lange Syndrome after a set of typical dysmorphisms was noted by prenatal ultrasound, was confirmed by a physical examination after termination of the pregnancy. The second was diagnosed neonatally on the basis of typical clinical signs. Medical complications led to death within the first month of life. RESULTS Molecular analysis of NIPBL, the gene that codes for delangin (a component of the cohesin complex), performed postnatally detected two de novo mutations: a missense change (P2056L) in a highly conserved residue and a nonsense alteration (S2490 replaced by a stop codon). CONCLUSION We suggest that early diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome would be made much easier by the assemblage of a set of prenatal diagnostic features and criteria in Cornelia de Lange Syndrome cases that have been confirmed by direct physical and molecular examinations. We also suggest that Cornelia de Lange Syndrome genotype-phenotype correlations need to be extended to prenatal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustina Lalatta
- Clinical Genetic Unit, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Department of Obstetrics and Pediatrics, Milan, Italy.
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37
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Vrouwe MG, Elghalbzouri-Maghrani E, Meijers M, Schouten P, Godthelp BC, Bhuiyan ZA, Redeker EJ, Mannens MM, Mullenders LHF, Pastink A, Darroudi F. Increased DNA damage sensitivity of Cornelia de Lange syndrome cells: evidence for impaired recombinational repair. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 16:1478-87. [PMID: 17468178 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare dominantly inherited multisystem disorder affecting both physical and mental development. Heterozygous mutations in the NIPBL gene were found in about half of CdLS cases. Scc2, the fungal ortholog of the NIPBL gene product, is essential for establishing sister chromatid cohesion. In yeast, the absence of cohesion leads to chromosome mis-segregation and defective repair of DNA double-strand breaks. To evaluate possible DNA repair defects in CdLS cells, we characterized the cellular responses to DNA-damaging agents. We show that cells derived from CdLS patients, both with and without detectable NIPBL mutations, have an increased sensitivity for mitomycin C (MMC). Exposure of CdLS fibroblast and B-lymphoblastoid cells to MMC leads to enhanced cell killing and reduced proliferation and, in the case of primary fibroblasts, an increased number of chromosomal aberrations. After X-ray exposure increased numbers of chromosomal aberrations were also detected, but only in cells irradiated in the G(2)-phase of the cell cycle when repair of double-strand breaks is dependent on the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. Repair at the G(1) stage is not affected in CdLS cells. Our studies indicate that CdLS cells have a reduced capacity to tolerate DNA damage, presumably as a result of reduced DNA repair through homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa G Vrouwe
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S-6-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden
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Dorsett D. Roles of the sister chromatid cohesion apparatus in gene expression, development, and human syndromes. Chromosoma 2007; 116:1-13. [PMID: 16819604 PMCID: PMC1783675 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-006-0072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The sister chromatid cohesion apparatus mediates physical pairing of duplicated chromosomes. This pairing is essential for appropriate distribution of chromosomes into the daughter cells upon cell division. Recent evidence shows that the cohesion apparatus, which is a significant structural component of chromosomes during interphase, also affects gene expression and development. The Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and Roberts/SC phocomelia (RBS/SC) genetic syndromes in humans are caused by mutations affecting components of the cohesion apparatus. Studies in Drosophila suggest that effects on gene expression are most likely responsible for developmental alterations in CdLS. Effects on chromatid cohesion are apparent in RBS/SC syndrome, but data from yeast and Drosophila point to the likelihood that changes in expression of genes located in heterochromatin could contribute to the developmental deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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39
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Seitan VC, Banks P, Laval S, Majid NA, Dorsett D, Rana A, Smith J, Bateman A, Krpic S, Hostert A, Rollins RA, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Benard CY, Hekimi S, Newbury SF, Strachan T. Metazoan Scc4 homologs link sister chromatid cohesion to cell and axon migration guidance. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e242. [PMID: 16802858 PMCID: PMC1484498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Scc2 binds Scc4 to form an essential complex that loads cohesin onto chromosomes. The prevalence of Scc2 orthologs in eukaryotes emphasizes a conserved role in regulating sister chromatid cohesion, but homologs of Scc4 have not hitherto been identified outside certain fungi. Some metazoan orthologs of Scc2 were initially identified as developmental gene regulators, such as
Drosophila Nipped-B, a regulator of
cut and
Ultrabithorax, and delangin, a protein mutant in Cornelia de Lange syndrome. We show that delangin and Nipped-B bind previously unstudied human and fly orthologs of
Caenorhabditis elegans MAU-2, a non-axis-specific guidance factor for migrating cells and axons. PSI-BLAST shows that Scc4 is evolutionarily related to metazoan MAU-2 sequences, with the greatest homology evident in a short N-terminal domain, and protein–protein interaction studies map the site of interaction between delangin and human MAU-2 to the N-terminal regions of both proteins. Short interfering RNA knockdown of human MAU-2 in HeLa cells resulted in precocious sister chromatid separation and in impaired loading of cohesin onto chromatin, indicating that it is functionally related to Scc4, and RNAi analyses show that MAU-2 regulates chromosome segregation in
C. elegans embryos. Using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides to knock down
Xenopus tropicalis delangin or MAU-2 in early embryos produced similar patterns of retarded growth and developmental defects. Our data show that sister chromatid cohesion in metazoans involves the formation of a complex similar to the Scc2-Scc4 interaction in the budding yeast. The very high degree of sequence conservation between Scc4 homologs in complex metazoans is consistent with increased selection pressure to conserve additional essential functions, such as regulation of cell and axon migration during development.
A complex previously found only in yeast is described in metazoa, where it functions both in chromatid cohesion and in migration during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad C Seitan
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Banks
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- 2Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Laval
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nazia A Majid
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Dorsett
- 3Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amer Rana
- 4Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Smith
- 4Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Bateman
- 5Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanja Krpic
- 6Erasmus Medical Center, University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Arnd Hostert
- 6Erasmus Medical Center, University of Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert A Rollins
- 7Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- 8Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Tempst
- 8Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | - Sarah F Newbury
- 2Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Strachan
- 1Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Schoumans J, Wincent J, Barbaro M, Djureinovic T, Maguire P, Forsberg L, Staaf J, Thuresson AC, Borg A, Nordgren A, Malm G, Anderlid BM. Comprehensive mutational analysis of a cohort of Swedish Cornelia de Lange syndrome patients. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 15:143-9. [PMID: 17106445 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS; OMIM 122470) is a rare multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation syndrome characterized by distinctive dysmorphic facial features, severe growth and developmental delay and abnormalities of the upper limbs. About 50% of CdLS patients have been found to have heterozygous mutations in the NIPBL gene and a few cases were recently found to be caused by mutations in the X-linked SMC1L1 gene. We performed a mutation screening of all NIPBL coding exons by direct sequencing in 11 patients (nine sporadic and two familial cases) diagnosed with CdLS in Sweden and detected mutations in seven of the cases. All were de novo, and six of the mutations have not been previously described. Four patients without identifiable NIPBL mutations were subsequently subjected to multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification analysis to exclude whole exon deletions/duplications of NIPBL. In addition, mutation analysis of the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of NIPBL was performed. Tiling resolution array comparative genomic hybridization analysis was carried out on these four patients to detect cryptic chromosome imbalances and in addition the boys were screened for SMC1L1 mutations. We found a de novo 9p duplication with a size of 0.6 Mb in one of the patients with a CdLS-like phenotype but no mutations were detected in SMC1L1. So far, two genes (NIPBL and SMC1L1) have been identified causing CdLS or CdLS-like phenotypes. However, in a considerable proportion of individuals demonstrating the CdLS phenotype, mutations in any of these two genes are not found and other potential loci harboring additional CdLS-causing genes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Schoumans
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Borck G, Zarhrate M, Cluzeau C, Bal E, Bonnefont JP, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V, Colleaux L. Father-to-daughter transmission of Cornelia de Lange syndrome caused by a mutation in the 5' untranslated region of the NIPBL Gene. Hum Mutat 2006; 27:731-5. [PMID: 16799922 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS; also called Brachmann de Lange syndrome) is a developmental disorder characterized by typical facial dysmorphism, growth and mental retardation, microcephaly, and various malformations. Mutations in the NIPBL gene have been identified in approximately 40% of reported cases, suggesting either genetic heterogeneity or that some NIPBL mutations are not detected by current screening strategies. We screened a cohort of 21 patients with no previously identified NIPBL anomaly for mutations in the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) and the proximal promoter of the NIPBL gene. We identified a heterozygous deletion-insertion mutation in exon 1, 321 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon (c.-321_-320delCCinsA) in one affected girl and her mildly affected father. This mutation altered highly conserved nucleotides, was not found in 400 control alleles, arose de novo in the father, and cosegregated with the disease in the family. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we showed that NIPBL mRNA expression was lowered in patients' lymphocytes compared to control samples. Finally, we showed that, when subcloned into a luciferase reporter vector, the mutation leads to a significant reduction of reporter gene activity. Our results demonstrate that mutations in the 5' noncoding region of the NIPBL gene can be involved in the pathogenesis of CdLS. Mutations affecting this region of the gene might be associated with a milder phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntram Borck
- INSERM U781 and Département de Génétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.
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Yan J, Saifi GM, Wierzba TH, Withers M, Bien-Willner GA, Limon J, Stankiewicz P, Lupski JR, Wierzba J. Mutational and genotype-phenotype correlation analyses in 28 Polish patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2006; 140:1531-41. [PMID: 16770807 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a multisystem congenital anomaly disorder characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, developmental delay, distinctive facial dysmorphism, limb malformations, and multiple organ defects. Mutations in the NIPBL gene have been discovered recently as a major etiology for this syndrome, and were detected in 27-56% of patients. Two groups have found significant differences in the severity or penetrance of some phenotypes between mutation positive and mutation negative patients. Different clinical features have also been described among patients with missense versus truncating mutations. In this study, we identified 13 NIPBL mutations in 28 unrelated Polish CdLS patients (46.4%), 11 were novel. Mutation positive patients were more severely affected in comparison to mutation negative individuals with respect to weight, height, and mean head circumference at birth, facial dysmorphism and speech impairment. Analyses of combined data from this and the two previous studies revealed that the degree of growth, developmental delay and limb defects showed significant differences between patients with and without mutations and between patients with missense and truncating mutations, whereas only a portion of these features differed significantly in any individual study. Furthermore, bioinformatic analyses of the NIPBL protein revealed several novel domains, which may give further clues about potential functions of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Yan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Houston, Texas, USA
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43
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Niu DM, Huang JY, Li HY, Liu KM, Wang ST, Chen YJ, Udaka T, Izumi K, Kosaki K. Paternal gonadal mosaicism of NIPBL
mutation in a father of siblings with Cornelia de Lange syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2006; 26:1054-7. [PMID: 16958143 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report two siblings, a boy and a girl, with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), born to unaffected parents, and attempt to delineate the underlying molecular mechanism leading to familial recurrence. METHODS Nipped-B-like (NIPBL) gene mutations were screened using in denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing in peripheral blood samples, from one of the affected siblings and her parents, as well as from a sperm sample from the father. RESULTS A heterozygous missense NIPBL mutation, D2433G, was identified in the peripheral blood sample of the affected girl, but not in the peripheral blood samples of her parents. The D2433G mutation was also found in the sperm sample of the father. CONCLUSION Gonadal mosaicism represents an underappreciated feature of the inheritance pattern of CdLS. To our knowledge, the girl represents the first CdLS patient whose father was documented to have a population of mutant sperm. When a sperm analysis indicates the presence of a mutant allele, it may be reasonable to offer prenatal genetic testing to the family in subsequent pregnancies, given that the sensitivity of fetal ultrasonography is relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dau-Ming Niu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Strachan T. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome and the link between chromosomal function, DNA repair and developmental gene regulation. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2005; 15:258-64. [PMID: 15917200 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a rare multiple malformation disorder with characteristic facial features, growth and cognitive retardation, and many other abnormalities. CdLS individuals were recently shown to have heterozygous mutations in a previously uncharacterised gene, NIPBL, which encodes delangin, a homologue of fungal Scc2-type sister chromatid cohesion proteins and the Drosophila Nipped-B developmental regulator. Nipped-B and vertebrate delangins are also now known to regulate sister chromatid cohesion, probably as part of oligomeric complexes required to load cohesin subunits onto chromatin. CdLS is likely to be one of several developmental disorders resulting from defective expression of a multi-functional protein with roles in chromosome function, gene regulation and double-strand DNA repair - a combination of properties shared by certain bacterial proteins responsible for structural maintenance of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Strachan
- Institute of Human Genetics and Centre for Stem Biology and Developmental Genetics, University of Newcastle, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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Bhuiyan ZA, Klein M, Hammond P, van Haeringen A, Mannens MMAM, Van Berckelaer-Onnes I, Hennekam RCM. Genotype-phenotype correlations of 39 patients with Cornelia De Lange syndrome: the Dutch experience. J Med Genet 2005; 43:568-75. [PMID: 16236812 PMCID: PMC2564552 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.038240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome characterised by a distinctive facial appearance, prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency, psychomotor delay, behavioural problems, and malformations of the upper extremities. Recently mutations in NIPBL, the human homologue of the Drosophila Nipped-B gene, were found to cause CdLS. Mutations have been found in 39% of reported cases. METHODS Patients were enrolled in the study and classified into one of four groups based on clinical examination: classic, mild, possible, or definitively not CdLS. Three dimensional photography was taken of 20 subjects, and compared between groups. Behaviour was assessed with specific attention to autism. We searched for mutations in NIPBL and correlated genotype with phenotype. RESULTS : We found mutations in 56% of cases. CONCLUSIONS Truncating mutations were generally found to cause a more severe phenotype but this correlation was not absolute. Three dimensional facial imaging demonstrated the potential for classifying facial features. Behavioural problems were highly correlated with the level of adaptive functioning, and also included autism. No correlation of behaviour with the type of mutation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z A Bhuiyan
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dorsett D, Eissenberg JC, Misulovin Z, Martens A, Redding B, McKim K. Effects of sister chromatid cohesion proteins on cut gene expression during wing development in Drosophila. Development 2005; 132:4743-53. [PMID: 16207752 PMCID: PMC1635493 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cohesin protein complex is a conserved structural component of chromosomes. Cohesin binds numerous sites along interphase chromosomes and is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and DNA repair. Here, we test the idea that cohesin also regulates gene expression. This idea arose from the finding that the Drosophila Nipped-B protein, a functional homolog of the yeast Scc2 factor that loads cohesin onto chromosomes, facilitates the transcriptional activation of certain genes by enhancers located many kilobases away from their promoters. We find that cohesin binds between a remote wing margin enhancer and the promoter at the cut locus in cultured cells, and that reducing the dosage of the Smc1 cohesin subunit increases cut expression in the developing wing margin. We also find that cut expression is increased by a unique pds5 gene mutation that reduces the binding of cohesin to chromosomes. On the basis of these results, we posit that cohesin inhibits long-range activation of the Drosophila cut gene, and that Nipped-B facilitates activation by regulating cohesin-chromosome binding. Such effects of cohesin on gene expression could be responsible for many of the developmental deficits that occur in Cornelia de Lange syndrome, which is caused by mutations in the human homolog of Nipped-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Dorsett
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Zafra de la Rosa G, Venegas-Vega CA, Monroy N, Contreras-Bucio G, Friedrich U, Houman M, Saad A, Fernández P, Kofman-Alfaro S, Cervantes A. Trisomy 3q25.1-qter and monosomy 8p23.1-pter in a patient: cytogenetic and molecular analysis with delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 136:259-64. [PMID: 15957183 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We describe a 4-year-old boy with partial 3q trisomy and distal 8p monosomy. The patient presented with mental retardation, dysmorphic face, congenital heart defect, brain and genital anomalies, and behavioral problems. The conventional cytogenetic analysis showed a 46,XY,add(8p) karyotype. Reverse painting and microsatellite analysis demonstrated a partial monosomy of 8p23.1 --> pter and a partial trisomy of 3q25.1 --> qter. The data suggest that the chromosomal rearrangement originated from a de novo translocation in a paternal germinal cell. The phenotype observed in our patient resulted from the combination of those defects described in the isolated dup(3q) and distal del(8p) syndromes.
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Borg K, Stankiewicz P, Bocian E, Kruczek A, Obersztyn E, Lupski JR, Mazurczak T. Molecular analysis of a constitutional complex genome rearrangement with 11 breakpoints involving chromosomes 3, 11, 12, and 21 and a ∼0.5-Mb submicroscopic deletion in a patient with mild mental retardation. Hum Genet 2005; 118:267-75. [PMID: 16160854 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-005-0021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Complex chromosome rearrangements (CCRs) are extremely rare but often associated with mental retardation, congenital anomalies, or recurrent spontaneous abortions. We report a de novo apparently balanced CCR involving chromosomes 3 and 12 and a two-way translocation between chromosomes 11 and 21 in a woman with mild intellectual disability, obesity, coarse facies, and apparent synophrys without other distinctive dysmorphia or congenital anomalies. Molecular analysis of breakpoints using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with region-specific BAC clones revealed a more complex character for the CCR. The rearrangement is a result of nine breaks and involves reciprocal translocation of terminal chromosome fragments 3p24.1-->pter and 12q23.1-->qter, insertion of four fragments of the long arm of chromosome 12: q14.1-->q21?, q21?-->q22, q22-->q23.1, and q23.1-->q23.1 and a region 3p22.3-->p24.1 into chromosome 3q26.31. In addition, we detected a approximately 0.5-Mb submicroscopic deletion at 3q26.31. The deletion involves the chromosome region that has been previously associated with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) in which a novel gene NAALADL2 has been mapped recently. Other potential genes responsible for intellectual deficiency disrupted as a result of patient's chromosomal rearrangement map at 12q14.1 (TAFA2), 12q23.1 (METAP2), and 11p14.1 (BDNF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Borg
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Kasprzaka 17A, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
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DeScipio C, Kaur M, Yaeger D, Innis JW, Spinner NB, Jackson LG, Krantz ID. Chromosome rearrangements in cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS): report of a der(3)t(3;12)(p25.3;p13.3) in two half sibs with features of CdLS and review of reported CdLS cases with chromosome rearrangements. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 137A:276-82. [PMID: 16075459 PMCID: PMC4896149 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS; OMIM 122470) is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by multisystem involvement, cognitive delay, limb defects, and characteristic facial features. Recently, mutations in NIPBL have been found in approximately 50% of individuals with CdLS. Numerous chromosomal rearrangements have been reported in individuals with CdLS. These rearrangements may be causative of a CdLS phenotype, result in a phenocopy, or be unrelated to the observed phenotype. We describe two half siblings with a der(3)t(3;12)(p25.3;p13.3) chromosomal rearrangement, clinical features resembling CdLS, and phenotypic overlap with the del(3)(p25) phenotype. Region-specific BAC probes were used to fine-map the breakpoint region by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). FISH analysis places the chromosome 3 breakpoint distal to RP11-115G3 on 3p25.3; the chromosome 12 breakpoint is distal to BAC RP11-88D16 on 12p13.3. A review of published cases of terminal 3p deletions and terminal 12p duplications indicates that the findings in these siblings are consistent with the del(3)(p25) phenotype. Given the phenotypic overlap with CdLS, we have reviewed the reported cases of chromosomal rearrangements involved in CdLS to better elucidate other potential loci that could harbor additional CdLS genes. Additionally, to identify chromosome rearrangements, genome-wide array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was performed on eight individuals with typical CdLS and without identifiable deletion or mutation of NIPBL. No pathologic rearrangements were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl DeScipio
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dinah Yaeger
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey W. Innis
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Division of Clinical Labs, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laird G. Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, and The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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