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Dreikorn EN, Munro C, Robin Berman N, Kunovac A, Bellissimo D, Massart MB. Case report: Early use of whole exome sequencing unveils HNRNPU-related neurodevelopmental disorder and answers additional clinical questions through reanalysis. Front Genet 2024; 15:1380552. [PMID: 38846959 PMCID: PMC11153700 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1380552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
This case report chronicles the diagnostic odyssey and resolution of a 27-year-old female with a complex neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) using Whole Exome Sequencing (WES). The patient presented to a precision medicine clinic with multiple diagnoses including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tics, seizures, and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS). Although this patient previously had chromosomal microarray and several single-gene tests, the underlying cause of this patient's symptoms remained elusive. WES revealed a pathogenic missense mutation in the HNRNPU gene, associated with HNRNPU-related neurodevelopmental disorder (HNRNPU-NDD) and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy-54 (DEE54, OMIM: # 617391). Following this diagnoses, other treating clinicians identified additional indications for genetic testing, however, as the WES data was readily available, the clinical team was able to re-analyze the WES data to address their inquiries without requiring additional tests. This emphasizes the pivotal role of WES in expediting diagnoses, reducing costs, and providing ongoing clinical utility throughout a patient's life. Accessible WES data in primary care settings can enhance patient care by informing future genetic inquiries, enhancing coordination of care, and facilitating precision medicine interventions, thereby mitigating the burden on families and the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Nicole Dreikorn
- Primary Care Precision Medicine Clinic, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christine Munro
- Primary Care Precision Medicine Clinic, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Natasha Robin Berman
- Primary Care Precision Medicine Clinic, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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2
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Gariballa N, Badawi S, Ali BR. Endoglin mutants retained in the endoplasmic reticulum exacerbate loss of function in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) by exerting dominant negative effects on the wild type allele. Traffic 2024; 25:e12928. [PMID: 38272447 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder affecting 1 in 5000-8000 individuals. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) is the most common HHT and manifests as diverse vascular malformations ranging from mild symptoms such as epistaxis and mucosal and cutaneous telangiectases to severe arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the lungs, brain or liver. HHT1 is caused by heterozygous mutations in the ENG gene, which encodes endoglin, the TGFβ homodimeric co-receptor. It was previously shown that some endoglin HHT1-causing variants failed to traffic to the plasma membrane due to their retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and consequent degradation by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Endoglin is a homodimer formed in the ER, and we therefore hypothesized that mixed heterodimers might form between ER-retained variants and WT protein, thus hampering its maturation and trafficking to the plasma membrane causing dominant negative effects. Indeed, HA-tagged ER-retained mutants formed heterodimers with Myc-tagged WT endoglin. Moreover, variants L32R, V105D, P165L, I271N and C363Y adversely affected the trafficking of WT endoglin by reducing its maturation and plasma membrane localization. These results strongly suggest dominant negative effects exerted by these ER-retained variants aggravating endoglin loss of function in patients expressing them in the heterozygous state with the WT allele. Moreover, this study may help explain some of the variability observed among HHT1 patients due to the additional loss of function exerted by the dominant negative effects in addition to that due to haploinsufficiency. These findings might also have implications for some of the many conditions impacted by ERAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Gariballa
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sally Badawi
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Wu JL, Zhao ZZ, Chen J, Zhang HW, Luan Z, Li CY, Zhao YM, Jing YJ, Wang SF, Sun G. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia involving portal venous system: A case report and review of the literature. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15:2367-2375. [PMID: 37969701 PMCID: PMC10642469 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i10.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with an incidence of approximately 1 in 5000 in the general population. It is characterized by vasodilation, which affects specific organs, such as the skin, mucous membranes, brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and others. However, HHT rarely involves the portal venous system to cause serious clinical complications. CASE SUMMARY A 68-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department due to four consecutive days of abdominal pain and bloody stool and was subsequently diagnosed with HHT. Computed tomography angiography confirmed the presence of an arteriovenous fistula (AVFs). Considering this specific manifestation, whole exome sequencing was performed. After a comprehensive evaluation, a selective superior mesenteric artery embolization was prioritized to avoid intestinal ischemia. The postoperative symptoms of the patient were quickly relieved. Unfortunately, two months post-procedure the patient died from intestinal necrosis and abdominal infection related to remaining AVFs. CONCLUSION For patients with diffuse superior mesenteric AVFs, selective mesenteric arterial embolization may lead to positive short-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ling Wu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhi-Zhuang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572013, Hainan Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Han-Wen Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhe Luan
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cong-Yong Li
- Department of Sixth Health Care, Second Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya 572013, Hainan Province, China
| | - Yu-Jia Jing
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shu-Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Soukarieh O, Tillet E, Proust C, Dupont C, Jaspard-Vinassa B, Soubrier F, Goyenvalle A, Eyries M, Trégouët DA. uAUG creating variants in the 5'UTR of ENG causing Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:32. [PMID: 37848456 PMCID: PMC10582052 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare, autosomal dominant, vascular disorder. About 80% of cases are caused by pathogenic variants in ACVRL1 (also known as ALK1) and ENG, with the remaining cases being unexplained. We identified two variants, c.-79C>T and c.-68G>A, in the 5'UTR of ENG in two unrelated patients. They create upstream AUGs at the origin of upstream overlapping open reading frames (uoORFs) ending at the same stop codon. To assess the pathogenicity of these variants, we performed functional assays based on the expression of wild-type and mutant constructs in human cells and evaluated their effect on ALK1 activity in a BMP-response element assay. This assay is mandatory for molecular diagnosis and has been so far only applied to coding ENG variants. These variants were associated with a decrease of protein levels in HeLa and HUVEC cells and a decreased ability to activate ALK1. We applied the same experiments on three additional uoORF-creating variants (c.-142A>T, c.-127C>T and c.-10C>T) located in the 5'UTR of ENG and previously reported in HHT patients. We found that all the analyzed variants alter protein levels and function. Additional experiments relying on an artificial deletion in our mutated constructs show that identified uAUGs could initiate the translation indicating that the associated effect is translation-dependent. Overall, we have identified two 5'UTR ENG variations in HHT patients and shed new light on the role of upstream ORFs on ENG regulation. Our findings contribute to the amelioration of molecular diagnosis in HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Soukarieh
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BMC, U1034, F-33600, Pessac, France.
| | - Emmanuelle Tillet
- INSERM UMR U1292, Laboratoire BIOSANTE, Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Proust
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charlène Dupont
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Florent Soubrier
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism And Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | | | - Mélanie Eyries
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism And Nutrition (ICAN), Paris, France
| | - David-Alexandre Trégouët
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Aguilera C, Padró-Miquel A, Esteve-Garcia A, Cerdà P, Torres-Iglesias R, Llecha N, Riera-Mestre A. Improving Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Molecular Diagnosis: A Referral Center Experience. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030772. [PMID: 36981042 PMCID: PMC10048779 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare vascular disease inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Disease-causing variants in endoglin (ENG) and activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1) genes are detected in more than 90% of the patients undergoing molecular testing. The identification of variants of unknown significance is often seen as a challenge in clinical practice that makes family screening and genetic counseling difficult. Here, we show that the implementation of cDNA analysis to assess the effect of splice site variants on mRNA splicing is a powerful tool. METHODS Gene panel sequencing of genes associated with HHT and other arteriovenous malformation-related syndromes was performed. To evaluate the effect of the splice site variants, cDNA analysis of ENG and ACVRL1 genes was carried out. RESULTS three novel splice site variants were identified in ENG (c.68-2A > T and c.1311+4_1311+8del) and ACVLR1 (c.526-6C > G) genes correspondingly in three individuals with HHT that met ≥ 3 Curaçao criteria. All three variants led to an aberrant splicing inducing exon skipping (ENG:c.68-2A > T and ACVRL1:c.526-6C > G) or intron retention (ENG:c.1311+4_1311+8del) allowing the confirmation of the predicted effect on splicing and the reclassification from unknown significance to pathogenic/likely pathogenic of two of them. CONCLUSIONS RNA analysis should be performed to assess and/or confirm the impact of variants on splicing. The molecular diagnosis of HHT patients is crucial to allow family screening and accurate genetic counseling. A multidisciplinary approach including clinicians and geneticists is crucial when dealing with patients with rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Aguilera
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Genetics Laboratory, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ariadna Padró-Miquel
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Genetics Laboratory, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Garcia
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Pau Cerdà
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Raquel Torres-Iglesias
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Núria Llecha
- Genetics Laboratory, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Laboratori Clínic Territorial Metropolitana Sud, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera-Mestre
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Genetics of brain arteriovenous malformations and cerebral cavernous malformations. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:157-167. [PMID: 35831630 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-022-01063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular malformations comprise abnormal development of cerebral vasculature. They can result in hemorrhagic stroke due to rupture of lesions as well as seizures and neurological defects. The most common forms of cerebrovascular malformations are brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) and cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). They occur in both sporadic and inherited forms. Rapidly evolving molecular genetic methodologies have helped to identify causative or associated genes involved in genesis of bAVMs and CCMs. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge regarding the genetic basis of these malformations.
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Ma L, Peng X, Gong Q. A GDF2 missense mutation potentially involved in the pathogenesis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: a case report. J Int Med Res 2023; 51:3000605231159545. [PMID: 36891821 PMCID: PMC10009034 DOI: 10.1177/03000605231159545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disease. ENG and ACVRL1 gene variants account for up to 96% of all cases, while the remaining cases are caused by SMAD4 or GDF2 variants, or by currently undiscovered mutations in coding or non-coding regions. Here, we report a 47-year-old man who presented with duodenal bulb bleeding and chronic anemia. Physical examination also revealed bleeding from the skin and gingiva. His parents were cousins and one brother and one sister died in infancy from anemia and bleeding. Head computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed a complete fetal posterior cerebral artery located in the left side, and pulmonary CTA showed pulmonary arterial hypertension. The patient was diagnosed with HHT. Peripheral blood was collected for whole-exome sequencing. Sequencing revealed a mutation in the GDF2 gene, which encodes bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9). The detected variant, c.352A > T(p.Ile118Phe), was predicted to be a neutral polymorphism; however, the patient's plasma BMP-9 levels were greatly reduced; we predicted that this might be caused by the GDF2 variant and might be involved in the HHT pathogenesis. Further research in cell lines and animal models is needed to verify the correlation between this GDF2 variant and the pathogenesis of HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xi Peng
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Gong
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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8
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Drapé E, Anquetil T, Larrivée B, Dubrac A. Brain arteriovenous malformation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1006115. [PMID: 36504622 PMCID: PMC9729275 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1006115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder characterized by vessel dilatation, such as telangiectasia in skin and mucosa and arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in internal organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and brain. AVMs are fragile and tortuous vascular anomalies that directly connect arteries and veins, bypassing healthy capillaries. Mutations in transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway components, such as ENG (ENDOGLIN), ACVRL1 (ALK1), and SMAD4 (SMAD4) genes, account for most of HHT cases. 10-20% of HHT patients develop brain AVMs (bAVMs), which can lead to vessel wall rupture and intracranial hemorrhages. Though the main mutations are known, mechanisms leading to AVM formation are unclear, partially due to lack of animal models. Recent mouse models allowed significant advances in our understanding of AVMs. Endothelial-specific deletion of either Acvrl1, Eng or Smad4 is sufficient to induce AVMs, identifying endothelial cells (ECs) as primary targets of BMP signaling to promote vascular integrity. Loss of ALK1/ENG/SMAD4 signaling is associated with NOTCH signaling defects and abnormal arteriovenous EC differentiation. Moreover, cumulative evidence suggests that AVMs originate from venous ECs with defective flow-migration coupling and excessive proliferation. Mutant ECs show an increase of PI3K/AKT signaling and inhibitors of this signaling pathway rescue AVMs in HHT mouse models, revealing new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we will summarize recent advances and current knowledge of mechanisms controlling the pathogenesis of bAVMs, and discuss unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Drapé
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département de Pharmacologie et de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Typhaine Anquetil
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département De Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Centre De Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Bruno Larrivée,
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Centre de Recherche, CHU St. Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département De Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Département d’Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada,Alexandre Dubrac,
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Cormier MJ, Pedersen BS, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Quinlan AR. Combining genetic constraint with predictions of alternative splicing to prioritize deleterious splicing in rare disease studies. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:482. [PMCID: PMC9664736 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-05041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite numerous molecular and computational advances, roughly half of patients with a rare disease remain undiagnosed after exome or genome sequencing. A particularly challenging barrier to diagnosis is identifying variants that cause deleterious alternative splicing at intronic or exonic loci outside of canonical donor or acceptor splice sites.
Results
Several existing tools predict the likelihood that a genetic variant causes alternative splicing. We sought to extend such methods by developing a new metric that aids in discerning whether a genetic variant leads to deleterious alternative splicing. Our metric combines genetic variation in the Genome Aggregate Database with alternative splicing predictions from SpliceAI to compare observed and expected levels of splice-altering genetic variation. We infer genic regions with significantly less splice-altering variation than expected to be constrained. The resulting model of regional splicing constraint captures differential splicing constraint across gene and exon categories, and the most constrained genic regions are enriched for pathogenic splice-altering variants. Building from this model, we developed ConSpliceML. This ensemble machine learning approach combines regional splicing constraint with multiple per-nucleotide alternative splicing scores to guide the prediction of deleterious splicing variants in protein-coding genes. ConSpliceML more accurately distinguishes deleterious and benign splicing variants than state-of-the-art splicing prediction methods, especially in “cryptic” splicing regions beyond canonical donor or acceptor splice sites.
Conclusion
Integrating a model of genetic constraint with annotations from existing alternative splicing tools allows ConSpliceML to prioritize potentially deleterious splice-altering variants in studies of rare human diseases.
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Pulmonary Hypertension Associated Genetic Variants in Sarcoidosis Associated Pulmonary Hypertension. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102564. [PMID: 36292254 PMCID: PMC9601358 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe complication of sarcoidosis in a minority of patients. Several genetic defects are known to cause hereditary or sporadic PH, but whether variants in PH-associated genes are also involved in sarcoidosis-associated PH (SAPH) is unknown. METHODS 40 patients with SAPH were individually matched to 40 sarcoidosis patients without PH (SA). Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify rare genetic variants in a diagnostic PH gene panel of 13 genes. Additionally, an exploratory analysis was performed to search for other genes of interest. From 572 genes biologically involved in PH pathways, genes were selected in which at least 15% of the SAPH patients and no more than 5% of patients without PH carried a rare variant. RESULTS In the diagnostic PH gene panel, 20 different rare variants, of which 18 cause an amino-acid substitution, were detected in 23 patients: 14 SAPH patients carried a variant, as compared to 5 SA patients without PH (p = 0.018). Most variants were of yet unknown significance. The exploratory approach yielded five genes of interest. First, the NOTCH3 gene that was previously linked to PH, and furthermore PDE6B, GUCY2F, COL5A1, and MMP21. CONCLUSIONS The increased frequency of variants in PH genes in SAPH suggests a mechanism whereby the presence of such a genetic variant in a patient may increase risk for the development of PH in the context of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Replication and studies into the functionality of the variants are required for further understanding the pathogenesis of SAPH.
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Sadick H, Schäfer E, Weiss C, Rotter N, Müller C, Birk R, Sadick M, Häussler D. An in vitro study on the effect of bevacizumab on endothelial cell proliferation and VEGF concentration level in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Exp Ther Med 2022; 24:555. [PMID: 35978926 PMCID: PMC9366282 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The use of Bevacizumab as an anti-angiogenic treatment agent seems promising. The purpose of the present in vitro study was to determine the efficacy and potential toxicity levels of bevacizumab on cell proliferation and VEGF concentrations in endothelial cells of HHT patients. In this in vitro study, endothelial cells from patients with HHT and HUVECs (control) were incubated with different concentration levels of bevacizumab (2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 mg/ml). After 24, 48 or 72 h, the cell proliferation was assessed by Alamar Blue® Assay and the VEGF levels in the cell culture supernatants were measured by VEGF-ELISA. All endothelial cells incubated with bevacizumab showed an initial decrease in cell proliferation. Cell proliferation recovered within 72 h in cell cultures incubated with concentration levels of up to 4 mg/ml bevacizumab, whereas those incubated with higher concentration levels showed a continuous decline in cell proliferation. VEGF expression decreased after 24 h in cell cultures incubated with bevacizumab concentration levels of 2 and 4 mg/ml but increased again after 48 h. Cell cultures incubated with bevacizumab concentration levels of 10 mg/ml showed a constant decline in VEGF expression without any tendency for recovery. Translating these results into daily clinical practice, the present study suggests that the intranasal submucosal injection of bevacizumab in HHT patients should not exceed a concentration level of 4 mg/ml. Overall, higher bevacizumab concentration levels not only reduce VEGF expression but pose a higher risk of toxic effects on endothelial cells as they jeopardize cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen Sadick
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, D‑68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elena Schäfer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, D‑68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christel Weiss
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, D‑68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, D‑68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Cornelia Müller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps‑Universität Marburg, D‑35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Richard Birk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Marburg, Philipps‑Universität Marburg, D‑35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Maliha Sadick
- Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, D‑68135 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Häussler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, D‑68135 Mannheim, Germany
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12
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Tovmasyan AS, Mosin VV, Nosulya EV, Aleksanyan TA, Kolbanova IG, Kishinevskiy AE, Danilyuk LI, Shvedov NV, Arzumanyan AA, Miroshnichenko SA. [Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler syndrome)]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2022; 87:86-91. [PMID: 36404697 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20228705186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of publications is carried out and current data concerning the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and principles of treatment of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Tovmasyan
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Mosin
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Nosulya
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T A Aleksanyan
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Kolbanova
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Kishinevskiy
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L I Danilyuk
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Shvedov
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Arzumanyan
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Miroshnichenko
- L.I. Sverzhevskiy Research Institute of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Sobrepera S, Monroe E, Gemmete JJ, Hallam D, Pinchot JW, Kaufman C. Imaging to intervention: a review of what the Interventionalist needs to Know about Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. CVIR Endovasc 2021; 4:84. [PMID: 34882285 PMCID: PMC8660943 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-021-00270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a disorder that affects 1 in 5000-10,000 people worldwide and can result in devastating complications such as cerebral abscess, stroke, massive hemorrhage, and even death. HHT is an autosomal dominant disorder that leads to the formation of abnormal communication between the arteries and veins with a resultant spectrum of vascular anomalies. The disorder affects many organ systems and thus requires a dedicated multidisciplinary approach. Interventional radiologists are vital members of this team providing expertise not only in disease management, but in complex embolotherapy, helping to maintain the health of these patients. This article reviews clinical manifestations, screening guidelines, diagnostic criteria, and endovascular management of HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sobrepera
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Eric Monroe
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Joseph J Gemmete
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Danial Hallam
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, 1959 Northeast Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jason W Pinchot
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53792, USA
| | - Claire Kaufman
- Department of Radiology & Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132-2140, USA.
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14
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Farhan A, Yuan F, Partan E, Weiss CR. Clinical manifestations of patients with GDF2 mutations associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 5. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:199-209. [PMID: 34611981 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant fibrovascular dysplasia caused by mutations in ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4. Increasingly, there has been an appreciation for vascular conditions with phenotypic overlap to HHT but which have distinct clinical manifestations and arise from novel or uncharacterized gene variants. This study reported on a cohort of four unrelated probands who were diagnosed with a rare form of GDF2-related HHT5, for which only five prior cases have been described. Two patients harbored heterozygous missense variants not previously annotated as pathogenic (p.Val403Ile; p.Glu355Gln). Clinically, these patients had features resembling HHT1, including cerebrovascular involvement of their disease (first report documenting cerebral involvement of HHT5), but with earlier onset of epistaxis and a unique anatomic distribution of dermal capillary lesions that involved the upper forelimbs, trunk, and head. The other two patients harbored interstitial deletions larger than five megabases between 10q11.22 and 10q11.23 that included GDF2. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing large genomic deletions leading to HHT5. These patients also demonstrated mucocutaneous capillary dysplasias, including intranasal vascular lesions complicated by childhood-onset epistasis, with a number of extravascular findings related to their 10q11.21q11.23 deletion. In conclusion, patients with GDF2-related HHT may present with a number of unique characteristics that differ from classically reported features of HHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Farhan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Frank Yuan
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth Partan
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clifford R Weiss
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Schlecht A, Vallon M, Wagner N, Ergün S, Braunger BM. TGFβ-Neurotrophin Interactions in Heart, Retina, and Brain. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091360. [PMID: 34572573 PMCID: PMC8464756 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic insults to the heart and brain, i.e., myocardial and cerebral infarction, respectively, are amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. While there are therapeutic options to allow reperfusion of ischemic myocardial and brain tissue by reopening obstructed vessels, mitigating primary tissue damage, post-infarction inflammation and tissue remodeling can lead to secondary tissue damage. Similarly, ischemia in retinal tissue is the driving force in the progression of neovascular eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which eventually lead to functional blindness, if left untreated. Intriguingly, the easily observable retinal blood vessels can be used as a window to the heart and brain to allow judgement of microvascular damages in diseases such as diabetes or hypertension. The complex neuronal and endocrine interactions between heart, retina and brain have also been appreciated in myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and retinal diseases. To describe the intimate relationship between the individual tissues, we use the terms heart-brain and brain-retina axis in this review and focus on the role of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and neurotrophins in regulation of these axes under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Moreover, we particularly discuss their roles in inflammation and repair following ischemic/neovascular insults. As there is evidence that TGFβ signaling has the potential to regulate expression of neurotrophins, it is tempting to speculate, and is discussed here, that cross-talk between TGFβ and neurotrophin signaling protects cells from harmful and/or damaging events in the heart, retina, and brain.
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16
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Wetzel-Strong SE, Weinsheimer S, Nelson J, Pawlikowska L, Clark D, Starr MD, Liu Y, Kim H, Faughnan ME, Nixon AB, Marchuk DA. Pilot investigation of circulating angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers associated with vascular malformations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:372. [PMID: 34479577 PMCID: PMC8414780 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular malformations in the central nervous system are difficult to monitor and treat due to their inaccessible location. Angiogenic and inflammatory proteins are secreted into the bloodstream and may serve as useful biomarkers for identifying patients at risk for complications or with certain disease phenotypes.
Methods A validated multiplex protein array consisting of 26 angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers (Angiome) was assessed in plasma isolated from healthy controls and patients with either sporadic brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM), familial cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), or hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). These samples were obtained from archives of ongoing research studies at the University of California San Francisco and through prospective collection at the Toronto HHT Centre at St. Michael’s Hospital. Results We compared circulating biomarker levels from each patient group to healthy controls and analyzed each pairwise combination of patient groups for differences in biomarker levels. Additionally, we analyzed the HHT samples to determine the association between biomarker levels and the following HHT-specific phenotypes, BAVM, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM), liver vascular malformation (LVM), and gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Compared to controls, levels of SDF1 were significantly elevated in HHT patients (Proportional Increase [PI] = 1.87, p < 0.001, q = 0.011). Levels of sENG were significantly reduced in HHT patients compared to controls (PI = 0.56, p < 0.001, q < 0.001), reflecting the prevalence of HHT1 patients in this cohort. Levels of IL6 (PI = 3.22, p < 0.001, q < 0.001) and sTGFβR3 (PI = 0.70, p = 0.001, q < 0.029) differed significantly in CCM patients compared to controls. Compared to controls, ten of the biomarkers were significantly different in sporadic BAVM patients (q-values < 0.05). Among the pairwise combinations of patient groups, a significant elevation was observed in TGFβ1 in CCM patients compared to sporadic BAVM patients (PI = 2.30, p < 0.001, q = 0.034). When examining the association of circulating biomarker levels with HHT-specific phenotypes, four markers were significantly lower in HHT patients with BAVM (q-values < 0.05), and four markers were significantly higher in patients with LVM (q-values < 0.05). Conclusions This pilot study suggests that the profile of circulating angiogenic and inflammatory biomarkers may be unique to each type of vascular malformation. Furthermore, this study indicates that circulating biomarkers may be useful for assessing phenotypic traits of vascular malformations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-02009-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 265 CARL Bldg., Box #3175 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Shantel Weinsheimer
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nelson
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ludmila Pawlikowska
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dewi Clark
- Toronto HHT Centre, St. Michael's Hospital and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark D Starr
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yingmiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Helen Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marie E Faughnan
- Toronto HHT Centre, St. Michael's Hospital and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew B Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 265 CARL Bldg., Box #3175 DUMC, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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17
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Endoglin deficiency impairs VEGFR2 but not FGFR1 or TIE2 activation and alters VEGF-mediated cellular responses in human primary endothelial cells. Transl Res 2021; 235:129-143. [PMID: 33894400 PMCID: PMC8328903 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disease characterized by vascular dysplasia. Mutations of the endoglin (ENG) gene that encodes a co-receptor of the transforming growth factor β1 signaling pathway cause type I HHT. ENG is primarily expressed in endothelial cells (ECs), but its interaction with other key angiogenic pathways to control angiogenesis has not been well addressed. The aim of this study is to investigate ENG interplay with VEGFR2, FGFR1 and TIE2 in primary human ECs. ENG was knocked-down with siRNA in human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and human lung microvascular ECs (HMVEC-L). Gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cell signaling pathway activation was analyzed by detecting phosphor-ERK and phosphor-AKT levels. Cell migration and apoptosis were assessed using the Boyden chamber assay and the CCK-8 Kit, respectively. Loss of ENG in HUVECs led to significantly reduced expression of VEGFR2 but not TIE2 or FGFR1, which was also confirmed in HMVEC-L. HUVECs lacking ENG had significantly lower levels of active Rac1 and a substantial reduction of the transcription factor Sp1, an activator of VEGFR2 transcription, in nuclei. Furthermore, VEGF- but not bFGF- or angiopoietin-1-induced phosphor-ERK and phosphor-AKT were suppressed in ENG deficient HUVECs. Functional analysis revealed that ENG knockdown inhibited cell migratory but enhanced anti-apoptotic activity induced by VEGF. In contrast, bFGF, angiopoietin-1 and -2 induced HUVEC migration and anti-apoptotic activities were not affected by ENG knockdown. In conclusion, ENG deficiency alters the VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway, which may play a role in HHT pathogenesis.
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18
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Lam S, Guthrie KS, Latif MA, Weiss CR. Genetic counseling and testing for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Clin Genet 2021; 101:275-284. [PMID: 34415050 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic counseling is an important means of identifying a patient's genetic risk of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and assisting patients in making informed decisions about their health. With an increase in understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying HHT over the last decade, genetic counseling is increasingly being incorporated into the care of patients affected by HHT. In addition to refining the diagnosis of symptomatic patients, genetic testing can help to distinguish asymptomatic, at-risk patients from those who are unaffected by HHT. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of genetic counseling and genetic testing in identifying and managing HHT in at-risk populations. This article also reviews the guidelines, outcomes, risks, and challenges of genetic counseling and testing for HHT in various patient populations, and provides an algorithm for the use of genetic counseling in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravika Lam
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelsey S Guthrie
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Muhammad A Latif
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Clifford R Weiss
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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19
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Mufti A, Sachdeva M, Maliyar K, Joseph M. Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2021; 9:2050313X211003076. [PMID: 34394937 PMCID: PMC8358483 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x211003076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by abnormalities in blood vessel formation. The clinical manifestations of patients affected with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia include mucocutaneous telangiectasias and visceral arteriovenous malformations. Case Summary We report the case of a 30-year-old female diagnosed with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia presenting with the classic triad of recurrent epistaxis, mucocutaneous telangiectasias and family history of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia with activin receptor-like kinase 1 mutation. Upon skin examination, she was noted to have telangiectasias under left naris, inner lower lip and surface of the tongue, and a vascular malformation on the right forearm. Conclusion Although the skin involvement and epistaxis may be mild symptoms and signs of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, timely recognition of these can ensure vigilant monitoring of potential severe complications from cerebral and pulmonary visceral arteriovenous malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asfandyar Mufti
- Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Khalad Maliyar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marissa Joseph
- Women's College Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Section of Dermatology, Division of Pediatric Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Deng Y, Huang X, Wang G, Cao J, Wang S, Li Y, Wang Y, Ye J, Zhang P, Chen X, Luo Y, He K. Applicability of Transthoracic Contrast Echocardiography for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:656702. [PMID: 34322523 PMCID: PMC8311437 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.656702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore the preferred test to screen for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and to predict the probability of interventional embolization. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study evaluating patients with idiopathic PAVMs from 2009 to 2019. After clinical evaluation, a total of 105 patients were studied, including 71 patients with positive digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSPA) findings and 34 with negative DSPA findings. The following patient data were assessed: blood test, chest radiograph, transthoracic contrast echocardiography (TTCE), and DSPA findings. Results: The majority of patients with idiopathic PAVMs were female (66.2% with positive DSPA findings). We found a good κ-coefficient of 0.77 with strong consistency for inter observer agreement concerning the pulmonary right-to-left shunt (RLS) grade on TTCE, which was superior to conventional chest radiographs. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the radiographic features for PAVMs on DSPA was 0.83 (95% CI 0.64-1.0) and 0.44 for the possibility of embolization (95% CI 0.19-0.70). The PPV of the shunt grade of PAVMs on DSPA was 0.14 (95% CI 0.01-0.29) for grade 1, 0.74 (95% CI 0.60-0.88) for grade 2, and 0.97 (95% CI 0.92-1.0) for grade 3. The PPVs of pulmonary shunt grades 2 and 3 on TTCE for the possibility of embolization for PAVMs were 0.21 (95% CI, 0.05-0.36) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.99), respectively. Conclusion: TTCE is the preferred screening test for PAVMs. The pulmonary RLS grade on TTCE not only identifies the likelihood of PAVMs but also predicts the probability for embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Deng
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shengshu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aging and Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Diseases, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Yukun Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kunlun He
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Artificial Intelligence Research Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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21
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Egom EEA, Moyou-Somo R, Essame Oyono JL, Kamgang R. Identifying Potential Mutations Responsible for Cases of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:113-124. [PMID: 33732008 PMCID: PMC7958998 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s260755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and devastating disease for which there is an escalating body of genetic and related pathophysiological information on disease pathobiology. Nevertheless, the success to date in identifying susceptibility genes, genetic variants and epigenetic processes has been limited due to PAH clinical multi-faceted variations. A number of germline gene candidates have been proposed but demonstrating consistently the association with PAH has been problematic, at least partly due to the reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Although the data for bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) and related genes remains undoubtedly the most extensive, recent advanced gene sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of further gene candidates with mutations among those with and without familial forms of PAH. An in depth understanding of the multitude of biologic variations associated with PAH may provide novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention in the coming years. This knowledge will irrevocably provide the opportunity for improved patient and family counseling as well as improved PAH diagnosis, risk assessment, and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Eroume-A Egom
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (ISM), Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Reflex Medical Centre Cardiac Diagnostics, Reflex Medical Centre, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Moyou-Somo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Louis Essame Oyono
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rene Kamgang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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22
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Gómez-Acebo I, Prado SR, De La Mora Á, Puente RZ, de la Roza Varela B, Dierssen-Sotos T, Llorca J. Ocular lesions in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: genetics and clinical characteristics. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:168. [PMID: 32600370 PMCID: PMC7322834 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01433-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of our study is to study the association between eye lesions in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) and other signs of the disease, as well as to characterize its genetics. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted of a cohort of 206 patients studied in the HHT Unit of Hospital de Sierrallana, a reference centre for Spanish patients with HHT. Odds ratios for several symptoms or characteristics of HHT and ocular lesions were estimated using logistic regression adjusting for age and sex. Results The ocular involvement was associated with being a carrier of a mutation for the ENG gene, that is, suffering from a type 1 HHT involvement (OR = 2.09; 95% CI [1.17–3.72]). p = 0.012). In contrast, patients with ocular lesions have less frequently mutated ACVRL1/ALK1 gene (OR = 0.52; 95% CI [0.30–3.88], p = 0.022). Conclusions In conclusion, half of the patients with HHT in our study have ocular involvement. These eye lesions are associated with mutations in the ENG gene and ACVRL1/ALK1 gene. Thus, the ENG gene increases the risk of ocular lesions, while being a carrier of the mutated ACVRL1/ALK1 gene decreases said risk.
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Qiao C, Richter GT, Pan W, Jin Y, Lin X. Extracranial arteriovenous malformations: from bedside to bench. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:299-306. [PMID: 31613971 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is defined as a fast-flow vascular anomaly that shunts blood from arteries directly to veins. This short circuit of blood flow contributes to progressive expansion of draining veins, resulting in ischaemia, tissue deformation and in some severe cases, congestive heart failure. Various medical interventions have been employed to treat AVM, however, management of which remains a huge challenge because of its high recurrence rate and lethal complications. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of AVM development and progression will help direct discovery and a potential cure. Here, we summarize current findings in the field of extracranial AVMs with the aim to provide insight into their aetiology and molecular influences, in the hope to pave the way for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhen Qiao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gresham T Richter
- Center for Investigation of Congenital Anomalies of Vascular Development, Arkansas Vascular Biology Program, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Weijun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunbo Jin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Sánchez-Martínez R, Iriarte A, Mora-Luján JM, Patier JL, López-Wolf D, Ojeda A, Torralba MA, Juyol MC, Gil R, Añón S, Salazar-Mendiguchía J, Riera-Mestre A. Current HHT genetic overview in Spain and its phenotypic correlation: data from RiHHTa registry. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:138. [PMID: 32503579 PMCID: PMC7275435 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare vascular disease with autosomal dominant inheritance. Disease-causing variants in endoglin (ENG) and activin A receptor type II-like 1 (ACVRL1) genes are detected in more than 90% of cases submitted to molecular diagnosis. METHODS We used data from the RiHHTa (Computerized Registry of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia) registry to describe genetic variants and to assess their genotype-phenotype correlation among HHT patients in Spain. RESULTS By May 2019, 215 patients were included in the RiHHTa registry with a mean age of 52.5 ± 16.5 years and 136 (63.3%) were women. Definitive HHT diagnosis defined by the Curaçao criteria were met by 172 (80%) patients. Among 113 patients with genetic test, 77 (68.1%) showed a genetic variant in ACVRL1 and 36 (31.8%) in ENG gene. The identified genetic variants in ACVRL1 and ENG genes and their clinical significance are provided. ACVRL1 mutations were more frequently nonsense (50%) while ENG mutations were more frequently, frameshift (39.1%). ENG patients were significantly younger at diagnosis (36.9 vs 45.7 years) and had pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (71.4% vs 24.4%) and cerebral AVMs (17.6% vs 2%) more often than patients with ACVRL1 variants. Patients with ACVRL1 variants had a higher cardiac index (2.62 vs 3.46), higher levels of hepatic functional blood tests, and anemia (28.5% vs 56.7%) more often than ENG patients. CONCLUSIONS ACVRL1 variants are more frequent than ENG in Spain. ACVRL1 patients developed symptomatic liver disease and anemia more often than ENG patients. Compared to ACVRL1, those with ENG variants are younger at diagnosis and show pulmonary and cerebral AVMs more frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sánchez-Martínez
- Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante - ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain.,Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Iriarte
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n. 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Mora-Luján
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n. 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Patier
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Systemic and Orphan Diseases Unit, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, University of Alcalá, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-Wolf
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ojeda
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Insular Universitario de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Torralba
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Coloma Juyol
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gil
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sol Añón
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joel Salazar-Mendiguchía
- Health in Code, A Coruña, Spain.,Clinical Genetics Program, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera-Mestre
- Rare Diseases Working Group, Spanish Society of Internal Medicine, Madrid, Spain. .,Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Feixa Llarga s/n. 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Curaçao diagnostic criteria for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is highly predictive of a pathogenic variant in ENG or ACVRL1 (HHT1 and HHT2). Genet Med 2020; 22:1201-1205. [PMID: 32300199 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the variant detection rate for ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4 in individuals who meet consensus (Curaçao) criteria for the clinical diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. METHODS Review of HHT center database for individuals with three or more HHT diagnostic criteria, in whom molecular genetic analysis for ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4 had been performed. RESULTS A variant known or suspected to be causal was detected in ENG in 67/152 (44.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 36.0-52.4%), ACVRL1 in 79/152 (52.0%; 95% CI, 43.7-60.1%), and SMAD4 in 2/152 (1.3%; 95% CI, 0.2-4.7%) family probands with definite HHT. Only 4/152 (2.6%; 95% CI, 0.7-6.6%) family probands did not have a variant in one of these genes. CONCLUSION Previous reports of the variant detection rate for ENG and ACVRL1 in HHT patients have come from laboratories, which receive samples from clinicians with a wide range of expertise in recognizing clinical manifestations of HHT. These studies suggest a significantly lower detection rate (~75-85%) than we have found in patients who meet strictly applied consensus criteria (96.1%). Analysis of SMAD4 adds an additional detection rate of 1.3%. HHT as defined by the Curaçao criteria is highly predictive of a causative variant in either ENG or ACVRL1.
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26
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Mora-Luján JM, Iriarte A, Alba E, Sánchez-Corral MA, Cerdà P, Cruellas F, Ordi Q, Corbella X, Ribas J, Castellote J, Riera-Mestre A. Gender differences in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia severity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:63. [PMID: 32122373 PMCID: PMC7053104 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-1337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gender differences in organ involvement and clinical severity have been poorly described in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). The aim of this study was to describe differences in the severity of HHT manifestations according to gender. Methods Severity was measured according to Epistaxis Severity Score (ESS), Simple Clinical Scoring Index for hepatic involvement, a general HHT-score, needing for invasive treatment (pulmonary or brain arteriovenous malformations -AVMs- embolization, liver transplantation or Young’s surgery) or the presence of adverse outcomes (severe anemia, emergency department -ED- or hospital admissions and mortality). Results One hundred forty-two (58.7%) women and 100 (41.3%) men were included with a mean age of 48.9 ± 16.6 and 49 ± 16.5 years, respectively. Women presented hepatic manifestations (7.1% vs 0%) and hepatic involvement (59.8% vs 47%), hepatic AVMs (28.2% vs 13%) and bile duct dilatation (4.9% vs 0%) at abdominal CT, and pulmonary AVMs at thoracic CT (35.2% vs 23%) more often than men. The Simple Clinical Scoring Index was higher in women (3.38 ± 1.2 vs 2.03 ± 1.2), and more men were considered at low risk of harboring clinically significant liver disease than women (61% vs 25.3%). These differences were mantained when considering HHT1 and HHT2 patients separetely. Duodenal telangiectasia were more frequent in men than women (21% vs 9.8%). Invasive treatments were more frequently needed in women (28.2% vs 16%) but men needed attention at the ED more often than women (48% vs 28.2%), with no differences in ESS, HHT-score, anemia hospital admissions or mortality. Conclusions HHT women showed more severe hepatic involvement than men, also among HHT1 and HHT2 patients. Women had higher prevalence of pulmonary AVMs and needed invasive procedures more frequently, while men needed attention at the ED more often. These data might help physicians to individualize HHT patients follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Mora-Luján
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Iriarte
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Alba
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Radiology Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Sánchez-Corral
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Cerdà
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Cruellas
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Otorhinolaryngology Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Q Ordi
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Radiology Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Corbella
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Ribas
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Castellote
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,Liver Transplant Unit, Department of Digestive Diseases, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Riera-Mestre
- HHT Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, C/Feixa Llarga s/n. L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907, Barcelona, Spain. .,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain. .,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Steineger J, Geirdal AØ, Osnes T, Heimdal KR, Dheyauldeen S. Intranasal bevacizumab injections improve quality of life in HHT patients. Laryngoscope 2019; 130:E284-E288. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Steineger
- Division of Head and Neck and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryOslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oslo Norway
| | | | - Terje Osnes
- Division of Head and Neck and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryOslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oslo Norway
| | | | - Sinan Dheyauldeen
- Division of Head and Neck and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryOslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oslo Norway
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Yao J, Wu X, Zhang D, Wang L, Zhang L, Reynolds EX, Hernandez C, Boström KI, Yao Y. Elevated endothelial Sox2 causes lumen disruption and cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3121-3133. [PMID: 31232700 DOI: 10.1172/jci125965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen integrity in vascularization requires fully differentiated endothelial cells (ECs). Here, we report that endothelial-mesenchymal transitions (EndMTs) emerged in ECs of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVMs) and caused disruption of the lumen or lumen disorder. We show that excessive Sry-box 2 (Sox2) signaling was responsible for the EndMTs in cerebral AVMs. EC-specific suppression of Sox2 normalized endothelial differentiation and lumen formation and improved the cerebral AVMs. Epigenetic studies showed that induction of Sox2 altered the cerebral-endothelial transcriptional landscape and identified jumonji domain-containing protein 5 (JMJD5) as a direct target of Sox2. Sox2 interacted with JMJD5 to induce EndMTs in cerebral ECs. Furthermore, we utilized a high-throughput system to identify the β-adrenergic antagonist pronethalol as an inhibitor of Sox2 expression. Treatment with pronethalol stabilized endothelial differentiation and lumen formation, which limited the cerebral AVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daoqin Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lumin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric X Reynolds
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlos Hernandez
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristina I Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,The Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Ruiz-Llorente L, Chiapparino E, Plumitallo S, Danesino C, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Pagella F, Manfredi G, Bernabeu C, Jovine L, Olivieri C. Characterization of a mutation in the zona pellucida module of Endoglin that causes Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia. Gene 2019; 696:33-39. [PMID: 30763665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular rare disease characterized by nose and gastrointestinal bleeding, skin and mucosa telangiectasias, and arteriovenous malformations in internal organs. HHT shows an autosomal dominant inheritance and a worldwide prevalence of approximately 1:5000 individuals. In >80% of patients, HHT is caused by mutations in either ENG (HHT1) or ACVRL1 (HHT2) genes, which code for the membrane proteins Endoglin and Activin A Receptor Type II-Like Kinase 1 (ALK1), respectively, both belonging to the TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway. In this work, we describe a novel mutation in exon 9 of ENG (c.1145 G > A) found in five affected members of a family, all of them with characteristic symptoms of HHT. This mutation involves Cys382 residue of the Endoglin protein (p.Cys382 > Tyr) in the zona pellucida (ZP) module of its extracellular region. This is a critical residue involved in a conserved intrachain disulphide bond and in the correct folding of the protein. In fact, transfection studies in human cells using Endoglin expression vectors demonstrated that the p.Cys382 > Tyr mutation results in a marked reduction in the levels of the Endoglin protein. These results demonstrate the pathogenic role for this variant in HHT1 and confirm the key function of Cys382 in Endoglin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Chiapparino
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sara Plumitallo
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Cesare Danesino
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Fabio Pagella
- Head and Neck Department, ENT Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico "San Matteo", Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Guido Manfredi
- UOC Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, ASST, Ospedale Maggiore, 26013 Crema, CR, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Medicinaren 25 Neo, SE-141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Carla Olivieri
- Molecular Medicine Department, General Biology and Medical Genetics Unit, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 14, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by telangiectasia and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). To date, five genetic types of HHT and one combined juvenile polyposis syndrome and HHT are known. Clinical and genetic screening of patients suspected with HHT is recommended to confirm the diagnosis and to prevent complications associated with HHT. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the evidence and to formulate a recommendation for clinicians concerning screening for HHT. RECENT FINDINGS Complications of HHT such as stroke, brain abscess and intracranial hemorrhage are caused by pulmonary and cerebral AVMs (CAVMs) and can often be prevented by screening and treatment when possible. Screening and treatment of these AVMs will result in an increased life expectancy comparable with that of the general population as opposed to unscreened and untreated HHT patients. SUMMARY Screening of HHT patients and their first-degree relatives is recommended to prevent severe complications including stroke, brain abscess and intracranial hemorrhage.
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Ruiz-Llorente L, McDonald J, Wooderchak-Donahue W, Briggs E, Chesnutt M, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Bernabeu C. Characterization of a family mutation in the 5' untranslated region of the endoglin gene causative of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:333-339. [PMID: 30728427 PMCID: PMC8075931 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular disease characterized by nose and gastrointestinal bleeding, telangiectases in skin and mucosa, and arteriovenous malformations in major internal organs. Most patients carry a mutation in the coding region of the endoglin (ENG) or activin A receptor type II-1 (ACVRL1) gene. Nonetheless, in around 15% of patients, sequencing analysis and duplication/deletion tests fail to pinpoint mutations in the coding regions of these genes. In these cases, it has been shown that sequencing of the 5’-untranslated region (5’UTR) of ENG may be useful to identify novel mutations in the ENG non-coding region. Here we report the genetic characterization and functional analysis of the heterozygous mutation c.-142A>T in the 5’UTR region of ENG found in a family with several members affected by HHT. This variant gives rise to a new initiation codon of the protein that involves the change in its open reading frame. Transfection studies in monkey cells using endoglin expression vectors demonstrated that c-142A>T mutation results in a clear reduction in the levels of the endoglin protein. These results support the inclusion of the 5’UTR of ENG in the standard genetic testing for HHT to increase its sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Ruiz-Llorente
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jamie McDonald
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Whitney Wooderchak-Donahue
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric Briggs
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Chesnutt
- Departments of Medicine and Interventional Radiology, Oregon Health & Science University and Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Meier NM, Foster ML, Battaile JT. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: clinical aspects. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:316-324. [PMID: 30057878 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2017.12.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic disorder of blood vessel formation resulting in mucocutaneous telangiectasias and visceral arteriovenous malformations. Nearly half of patients with HHT will have pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) that place them at risk for potentially fatal complications that can occur when blood bypasses the pulmonary capillary circulation or as a result of PAVM rupture. Other manifestations of HHT outside the lung may increase the rate and severity of PAVM complications, creating unique clinical challenges. Management hinges on timely screening and diagnosis, followed by treatment of amenable PAVMs with transcatheter embolization in conjunction with medical management and prophylactic measures to treat and prevent complications. The purpose of this review is to highlight the clinical manifestations of PAVMs specific to patients with HHT and to detail screening and treatment strategies that can reduce the risk of developing life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Meier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael L Foster
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John T Battaile
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kritharis A, Al-Samkari H, Kuter DJ. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: diagnosis and management from the hematologist's perspective. Haematologica 2018; 103:1433-1443. [PMID: 29794143 PMCID: PMC6119150 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.193003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder that causes abnormal blood vessel formation. The diagnosis of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is clinical, based on the Curaçao criteria. Genetic mutations that have been identified include ENG, ACVRL1/ALK1, and MADH4/SMAD4, among others. Patients with HHT may have telangiectasias and arteriovenous malformations in various organs and suffer from many complications including bleeding, anemia, iron deficiency, and high-output heart failure. Families with the same mutation exhibit considerable phenotypic variation. Optimal treatment is best delivered via a multidisciplinary approach with appropriate diagnosis, screening and local and/or systemic management of lesions. Anti-angiogenic agents such as bevacizumab have emerged as a promising systemic therapy in reducing bleeding complications but are not curative. Other pharmacological agents include iron supplementation, antifibrinolytics and hormonal treatment. This review discusses the biology of HHT, management issues that face the practising hematologist, and considerations of future directions in HHT treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Kritharis
- Division of Blood Disorders, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Hanny Al-Samkari
- Hematology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David J Kuter
- Hematology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Saliou G, Eyries M, Iacobucci M, Knebel J, Waill M, Coulet F, Ozanne A, Soubrier F. Clinical and genetic findings in children with central nervous system arteriovenous fistulas. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:972-980. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.25106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Saliou
- Department of NeuroradiologyCentre Hospitalier Universitaire VaudoisLausanne Switzerland
- Department of NeuroradiologyBicêtre HospitalLe Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Mélanie Eyries
- Department of geneticsHopital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParis France
- UMR‐S 1166‐ICAN; INSERM and UPMC Sorbonne UniversityParis France
| | - Marta Iacobucci
- Department of NeuroradiologyBicêtre HospitalLe Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Jean‐François Knebel
- département de Radiologie, Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Hôpital Nestlé, CHUVLausanne Switzerland
| | | | | | - Augustin Ozanne
- Department of NeuroradiologyBicêtre HospitalLe Kremlin Bicêtre France
| | - Florent Soubrier
- Department of geneticsHopital Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParis France
- UMR‐S 1166‐ICAN; INSERM and UPMC Sorbonne UniversityParis France
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Krynytska I, Marushchak M, Mikolenko A, Bob A, Smachylo I, Radetska L, Sopel O. Differential diagnosis of hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS): Portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:276-285. [PMID: 28759737 PMCID: PMC5708897 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2017.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a severe complication of advanced liver disease associated with an extremely poor prognosis. HPS is diagnosed in 4-47% of patients with cirrhosis and in 15-20% of candidates for liver transplantation. In addition, severe hypoxia is associated with a high risk of complications of liver transplantation (a 30% chance during the first 90 days) and increases the gap between transplantation and improving arterial oxygenation. The pathogenesis of HPS is not fully understood, and no effective pharmacological treatment has been developed yet. Currently, the treatment of choice for HPS is orthotopic liver transplantation. Non-specific clinical criteria and the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria for determining HPS can lead to diagnostic errors. Portopulmonary hypertension and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, also known as Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, are pulmonary complications of liver disease which should be differentially diagnosed from HPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Krynytska
- Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics Department, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine.
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Al-Mufti F, Alkanaq A, Amuluru K, Nuoman R, Abdulrazzaq A, Sami T, Nuoaman H, Hayes-Rosen C, Prestigiacomo CJ, Gandhi CD. Genetic Insights into Cerebrovascular Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND INTERVENTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 9:21-32. [PMID: 29163746 PMCID: PMC5683023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Al-Mufti
- Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroendovascular Surgery and Neurocritical Care, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ahmed Alkanaq
- Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Krishna Amuluru
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center- Hamot, Department of Neurointerventional Radiology, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rolla Nuoman
- Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdulrazzaq
- Rutgers University - School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tamarah Sami
- Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Neurology, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Halla Nuoaman
- Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Department of Neurology, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Caroline Hayes-Rosen
- Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Charles J Prestigiacomo
- Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Department of Neurosurgery, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Department of Neurosurgery, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Wiener E, Martin P, Mehta S, Markus HS. Cervical artery dissection and iliac artery aneurysm in an SMAD-4 mutation carrier. Neurol Genet 2017; 3:e191. [PMID: 28975157 PMCID: PMC5619912 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Wiener
- Department of Stroke Medicine (E.W., P.M., H.S.M.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Martin
- Department of Stroke Medicine (E.W., P.M., H.S.M.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarju Mehta
- Department of Stroke Medicine (E.W., P.M., H.S.M.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Stephen Markus
- Department of Stroke Medicine (E.W., P.M., H.S.M.) and Department of Genetics (S.M.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Araiza-Garaygordobil D, Lomelí-Estrada C, Cossío-Aranda J. Hipertensión pulmonar secundaria a enfermedad de Rendu-Osler-Weber. Reporte de caso. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2017; 87:255-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Ma L, Chung WK. The role of genetics in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Pathol 2016; 241:273-280. [PMID: 27770446 DOI: 10.1002/path.4833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Group 1 pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by proliferation and occlusion of small pulmonary arterioles, leading to progressive elevation of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and right ventricular failure. Historically, it has been associated with a high mortality rate, although, over the last decade, treatment has improved survival. PAH includes idiopathic PAH (IPAH), heritable PAH (HPAH), and PAH associated with certain medical conditions. The aetiology of PAH is heterogeneous, and genetics play an important role in some cases. Mutations in BMPR2, encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily of receptors, have been identified in 70% of cases of HPAH, and in 10-40% of cases of IPAH. Other genetic causes of PAH include mutations in the genes encoding activin receptor-like type 1, endoglin, SMAD9, caveolin 1, and potassium two-pore-domain channel subfamily K member 3. Mutations in the gene encoding T-box 4 have been identified in 10-30% of paediatric PAH patients, but rarely in adults with PAH. PAH in children is much more heterogeneous than in adults, and can be associated with several genetic syndromes, congenital heart disease, pulmonary disease, and vascular disease. In addition to rare mutations as a monogenic cause of HPAH, common variants in the gene encoding cerebellin 2 increase the risk of PAH by approximately two-fold. A PAH panel of genes is available for clinical testing, and should be considered for use in clinical management, especially for patients with a family history of PAH. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an underrecognized and underdiagnosed autosomal-dominant angiodysplasia that has an estimated prevalence of 1 in 5000 individuals, with variable clinical presentations even within family members with identical mutations. The most common manifestations are telangiectasias of the skin and nasal mucosa. However, HHT can often be complicated by the presence of arteriovenous malformations and telangiectasias in the lungs, brain, gastrointestinal tract, and liver that are often silent and can lead to life-threatening complications of stroke and hemorrhage. This article reviews HHT for the pulmonologist, who is not uncommonly the first practitioner to encounter these patients.
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Zhang P, Hou S, Chen J, Zhang J, Lin F, Ju R, Cheng X, Ma X, Song Y, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Du J, Lan Y, Yang X. Smad4 Deficiency in Smooth Muscle Cells Initiates the Formation of Aortic Aneurysm. Circ Res 2015; 118:388-99. [PMID: 26699655 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.308040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening cardiovascular disorder caused by the predisposition for dissection and rupture. Genetic studies have proved the involvement of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway in aortic aneurysm. Smad4 is the central mediator of the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway. However, the exact role of Smad4 in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) leading to the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of smooth muscle Smad4 in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysms. METHODS AND RESULTS Conditional gene knockout strategy combined with histology and expression analysis showed that Smad4 or TGF-β receptor type II deficiency in SMCs led to the occurrence of aortic aneurysms along with an upregulation of cathepsin S and matrix metallopeptidase-12, which are proteases essential for elastin degradation. We further demonstrated a previously unknown downregulation of matrix metallopeptidase-12 by TGF-β in the aortic SMCs, which is largely abrogated in the absence of Smad4. Chemotactic assay and pharmacologic treatment demonstrated that Smad4-deficient SMCs directly triggered aortic wall inflammation via the excessive production of chemokines to recruit macrophages. Monocyte/macrophage depletion or blocking selective chemokine axis largely abrogated the progression of aortic aneurysm caused by Smad4 deficiency in SMCs. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal that Smad4-dependent TGF-β signaling in SMCs protects against aortic aneurysm formation and dissection. The data also suggest important implications for novel therapeutic strategies to limit the progression of the aneurysm resulting from TGF-β signaling loss-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Siyuan Hou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Jicheng Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Jishuai Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Fuyu Lin
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Renjie Ju
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Xuan Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Yao Song
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Youyi Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Jie Du
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.)
| | - Yu Lan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.).
| | - Xiao Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Genetic Laboratory of Development and Diseases, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, PR China (P.Z., S.H., J.C., J.Z., F.L., R.J., X.C., Y.L., X.Y.); Model Organism Division, E-institutes of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China (P.Z., J.C., X.Y.); Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Beijing, PR China (X.M., Y.S., Y.Z.); Model Animal Research Center and MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China (M.Z.); and Beijing AnZhen Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, PR China (J.D.).
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study is to present the latest advances and recommendations in the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary vascular complications associated with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT): pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), pulmonary hypertension associated with high output cardiac failure or liver vascular malformations, haemoptysis, haemothorax and thromboembolic disease. RECENT FINDINGS Transthoracic contrast echocardiography has been validated as a screening tool for PAVM in patients with suspected HHT. Advancements in genetic testing support its use in family members at risk as a cost-effective measure. Therapy with bevacizumab in patients with high output cardiac failure and severe liver AVMs showed promising results. PAH tends to be more aggressive in HHT type 2 patients. SUMMARY Patients suffering from this elusive disease should be referred to HHT specialized centres to ensure a standardized and timely approach to diagnosis and management.
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Heart failure and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in a patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2015; 40:515-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Geisthoff UW, Nguyen HL, Röth A, Seyfert U. How to manage patients with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. Br J Haematol 2015. [PMID: 26205234 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia is a rare systemic autosomal dominantly inherited disorder of the fibrovascular tissue with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Diagnosis is based on the clinical Curaçao criteria or molecular genetic testing. Dilated vessels can develop into telangiectases or larger vascular malformations in various organs, calling for an interdisciplinary approach. Epistaxis and gastrointestinal bleeding can result from these vascular defects. Various conservative and interventional treatments have been described for these conditions. However, no optimal therapy exists. Treatment can become especially difficult due to progressive anaemia or when anticoagulant or anti-thrombotic therapy becomes necessary. Screening for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVM) should be performed in all confirmed and suspected patients. Treatment by percutaneous transcatheter embolotherapy and antibiotic prophylaxis is normally effective for PAVM. Cerebral or hepatic vascular malformations and rare manifestations need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to determine the best course of action for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban W Geisthoff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Ha-Long Nguyen
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander Röth
- Department of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Essen University Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Seyfert
- Medical Practice for Haemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Heald B, Rigelsky C, Moran R, LaGuardia L, O'Malley M, Burke CA, Zahka K. Prevalence of thoracic aortopathy in patients with juvenile Polyposis Syndrome-Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia due to SMAD4. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1758-62. [PMID: 25931195 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is characterized by abnormal vascular structures that may present as epistaxis, telangiectasias, and/or arteriovenous malformations. The genes associated with HHT (ACVRL1, ENG, and SMAD4) are members of the TGFβ pathway. Other syndromes associated with abnormalities in TGFβ signaling include Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome and related disorders. These disorders have aortic disease as a prominent finding. While there are case reports of patients with HHT and aortopathy (dilatation/aneurysm, dissection, and rupture), this has not been systematically investigated. We conducted a retrospective chart review to determine the prevalence of aortopathy in an HHT cohort. Patients from a single institution were identified who met the Curacao Criteria for a clinical diagnosis of HHT and/or had a mutation in ACVRL1, ENG, or SMAD4 and underwent echocardiogram. Two-dimensional echocardiograms were reviewed by a single pediatric cardiologist, and data were collected on demographics, genotype, HHT features, aortic root measurements, past medical history, and family history. Z scores and nomograms were utilized to identify abnormal results. Twenty-six patients from 15 families (one ACVRL1, four ENG, eight SMAD4, and two clinical diagnoses) were included in the analysis. Aortopathy was found in 6/26 (23%) patients; all had SMAD4 mutations. In our cohort, 6/16 (38%) SMAD4 mutation carriers had evidence of aortopathy. These data suggest that aortopathy could be part of the spectrum of SMAD4-induced HHT manifestations. Routine aortic imaging, including measurements of the aorta, should be considered in patients with SMAD4 mutations to allow for appropriate medical and surgical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie Heald
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Sanford R Weiss Center for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Rocio Moran
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lisa LaGuardia
- Sanford R Weiss Center for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Margaret O'Malley
- Sanford R Weiss Center for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Carol A Burke
- Sanford R Weiss Center for Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Neoplasia, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Kenneth Zahka
- Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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Lu Y, Zhu Y, Shi L, Zhen H, Sun Z, Cheng L. A novel endoglin mutation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1: a case report. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:510-2. [PMID: 25760803 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by aberrant vascular development. Mutations in two genes, endoglin (ENG) and activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1) are associated with HHT. The present case study revealed the molecular diagnosis in a family exhibiting the clinical features of HHT disease. The coding exon and flanking intronic regions of the ENG and ACVRL1 genes were sequenced and a novel mutation in exon 10 of ENG was observed in the family. The mutation (c.1426C>T) in exon 10 of the ENG gene caused a G476X mutation, which results in a premature stop codon and a truncated ENG protein. This finding demonstrated a novel mutation in the ENG gene in a Chinese family, which suggested that a truncated ENG protein may cause HHT. The present study established a genetic test to confirm the clinical diagnosis in individuals and provide an opportunity for early detection and management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yaowu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lili Shi
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Zhen
- Department of Otolaryngology‑Head and Neck Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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McDonald J, Wooderchak-Donahue W, VanSant Webb C, Whitehead K, Stevenson DA, Bayrak-Toydemir P. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: genetics and molecular diagnostics in a new era. Front Genet 2015; 6:1. [PMID: 25674101 PMCID: PMC4306304 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a vascular dysplasia characterized by telangiectases and arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in particular locations described in consensus clinical diagnostic criteria published in 2000. Two genes in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, ENG and ACVRL1, were discovered almost two decades ago, and mutations in these genes have been reported to cause up to 85% of HHT. In our experience, approximately 96% of individuals with HHT have a mutation in these two genes, when published (Curaçao) diagnostic criteria for HHT are strictly applied. More recently, two additional genes in the same pathway, SMAD4 and GDF2, have been identified in a much smaller number of patients with a similar or overlapping phenotype to HHT. Yet families still exist with compelling evidence of a hereditary telangiectasia disorder, but no identifiable mutation in a known gene. Recent availability of whole exome and genome testing has created new opportunities to facilitate gene discovery, identify genetic modifiers to explain clinical variability, and potentially define an increased spectrum of hereditary telangiectasia disorders. An expanded approach to molecular diagnostics for inherited telangiectasia disorders that incorporates a multi-gene next generation sequencing (NGS) HHT panel is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McDonald
- Department of Radiology, Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Whitney Wooderchak-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Chad VanSant Webb
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kevin Whitehead
- Department of Radiology, Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Center, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - David A Stevenson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA ; ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Velthuis S, Buscarini E, Gossage JR, Snijder RJ, Mager JJ, Post MC. Clinical implications of pulmonary shunting on saline contrast echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015; 28:255-63. [PMID: 25623000 DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary right-to-left shunting can be encountered using transthoracic contrast echocardiography (TTCE) with agitated saline. Diseases associated with pulmonary shunting on saline TTCE include hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), hepatopulmonary syndrome, and some congenital heart defects after partial or complete cavopulmonary anastomosis. Furthermore, small pulmonary shunts on saline TTCE are also documented in a proportion of healthy individuals. Pulmonary shunting carries the risk for severe neurologic complications due to paradoxical embolization. In HHT, additional chest computed tomography is recommended in case of any pulmonary shunt detected on saline TTCE, to evaluate the feasibility for transcatheter embolotherapy of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Furthermore, antibiotic prophylaxis is advised in case of any pulmonary shunt on saline TTCE to prevent brain abscesses after procedures with risk for bacteremia. The present review provides an overview of important aspects of pulmonary shunting and its detection using saline TTCE. Furthermore, advances in understanding the clinical implications of different pulmonary shunt grades on saline TTCE are described. It appears that small pulmonary shunts on saline TTCE (grade 1) lack any clinical implication, as these shunts cannot be used as a diagnostic criterion for HHT, are not associated with an increased risk for neurologic complications, and represent pulmonary arteriovenous malformations too small for subsequent endovascular treatment. This implies that additional chest computed tomography could be safely withheld in all persons with only small pulmonary shunts on saline TTCE and sets the stage for further discussion about the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in these subjects. Besides further optimization of the current screening algorithm for the detection of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations in HHT, these observations can be of additional clinical importance in other diseases associated with pulmonary shunting and in those healthy individuals with documented small pulmonary shunts on saline TTCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Velthuis
- Department of Cardiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | | | - James R Gossage
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Repke J Snijder
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes J Mager
- Department of Pulmonology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn C Post
- Department of Cardiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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Garg N, Khunger M, Gupta A, Kumar N. Optimal management of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Blood Med 2014; 5:191-206. [PMID: 25342923 PMCID: PMC4206399 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s45295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), also known by the eponym Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, is a group of related disorders inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and characterized by the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) in the skin, mucous membranes, and/or internal organs such as brain, lungs, and liver. Its prevalence is currently estimated at one in 5,000 to 8,000. Most cases are due to mutations in the endoglin (HHT1) or ACVRLK1 (HHT2) genes. Telangiectasias in nasal and gastrointestinal mucosa generally present with recurrent/chronic bleeding and iron deficiency anemia. Larger AVMs occur in lungs (~40%-60% of affected individuals), liver (~40%-70%), brain (~10%), and spine (~1%). Due to the devastating and potentially fatal complications of some of these lesions (for example, strokes and brain abscesses with pulmonary AVMs), presymptomatic screening and treatment are of utmost importance. However, due to the rarity of this condition, many providers lack an appreciation for the whole gamut of its manifestations and complications, age-dependent penetrance, and marked intrafamilial variation. As a result, HHT remains frequently underdiagnosed and many families do not receive the appropriate screening and treatments. This article provides an overview of the clinical features of HHT, discusses the clinical and genetic diagnostic strategies, and presents an up-to-date review of literature and detailed considerations regarding screening for visceral AVMs, preventive modalities, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetika Garg
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Monica Khunger
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Arjun Gupta
- Department of Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Nilay Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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