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Mekkawy M, Kamel A, El-Ruby M, Mohamed A, Essawi M, Soliman H, Dessouky N, Shehab M, Mazen I. Isodicentric Y chromosomes in Egyptian patients with disorders of sex development (DSD). Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1594-603. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2
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Djordjević VA, Jovanović JV, Pavković-Lučić SB, Drakulić DD, Djurović MM, Gotić MD. Cytogenetic findings in Serbian patients with Turner's syndrome stigmata. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2010; 9:2213-21. [PMID: 21064029 DOI: 10.4238/vol9-4gmr953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic findings are reported for 31 female patients with Turner's syndrome. Chromosome studies were made from lymphocyte cultures. Non-mosaicism 45,X was demonstrated in 15 of these patients, whereas only three were apparently mosaic. Eight patients showed non-mosaic and four patients showed mosaic structural aberrations of the X-chromosome. One non-mosaic case displayed a karyotype containing a small marker chromosome. Conventional cytogenetics was supplemented by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with an X-specific probe to identify the chromosomal origin of the ring and a 1q12-specific DNA probe to identify de novo balanced translocation (1;9) in one patient. To our knowledge, this is the first finding of karyotype 45,X,t(1;9)(cen;cen)/46,X,r(X),t(1;9)(cen;cen) in Turner's syndrome. The same X-specific probe was also used to identify a derivative chromosome in one patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Djordjević
- Clinic of Hematology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia.
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3
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Mizuno K, Kojima Y, Kurokawa S, Mizuno H, Kohri K, Hayashi Y. Laparoscopic diagnosis and treatment of a phenotypic girl with mosaic 45,XO/46,X,idic(Y) mixed gonadal dysgenesis. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:e1-3. [PMID: 19159702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2008.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report our experience with laparoscopic gonadal biopsy and gonadectomy for a girl with a dicentric Y chromosome in mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD). A 4-year-old phenotypic girl was referred to our hospital because of slight enlargement of the clitoris. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with Y chromosome-specific probes showed a karyotype with 45,XO/46,X,+idic(Y)(p11.32) and presence of the sex-determining region Y sequence. The pathologic finding by frozen section technique using laparoscopic biopsy specimens during the operation demonstrated a left streak gonad and right testis, and she was diagnosed with MGD. Finally, we performed laparoscopic bilateral gonadectomy. Laparoscopic management is a good approach for patients with sexual development disorders, including MGD because it provides minimally invasive surgery for children and enables all necessary procedures, including evaluation, biopsy, and gonadectomy, for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mizuno
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
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4
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Lipay MVN, Bianco B, Verreschi ITN. [Gonadal dysgenesis and tumors: genetic and clinical features]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 49:60-70. [PMID: 16544035 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302005000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gonadal dysgenesis comprises a clinical spectrum of anomalies in patients with female, ambiguous or male phenotype, absent or impaired puberty and karyotype with or without Y chromosome and/or chromosome markers. Although Y-specific sequences are seldom cytogenetically evident, dysgenetic gonads are potentially prone to developing tumors. Gonadoblastoma, a mixed germ cell and sex-cord cells tumor with variable degree of focal calcification, is the most harmful due to its frequency. Other gonadal tumor, malign or not, also occur in gonadal dysgenesis. As they are not metastatic tumors and may be eradicated by selective excisions, the importance of detecting Y-sequences by molecular sensitized techniques is stressed in order to indicate prophylactic gonadectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica V Nunes Lipay
- Departamento de Morfologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP
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5
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Damiani D, Guedes DR, Fellous M, Barbaux S, McElreavey K, Kalil J, Goldberg AC, Moreira-Filho CA, Barbosa A, Della Manna T, Dichtchekenian V, Setian N. Ullrich-Turner syndrome: relevance of searching for Y chromosome fragments. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1999; 12:827-31. [PMID: 10614539 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.1999.12.6.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Forty consecutive patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) were followed-up and investigated for the presence of Y chromosome fragments in their genomes. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect SRY (sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) and the sequence-tagged sites (STS) sY57, sY59, sY85, sY94, sY124 and sY157--which correspond to regions 3C (sY57 and 59), 5C, 5G, 5P, and 6F, respectively, of the Y chromosome--searching for Y fragments that could bear the putative locus (loci) for gonadoblastoma (GBY). It has been shown that the presence of GBY greatly increases the risk of dysgenic gonads to undergo malignant transformation. Among our 40 patients, we found Y-derived sequences--including SRY and the region spanning from sY57 to sY94--in two. These two patients had a marker chromosome detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis (45,X/46,X + mar). Their gonads were excised and found to be streaks. In one of the patients, we found foci of primitive sex cords (amidst the gonadal stroma), oviducts and Wolffian remnants. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) did not show Y chromosome material in her gonad-derived fibroblasts. The other girl had hyperplastic Leydig cells in the gonadal stroma, oviducts and Wolffian remnants, with signs of epididymal differentiation. PCR assays performed on DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded gonadal tissue were negative for SRY sequences in both patients. These findings show that all UTS patients should be examined for Y chromosome material, and that positive cases should have their dysgenic gonads excised due to the high risk of malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Damiani
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Instituto da Criança, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School, Brazil
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6
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Mansbridge JN, Liu K, Pinney RE, Patch R, Ratcliffe A, Naughton GK. Growth factors secreted by fibroblasts: role in healing diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Obes Metab 1999; 1:265-79. [PMID: 11225638 DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-1326.1999.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J N Mansbridge
- Advanced Tissue Sciences, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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7
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8
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Laparoscopic Surgery for Gonadal Dysgenesis in Children. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00129689-199904000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Mosaicism introduces wide variability into the clinical expression of numerical and unbalanced structural chromosomal abnormalities. The phenotypic range of variability of 45,X/46,XY mosaicism extends from Turner syndrome to mixed gonadal dysgenesis to normal males. The specific phenotype is primarily dependent on the chromosomal constitution of the developing gonad. Similar phenotypic variability is observed with mosaicism for 45,X and a second cell line with an abnormal sex chromosome. This report describes a patient with Turner syndrome and a patient with mixed gonadal dysgenesis who have identical karyotypes, namely 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(p11.2). While mosaicism alone might have accounted for the phenotypic differences, by PCR analysis the Turner syndrome patient was SRY and ZFY negative and the mixed gonadal dysgenesis patient was SRY and ZFY positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Kelly
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Lynch
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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11
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Patsalis PC, Sismani C, Hadjimarcou MI, Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Tzezou A, Hadjiathanasiou CG, Velissariou V, Lymberatou E, Moschonas NK, Skordis N. Detection and incidence of cryptic Y chromosome sequences in Turner syndrome patients. Clin Genet 1998; 53:249-57. [PMID: 9650760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1998.tb02691.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Y chromosome sequences in Turner syndrome (TS) patients may predispose them to gonadoblastoma formation with an estimated risk of 15-25%. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and the incidence of cryptic Y chromosome material in the genome of TS patients. The methodology involved a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR followed by Southern blot analysis of three genes the sex determining region Y (SRY), testis specific protein Y encoded (TSPY) and RNA binding motif protein (RBM) (previously designated as YRRM) and nine additional STSs spanning all seven intervals of the Y chromosome. The methodology has a high sensitivity as it detects one 46,XY cell among 10(5) 46,XX cells. Reliability was ensured by taking several precautions to avoid false positive results. We report the results of screening 50 TS patients and the identification of cryptic Y chromosome material in 12 (24%) of them. Karyotypes were divided in four groups: 5 (23.8%) patients out of the 21 TS patients which have the 45,X karyotype (group A) also have cryptic Y sequences; none (0%) of the 7 patients who have karyotypes with anomalies on one of the X chromosomes have Y mosaicism (group B); 1 (6.3%) of the 16 patients with a mosaic karyotype have Y material (group C); and 6 (100%) out of 6 patients with a supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC) have Y chromosome sequences (group D). Nine of the 12 patients positive for cryptic Y material were recalled for a repeat study. Following new DNA extraction, molecular analysis was repeated and, in conjunction with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the Y centromeric specific probe Yc-2, confirmed the initial positive DNA findings. This study used a reliable and sensitive methodology to identify the presence of Y chromosome material in TS patients thus providing not only a better estimate of a patient's risk in developing either gonadoblastoma or another form of gonadal tumor but also the overall incidence of cryptic Y mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Patsalis
- Department of Cytogenetics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia.
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12
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Patsalis PC, Hadjimarcou MI, Velissariou V, Kitsiou-Tzeli S, Zera C, Syrrou M, Lyberatou E, Tsezou A, Galla A, Skordis N. Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) in Turner syndrome are mostly derived from the Y chromosome. Clin Genet 1997; 51:184-90. [PMID: 9137884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
DNA and FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) analysis were carried out in 12 patients with stigmata of Turner syndrome to determine whether the Supernumerary Marker Chromosome (SMC) found cytogenetically in each of these patients was derived from the Y chromosome. The presence of a Y chromosome in these patients may predispose them to develop gonadoblastoma. PCR-Southern blot analysis, followed by FISH, was used to detect the presence of Y chromosome material. The Sex determining Region Y (SRY), Testis Specific Protein Y-encoded (TSPY) and Y-chromosome RNA Recognition Motif (YRRM) genes, which map at Yp11.31, Yp11.1-11.2 and Yp11.2/Yq11.21-11.23, respectively, were selected as markers, because they span the whole Y chromosome, and more importantly, they are considered to be involved in the development of gonadoblastoma. It was shown that in 12 patients, all of whom had an SMC, the SMC of 11 was derived from the Y chromosome. Furthermore, the presence of the SRY, TSPY and YRRM gene sequences was determined and FISH analysis confirmed the Y origin of the SMCs. The methodology described in this report is a rapid, reliable and sensitive approach which may be easily applied to determine the Y origin of an SMC carried in Turner syndrome. The identification of an SMC is important for the clinical management and prognostic counseling of these patients with Turner syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Patsalis
- Department of Cytogenetics, Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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13
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Taylor SS, Larin Z, Tyler-Smith C. Analysis of extrachromosomal structures containing human centromeric alphoid satellite DNA sequences in mouse cells. Chromosoma 1996; 105:70-81. [PMID: 8753696 DOI: 10.1007/bf02509516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) spanning the centromeric region of the human Y chromosome were introduced into mouse LA-9 cells by spheroplast fusion in order to determine whether they would form mammalian artificial chromosomes. In about 50% of the cell lines generated, the YAC DNA was associated with circular extrachromosomal structures. These episomes were only present in a proportion of the cells, usually at high copy number, and were lost rapidly in the absence of selection. These observations suggest that, despite the presence of centromeric sequences, the structures were not segregating efficiently and thus were not forming artificial chromosomes. However, extrachromosomal structures containing alphoid DNA appeared cytogenetically smaller than those lacking it, as long as yeast DNA was also absent. This suggests that alphoid DNA can generate the condensed chromatin structure at the centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Taylor
- CRC Chromosome Molecular Biology Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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14
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Petrusevska R, Beudt U, Schäfer D, Schneider M, Brude E, Leitner C, Heller K, Arnemann J. Distribution of marker-Y chromosome containing cells in different tissues of a Turner mosaic patient with mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Clin Genet 1996; 49:261-6. [PMID: 8832135 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1996.tb03784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We here describe a 12-year-old girl with numerous Turner stigmata and virilized external genitalia. Chromosome analysis of PHA stimulated lymphocytes using different banding techniques revealed a 45,X/46,X,+mar Turner mosaicism with the prominent marker present in about 90% of the blood cells. A PCR-based analysis using a set of 9 STS from different regions of the human Y chromosome indicated the presence of Y chromosomal material with a deletion breakpoint most likely within deletion interval 6. Because of the risk of gonadoblastoma for Turner patients carrying Y chromosomal material, and clinical indications of functional testicular tissue, a gonadectomy in addition to surgical correction of the external genitalia was performed. The histological analysis of the gonads showed a mixture of testicular tissue and ovarian stroma, thus indicating mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Fibroblasts from skin and different parts of the gonads were cytogenetically analyzed and showed a variable distribution of the Y-derived marker between 4% in skin, 11-31% in gonadal tissue and up to 90% in peripheral lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Petrusevska
- Institute of Human Genetics, J.W. Goethe-University Clinic, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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15
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Smith YR, Stetten G, Charity L, Isacson C, Gearhart JP, Namnoum AB. Ambiguous genitalia in an elderly woman with a mosaic 45,X/46,X,dic(Y)(Q11.2) karyotype. Urology 1996; 47:259-62. [PMID: 8607249 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)80431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A 66-year-old woman presented with clitoromegaly since childhood, primary amenorrhea, no breast development, and a large right inguinal hernia. A mosaic karyotype was identified containing a predominant 45,X cell line and a cell line with 46 chromosomes, one X chromosome, and a small dicentric Y chromosome with a breakpoint in band qII.2. The patient underwent hysterectomy, bilateral gonadectomy, inguinal hernia repair, clitoral recession, and formation of a neointroitus. A dysgerminoma was identified in the right dysgenetic gonad. This report demonstrates the natural history of untreated mixed gonadal dysgenesis and the importance of early evaluation and treatment, as well as the molecular characterization of a dicentric Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The John Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Human Y Chromosome Function in Male Germ Cell Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s1566-3116(08)60019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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17
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Tsuchiya K, Reijo R, Page DC, Disteche CM. Gonadoblastoma: molecular definition of the susceptibility region on the Y chromosome. Am J Hum Genet 1995; 57:1400-7. [PMID: 8533770 PMCID: PMC1801429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Using sequence-tagged sites we have performed deletion mapping of the Y chromosome in sex-reversed female patients with a Y chromosome and gonadoblastoma. The GBY gene (gonadoblastoma locus on the Y chromosome) was sublocalized to a small region near the centromere of the Y chromosome. We estimate the size of the GBY critical region to be approximately 1-2 Mb. Our analysis also indicates that copies of two dispersed Y-linked gene families, TSPY (testis-specific protein, Y-encoded) and YRRM (Y-chromosome RNA recognition motif) are present in all patients and that copies of TSPY but not YRRM fall within the GBY critical region as formally defined by deletion mapping. Two tumor samples showed expression of both genes and in one patient this expression was limited to a unilateral gonadoblastoma but absent in the contralateral streak gonad. Although our results do not directly implicate TSPY or YRRM in the etiology of the tumor, they raise the issue of whether there is one GBY gene in the critical region or possibly multiple GBY loci dispersed on the Y chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuchiya
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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18
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Kuznetzova T, Baranov A, Schwed N, Ivaschenko T, Malet P, Giollant M, Savitsky GA, Baranov V. Cytogenetic and molecular findings in patients with Turner's syndrome stigmata. J Med Genet 1995; 32:962-7. [PMID: 8825925 PMCID: PMC1051778 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.32.12.962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic and DNA analysis in 12 people with stigmata of Turner's syndrome was carried out. Cytogenetic analysis of these patients showed two subjects with 46,X, i(Xq) karyotypes, one with 45,X/46,X, i(Xq), one with 46,X,t(X;Y), and eight with 45,X/46,X,mar. Molecular analysis of DNA samples was performed in nine out of 12 patients with marker chromosomes. PCR analysis with oligoprimers specific for SRY, DYZ1, or DYZ3 loci identified Y chromosome material in five patients in the latter group. The X chromosome origin of the marker chromosome was proved by FISH technique with biotin labelled pericentromeric X chromosome specific probe in four other patients. These results show that patients with a number of Turner's syndrome stigmata usually do not have a typical XO karyotype but have some structural chromosomal aberrations involving the X or Y chromosomes. Combined application of cytogenetic, molecular cytogenetic (FISH), and PCR techniques significantly improves the precision of marker chromosome identification and thus might be of practical importance for the proper management and treatment of affected patients. Peculiarities of pathological manifestations of different karyotypes bearing structural abnormalities of the X or Y chromosomes in patients with Turner's syndrome stigmata, as well as feasible genetic mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation abnormalities in these subjects, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuznetzova
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Petersburg, Russia
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19
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Salo P, Kääriäinen H, Petrovic V, Peltomäki P, Page DC, de la Chapelle A. Molecular mapping of the putative gonadoblastoma locus on the Y chromosome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 14:210-4. [PMID: 8589038 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870140309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the high incidence of gonadoblastoma in females with XY gonadal dysgenesis or 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, the existence of a susceptibility locus on the Y chromosome (GBY) has been postulated. We attempted to map GBY by making use of a recently developed dense map of Y-chromosomal sequence-tagged sites (STSs). In two female patients with gonadoblastoma, small marker chromosomes contained portions of the Y chromosome, and a single region of overlap could be defined extending from probe pDP97 in interval 4B, which contains the centromere, to marker sY182 in interval 5E of the proximal long arm. This interval is contained in a YAC contig that comprises approximately 4 Mb of DNA. Our findings confirm the previous localization of GBY and greatly refine it. The localization of GBY overlaps with the region to which a putative growth determinant, GCY, was recently assigned.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salo
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Sultana R, Myerson D, Disteche CM. In situ hybridization analysis of the Y chromosome in gonadoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1995; 13:257-62. [PMID: 7547633 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.2870130405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadoblastoma is a rare tumor arising in the streak gonads of about 30% of 46,XY sex-reversed females. Because gonadoblastoma develops only in patients who have Y-chromosome material and dysgenetic gonads, it has been hypothesized that positive expression of a gene (or genes) on the Y chromosome (GBY) is involved in the etiology of the tumor. To examine the Y chromosome directly in tumors, we performed nonisotopic in situ hybridization of a biotin-labeled Y-specific probe for the DYZI locus on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tumor samples from four different patients. After hybridization to DYZI, the Y chromosome was found to be present in all gonadoblastoma foci in the four patients studied, and the gonadoblastoma foci showed an average of 85% cell nuclei positive for the Y chromosome on tissue sections. Normal male and female control tissues showed an average of 78% and 0% positive nuclei, respectively. One patient with bilateral gonadoblastoma had previously been shown to be mosaic, with a 45,X/46,XY karyotype in lymphocytes, skin fibroblasts, and cultures from both gonads. Examination of sections of this patient's gonads showed 79% positive nuclei within the gonadoblastoma foci, whereas the nontumor stromal tissue had 19% positive nuclei. These results indicate that, in this mosaic gonad, tumor foci developed only from cells that had a Y chromosome. Our results support the hypothesis that there is a GBY locus on the Y chromosome and that the Y chromosome is retained in the gonadoblastoma foci during the development of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sultana
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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21
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Coto E, Toral JF, Menéndez MJ, Hernando I, Plasencia A, Benavides A, López-Larrea C. PCR-based study of the presence of Y-chromosome sequences in patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1995; 57:393-6. [PMID: 7677140 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The presence of Y chromosome sequences in Ullrich-Turner syndrome (UTS) patients has been suggested in previous work. Karyotype analysis estimated at about 60% of patients with a 45, X constitution and molecular analysis (Southern blot analysis with several Y chromosome probes and PCR of specific sequences) identified the presence of Y chromosome material in about 40% of 45, X patients. We have developed a very sensitive, PCR-based method to detect Y specific sequences in DNA from UTS patients. This protocol permits the detection of a single cell carrying a Y sequence among 10(5) Y-negative cells. We studied 18 UTS patients with 4 Y-specific sequences. In 11 patients we detected a positive amplification for at least one Y sequence. The existence of a simple and sensitive method for the detection of Y sequences has important implications for UTS patients, in view of the risk for some of the females carrying Y-chromosome material of developing gonadoblastoma and virilization. Additionally, some of the UTS associated phenotypes, such as renal anomalies, could be correlated with the presence of Y chromosome specific sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Coto
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular (Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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22
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Tuck-Muller CM, Chen H, Martínez JE, Shen CC, Li S, Kusyk C, Batista DA, Bhatnagar YM, Dowling E, Wertelecki W. Isodicentric Y chromosome: cytogenetic, molecular and clinical studies and review of the literature. Hum Genet 1995; 96:119-29. [PMID: 7607645 DOI: 10.1007/bf00214200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Dicentrics are among the most common structural abnormalities of the human Y chromosome. Predicting the phenotypic consequences of different duplications and deletions of dicentric Y chromosomes is usually complicated by varying degrees of mosaicism (45,X cell lines), which may, in some cases, remain undetected. Molecular studies in patients with dicentric Y chromosomes have been few, and only two studies have attempted to determine the presence of SRY (the putative testis-determining factor gene). We report an 18-year-old female with short stature, amenorrhea, hirsutism, hypoplastic labia minora, and clitoromegaly who has a 45,X/46,X,idic(Y)(p11.32)/47,X,idic(Y)(p11.32),idic(Y) (p11.32) karyotype. Southern analysis using Y-specific probes (Y97, 2D6, 1F5, pY3.4) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using primers for ZFY and SRY were positive for all loci tested, indicating that almost all of the Y chromosome was present. Our findings and an extensive review of the literature emphasize the importance of molecular analyses of abnormal Y chromosomes before any general conclusions can be reached concerning the relative effects of the Y-chromosome abnormality and mosaicism on sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Tuck-Muller
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of South Alabama, Mobile 36688, USA
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23
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Salo P, Kääriäinen H, Page DC, de la Chapelle A. Deletion mapping of stature determinants on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Hum Genet 1995; 95:283-6. [PMID: 7868119 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A gene contributing to human growth has previously been tentatively mapped to the long arm of the Y chromosome. In the present study, recently developed sequence-tagged site markers covering the entire Y chromosome were used to define deletion breakpoints in 15 males with partial deletions of Yq. By correlating the height of these individuals with their deletion breakpoints, we located a region whose presence or absence has a marked effect on stature. This critical region comprises the most proximal portion of the long arm, extending from marker sY78 in interval 4B to marker sY94 in interval 5G of the proximal long arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Salo
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Barbosa AS, Ferraz-Costa TE, Semer M, Liberman B, Moreira-Filho CA. XY gonadal dysgenesis and gonadoblastoma: a study in two sisters with a cryptic deletion of the Y chromosome involving the SRY gene. Hum Genet 1995; 95:63-6. [PMID: 7814028 DOI: 10.1007/bf00225076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a case of XY gonadal dysgenesis in two sisters. Both patients presented an eunochoid female phenotype with normal external genitalia. At laparotomy, the elder sister was found to have bilateral gonadoblastoma. Cytogenetic studies, which included G and C banding and in situ hybridization, showed that the patients had an apparently normal 46, XY karyotype. PCR analyses revealed absence of the conserved portion (HMG box) of the SRY gene and of the Y chromosome pseudoautosomal boundary region sequence in both patients. The presence of the ZFY sequence was detected by Southern hybridization in the two affected sisters. The patients' father (46, XY, no mosaicism detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes) was positive for SRY and ZFY sequences. The occurrence of gonadoblastoma is discussed in terms of the genetic factors that may lead to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Barbosa
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Kuznetzova T, Baranov A, Ivaschenko T, Savitsky GA, Lanceva OE, Wang MR, Giollant M, Malet P, Kascheeva T, Vakharlovsky V. X;Y translocation in a girl with short stature and some features of Turner's syndrome: cytogenetic and molecular studies. J Med Genet 1994; 31:649-51. [PMID: 7815426 PMCID: PMC1050031 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.31.8.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 13 year old girl referred for chromosome analysis because of disproportionate short stature (short neck, curved legs, pectus excavatum) with an initial clinical diagnosis of Turner's syndrome was found to have the karyotype 46,X, + der(X) in 100% of her blood lymphocytes. By means of conventional differential staining (QFH/AcD, FPG, and RBA banding) supplemented with distamycin A treatment, the karyotype of the proband was interpreted as 46,X,t(X;Y) (p22.3;q11). The rearranged marker X chromosome was found to be active in 91% of lymphocytes studied. PCR analysis with Y chromosome specific oligoprimers showed the presence of some Y chromosome long arm DNA in both lymphocyte and gonadal tissue biopsy cells. At laparoscopy the patient was found to have small gonads with a rudimentary uterus and fallopian tubes. Histological examination of gonadal tissue showed primary follicles with dystrophic changes of the germ cells and numerous follicular cysts (polycystic ovaries). The proband's phenotype and its correlation with the genetic imbalance of the rearranged X chromosomes, as well as with non-random t(X;Y) chromosome inactivation, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuznetzova
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg
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26
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27
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Tyler-Smith C, Oakey RJ, Larin Z, Fisher RB, Crocker M, Affara NA, Ferguson-Smith MA, Muenke M, Zuffardi O, Jobling MA. Localization of DNA sequences required for human centromere function through an analysis of rearranged Y chromosomes. Nat Genet 1993; 5:368-75. [PMID: 8298645 DOI: 10.1038/ng1293-368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have localized the DNA sequences required for mitotic centromere function on the human Y chromosome. Analysis of 33 rearranged Y chromosomes allowed the centromere to be placed in interval 8 of a 24-interval deletion map. Although this interval is polymorphic in size, it can be as small as approximately 500kb. It contains alphoid satellite DNA and approximately 300kb of adjacent Yp sequences. Chromosomes with rearrangements in this region were analysed in detail. Two translocation chromosomes and one monocentric isochromosome had breakpoints within the alphoid array. Of 12 suppressed Y centromeres on translocation chromosomes and dicentric isochromosomes that were also analysed two showed deletions one of which only removed alphoid DNA. These results indicate that alphoid DNA is a functional part of the Y chromosome centromere.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tyler-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK
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