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Jerath NU. Mild Late-Onset Sensory Neuropathy Associated with Heterozygous Missense GDAP1 Variants. Case Rep Med 2022; 2022:7492077. [PMID: 35656516 PMCID: PMC9155904 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7492077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the clinical and electrophysiological findings of four subjects with a pathogenic heterozygous GDAP1 variant causing Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2K (CMT2K) and one additional subject with an uncertain GDAP1 variant and clinical findings of CMT 2K. The study evaluated these five subjects using clinical, laboratory, electrophysiological, and genetic testing. The findings showed that clinical features demonstrated no pes cavus, no significant weakness in the hands or feet, normal reflexes in four out of the five subjects, and mild to normal electrodiagnostic findings. The variant was associated with painful and numb feet with diminished sensation to pinprick. This study suggests that GDAP1 variants may be associated with very mild, predominantly sensory Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, warranting continuing research for this type of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita U. Jerath
- AdventHealth Neuroscience Institute, 1573 West Fairbanks Avenue, Suite 210 Winter Park, Orlando, FL, USA
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2
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Megarbane A, Bizzari S, Deepthi A, Sabbagh S, Mansour H, Chouery E, Hmaimess G, Jabbour R, Mehawej C, Alame S, Hani A, Hasbini D, Ghanem I, Koussa S, Al-Ali MT, Obeid M, Talea DB, Lefranc G, Levy N, Leturcq F, El Hayek S, Delague V, Urtizberea A. A 20-year Clinical and Genetic Neuromuscular Cohort Analysis in Lebanon: An International Effort. J Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 9:193-210. [PMID: 34602496 PMCID: PMC8842757 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-210652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and molecular data on the occurrence and frequency of inherited neuromuscular disorders (NMD) in the Lebanese population is scarce. OBJECTIVE This study aims to provide a retrospective overview of hereditary NMDs based on our clinical consultations in Lebanon. METHODS Clinical and molecular data of patients referred to a multi-disciplinary consultation for neuromuscular disorders over a 20-year period (1999-2019) was reviewed. RESULTS A total of 506 patients were diagnosed with 62 different disorders encompassing 10 classes of NMDs. 103 variants in 49 genes were identified. In this cohort, 81.4%of patients were diagnosed with motor neuron diseases and muscular dystrophies, with almost half of these described with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) (40.3%of patients). We estimate a high SMA incidence of 1 in 7,500 births in Lebanon. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy were the second most frequently diagnosed NMDs (17%of patients). The latter disorders were associated with the highest number of variants (39) identified in this study. A highly heterogeneous presentation of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease was notably identified. The least common disorders (5.5%of patients) involved congenital, metabolic, and mitochondrial myopathies, congenital myasthenic syndromes, and myotonic dystrophies. A review of the literature for selected NMDs in Lebanon is provided. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates a high prevalence and underreporting of heterogeneous forms of NMDs in Lebanon- a major challenge with many novel NMD treatments in the pipeline. This report calls for a regional NMD patient registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Megarbane
- Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Mary Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.,Institut Jérôme Lejeune, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Sandra Sabbagh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hôtel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hicham Mansour
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint George Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Eliane Chouery
- Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Mary Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan Hmaimess
- Department of Pediatrics, Saint George Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rosette Jabbour
- Department of Neurology, Saint George Hospital, Balamand University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cybel Mehawej
- Department of Human Genetics, Gilbert and Rose-Mary Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Saada Alame
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abeer Hani
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Gilbert and Rose-Mary Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Dana Hasbini
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Rafic Hariri University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ismat Ghanem
- Department of Orthopedics, Hotel Dieu de France Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Salam Koussa
- Department of Neurology, Geitaoui Lebanese University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Marc Obeid
- Genetic laboratory, American University of Science and Technology, Lebanon
| | - Diana Bou Talea
- Genetic laboratory, American University of Science and Technology, Lebanon
| | - Gerard Lefranc
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UMR 9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Levy
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, MMG, U 1251, Marseille, France
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3
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Wu R, Lv H, Wang H, Wang Z, Yuan Y. The Pathological Features of Common Hereditary Mitochondrial Dynamics Neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:705277. [PMID: 34366782 PMCID: PMC8341155 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.705277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mitofusin 2 and ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 are two main mitochondrial dynamics-related proteins. Dysfunction of these two proteins leads to different subtypes of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2A (CMT2A) and CMT2K. This study aims to report the pathological difference between CMT2A and CMT2K in a large cohort. Methods Thirty patients with molecularly confirmed CMT2A and nine with CMT2K were identified by next-generation sequencing. Sural nerve biopsies were performed in 29 patients. Results The patients with both diseases showed length-dependent neuropathy with distal weakness, sensory loss, and no deep tendon reflex. Optic neuropathy appeared in 3/30 (10%) patients with CMT2A. Tendon contracture appeared in 4/9 (50.0%) patients with CMT2K. Sural biopsy revealed the loss of both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Closely packed, irregularly oriented neurofilaments were observed in axons of unmyelinated nerve fibers in both diseases. Another important finding was the ubiquitous presence of smaller, rounded, and fragmented mitochondria in CMT2A and elongated mitochondria in CMT2K in the myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Conclusion This study confirmed large diversity in phenotypes between CMT2A and CMT2K. Mitochondrial dynamics-related variations can induce different mitochondrial morphological changes and neurofilament accumulation in axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - He Lv
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Pakhrin PS, Xie Y, Hu Z, Li X, Liu L, Huang S, Wang B, Yang Z, Zhang J, Liu X, Xia K, Tang B, Zhang R. Genotype–phenotype correlation and frequency of distribution in a cohort of Chinese Charcot–Marie–Tooth patients associated with GDAP1 mutations. J Neurol 2018; 265:637-646. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Rzepnikowska W, Kochański A. A role for the GDAP1 gene in the molecular pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Zorzano A, Claret M. Implications of mitochondrial dynamics on neurodegeneration and on hypothalamic dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:101. [PMID: 26113818 PMCID: PMC4461829 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dynamics is a term that encompasses the movement of mitochondria along the cytoskeleton, regulation of their architecture, and connectivity mediated by tethering and fusion/fission. The importance of these events in cell physiology and pathology has been partially unraveled with the identification of the genes responsible for the catalysis of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mutations in two mitochondrial fusion genes (MFN2 and OPA1) cause neurodegenerative diseases, namely Charcot-Marie Tooth type 2A and autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). Alterations in mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in the pathophysiology of prevalent neurodegenerative conditions. Moreover, impairment of the activity of mitochondrial fusion proteins dysregulates the function of hypothalamic neurons, leading to alterations in food intake and in energy homeostasis. Here we review selected findings in the field of mitochondrial dynamics and their relevance for neurodegeneration and hypothalamic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zorzano
- Molecular Medicine Program, Institute of Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Spain ; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain ; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Claret
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Barcelona, Spain ; Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Pareyson D, Saveri P, Sagnelli A, Piscosquito G. Mitochondrial dynamics and inherited peripheral nerve diseases. Neurosci Lett 2015; 596:66-77. [PMID: 25847151 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves have peculiar energetic requirements because of considerable length of axons and therefore correct mitochondria functioning and distribution along nerves is fundamental. Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the continuous change in size, shape, and position of mitochondria within cells. Abnormalities of mitochondrial dynamics produced by mutations in proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion (mitofusin-2, MFN2), fission (ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein-1, GDAP1), and mitochondrial axonal transport usually present with a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) phenotype. MFN2 mutations cause CMT type 2A by altering mitochondrial fusion and trafficking along the axonal microtubule system. CMT2A is an axonal autosomal dominant CMT type which in most cases is characterized by early onset and rather severe course. GDAP1 mutations also alter fission, fusion and transport of mitochondria and are associated either with recessive demyelinating (CMT4A) and axonal CMT (AR-CMT2K) and, less commonly, with dominant, milder, axonal CMT (CMT2K). OPA1 (Optic Atrophy-1) is involved in fusion of mitochondrial inner membrane, and its heterozygous mutations lead to early-onset and progressive dominant optic atrophy which may be complicated by other neurological symptoms including peripheral neuropathy. Mutations in several proteins fundamental for the axonal transport or forming the axonal cytoskeleton result in peripheral neuropathy, i.e., CMT, distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN), as well as in hereditary spastic paraplegia. Indeed, mitochondrial transport involves directly or indirectly components of the kinesin superfamily (KIF5A, KIF1A, KIF1B), responsible of anterograde transport, and of the dynein complex and related proteins (DYNC1H1, dynactin, dynamin-2), implicated in retrograde flow. Microtubules, neurofilaments, and chaperones such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) also have a fundamental role in mitochondrial transport and mutations in some of related encoding genes cause peripheral neuropathy (TUBB3, NEFL, HSPB1, HSPB8, HSPB3, DNAJB2). In this review, we address the abnormalities in mitochondrial dynamics and their role in determining CMT disease and related neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Saveri
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnelli
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Piscosquito
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences - IRCCS Foundation, "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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8
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Tazir M, Bellatache M, Nouioua S, Vallat JM. Autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: from genes to phenotypes. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2013; 18:113-29. [DOI: 10.1111/jns5.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Tazir
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Mounia Bellatache
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Sonia Nouioua
- Service de Neurologie; University Hospital Mustapha Bacha; Alger Algeria
- Laboratoire de NeuroSciences; Université d'Alger 1; Alger Algeria
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Centre de Référence ⟨Neuropathies Périphériques Rares⟩, Service et Laboratoire de Neurologie; University Hospital; Limoges France
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9
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Abstract
The prenatal and infantile neuropathies are an uncommon and complex group of conditions, most of which are genetic. Despite advances in diagnostic techniques, approximately half of children presenting in infancy remain without a specific diagnosis. This review focuses on inherited demyelinating neuropathies presenting in the first year of life. We clarify the nomenclature used in these disorders, review the clinical features of demyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with early onset, and discuss the demyelinating infantile neuropathies associated with central nervous system involvement. Useful clinical, neurophysiologic, and neuropathologic features in the diagnostic work-up of these conditions are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eppie M Yiu
- Children's Neuroscience Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Fusco C, Ucchino V, Barbon G, Bonini E, Mostacciuolo ML, Frattini D, Pisani F, Giustina ED. The homozygous ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 mutation c.373C > T causes a very early-onset neuropathy: case report and literature review. J Child Neurol 2011; 26:49-57. [PMID: 21212451 DOI: 10.1177/0883073810373142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene may cause severe early-onset inherited neuropathies. Here, the authors report a clinical and neurophysiological follow-up of a Pakistani child with a very early-onset neuropathy carrying a novel homozygous mutation in the GDAP1gene. They discuss the relationship between the several forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease presenting in the first months of life and focus on the literature of GDAP1-associated early-onset neuropathy. This case further expands on the clinical spectrum and the genetic heterogeneity of early-onset inherited neuropathy due to GDAP1 gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Fusco
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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11
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Cassereau J, Chevrollier A, Gueguen N, Desquiret V, Verny C, Nicolas G, Dubas F, Amati-Bonneau P, Reynier P, Bonneau D, Procaccio V. Mitochondrial dysfunction and pathophysiology of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease involving GDAP1 mutations. Exp Neurol 2011; 227:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Moroni I, Morbin M, Milani M, Ciano C, Bugiani M, Pagliano E, Cavallaro T, Pareyson D, Taroni F. Novel mutations in the GDAP1 gene in patients affected with early-onset axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A. Neuromuscul Disord 2009; 19:476-80. [PMID: 19500985 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We report a detailed study of eight patients from four Italian families presenting with autosomal recessive axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (AR-CMT2), characterized by early-onset and progressive severe weakness of all limbs. Vocal cord paresis was present in two cases. Sural nerve biopsy performed in three patients showed a severe neuropathy characterized by a predominant axonal involvement. Five novel mutations (p.Gln99stop, p.Gln122Lys, p.Arg125stop, p.Val219Asp, p.Asn297Lys) and one previously reported mutation (p.Leu239Phe) were identified in GDAP1 gene. GDAP1 mutations should be considered both in recessive and sporadic cases of early-onset axonal CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Moroni
- Division of Child Neurology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, via Celoria 11, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Novel GDAP1 Mutation in a Turkish Family with CMT2K (CMT2K with Novel GDAP1 Mutation). Neuromolecular Med 2009; 11:106-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-009-8062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Birouk N. [Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]. Presse Med 2009; 38:200-9. [PMID: 19135335 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as peroneal muscular atrophy or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, is among the most frequent hereditary disorders of the nervous system. The relatively homogeneous clinical phenotype involves mainly progressive weakness and wasting of distal muscles; it starts and predominates in the peroneal muscles. Electrophysiological and pathology data distinguish two principal forms of CMT: demyelinating and axonal. More than 20 distinct genetic subtypes have been identified to date and other new loci and genes remain to be discovered, thus demonstrating wide genetic heterogeneity and a number of different pathophysiological mechanisms. The classification of these different forms is based on both the mode of inheritance--autosomal dominant, recessive or X-linked--and the neuropathy type--demyelinating or axonal or "intermediate". The principal dominant forms are CMT1A, due to a duplication or point mutation in the PMP22 gene, and CMTX, due to mutations in the connexin 32 gene. Autosomal recessive forms are more frequent in North Africa. The most common involve mutations of GDAP1 or lamin A/C and generally lead to more severe phenotypes than the dominant forms. The great genetic heterogeneity necessitates a strategy for genetic diagnosis. It is based in part on the classification of the different genetic forms and in part on the phenotypic particularities and the frequency of the responsible genes in the population under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazha Birouk
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital des Spécialités, Rabat-Instituts, Maroc.
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15
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The role of mitochondrial network dynamics in the pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 652:129-37. [PMID: 20225023 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2813-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a relevant role in the pathogenesis of neurological and neuromuscular diseases. Mitochondria may be involved as a primary defect of either the mtDNA or nuclear genome encoded subunits of the respiratory chain. These organelles have also been directly involved in the pathogenesis of Mendelian neurodegenerative disorders caused by mutations in nuclear-encoded proteins targeted to mitochondria, such as Friedreich ataxia, hereditary spastic paraplegia, or some monogenic forms of Parkinson disease. In addition, mitochondria also participate in the pathogenic mechanisms affecting neurodegenerative disorders such Huntington disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cell death in neurodegeneration associated with neurological diseases usually occurs by apoptosis being the most common route the intrinsic mitochondria pathway. Along with regulation of apoptosis, mitochondria also modulate cell pathogenesis by means of energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and calcium buffering. Mitochondria form dynamic tubular networks that continually change their shape and move throughout the cell. Here we review the critical role of mitochondria in monogenic neuromuscular disorders, especially inherited peripheral neuropathies caused by abnormal mitochondrial network dynamics. In yeast, at least three proteins are required for mitochondrial fusion, Fzo1, Ugo1 and Mgm1. The human counterparts of Fzo1p and Mgm1p, MFN1/MFN2 and OPA1 respectively, are related to human disease. Mutations in the MFN2 gene cause the most frequent form of autosomal dominant axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMT2A. Mutations in OPA1 cause autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA). For the opposite process of mitochondrial fission, four proteins are at least involved in yeast. Very recently a mutation in the DRP1 gene (the human homologue of yeast Dnm1) has been reported in an infant with a syndrome with encephalopathy, optic atrophy and lactic acidosis. GDAP1 has been recently related to the mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells and, interestingly, mutations in the GDAP1 gene are the cause of the most common form of autosomal recessive CMT, either axonal or demyelinating. These and other disorders are the most recent instances of disease related with mitochondrial abnormal motility, fusion and fission. We propose that the pathomechanisms underlying these disorders also include a complex relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and transport across the axon.
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16
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Pedrola L, Espert A, Valdés-Sánchez T, Sánchez-Piris M, Sirkowski EE, Scherer SS, Fariñas I, Palau F. Cell expression of GDAP1 in the nervous system and pathogenesis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A disease. J Cell Mol Med 2007; 12:679-89. [PMID: 18021315 PMCID: PMC2570022 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the mitochondrial protein GDAP1 are the cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4A disease (CMT4A), a severe form of peripheral neuropathy associated with either demyelinating, axonal or intermediate pheno-types. GDAP1 is located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and it seems that may be related with the mitochondrial network dynamics. We are interested to define cell expression in the nervous system and the effect of mutations in mitochondrial morphology and pathogenesis of the disease. We investigated GDAP1 expression in the nervous system and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neuron cultures. GDAP1 is expressed in motor and sensory neurons of the spinal cord and other large neurons such as cerebellar Purkinje neurons, hippocampal pyramidal neurons, mitral neurons of the olfactory bulb and cortical pyramidal neurons. The lack of GDAP1 staining in the white matter and nerve roots suggested that glial cells do not express GDAP1. In DRG cultures satellite cells and Schwann cells were GDAP1-negative. Overexpression of GDAP1-induced fragmentation of mitochondria suggesting a role of GDAP1 in the fission pathway of the mitochondrial dynamics. Missense mutations showed two different patterns: most of them induced mitochondrial fragmentation but the T157P mutation showed an aggregation pattern. Whereas null mutations of GDAP1 should be associated with loss of function of the protein, missense mutations may act through different pathogenic mechanisms including a dominant-negative effect, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms may underlay the pathogenesis of CMT4A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Pedrola
- Department of Genomics and Proteomics, Instituto de Biomedicina, CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Georgiou DM, Nicolaou P, Chitayat D, Koutsou P, Babul-Hirji R, Vajsar J, Murphy J, Christodoulou K. A novel GDAP1 mutation 439delA is associated with autosomal recessive CMT disease. Can J Neurol Sci 2007; 33:311-6. [PMID: 17001820 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common form of inherited motor and sensory neuropathy. Based on neurophysiological and neuropathological criteria CMT has been sub-classified into two main types: demyelinating and axonal. Furthermore, it is genetically heterogeneous with autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked modes of inheritance. Thus far, seven genes have been identified in association with the demyelinating AR-CMT disease. We hereby report our clinical and molecular genetic findings in a consanguineous family with AR-CMT. METHODS Two young sisters with AR-CMT and other non-affected family members were clinically and electrophysiologically evaluated and then molecular genetic investigation was carried out in order to identify the pathogenic mutation. RESULTS Following an initial indication for linkage of the family to the CMT4A locus on chromosome 8, we sequenced the Ganglioside-induced differentiation-associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene and identified a single nucleotide deletion in exon 3 that is associated with AR-CMT in the family. CONCLUSIONS We identified a novel GDAP1 439delA mutation that is associated with AR-CMT in a consanguineous family of Iranian descent with two affected young girls and a history in other members of the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domna-Maria Georgiou
- Molecular Genetics Department D, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Baránková L, Vyhnálková E, Züchner S, Mazanec R, Sakmaryová I, Vondrácek P, Merlini L, Bojar M, Nelis E, De Jonghe P, Seeman P. GDAP1 mutations in Czech families with early-onset CMT. Neuromuscul Disord 2007; 17:482-9. [PMID: 17433678 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2006] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ganglioside-induced differentiation associated protein-1 gene (GDAP1) cause autosomal recessive (AR) demyelinating or axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMT). In order to establish the spectrum and frequency of GDAP1 mutations in Czech population, we sequenced GDAP1 in 74 Czech patients from 69 unrelated families with early-onset demyelinating or axonal CMT compatible with AR inheritance. We identified three isolated patients with GDAP1 mutations in both alleles. In one additional sporadic and one familial case, the second pathogenic mutation remained unknown. Overall, we detected two different mutations, a novel R191X nonsense and a L239F missense mutation. L239F previously described in a German-Italian family is a prevalent mutation in Czech population and we give evidence for its common ancestral origin. All Czech GDAP1 patients developed involvement of all four limbs evident by the end of second decade, except for one isolated patient showing very slow disease progression. All patients displayed axonal type of neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baránková
- Department of Neurology, 2nd School of Medicine, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Bernard R, De Sandre-Giovannoli A, Delague V, Lévy N. Molecular genetics of autosomal-recessive axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies. Neuromolecular Med 2007; 8:87-106. [PMID: 16775369 DOI: 10.1385/nmm:8:1-2:87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2005] [Revised: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal-recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (ARCMT) account for less than 10% of the families with CMT. On the other hand, in countries with a high prevalence of consanguinity this mode of inheritance accounts, likely, for the vast majority of CMT phenotypes. Like dominant forms, autosomal-recessive forms are generally subdivided into demyelinating forms (autosomal-recessive CMT1: ARCMT1 or CMT4) and axonal forms (ARCMT2). Until now, demyelinating ARCMT were more extensively studied at the genetic level than the axonal forms. Although the latter are undoubtedly the rarest forms among the heterogeneous group of CMT, three distinct forms have been genetically mapped and recent studies in the past 4 yr provided evidence that their respective causing genes have been characterized. Indeed, gene defects in encoding A-type lamins (LMNA), encoding Ganglioside-induced Differentiation-Associated Protein-1 (GDAP1) and encoding the mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription, subunit 25 homolog (MED25) have been identified in ARCMT2 subtypes. Given the clinical, electrophysiological and histological heterogeneity of CMT2, it is likely that unreported forms of ARCMT2, related to novel genes, remain to be discovered, leading to an even more complex classification. However, our goal in this review is to provide the reader with a clear view on the known genes and mechanisms involved in ARCMT2 and their associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaëlle Bernard
- Departement de Genetique Medicale Hopital d'enfants de la Timone, Marseille, France
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Vallat JM, Tazir M, Magdelaine C, Sturtz F, Grid D. Autosomal-Recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth Diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:363-70. [PMID: 15892292 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/64.5.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In certain countries around the Mediterranean basin such as Algeria, which have a high prevalence of consanguineous marriages, autosomal-recessive (AR) inheritance may account for more than 50% of all forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Like with the dominant forms, it is usual to differentiate the demyelinating forms (CMT 4 corresponding to autosomal-recessive CMT 1 [AR-CMT 1] from the axonal forms [AR-CMT 2]). Genetic analysis of large families with recessive transmission has uncovered novel CMT genotypes (genes: GDAP 1, MTMR 2, MTMR 13, KIAA1985, NDGR1, periaxi, lamin). The clinical and especially the histologic phenotypes often indicate that a specific gene is implicated. We present and discuss microscopic lesions seen on nerve biopsies from patients in a number of consanguineous Algerian families, and we outline the characteristic lesions that would prompt a search for mutations in genes such as MTMR 2, MTMR 13, KIAA1985, periaxin for CMT 4, and lamin for AR-CMT 2. Like with the dominant forms, there are undoubtedly many more mutations of other genes to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Vallat
- Neurology Department, University Hospital, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France.
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Vallat JM, Grid D, Magdelaine C, Sturtz F, Tazir M. Autosomal recessive forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2004; 4:413-9. [PMID: 15324608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
In some countries with a high prevalence of consanguineous marriages, autosomal recessive inheritance is likely to account for the great majority of all forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. As with the dominant forms, it is usual to differentiate the demyelinating forms (autosomal recessive -CMT1 or AR-CMT4) from the axonal forms (AR-CMT2). Genetic analysis of large families with recessive transmission has proved to be an efficient mean of discovering novel CMT genotypes (eg, the genes GDAP1, MTMR2, MTMR13, KIAA1985, NDGR1, periaxin, and lamin). Because of the clinical, electrophysiologic, and histologic heterogeneity of these patients, it is likely that there are numerous genes that remain to be discovered, which will probably make classification even more complex. Clinical, and especially histologic, phenotypes often lead to a suspicion that a specific gene is implicated. There is, therefore, an indication for nerve biopsy to orient diagnostic research in molecular biology, which is presently very time consuming and can only be performed in highly specialized laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Vallat
- Service de Neurologie, CHU Dupuytren, 2 Avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France.
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