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Grandjean A, Suarez I, Da Fonseca D, Casini L. Dissociable effects of positive feedback on the capture and inhibition of impulsive behavior in adolescents with ADHD versus typically developing adolescents. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:543-568. [PMID: 35980108 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated how enhancing motivation by delivering positive feedback (a smiley) after a successful trial could affect interference control in adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in their typically developing (TD) peers. By using a Simon task within the theoretical framework of the "activation-suppression" model, we were able to separately investigate the expression and the inhibition of impulsive motor behavior. The experiment included 19 adolescents with ADHD and 20 TD adolescents in order to explore whether data found in adolescents with ADHD were similar to those found in TD adolescents. Participants performed the Simon task in two conditions: a condition with feedback delivered after each successful trial and a condition with no feedback. The main findings were that increasing motivation by delivering positive feedback increased impulsive response in both groups of adolescents. It also improved the efficiency of impulsive motor action inhibition in adolescents with ADHD but deteriorated it in TD adolescents. We suggest that 1/increased motivation could lead adolescents to favor fast responses even if incorrect, and 2/the differential effect of feedback on the selective suppression of impulsive motor action in both groups could be due to different baseline DA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Grandjean
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Isabel Suarez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Norte, Baranquilla, Colombia
| | - David Da Fonseca
- Service de psychiatrie infanto-juvénile, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Casini
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
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2
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Heß T, Oehlwein C, Milani TL. Anticipatory Postural Adjustments and Compensatory Postural Responses to Multidirectional Perturbations-Effects of Medication and Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030454. [PMID: 36979264 PMCID: PMC10046463 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postural instability is one of the most restricting motor symptoms for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). While medication therapy only shows minor effects, it is still unclear whether medication in conjunction with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) improves postural stability. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate whether PD patients treated with medication in conjunction with STN-DBS have superior postural control compared to patients treated with medication alone. METHODS Three study groups were tested: PD patients on medication (PD-MED), PD patients on medication and on STN-DBS (PD-MED-DBS), and healthy elderly subjects (HS) as a reference. Postural performance, including anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) prior to perturbation onset and compensatory postural responses (CPR) following multidirectional horizontal perturbations, was analyzed using force plate and electromyography data. RESULTS Regardless of the treatment condition, both patient groups showed inadequate APA and CPR with early and pronounced antagonistic muscle co-contractions compared to healthy elderly subjects. Comparing the treatment conditions, study group PD-MED-DBS only showed minor advantages over group PD-MED. In particular, group PD-MED-DBS showed faster postural reflexes and tended to have more physiological co-contraction ratios. CONCLUSION medication in conjunction with STN-DBS may have positive effects on the timing and amplitude of postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heß
- Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Christian Oehlwein
- Neurological Outpatient Clinic for Parkinson Disease and Deep Brain Stimulation, 07551 Gera, Germany
| | - Thomas L Milani
- Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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3
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Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Klawe JJ, Tafil-Klawe M, Bejtka M, Rzepiński Ł, Cieślicka M. Cognitive Function and Postural Control Strategies in Relation to Disease Progression in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912694. [PMID: 36231994 PMCID: PMC9566250 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study assessed the influence of performing an additional cognitive task on center of pressure (COP) displacement in the early and advanced stages of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to age-matched healthy controls (HCs). METHODS The study included 40 HCs and 62 patients with PD: early PD (n = 38) and advanced PD (n = 24). COP parameters were determined by static posturography during quiet standing with open eyes (ST, single task) and simultaneous performance of a cognitive task (DT, dual task). Cognitive functioning was examined with a Mini Mental State Examination, number-counting-backward test, and number of enunciated words during DT. RESULTS In the advanced-PD group, DT significantly reduced the sway radius (p = 0.009), area of stabilogram (p = 0.034), medio-lateral length (p = 0.027), and velocity (p = 0.033) compared to ST. In HCs, DT showed a significant increase in the sway radius (p = 0.006), total length (p = 0.039), sway velocity (p = 0.037), anterior-posterior length, and sway velocity. Both PD groups showed worse cognitive performance compared to HCs. CONCLUSIONS Both early and advanced patients with PD showed significant delay in cognitive performance associated with executive function compared to the HCs. During additional cognitive tasks, patients with advanced stages of PD may reduce stabilographic parameters in medio-lateral direction, and this is probably an adaptive strategy to restore balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jacek J. Klawe
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Ergonomy and Postgraduate Education, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tafil-Klawe
- Department of Human Physiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Bejtka
- Department of Human Physiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Rzepiński
- Department of Neurology, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, 85-681 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Sanitas-Neurology Outpatient Clinic, Dworcowa 110, 85-010 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Cieślicka
- Department of Human Physiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Frank A, Bendig J, Finkbeiner S, Hähnel T, Schnalke N, Feige T, Reichmann H, Falkenburger BH. Development and Validation of a Fall Questionnaire for Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:900-908. [PMID: 36247908 PMCID: PMC9547135 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Parkinson's disease, postural instability and falls are of particular socioeconomic relevance. Although effective fall prevention and the prophylaxis of fall‐related injuries depend on low‐threshold symptom monitoring, validated instruments are lacking. Objectives To develop a self‐report questionnaire for the assessment of falls, near falls, fear of falling, fall‐related injuries, and causes of falls for patients with Parkinson's disease (PwPD). Methods A pool of potential items was generated from a literature review and by discussion in an expert panel. The first version of the Dresden Fall Questionnaire (DREFAQ) was tested in a group of German‐speaking movement disorder specialists as well as PwPD. The resulting 5‐item questionnaire was assessed in a validation cohort of 36 PwPD who documented fall events and near‐fall events in a calendar for 3 months and completed the DREFAQ at the end of the study. The questionnaire was subsequently used in a separate cohort of 46 PwPD to determine test–retest reliability and confirm the factor structure. Results The DREFAQ showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84) and good test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.76; 95% confidence interval, 0.60–0.86). The total DREFAQ score showed good concurrent validity with fall events (Spearman's ρ = 0.82) and near‐fall events (Spearman's ρ = 0.78) as determined by fall and near‐fall diaries. Factor analysis revealed a 2‐factor structure composed of near falls with fear of falling and severe falls with injuries. Conclusions The DREFAQ is a reliable and valid 5‐item questionnaire for determining the incidence of falls, near falls, fear of falling, fall‐related injuries, and causes of falls in PwPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Frank
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Jonas Bendig
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Sophia Finkbeiner
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Tom Hähnel
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Nils Schnalke
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Tim Feige
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Björn H. Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden 01307 Dresden Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) 01307 Dresden Germany
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Zhu J, Zeng Q, Shi Q, Li J, Dong S, Lai C, Cheng G. Altered Brain Functional Network in Subtypes of Parkinson's Disease: A Dynamic Perspective. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:710735. [PMID: 34557085 PMCID: PMC8452898 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.710735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a highly heterogeneous disease, especially in the clinical characteristics and prognosis. The PD is divided into two subgroups: tremor-dominant phenotype and non-tremor-dominant phenotype. Previous studies reported abnormal changes between the two PD phenotypes by using the static functional connectivity analysis. However, the dynamic properties of brain networks between the two PD phenotypes are not yet clear. Therefore, we aimed to uncover the dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) between the two PD phenotypes at the subnetwork level, focusing on the temporal properties of dFNC and the variability of network efficiency. Methods: We investigated the resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) data from 29 tremor-dominant PD patients (PDTD), 25 non-tremor-dominant PD patients (PDNTD), and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Sliding window approach, k-means clustering, independent component analysis (ICA), and graph theory analysis were applied to analyze the dFNC. Furthermore, the relationship between alterations in the dynamic properties and clinical features was assessed. Results: The dFNC analyses identified four reoccurring states, one of them showing sparse connections (state I). PDTD patients stayed longer time in state I and showed increased FNC between BG and vSMN in state IV. Both PD phenotypes exhibited higher FNC between dSMN and FPN in state II and state III compared with the controls. PDNTD patients showed decreased FNC between BG and FPN but increased FNC in the bilateral FPN compared with both PDTD patients and controls. In addition, PDNTD patients exhibited greater variability in global network efficiency. Tremor scores were positively correlated with dwell time in state I along with increased FNC between BG and vSMN in state IV. Conclusions: This study explores the dFNC between the PDTD and PDNTD patients, which offers new evidence on the abnormal time-varying brain functional connectivity and their network destruction of the two PD phenotypes, and may help better understand the neural substrates underlying different types of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlan Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiaoling Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiao Shi
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuwen Dong
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Lai
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guanxun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Grandjean A, Suarez I, Miquée A, Da Fonseca D, Casini L. [Improvement of the impulsive control in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) after a cognitive behavioral therapy]. Encephale 2021; 48:148-154. [PMID: 33994155 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM MPH is the more often prescribed stimulant for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but it has been estimated that 30% of patients do not adequately respond or cannot tolerate it. Therefore, some other therapies are needed, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy is an intervention proposed over several sessions and aimed at modifying behavior by teaching different techniques that participants can re-use to control their symptoms. In our Institute, we used a program centered on attentional and metacognitive functions. It consists of a series of workshops performed in group at the rate of one workshop of 90minutes per week for 12 weeks. Positive effects on the behavior of adolescents with ADHD have been reported by parents and educators, but the effects of the program on specific cognitive processes have never been precisely investigated. METHOD In the present study, we evaluated the impact of the program on impulsive control in adolescents with ADHD who are known to present impaired impulsive control. Impulsive control is required each time there is a conflict between an inappropriate prepotent action and a goal-directed action. At an experimental level, impulsive control can be studied with conflict tasks, such as the Simon reaction time task. Interpreted within the theoretical framework of the so-called « Dual-process activation suppression » (DPAS) model, this task is a powerful conceptual and experimental tool to separately investigate the activation and inhibition of impulsive actions, which is almost never done in studies about impulsive control. Twenty adolescents followed the program and were tested before and at the end of the program by using dynamic analyses of performance associated with DPAS model. RESULTS The results have shown an improvement of the impulsive control after three months of cognitive behavioral therapy, and this improvement was due to both a decrease of the propensity to trigger impulsive actions and an improvement of inhibitory processes efficiency. CONCLUSION This program could be a relevant alternative to the stimulant medication, more particularly when parents are reluctant with medication or when the adolescent suffers from important side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grandjean
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, FR 3C, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - I Suarez
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, FR 3C, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - A Miquée
- Service de Psychiatrie infanto-juvénile, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France
| | - D Da Fonseca
- Service de Psychiatrie infanto-juvénile, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France
| | - L Casini
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, FR 3C, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Ruitenberg MFL, van Wouwe NC, Wylie SA, Abrahamse EL. The role of dopamine in action control: Insights from medication effects in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:158-170. [PMID: 33905788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder associated primarily with overt motor symptoms. Several studies show that PD is additionally accompanied by impairments in covert cognitive processes underlying goal-directed motor functioning (e.g., action planning, conflict adaptation, inhibition), and that dopaminergic medication may modulate these action control components. In this review we aim to leverage findings from studies in this domain to elucidate the role of dopamine (DA) in action control. A qualitative review of studies that investigated the effects of medication status (on vs. off) on action control in PD suggests a component-specific role for DA in action control, although the expression of medication effects depends on characteristics of both the patients and experimental tasks used to measure action control. We discuss these results in the light of findings from other research lines examining the role of DA in action control (e.g., animal research, pharmacology), and recommend that future studies use multi-method, within-subject approaches to model DA effects on action control across different components as well as underlying striatal pathways (ventral vs. dorsal).
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Affiliation(s)
- M F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - N C van Wouwe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - S A Wylie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - E L Abrahamse
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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8
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Grandjean A, Suarez I, Miquee A, Da Fonseca D, Casini L. Differential response to pharmacological intervention in ADHD furthers our understanding of the mechanisms of interference control. Cogn Neuropsychol 2021; 38:138-152. [PMID: 33840374 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2021.1908979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The deficit in "interference control" found in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) could be due to two distinct processes, which are not disentangled in most studies: a larger susceptibility to activating prepotent response impulses and a deficit in suppressing them. Here, we investigated the effect of 1/ADHD and 2/ methylphenidate (MPH), on these two components of interference control. We compared interference control between untreated children with ADHD, children with ADHD under MPH, and typically developing children performing a Simon task. The main findings were that 1/ children with ADHD were more susceptible to reacting impulsively and less efficient at suppressing impulsive actions, and 2/ MPH improved the selective inhibition of impulsive actions but did not modify the strength of response impulse. This work provides an example of how pharmacological interventions and selective responses to them can be used to investigate and further our understanding of cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Grandjean
- CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,CNRS, FR 3C, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Isabel Suarez
- Departamento de Psicología, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Aline Miquee
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France
| | - David Da Fonseca
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Unit, Hôpital Salvator, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Casini
- CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,CNRS, FR 3C, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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9
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van den Wildenberg WPM, van Wouwe NC, Ridderinkhof KR, Neimat JS, Elias WJ, Bashore TR, Wylie SA. Deep-brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus improves overriding motor actions in Parkinson's disease. Behav Brain Res 2021; 402:113124. [PMID: 33422595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Findings from previous research using the classic stop-signal task indicate that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays an important role in the ability to inhibit motor actions. Here we extend these findings using a stop-change task that requires voluntary action override to stop an ongoing motor response and change to an alternative response. Sixteen patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 16 healthy control participants (HC) performed the stop-change task. PD patients completed the task when deep-brain stimulation (DBS) of the STN was turned on and when it was turned off. Behavioral results indicated that going, stopping, and changing latencies were shortened significantly among PD patients during STN DBS, the former two reductions replicating findings from previous DBS studies using the classic stop-signal task. The shortened go latencies observed among PD patients fell within the control range. In contrast, stopping latencies among PD patients, although reduced significantly, continued to be significantly longer than those of the HC. Like go latencies, stop-change latencies were reduced sufficiently among PD patients for them to fall within the control range, a novel finding. In conclusion, STN DBS produced a general, but differential, improvement in the ability of PD patients to override motor actions. Going, stopping, and stop-change latencies were all shortened, but only going and stop-change latencies were normalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wery P M van den Wildenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - K Richard Ridderinkhof
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joseph S Neimat
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - W Jeffrey Elias
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Theodore R Bashore
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA
| | - Scott A Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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10
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van Nuland AJ, Helmich RC, Dirkx MF, Zach H, Toni I, Cools R, den Ouden HEM. Effects of dopamine on reinforcement learning in Parkinson's disease depend on motor phenotype. Brain 2020; 143:3422-3434. [PMID: 33147621 PMCID: PMC7719026 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is clinically defined by bradykinesia, along with rigidity and tremor. However, the severity of these motor signs is greatly variable between individuals, particularly the presence or absence of tremor. This variability in tremor relates to variation in cognitive/motivational impairment, as well as the spatial distribution of neurodegeneration in the midbrain and dopamine depletion in the striatum. Here we ask whether interindividual heterogeneity in tremor symptoms could account for the puzzlingly large variability in the effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning, a fundamental cognitive function known to rely on dopamine. Given that tremor-dominant and non-tremor Parkinson's disease patients have different dopaminergic phenotypes, we hypothesized that effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning differ between tremor-dominant and non-tremor patients. Forty-three tremor-dominant and 20 non-tremor patients with Parkinson's disease were recruited to be tested both OFF and ON dopaminergic medication (200/50 mg levodopa-benserazide), while 22 age-matched control subjects were recruited to be tested twice OFF medication. Participants performed a reinforcement learning task designed to dissociate effects on learning rate from effects on motivational choice (i.e. the tendency to 'Go/NoGo' in the face of reward/threat of punishment). In non-tremor patients, dopaminergic medication improved reward-based choice, replicating previous studies. In contrast, in tremor-dominant patients, dopaminergic medication improved learning from punishment. Formal modelling showed divergent computational effects of dopaminergic medication as a function of Parkinson's disease motor phenotype, with a modulation of motivational choice bias and learning rate in non-tremor and tremor patients, respectively. This finding establishes a novel cognitive/motivational difference between tremor and non-tremor Parkinson's disease patients, and highlights the importance of considering motor phenotype in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies J van Nuland
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Dirkx
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidemarie Zach
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Toni
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E M den Ouden
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Tsatali M, Overton PG, Vivas AB. Self-reported and experimentally induced self-disgust is heightened in Parkinson's disease: Contribution of behavioural symptoms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223663. [PMID: 31618239 PMCID: PMC6799866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with deficits in the recognition and expression of basic emotions, although self-reported levels of the self-conscious emotions shame and embarrassment are higher. However, one self-conscious emotion—self-disgust–which has been shown to have a negative impact on psychological wellbeing, has not been investigated in PD before. Here we employed self-report measures of self-conscious emotions, and an emotion induction paradigm involving images of the self, and narrated personal vignettes of instances when patients with PD (and controls) found themselves disgusting. We found that self-reported and induced levels of self-disgust were higher in PD patients than in matched controls, and that trait self-disgust was specifically related to disorders of impulse control in PD patients. Given the link between self-disgust and impaired psychological wellbeing, and the prevalence of anxiety and depression in PD, self-disgust might make a useful therapeutic target for psychological interventions in the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Tsatali
- South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Psychology Department, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ana B. Vivas
- Psychology Department, The University of Sheffield International Faculty, City College, Thessaloniki, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Palakurthi B, Burugupally SP. Postural Instability in Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9090239. [PMID: 31540441 PMCID: PMC6770017 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which typically affects older adults; it is predicted that by 2030 about 3% of the world population above 65 years of age is likely to be affected. At present, the diagnosis of PD is clinical, subjective, nonspecific, and often inadequate. There is a need to quantify the PD factors for an objective disease assessment. Among the various factors, postural instability (PI) is unresponsive to the existing treatment strategies resulting in morbidity. In this work, we review the physiology and pathophysiology of postural balance that is essential to treat PI among PD patients. Specifically, we discuss some of the reported factors for an early PI diagnosis, including age, nervous system lesions, genetic mutations, abnormal proprioception, impaired reflexes, and altered biomechanics. Though the contributing factors to PI have been identified, how their quantification to grade PI severity in a patient can help in treatment is not fully understood. By contextualizing the contributing factors, we aim to assist the future research efforts that underpin posturographical and histopathological studies to measure PI in PD. Once the pathology of PI is established, effective diagnostic tools and treatment strategies could be developed to curtail patient falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Palakurthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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McDonell KE, van Wouwe NC, Harrison MB, Wylie SA, Claassen DO. Taq1A polymorphism and medication effects on inhibitory action control in Parkinson disease. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01008. [PMID: 29856137 PMCID: PMC6043698 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine therapy in Parkinson disease (PD) can have differential effects on inhibitory action control, or the ability to inhibit reflexive or impulsive actions. Dopamine agonist (DAAg) medications, which preferentially target D2 and D3 receptors, can either improve or worsen control of impulsive actions in patients with PD. We have reported that the direction of this effect depends on baseline levels of performance on inhibitory control tasks. This observation suggests that there may exist certain biologic determinants that contribute to these patient-specific differences. We hypothesized that one important factor might be functional polymorphisms in D2-like receptor genes. AIM The goal of this study was to determine whether the direction of DAAg effects on inhibitory control depends on functional polymorphisms in the DRD2 and DRD3 genes. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with PD were genotyped for known functional polymorphisms in DRD2 (rs6277 and rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs6280) receptors. These patients then completed the Simon conflict task both on and off DAAg therapy in a counterbalanced manner. RESULTS We found that patients with the rs1800497 Taq1A (A1) polymorphism (A1/A1 or A1/A2: 11 subjects) showed improved proficiency to suppress impulsive actions when on DAAg; conversely, patients with the A2/A2 allele (14 patients) became less proficient at suppressing incorrect response information on DAAg therapy (Group × Medication, F(1, 23) = 5.65, p < 0.05). Polymorphisms in rs6277 and rs6280 were not associated with a differential medication response. CONCLUSION These results suggest that certain DRD polymorphisms may determine the direction of DAAg effects on critical cognitive control processes impaired in PD. Our findings have implications for understanding pharmacogenomics interactions on a larger scale and the role these may play in the wide variability of treatment effects seen in the PD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McDonell
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nelleke C van Wouwe
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Scott A Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated how broad motivational tendencies are related to the expression and suppression of action impulses in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Sixty-nine participants with PD completed a Simon response conflict task and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Behavioral Activation System (BAS) scales based on Gray's (1987) reinforcement sensitivity theory. Analyses determined relationships between BIS, BAS, and the susceptibility to making impulsive action errors and the proficiency of inhibiting interference from action impulses. RESULTS BIS scores correlated positively with rates of impulsive action errors, indicating that participants endorsing low BIS tendencies were much more susceptible to acting on strong motor impulses. Analyses of subgroups with high versus low BIS scores confirmed this pattern and ruled out alternative explanations in terms of group differences in speed-accuracy tradeoffs. None of the scores on the BIS or BAS scales correlated with reactive inhibitory control. CONCLUSIONS PD participants who endorse diminished predilection toward monitoring and avoiding aversive experiences (low BIS) show much greater difficulty restraining fast, impulsive motor errors. Establishing relationships between motivational sensitivities and cognitive control processes may have important implications for treatment strategies and positive health outcomes in participants with PD, particularly those at risk for falling and driving difficulties related to impulsive reactions. (JINS, 2018, 24, 128-138).
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Yang XQ, Lauzon B, Seergobin KN, MacDonald PA. Dopaminergic Therapy Increases Go Timeouts in the Go/No-Go Task in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 11:642. [PMID: 29354045 PMCID: PMC5758505 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by resting tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. Dopaminergic medications such as L-dopa treat these motor symptoms, but can have complex effects on cognition. Impulse control is an essential cognitive function. Impulsivity is multifaceted in nature. Motor impulsivity involves the inability to withhold pre-potent, automatic, erroneous responses. In contrast, cognitive impulsivity refers to improper risk-reward assessment guiding behavior. Informed by our previous research, we anticipated that dopaminergic therapy would decrease motor impulsivity though it is well known to enhance cognitive impulsivity. We employed the Go/No-go paradigm to assess motor impulsivity in PD. Patients with PD were tested using a Go/No-go task on and off their normal dopaminergic medication. Participants completed cognitive, mood, and physiological measures. PD patients on medication had a significantly higher proportion of Go trial Timeouts (i.e., trials in which Go responses were not completed prior to a deadline of 750 ms) compared to off medication (p = 0.01). No significant ON-OFF differences were found for Go trial or No-go trial response times (RTs), or for number of No-go errors. We interpret that dopaminergic therapy induces a more conservative response set, reflected in Go trial Timeouts in PD patients. In this way, dopaminergic therapy decreased motor impulsivity in PD patients. This is in contrast to the widely recognized effects of dopaminergic therapy on cognitive impulsivity leading in some patients to impulse control disorders. Understanding the nuanced effects of dopaminergic treatment in PD on cognitive functions such as impulse control will clarify therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Q. Yang
- MacDonald Lab, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Lauzon
- MacDonald Lab, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ken N. Seergobin
- MacDonald Lab, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Penny A. MacDonald
- MacDonald Lab, Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Clinical Neurological Sciences, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Moustafa AA, Chakravarthy S, Phillips JR, Crouse JJ, Gupta A, Frank MJ, Hall JM, Jahanshahi M. Interrelations between cognitive dysfunction and motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: behavioral and neural studies. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:535-48. [PMID: 26982614 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the cardinal symptoms (tremor, bradykinesia/akinesia, and rigidity), PD patients also show other motor deficits, including gait disturbance, speech deficits, and impaired handwriting. However, along with these key motor symptoms, PD patients also experience cognitive deficits in attention, executive function, working memory, and learning. Recent evidence suggests that these motor and cognitive deficits of PD are not completely dissociable, as aspects of cognitive dysfunction can impact motor performance in PD. In this article, we provide a review of behavioral and neural studies on the associations between motor symptoms and cognitive deficits in PD, specifically akinesia/bradykinesia, tremor, gait, handwriting, precision grip, and speech production. This review paves the way for providing a framework for understanding how treatment of cognitive dysfunction, for example cognitive rehabilitation programs, may in turn influence the motor symptoms of PD.
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Duprez J, Houvenaghel JF, Drapier S, Auffret M, Drapier D, Robert G, Vérin M, Sauleau P. Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion does not impair the dynamics of cognitive action control in mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2017; 265:471-477. [PMID: 29285653 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (CSAI) is increasingly used in Parkinson's disease (PD), notably in patients contraindicated for subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Although it has been suggested that CSAI is safe regarding cognition, few studies have actually investigated its effect, especially on cognitive control which is a crucial process for goal-directed behavior. More specifically, its impact on the dynamics of cognitive action control, as reflected by the activation and suppression of impulsive responses, has yet to be investigated, which is the objective of the present study. METHODS We compared cognitive action control between baseline (M0) and 6 months (M6) after the start of add-on CSAI by administering an oculomotor Simon task to 20 patients with mild to moderate PD. We used the activation-suppression model to determine whether CSAI had an effect on either the impulsive errors made in conflict situations or the suppression of these responses. RESULTS We found no difference between M0 and M6 in the congruence effect regarding either reaction time or accuracy, indicating that overall conflict resolution was not influenced by CSAI. Furthermore, the rate of fast errors in the conflict situation and the last slope of the delta plots (reflecting the strength of impulsive response suppression) were unaffected by the treatment. The 95% confidence intervals calculated for the treatment effect on both of these measures fell below the range of usual meaningful effects. CONCLUSION We found no difference between M0 and M6, which strongly suggests that CSAI does not impair the dynamics of cognitive action control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Duprez
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-François Houvenaghel
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Manon Auffret
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, 108 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35703, Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Robert
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, 108 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35703, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Vérin
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
| | - Paul Sauleau
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Avenue du Professeur Léon Bernard, 35000, Rennes, France.,Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033, Rennes, France
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Parkinson's Disease Subtypes Show Distinct Tradeoffs Between Response Initiation and Inhibition Latencies. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2017; 23:665-674. [PMID: 28850018 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617717000467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In unpredictable situations, individuals often show tradeoffs between response initiation and inhibition speeds. We tested the hypothesis that Parkinson's disease (PD) motor subtypes differentially impact tradeoffs between these two action-oriented processes. We predicted that, compared to tremor dominant (TD) patients, predominant postural instability and gait dysfunction (PIGD) patients would show exacerbated tradeoffs between response initiation and inhibition in situations requiring the sudden potential need to interrupt an action. METHODS Fifty-one PD patients (subdivided into PIGD [n=27] and TD [n=24]) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) completed a choice reaction task to establish baseline response initiation speed between groups. Subsequently, participants completed a stop-signal task which introduced an occasional, unpredictable stop stimulus. We measured changes in initiation speed in preparation of an unpredictable stop (i.e., proactive slowing) and inhibition latency (i.e., stop-signal reaction time). RESULTS Compared to HCs, PD patients showed slower response initiation speeds in the choice reaction task. All groups showed proactive slowing in the stop-signal task but the magnitude was considerably larger in PIGD patients, almost twice as large as TD patients. PD patients, irrespective of motor subtype, showed longer inhibition latencies than HCs. CONCLUSIONS PIGD and TD subtypes both showed exacerbated response inhibition deficits. However, PIGD patients showed much more pronounced proactive slowing in situations with an expected yet unpredictable need to stop action abruptly. This suggests that PIGD is accompanied by exaggerated tradeoffs between response initiation and inhibition processes to meet situational action demands. We discuss putative neural mechanisms and clinical implications of these findings. (JINS, 2017, 23, 665-674).
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Morand-Beaulieu S, Grot S, Lavoie J, Leclerc JB, Luck D, Lavoie ME. The puzzling question of inhibitory control in Tourette syndrome: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:240-262. [PMID: 28502600 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder involving motor and phonic tics. Inhibitory control is a key issue in TS, and many disruptive or impulsive behaviors might arise from inhibitory deficits. However, conflicting findings regarding TS patients' inhibitory performance in neuropsychological tasks have been reported throughout the literature. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate inhibitory control through neuropsychological tasks, and to analyze the factors modulating inhibitory deficits. To this end, a literature search was performed through MEDLINE and PsycINFO, to retrieve studies including neuropsychological tasks that assessed inhibitory control in TS patients. Of the 4020 studies identified, 61 were included in the meta-analysis, for a total of 1717 TS patients. Our analyses revealed a small to medium effect in favor of inhibitory deficits in TS patients. This effect was larger in TS+ADHD patients, but pure TS patients also showed some inhibitory deficits. Therefore, deficits in inhibitory control seem to be an inherent component of TS, and are exacerbated when ADHD is concomitant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Morand-Beaulieu
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Stéphanie Grot
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Jacob Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Julie B Leclerc
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - David Luck
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Marc E Lavoie
- Cognitive and Social Psychophysiology Lab, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Département de psychiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
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20
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van Wouwe NC, Pallavaram S, Phibbs FT, Martinez-Ramirez D, Neimat JS, Dawant BM, D'Haese PF, Kanoff KE, van den Wildenberg WPM, Okun MS, Wylie SA. Focused stimulation of dorsal subthalamic nucleus improves reactive inhibitory control of action impulses. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:37-47. [PMID: 28237741 PMCID: PMC5493526 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Frontal-basal ganglia circuitry dysfunction caused by Parkinson's disease impairs important executive cognitive processes, such as the ability to inhibit impulsive action tendencies. Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's disease improves the reactive inhibition of impulsive actions that interfere with goal-directed behavior. An unresolved question is whether this effect depends on stimulation of a particular Subthalamic Nucleus subregion. The current study aimed to 1) replicate previous findings and additionally investigate the effect of chronic versus acute Subthalamic Nucleus stimulation on inhibitory control in Parkinson's disease patients off dopaminergic medication 2) test whether stimulating Subthalamic Nucleus subregions differentially modulate proactive response control and the proficiency of reactive inhibitory control. In the first experiment, twelve Parkinson's disease patients completed three sessions of the Simon task, Off Deep brain stimulation and medication, on acute Deep Brain Stimulation and on chronic Deep Brain Stimulation. Experiment 2 consisted of 11 Parkinson's disease patients with Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation (off medication) who completed two testing sessions involving of a Simon task either with stimulation of the dorsal or the ventral contact in the Subthalamic Nucleus. Our findings show that Deep Brain Stimulation improves reactive inhibitory control, regardless of medication and regardless of whether it concerns chronic or acute Subthalamic Nucleus stimulation. More importantly, selective stimulation of dorsal and ventral subregions of the Subthalamic Nucleus indicates that especially the dorsal Subthalamic Nucleus circuitries are crucial for modulating the reactive inhibitory control of motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C van Wouwe
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - S Pallavaram
- Department of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F T Phibbs
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D Martinez-Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - J S Neimat
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - B M Dawant
- Department of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P F D'Haese
- Department of Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K E Kanoff
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W P M van den Wildenberg
- Cognitive Science Center Amsterdam and Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M S Okun
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - S A Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville Medical Center, Louisville, KY, USA
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Cooper CA, Jain N, Gallagher MD, Weintraub D, Xie SX, Berlyand Y, Espay AJ, Quinn J, Edwards KL, Montine T, Van Deerlin VM, Trojanowski J, Zabetian CP, Chen-Plotkin AS. Common variant rs356182 near SNCA defines a Parkinson's disease endophenotype. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 4:15-25. [PMID: 28078311 PMCID: PMC5221454 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Parkinson's disease (PD) presents clinically with several motor subtypes that exhibit variable treatment response and prognosis. Here, we investigated genetic variants for their potential association with PD motor phenotype and progression. Methods We screened 10 SNPs, previously associated with PD risk, for association with tremor‐dominant (TD) versus postural‐instability gait disorder (PIGD) motor subtypes. SNPs that correlated with the TD/PIGD ratio in a discovery cohort of 251 PD patients were then evaluated in a multi‐site replication cohort of 559 PD patients. SNPs associated with motor phenotype in both cross‐sectional cohorts were next evaluated for association with (1) rates of motor progression in a longitudinal subgroup of 230 PD patients and (2) brain alpha‐synuclein (SNCA) expression in the GTEx (Genotype‐Tissue Expression project) consortium database. Results Genotype at rs356182, near SNCA, correlated with the TD/PIGD ratio in both the discovery (Bonferroni‐corrected P = 0.04) and replication cohorts (P = 0.02). The rs356182 GG genotype was associated with a more tremor‐predominant phenotype and predicted a slower rate of motor progression (1‐point difference in annual rate of UPDRS‐III motor score change, P = 0.01). The rs356182 genotype was associated with SNCA expression in the cerebellum (P = 0.005). Interpretation Our study demonstrates that the GG genotype at rs356182 provides molecular definition for a clinically important endophenotype associated with (1) more tremor‐predominant motor phenomenology, (2) slower rates of motor progression, and (3) decreased brain expression of SNCA. Such molecularly defined endophenotyping in PD may benefit both clinical trial design and tailoring of clinical care as we enter the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Cooper
- Department of Neurology Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina; Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Nimansha Jain
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Gallagher
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Sharon X Xie
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Yosef Berlyand
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania; Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Alberto J Espay
- Department of Neurology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Joseph Quinn
- Department of Neurology Oregon Health and Science University Portland Oregon
| | - Karen L Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology University of California Irvine Irvine California
| | - Thomas Montine
- Department of Pathology University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - John Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- Department of Neurology VA Puget Sound Health Care System University of Washington Seattle Washington
| | - Alice S Chen-Plotkin
- Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Houvenaghel JF, Duprez J, Naudet F, Argaud S, Dondaine T, Drapier S, Robert GH, Drapier D, Vérin M, Sauleau P. Influence of promised rewards on conflict resolution in healthy participants and patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 367:38-45. [PMID: 27423562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Houvenaghel
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France.
| | - Joan Duprez
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Florian Naudet
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Clinical Investigation Center (INSERM 0203), Department of Pharmacology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Soizic Argaud
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; "Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics" Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 40 boulevard du Pont d'Arve, 1205 Geneva, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Hadrien Robert
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Adult Psychiatry, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Marc Vérin
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
| | - Paul Sauleau
- "Behavior and Basal Ganglia" Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, F-35033 Rennes, France; Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, F-35033 Rennes, France
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Davranche K, Casini L, Arnal PJ, Rupp T, Perrey S, Verges S. Cognitive functions and cerebral oxygenation changes during acute and prolonged hypoxic exposure. Physiol Behav 2016; 164:189-97. [PMID: 27262217 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess specific cognitive processes (cognitive control and time perception) and hemodynamic correlates using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during acute and prolonged high-altitude exposure. Eleven male subjects were transported via helicopter and dropped at 14 272 ft (4 350 meters) of altitude where they stayed for 4 days. Cognitive tasks, involving a conflict task and temporal bisection task, were performed at sea level the week before ascending to high altitude, the day of arrival (D0), the second (D2) and fourth (D4) day at high altitude. Cortical hemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) area were monitored with fNIRS at rest and during the conflict task. Results showed that high altitude impacts information processing in terms of speed and accuracy. In the early hours of exposure (D0), participants displayed slower reaction times (RT) and decision errors were twice as high. While error rate for simple spontaneous responses remained twice that at sea level, the slow-down of RT was not detectable after 2 days at high-altitude. The larger fNIRS responses from D0 to D2 suggest that higher prefrontal activity partially counteracted cognitive performance decrements. Cognitive control, assessed through the build-up of a top-down response suppression mechanism, the early automatic response activation and the post-error adjustment were not impacted by hypoxia. However, during prolonged hypoxic exposure the temporal judgments were underestimated suggesting a slowdown of the internal clock. A decrease in cortical arousal level induced by hypoxia could consistently explain both the slowdown of the internal clock and the persistence of a higher number of errors after several days of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Davranche
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive (LPC), UMR 7290, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, FR, 3C FR, 3512, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurence Casini
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), UMR 7291, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, FR, 3C FR, 3512, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierrick J Arnal
- Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, EA4338, Saint-Étienne, France.
| | - Thomas Rupp
- HP2 Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes Université, Grenoble, France; U1042, INSERM, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 Laboratory, Grenoble Alpes Université, Grenoble, France; U1042, INSERM, Grenoble, France.
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Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Altamura AC. Psychiatric Conditions in Parkinson Disease: A Comparison With Classical Psychiatric Disorders. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2016; 29:72-91. [PMID: 26377851 DOI: 10.1177/0891988715606233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric conditions often complicate the outcome of patients affected by Parkinson disease (PD), but they differ from classical psychiatric disorders in terms of underlying biological mechanisms, clinical presentation, and treatment response. The purpose of the present review is to illustrate the biological and clinical aspects of psychiatric conditions associated with PD, with particular reference to the differences with respect to classical psychiatric disorders. A careful search of articles on main databases was performed in order to obtain a comprehensive review about the main psychiatric conditions associated with PD. A manual selection of the articles was then performed in order to consider only those articles that concerned with the topic of the review. Psychiatric conditions in patients with PD present substantial differences with respect to classical psychiatric disorders. Their clinical presentation does not align with the symptom profiles represented by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases. Furthermore, psychiatry treatment guidelines are of poor help in managing psychiatric symptoms of patients with PD. Specific diagnostic tools and treatment guidelines are needed to allow early diagnosis and adequate treatment of psychiatric conditions in comorbidity with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Buoli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Caldiroli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Carlo Altamura
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Suarez I, Burle B, Tobon C, Pineda D, Lopera F, Hasbroucq T, Casini L. Deciphering interference control in adults with ADHD by using distribution analyses and electromyographic activity. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2015; 159:85-92. [PMID: 26057599 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A deficit in "interference control" is commonly found in adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This has mainly been interpreted as difficulties in inhibiting inappropriate responses. However, interference control involves processes other than simply the ability to inhibit. Consequently, we used sophisticated analysis to decipher the additional processes of interference control in these patients. We compared interference control between 16 adults with ADHD and 15 control adults performing a Simon task. In most studies, performance is generally reported in terms of mean error rates and reaction times (RTs). However, here we used distribution analyses of behavioral data, complemented by analyses of electromyographic (EMG) activity. This allowed us to better quantify the control of interference, specifically the part that remains hidden when pure correct trials are not distinguished from partial errors. Partial errors correspond to sub-threshold EMG bursts induced by incorrect responses that immediately precede a correct response. Moreover, besides "online" control, we also investigated cognitive control effects manifesting across consecutive trials. The main findings were that adults with ADHD were slower and showed a larger interference effect in comparison to controls. However, the data revealed that the larger interference effect was due neither to higher impulse expression, nor to a deficit in inhibition but that these patients presented a larger interference effect than the controls after congruent trials. We propose and discuss the hypothesis that the interference control deficit found in adults with ADHD is secondary to impairments in sustained attention.
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Balasubramani PP, Chakravarthy VS, Ali M, Ravindran B, Moustafa AA. Identifying the Basal Ganglia network model markers for medication-induced impulsivity in Parkinson's disease patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127542. [PMID: 26042675 PMCID: PMC4456385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, i.e. irresistibility in the execution of actions, may be prominent in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who are treated with dopamine precursors or dopamine receptor agonists. In this study, we combine clinical investigations with computational modeling to explore whether impulsivity in PD patients on medication may arise as a result of abnormalities in risk, reward and punishment learning. In order to empirically assess learning outcomes involving risk, reward and punishment, four subject groups were examined: healthy controls, ON medication PD patients with impulse control disorder (PD-ON ICD) or without ICD (PD-ON non-ICD), and OFF medication PD patients (PD-OFF). A neural network model of the Basal Ganglia (BG) that has the capacity to predict the dysfunction of both the dopaminergic (DA) and the serotonergic (5HT) neuromodulator systems was developed and used to facilitate the interpretation of experimental results. In the model, the BG action selection dynamics were mimicked using a utility function based decision making framework, with DA controlling reward prediction and 5HT controlling punishment and risk predictions. The striatal model included three pools of Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs), with D1 receptor (R) alone, D2R alone and co-expressing D1R-D2R. Empirical studies showed that reward optimality was increased in PD-ON ICD patients while punishment optimality was increased in PD-OFF patients. Empirical studies also revealed that PD-ON ICD subjects had lower reaction times (RT) compared to that of the PD-ON non-ICD patients. Computational modeling suggested that PD-OFF patients have higher punishment sensitivity, while healthy controls showed comparatively higher risk sensitivity. A significant decrease in sensitivity to punishment and risk was crucial for explaining behavioral changes observed in PD-ON ICD patients. Our results highlight the power of computational modelling for identifying neuronal circuitry implicated in learning, and its impairment in PD. The results presented here not only show that computational modelling can be used as a valuable tool for understanding and interpreting clinical data, but they also show that computational modeling has the potential to become an invaluable tool to predict the onset of behavioral changes during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manal Ali
- School of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Balaraman Ravindran
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ahmed A. Moustafa
- Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour & School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, Australia
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Cognitive function and other non-motor features in non-demented Parkinson’s disease motor subtypes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:1115-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1349-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cohen RG, Klein KA, Nomura M, Fleming M, Mancini M, Giladi N, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Inhibition, executive function, and freezing of gait. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2014; 4:111-22. [PMID: 24496099 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-130221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that freezing of gait (FoG) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with declines in executive function (EF). However, EF is multi-faceted, including three dissociable components: inhibiting prepotent responses, switching between task sets, and updating working memory. OBJECTIVE This study investigated which aspect of EF is most strongly associated with FoG in PD. METHOD Three groups were studied: adults with PD (with and without FoG) and age-matched, healthy adults. All participants completed a battery of cognitive tasks previously shown to discriminate among the three EF components. Participants also completed a turning-in-place task that was scored for FoG by neurologists blind to subjects' self-reported FoG. RESULTS Compared to both other groups, participants with FoG showed significant performance deficits in tasks associated with inhibitory control, even after accounting for differences in disease severity, but no significant deficits in task-switching or updating working memory. Surprisingly, the strongest effect was an intermittent tendency of participants with FoG to hesitate, and thus miss the response window, on go trials in the Go-Nogo task. The FoG group also made slower responses in the conflict condition of the Stroop task. Physician-rated FoG scores were correlated both with failures to respond on go trials and with failures to inhibit responses on nogo trials in the Go-Nogo task. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FoG is associated with a specific inability to appropriately engage and release inhibition, rather than with a general executive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajal G Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Communication Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Krystal A Klein
- Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mariko Nomura
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael Fleming
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martina Mancini
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nir Giladi
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - John G Nutt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Fay B Horak
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Krishna R, Ali M, Moustafa AA. Effects of combined MAO-B inhibitors and levodopa vs. monotherapy in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:180. [PMID: 25120478 PMCID: PMC4111079 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior studies report that monoamine oxidases inhibitors (MAO-I) when used as an adjunct to levodopa ameliorate motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but this was not tested in relation to cognitive or psychiatric measures. Objective: Here, we tested the effects of MAO-I as an adjunct to levodopa, in comparison to levodopa or dopamine (DA) agonists alone, on various cognitive, affective and quality of life measures. Methods: We studied three groups of subjects: healthy controls, PD patients on combined levodopa and MAO-I, and PD patients on levodopa or DA agonists only. Results: We found that compared to monotherapy, combined MAO-I and levodopa seemed to improve cognition, including probabilistic learning, working memory and executive functions. There were no differences between the different medication regimes on deterministic learning, attention or memory recall. It was also found that MAO-I as an adjunct to levodopa improves affective measures such as depression, apathy, anxiety and quality of life. Interestingly, this enhancing effect of combined levodopa and MAO-I was more pronounced in PD patients with severe akinesia, compared to patients with severe tremor. Conclusion: Our data are in agreement with (a) the Continuous Dopaminergic Stimulation (CDS) theory which states that continuous stimulation of the basal ganglia enhances motor, psychiatric and cognitive functions in PD patients; and/or (b) findings that MAO-I increase the bioavailability of monoamines that have beneficial effects on motor and behavioral dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Krishna
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University NJ, USA
| | - Manal Ali
- School of Medicine, Ain Shams University Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Canning CG, Paul SS, Nieuwboer A. Prevention of falls in Parkinson's disease: a review of fall risk factors and the role of physical interventions. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2014; 4:203-21. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Falls in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) are frequent and recurrent events with devastating and widespread consequences. Despite this, understanding of the predictive and explanatory value of fall risk factors, as well as the development and testing of interventions aimed at reducing falls, are in their infancy. This review focuses on fall prediction and risk factors that are potentially remediable with physical interventions. We show that falls can be predicted with high accuracy using a simple three-step clinical tool. Evidence from recently published randomized controlled trials supports the implementation of balance-challenging exercises in reducing falls. Larger scale trials utilizing technologically advanced monitoring methods will further elucidate those interventions most likely to be cost effective according to individual risk factor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen G Canning
- Clinical & Rehabilitation Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia
| | - Serene S Paul
- Clinical & Rehabilitation Sciences Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, PO Box 170, Lidcombe, NSW 1825, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Rd, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Smulders K, Esselink RA, Cools R, Bloem BR. Trait impulsivity is associated with the risk of falls in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91190. [PMID: 24608747 PMCID: PMC3946755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Impulsivity is a “tendency to act prematurely without foresight.” Clinical experience suggests that such impulsive behavior can impact on the fall risk in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but this has never been tested. We investigated whether trait impulsivity is related to fall risk in a large cohort of PD patients. We also investigated whether trait impulsivity affects the fall risk differently for patients with more or less postural instability and gait disability (PIGD). Methods 388 patients with PD (H&Y≤3) completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11, higher scores indicating greater impulsivity) to assess trait impulsivity, including three subscales: motor impulsivity (e.g. “I do things without thinking”), attentional impulsivity (e.g. “I concentrate easily”) and non-planning (e.g. “I plan tasks carefully”). Falls were registered prospectively for 6 months. Patients classified as non-fallers (0 falls, n = 237) were compared to recurrent PD fallers (>1 fall, n = 78). Results Total impulsivity scores were higher for recurrent fallers (59.5) compared to non-fallers (56.8; p = .012). This effect was predominantly driven by higher scores on the subscale for attentional impulsivity (p = .003). The difference in attentional impulsivity was independent of gender, disease severity, dopaminergic medication, and cognitive function. Motor and non-planning impulsivity did not differ between recurrent fallers and non-fallers. There was no evidence that impulsivity modulated the association between PIGD and fall risk. Discussion This is the first evidence that impulsivity, in particular in the attentional domain, is related to fall risk in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Smulders
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Rianne A. Esselink
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jaywant A, Musto G, Neargarder S, Stavitsky Gilbert K, Cronin-Golomb A. The effect of Parkinson's disease subgroups on verbal and nonverbal fluency. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2014; 36:278-89. [PMID: 24533593 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2014.889089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) leads to deficits in executive function, including verbal and nonverbal fluency, as a result of compromised frontostriatal circuits. It is unknown whether deficits in verbal and nonverbal fluency in PD are driven by certain subgroups of patients, or how strategy use may facilitate performance. PARTICIPANTS Sixty-five nondemented individuals with PD, including 36 with right-body onset (RPD; 20 with tremor as their initial symptom, 16 nontremor) and 29 with left-body onset (LPD; 14 with tremor as their initial symptom, 15 nontremor), and 52 normal control participants (NC) took part in the study. MEASUREMENTS Verbal fluency was assessed using the FAS and Animals tests. Nonverbal fluency was assessed using the Ruff Figural Fluency Test. RESULTS Both RPD and LPD were impaired in generating words and in using clustering and switching strategies on phonemic verbal fluency, whereas different patterns of impairment were found on nonverbal fluency depending on the interaction of side of onset and initial motor symptom (tremor vs. nontremor). Strategy use correlated with number of correct responses on verbal fluency in LPD, RPD, and NC. By contrast, on nonverbal fluency, strategy use correlated with correct responses for RPD and LPD, but not for NC. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering subgroups in PD and analyzing subcomponents of verbal and nonverbal fluency (correct responses, errors, and strategies), which may depend differently on the integrity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Jaywant
- a Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , Boston University , Boston , MA , USA
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Moustafa AA, Poletti M. Neural and behavioral substrates of subtypes of Parkinson's disease. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:117. [PMID: 24399940 PMCID: PMC3872046 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder, associated with rigidity, bradykinesia, and resting tremor, among other motor symptoms. In addition, patients with PD also show cognitive and psychiatric dysfunction, including dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), depression, hallucinations, among others. Interestingly, the occurrence of these symptoms—motor, cognitive, and psychiatric—vary among individuals, such that a subgroup of PD patients might show some of the symptoms, but another subgroup does not. This has prompted neurologists and scientists to subtype PD patients depending on the severity of symptoms they show. Neural studies have also mapped different motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms in PD to different brain networks. In this review, we discuss the neural and behavioral substrates of most common subtypes of PD patients, that are related to the occurrence of: (a) resting tremor (vs. nontremor-dominant); (b) MCI; (c) dementia; (d) impulse control disorders (ICD); (e) depression; and/or (f) hallucinations. We end by discussing the relationship among subtypes of PD subgroups, and the relationship among motor, cognitive, psychiatric factors in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, New Jersey Health Care System East Orange, NJ, USA ; School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele Poletti
- Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, AUSL of Reggio Emilia Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Abstract
Impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are a common and devastating side effect of dopamine replacement therapy. In this review we describe the phenomenology, prevalence, and risk factors of patients with PD. Results of behavioral studies assessing the neuropsychological profile of patients with PD emphasize that the ICBs, which are behavioral addictions, are not hedonically motivated. Rather, other factors such as the inability to cope with uncertainty may be triggering ICBs. New insights from functional imaging studies, strengthening the incentive salience hypothesis, are discussed, and therapeutic guidelines for the management of ICBs in PD are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Averbeck
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4415
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Parker KL, Lamichhane D, Caetano MS, Narayanan NS. Executive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and timing deficits. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:75. [PMID: 24198770 PMCID: PMC3813949 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have deficits in perceptual timing, or the perception and estimation of time. PD patients can also have cognitive symptoms, including deficits in executive functions such as working memory, planning, and visuospatial attention. Here, we discuss how PD-related cognitive symptoms contribute to timing deficits. Timing is influenced by signaling of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the striatum. Timing also involves the frontal cortex, which is dysfunctional in PD. Frontal cortex impairments in PD may influence memory subsystems as well as decision processes during timing tasks. These data suggest that timing may be a type of executive function. As such, timing can be used to study the neural circuitry of cognitive symptoms of PD as they can be studied in animal models. Performance of timing tasks also maybe a useful clinical biomarker of frontal as well as striatal dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal L Parker
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, IA, USA
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Claassen DO, Wylie SA. Trends and issues in characterizing early cognitive changes in Parkinson's disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2013; 12:695-702. [PMID: 22949166 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-012-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we first discuss trends and issues in measuring cognitive changes in PD, including recent efforts to define the diagnostic classification of "PD Mild Cognitive Impairment" (PD-MCI). After reviewing some limitations associated with this diagnosis, we discuss how measures derived from the neurocognitive sciences offer better precision in detecting early cognitive changes in PD. To support this idea, we highlight 2 influential lines of current investigation that are unveiling novel insights about specific cognitive processes that are vulnerable early in PD and of critical importance to clinicians involved in treating PD: action control and reward learning and decision making. We conclude by highlighting some extant issues and unresolved questions for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-0118 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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