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Salvadó G, Milà-Alomà M, Shekari M, Ashton NJ, Operto G, Falcon C, Cacciaglia R, Minguillon C, Fauria K, Niñerola-Baizán A, Perissinotti A, Benedet AL, Kollmorgen G, Suridjan I, Wild N, Molinuevo JL, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Suárez-Calvet M, Gispert JD. Reactive astrogliosis is associated with higher cerebral glucose consumption in the early Alzheimer's continuum. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4567-4579. [PMID: 35849149 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glial activation is one of the earliest mechanisms to be altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) relates to reactive astrogliosis and can be measured in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Plasma GFAP has been suggested to become altered earlier in AD than its CSF counterpart. Although astrocytes consume approximately half of the glucose-derived energy in the brain, the relationship between reactive astrogliosis and cerebral glucose metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake and reactive astrogliosis, by means of GFAP quantified in both plasma and CSF for the same participants. METHODS We included 314 cognitively unimpaired participants from the ALFA + cohort, 112 of whom were amyloid-β (Aβ) positive. Associations between GFAP markers and [18F]FDG uptake were studied. We also investigated whether these associations were modified by Aβ and tau status (AT stages). RESULTS Plasma GFAP was positively associated with glucose consumption in the whole brain, while CSF GFAP associations with [18F]FDG uptake were only observed in specific smaller areas like temporal pole and superior temporal lobe. These associations persisted when accounting for biomarkers of Aβ pathology but became negative in Aβ-positive and tau-positive participants (A + T +) in similar areas of AD-related hypometabolism. CONCLUSIONS Higher astrocytic reactivity, probably in response to early AD pathological changes, is related to higher glucose consumption. With the onset of tau pathology, the observed uncoupling between astrocytic biomarkers and glucose consumption might be indicative of a failure to sustain the higher energetic demands required by reactive astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Salvadó
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Milà-Alomà
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mahnaz Shekari
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health & Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Grégory Operto
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Falcon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, (CIBER-BBN), Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raffaele Cacciaglia
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Minguillon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karine Fauria
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Niñerola-Baizán
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, (CIBER-BBN), Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Perissinotti
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, (CIBER-BBN), Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain.,Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andréa L Benedet
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain.,H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain. .,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad Y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Servei de Neurologia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan Domingo Gispert
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, C/ Wellington, 30, 08005, Barcelona, Spain. .,IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, (CIBER-BBN), Biomateriales Y Nanomedicina, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hao Y, Liu X, Zhu R. Neurodegeneration and Glial Activation Related CSF Biomarker as the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and an Updated Meta-analysis. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 19:32-46. [PMID: 34879804 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666211208142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, neuron specific enolase (NSE), Visinin-like protein-1 (VLP-1), neurogranin (Ng), and YKL-40 have been identified as candidates for neuronal degeneration and glial activation biomarkers. Therefore, we perform a comprehensive meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic value of CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS We searched Pubmed, MEDLINE, EMBASE databases for research about the levels of CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 in AD patients compared with controls or other dementia diseases until Dec 2020. RESULTS The present meta-analysis contained a total of 51 studies comprising 6248 patients with dementia disorders and 3861 controls. Among them, there were 3262 patients with AD, 2456 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 173 patients with vascular dementia (VaD), 221 patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and 136 with Lewy bodies dementia (DLB). Our study demonstrated that CSF NSE, VLP-1, Ng and YKL-40 levels were increased in AD as compared to healthy controls. We also observed that the CSF NSE level was higher in AD than VaD, suggesting CSF NSE might act as a key role in distinguishing between AD and VaD. Interestingly, there was a higher VLP-1 expression in AD, and a lower expression in DLB patients. Moreover, we found the CSF Ng level was increased in AD than MCI, implying CSF Ng might be a biomarker for identifying the progression of AD. Additionally, a significantly higher CSF YKL-40 level was detected not only in AD, but also in FTD, DLB, VaD, signifying YKL-40 was not sensitive in the diagnosis of AD. CONCLUSION Our study confirmed that CSF levels of NSE, VLP-1, and Ng could be valuable biomarkers for identifying patients who are more susceptible to AD and distinguishing AD from other neurodegenerative dementia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
| | - Ruixia Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001. China
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Bellaver B, Ferrari-Souza JP, Uglione da Ros L, Carter SF, Rodriguez-Vieitez E, Nordberg A, Pellerin L, Rosa-Neto P, Leffa DT, Zimmer ER. Astrocyte Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurology 2021; 96:e2944-e2955. [PMID: 33952650 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether fluid and imaging astrocyte biomarkers are altered in Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for articles reporting fluid or imaging astrocyte biomarkers in AD. Pooled effect sizes were determined with standardized mean differences (SMDs) using the Hedge G method with random effects to determine biomarker performance. Adapted questions from the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies were applied for quality assessment. A protocol for this study has been previously registered in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42020192304). RESULTS The initial search identified 1,425 articles. After exclusion criteria were applied, 33 articles (a total of 3,204 individuals) measuring levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B, chitinase-3-like protein 1 (YKL-40), and aquaporin 4 in the blood and CSF, as well as monoamine oxidase-B indexed by PET 11C-deuterium-l-deprenyl, were included. GFAP (SMD 0.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.71-1.18) and YKL-40 (SMD 0.76, 95% CI 0.63-0.89) levels in the CSF and S100B levels in the blood (SMD 2.91, 95% CI 1.01-4.8) were found to be significantly increased in patients with AD. CONCLUSIONS Despite significant progress, applications of astrocyte biomarkers in AD remain in their early days. This meta-analysis demonstrated that astrocyte biomarkers are consistently altered in AD and supports further investigation for their inclusion in the AD clinical research framework for observational and interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bellaver
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Ferrari-Souza
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Uglione da Ros
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stephen F Carter
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elena Rodriguez-Vieitez
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Agneta Nordberg
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luc Pellerin
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas Teixeira Leffa
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- From the Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry (B.B., J.P.F.-S., L.U.d.R., E.R.Z.), Department of Pharmacology (E.R.Z.), and Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (E.R.Z.), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Department of Psychiatry (S.F.C.), University of Cambridge; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (S.F.C.), University of Manchester, UK; Department of Neurobiology (E.R.-V, A.N.), Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (E.R.-V, A.N.); Theme Aging (A.N.), Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden; Inserm U1082 (L.P.), Université de Poitiers, France; Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory (P.R.-N.), McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, Douglas Research Institute, Le Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux (CIUSSS) de l'Ouest-de-l'Île-de-Montréal; McGill University (P.R.-N.), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and ADHD Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program (D.T.L.), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Neurofilament light chain protein in neurodegenerative dementia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 102:123-138. [PMID: 31026486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The diagnostic value of neurofilament light chain protein in neurodegenerative dementia diseases is still controversial. A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant case-control studies conducted through October 2018. Traditional and net meta-analyses were performed based on 42 studies that tested the diagnostic performance of neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) concentration in CSF and serum/plasma from patients with neurodegenerative dementia. CSF and serum/plasma NfL levels were significantly increased in patients with neurodegenerative dementia diseases. Network meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in CSF NfL levels during mild cognitive impairment, whereas an increase was observed in vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve and cluster analysis showed that the NfL concentration in CSF (vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and Alzheimer's disease) and serum/plasma (frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease) ranked first among neurodegenerative dementia diseases. NfL is an important biomarker that can help clinical neurologists make early diagnoses of neurodegenerative diseases, so patients can receive prompt treatment.
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Shaw LM, Arias J, Blennow K, Galasko D, Molinuevo JL, Salloway S, Schindler S, Carrillo MC, Hendrix JA, Ross A, Illes J, Ramus C, Fifer S. Appropriate use criteria for lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid testing in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:1505-1521. [PMID: 30316776 PMCID: PMC10013957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Alzheimer's Association convened a multidisciplinary workgroup to develop appropriate use criteria to guide the safe and optimal use of the lumbar puncture procedure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) testing for Alzheimer's disease pathology detection in the diagnostic process. METHODS The workgroup, experienced in the ethical use of lumbar puncture and CSF analysis, developed key research questions to guide the systematic review of the evidence and developed clinical indications commonly encountered in clinical practice based on key patient groups in whom the use of lumbar puncture and CSF may be considered as part of the diagnostic process. Based on their expertise and interpretation of the evidence from systematic review, members rated each indication as appropriate or inappropriate. RESULTS The workgroup finalized 14 indications, rating 6 appropriate and 8 inappropriate. DISCUSSION In anticipation of the emergence of more reliable CSF analysis platforms, the manuscript offers important guidance to health-care practitioners and suggestions for implementation and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jalayne Arias
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, University of Gothenberg, Molndal, Sweden
| | - Douglas Galasko
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephen Salloway
- Butler Hospital Memory and Aging Program, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | | | | | - April Ross
- Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, IL, USA
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Lang B, Kindy MS, Kozel FA, Schultz SK, Taheri S. Multi-Parametric Classification of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Impact of Diverse Cerebrovascular Injury Biomarkers. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 62:39-60. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Lang
- Clinical Psychology Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Mark S. Kindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - F. Andrew Kozel
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Susan K. Schultz
- James A. Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Saeid Taheri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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García-Ayllón MS, Botella-López A, Cuchillo-Ibañez I, Rábano A, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Ávila J, Sáez-Valero J. HNK-1 Carrier Glycoproteins Are Decreased in the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:188-199. [PMID: 26738850 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human natural killer-1 (HNK-1), 3-sulfonated glucuronic acid, is a glycoepitope marker of cell adhesion that participates in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and in neurite growth. Very little is known about the regulation of the HNK-1 glycan in neurodegenerative disease, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigate changes in the levels of HNK-1 carrier glycoproteins in AD. We demonstrate an overall decrease in HNK-1 immunoreactivity in glycoproteins extracted from the frontal cortex of AD subjects, compared with levels from non-demented controls (NDC). Immunoblotting of ventricular post-mortem and lumbar ante-mortem cerebrospinal fluid with HNK-1 antibodies indicate similar levels of carrier glycoproteins in AD and NDC samples. Decrease in HNK-1 carrier glycoproteins were not paralleled by changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the glycoepitope, β-1,4-galactosyltransferase (β4GalT), glucuronyltransferases GlcAT-P and GlcAT-S, or sulfotransferase HNK-1ST. Over-expression of amyloid precursor protein in Tg2576 transgenic mice and in vitro treatment of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with the amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptide resulted in a decrease in HNK-1 immunoreactivity levels in brain and cellular extracts, whereas the levels of soluble HNK-1 glycoproteins detected in culture media were not affected by Aβ treatment. HNK-1 levels remain unaffected in the brain extracts of Tg-VLW mice, a model of mutant hyperphosphorylated tau, and in SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing hyperphosphorylated wild-type tau. These results provide evidence that cellular levels of HNK-1 carrier glycoforms are decreased in the brain of AD subjects, probably influenced by the β-amyloid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Salud García-Ayllón
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario de Elche, FISABIO, Elche, Spain.
| | - Arancha Botella-López
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Cuchillo-Ibañez
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Banco de Tejidos de la Fundación CIEN, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofia Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Niels Andreasen
- Karolinska Institute-Alzheimer Disease Research center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jesús Ávila
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad, Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sáez-Valero
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel‐Storr AH, Takwoingi Y, Flicker L, Mason SE, McShane R. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 2014:CD008782. [PMID: 24913723 PMCID: PMC6465069 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008782.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the latest revised National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (now known as the Alzheimer's Association) (NINCDS-ADRDA) diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease dementia of the National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer Association, the confidence in diagnosing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to Alzheimer's disease dementia is raised with the application of biomarkers based on measures in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or imaging. These tests, added to core clinical criteria, might increase the sensitivity or specificity of a testing strategy. However, the accuracy of biomarkers in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia and other dementias has not yet been systematically evaluated. A formal systematic evaluation of sensitivity, specificity, and other properties of plasma and CSF amyloid beta (Aß) biomarkers was performed. OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy of plasma and CSF Aß levels for detecting those patients with MCI who would convert to Alzheimer's disease dementia or other forms of dementia over time. SEARCH METHODS The most recent search for this review was performed on 3 December 2012. We searched MEDLINE (OvidSP), EMBASE (OvidSP), BIOSIS Previews (ISI Web of Knowledge), Web of Science and Conference Proceedings (ISI Web of Knowledge), PsycINFO (OvidSP), and LILACS (BIREME). We also requested a search of the Cochrane Register of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (managed by the Cochrane Renal Group).No language or date restrictions were applied to the electronic searches and methodological filters were not used so as to maximise sensitivity. SELECTION CRITERIA We selected those studies that had prospectively well defined cohorts with any accepted definition of cognitive decline, but no dementia, with baseline CSF or plasma Aß levels, or both, documented at or around the time the above diagnoses were made. We also included studies which looked at data from those cohorts retrospectively, and which contained sufficient data to construct two by two tables expressing plasma and CSF Aß biomarker results by disease status. Moreover, studies were only selected if they applied a reference standard for Alzheimer's dementia diagnosis, for example the NINCDS-ADRDA or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We screened all titles generated by the electronic database searches. Two review authors independently assessed the abstracts of all potentially relevant studies. We assessed the identified full papers for eligibility and extracted data to create standard two by two tables. Two independent assessors performed quality assessment using the QUADAS-2 tool. Where data allowed, we derived estimates of sensitivity at fixed values of specificity from the model we fitted to produce the summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. MAIN RESULTS Alzheimer's disease dementia was evaluated in 14 studies using CSF Aß42. Of the 1349 participants included in the meta-analysis, 436 developed Alzheimer's dementia. Individual study estimates of sensitivity were between 36% and 100% while the specificities were between 29% and 91%. Because of the variation in assay thresholds, we did not estimate summary sensitivity and specificity. However, we derived estimates of sensitivity at fixed values of specificity from the model we fitted to produce the summary ROC curve. At the median specificity of 64%, the sensitivity was 81% (95% CI 72 to 87). This equated to a positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 2.22 (95% CI 2.00 to 2.47) and a negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.31 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.48).The accuracy of CSF Aß42 for all forms of dementia was evaluated in four studies. Of the 464 participants examined, 188 developed a form of dementia (Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia).The thresholds used were between 209 mg/ml and 512 ng/ml. The sensitivities were between 56% and 75% while the specificities were between 47% and 76%. At the median specificity of 75%, the sensitivity was estimated to be 63% (95% CI 22 to 91) from the meta-analytic model. This equated to a LR+ of 2.51 (95% CI 1.30 to 4.86) and a LR- of 0.50 (95% CI 0.16 to 1.51).The accuracy of CSF Aß42 for non-Alzheimer's disease dementia was evaluated in three studies. Of the 385 participants examined, 61 developed non-Alzheimer's disease dementia. Since there were very few studies and considerable variation between studies, the results were not meta-analysed. The sensitivities were between 8% and 63% while the specificities were between 35% and 67%.Only one study examined the accuracy of plasma Aß42 and the plasma Aß42/Aß40 ratio for Alzheimer's disease dementia. The sensitivity of 86% (95% CI 81 to 90) was the same for both tests while the specificities were 50% (95% CI 44 to 55) and 70% (95% CI 64 to 75) for plasma Aß42 and the plasma Aß42/Aß40 ratio respectively. Of the 565 participants examined, 245 developed Alzheimer's dementia and 87 non-Alzheimer's disease dementia.There was substantial heterogeneity between studies. The accuracy of Aß42 for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease dementia did not differ significantly (P = 0.8) between studies that pre-specified the threshold for determining test positivity (n = 6) and those that only determined the threshold at follow-up (n = 8). One study excluded a sample of MCI non-Alzheimer's disease dementia converters from their analysis. In sensitivity analyses, the exclusion of this study had no impact on our findings. The exclusion of eight studies (950 patients) that were considered at high (n = 3) or unclear (n = 5) risk of bias for the patient selection domain also made no difference to our findings. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The proposed diagnostic criteria for prodromal dementia and MCI due to Alzheimer's disease, although still being debated, would be fulfilled where there is both core clinical and cognitive criteria and a single biomarker abnormality. From our review, the measure of abnormally low CSF Aß levels has very little diagnostic benefit with likelihood ratios suggesting only marginal clinical utility. The quality of reports was also poor, and thresholds and length of follow-up were inconsistent. We conclude that when applied to a population of patients with MCI, CSF Aß levels cannot be recommended as an accurate test for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Smailagic
- University of CambridgeInstitute of Public HealthForvie SiteRobinson WayCambridgeUKCB2 0SR
| | - Anna H Noel‐Storr
- University of OxfordRadcliffe Department of MedicineRoom 4401c (4th Floor)John Radcliffe Hospital, HeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 9DU
| | - Yemisi Takwoingi
- University of BirminghamPublic Health, Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEdgbastonBirminghamUKB15 2TT
| | - Leon Flicker
- University of Western AustraliaWestern Australian Centre for Health & Ageing ‐ WACHACrawleyPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia6014
| | | | - Rupert McShane
- University of OxfordRadcliffe Department of MedicineRoom 4401c (4th Floor)John Radcliffe Hospital, HeadingtonOxfordUKOX3 9DU
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Nutu M, Bourgeois P, Zetterberg H, Portelius E, Andreasson U, Parent S, Lipari F, Hall S, Constantinescu R, Hansson O, Blennow K. Aβ1-15/16 as a Potential Diagnostic Marker in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neuromolecular Med 2012; 15:169-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-012-8208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Bendlin BB, Carlsson CM, Johnson SC, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Willette AA, Okonkwo OC, Sodhi A, Ries ML, Birdsill AC, Alexander AL, Rowley HA, Puglielli L, Asthana S, Sager MA. CSF T-Tau/Aβ42 predicts white matter microstructure in healthy adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37720. [PMID: 22701578 PMCID: PMC3368882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers T-Tau and Aβ(42) are linked with Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet little is known about the relationship between CSF biomarkers and structural brain alteration in healthy adults. In this study we examined the extent to which AD biomarkers measured in CSF predict brain microstructure indexed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and volume indexed by T1-weighted imaging. Forty-three middle-aged adults with parental family history of AD received baseline lumbar puncture and MRI approximately 3.5 years later. Voxel-wise image analysis methods were used to test whether baseline CSF Aβ(42), total tau (T-Tau), phosphorylated tau (P-Tau) and neurofilament light protein predicted brain microstructure as indexed by DTI and gray matter volume indexed by T1-weighted imaging. T-Tau and T-Tau/Aβ(42) were widely correlated with indices of brain microstructure (mean, axial, and radial diffusivity), notably in white matter regions adjacent to gray matter structures affected in the earliest stages of AD. None of the CSF biomarkers were related to gray matter volume. Elevated P-Tau and P-Tau/Aβ(42) levels were associated with lower recognition performance on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Overall, the results suggest that CSF biomarkers are related to brain microstructure in healthy adults with elevated risk of developing AD. Furthermore, the results clearly suggest that early pathological changes in AD can be detected with DTI and occur not only in cortex, but also in white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B Bendlin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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11
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Chiu C, Miller MC, Caralopoulos IN, Worden MS, Brinker T, Gordon ZN, Johanson CE, Silverberg GD. Temporal course of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and amyloid accumulation in the aging rat brain from three to thirty months. Fluids Barriers CNS 2012; 9:3. [PMID: 22269091 PMCID: PMC3274479 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amyloid accumulation in the brain parenchyma is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is seen in normal aging. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics are also associated with normal aging and AD. This study analyzed CSF volume, production and turnover rate in relation to amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the aging rat brain. Methods Aging Fischer 344/Brown-Norway hybrid rats at 3, 12, 20, and 30 months were studied. CSF production was measured by ventriculo-cisternal perfusion with blue dextran in artificial CSF; CSF volume by MRI; and CSF turnover rate by dividing the CSF production rate by the volume of the CSF space. Aβ40 and Aβ42 concentrations in the cortex and hippocampus were measured by ELISA. Results There was a significant linear increase in total cranial CSF volume with age: 3-20 months (p < 0.01); 3-30 months (p < 0.001). CSF production rate increased from 3-12 months (p < 0.01) and decreased from 12-30 months (p < 0.05). CSF turnover showed an initial increase from 3 months (9.40 day-1) to 12 months (11.30 day-1) and then a decrease to 20 months (10.23 day-1) and 30 months (6.62 day-1). Aβ40 and Aβ42 concentrations in brain increased from 3-30 months (p < 0.001). Both Aβ42 and Aβ40 concentrations approached a steady state level by 30 months. Conclusions In young rats there is no correlation between CSF turnover and Aβ brain concentrations. After 12 months, CSF turnover decreases as brain Aβ continues to accumulate. This decrease in CSF turnover rate may be one of several clearance pathway alterations that influence age-related accumulation of brain amyloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University and Aldrich Neurosurgery Research Laboratories, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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12
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Vanmierlo T, Popp J, Kölsch H, Friedrichs S, Jessen F, Stoffel-Wagner B, Bertsch T, Hartmann T, Maier W, von Bergmann K, Steinbusch H, Mulder M, Lütjohann D. The plant sterol brassicasterol as additional CSF biomarker in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 124:184-92. [PMID: 21585343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plant sterols (sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol) are solely dietary-derivable sterols that are structurally very similar to cholesterol. In contrast to peripheral cholesterol, plant sterols can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate within mammalian brain. As an impaired function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-blood barrier is linked to neurodegenerative disorders, i.e. Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated whether this results in altered plant sterol concentrations in CSF. METHOD Applying gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, plant sterol concentrations were measured in plasma and CSF of patients with AD (n = 67) and controls (n = 29). Age, gender, plasma-to-CSF albumin ratio, CSF Aβ(42) , CSF pTau, APOE4 genotype, and serum creatinine were applied as covariates in the statistical analysis for individual plant sterols in order to compare plasma and CSF plant sterol concentrations between patients with AD and controls. RESULTS Albumin quotient was a consistent predictor in CSF for cholesterol and methyl plant sterols campesterol and brassicasterol. Comparison of lipid parameters per diagnosis based on relevant predictors revealed significantly lower concentrations of brassicasterol (P < 0.001) in CSF of patients with AD. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that brassicasterol improved the predictive value when added to pTau and Aβ42 in a biomarker model. CONCLUSION Brassicasterol might be a relevant additional biomarker in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanmierlo
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Germany
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Petersen RC, Jack CR. Imaging and biomarkers in early Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:438-41. [PMID: 19710641 PMCID: PMC3098135 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A major focus of research on aging and dementia pertains to the prediction of future cognitive decline. Toward this end, several longitudinal studies are under way that are designed to explore early predictors of cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging techniques and biomarkers have shown promise in this application. Ultimately, it is likely that the use of a combination of neuroimaging and chemical biomarkers will be involved in predicting the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C. Petersen
- Professor of Neurology, Cora Kanow Professor of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, Telephone: (507) 538-0487, Fax: (507) 538-6012
| | - Clifford R. Jack
- Professor of Neuroradiology, Alexander Family Professor of Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905
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Vemuri P, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR. MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects: diagnostic discrimination and cognitive correlations. Neurology 2009; 73:287-93. [PMID: 19636048 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181af79e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the correlations of both MRI and CSF biomarkers with clinical diagnosis and with cognitive performance in cognitively normal (CN) subjects and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, which consists of CN subjects, subjects with aMCI, and subjects with AD with both CSF and MRI. Baseline CSF (t-tau, Abeta(1-42), and p-tau(181P)) and MRI scans were obtained in 399 subjects (109 CN, 192 aMCI, 98 AD). Structural Abnormality Index (STAND) scores, which reflect the degree of AD-like anatomic features on MRI, were computed for each subject. RESULTS We found no significant correlation between CSF biomarkers and cognitive scores in any of the 3 clinical groups individually. Conversely, STAND scores correlated with both Clinical Dementia Rating-sum of boxes and Mini-Mental State Examination in aMCI and AD (p < or = 0.01). While STAND and all CSF biomarkers were predictors of clinical group membership (CN, aMCI, or AD) univariately (p < 0.001), STAND was more predictive than CSF both univariately and in combined models. CONCLUSIONS CSF and MRI biomarkers independently contribute to intergroup diagnostic discrimination and the combination of CSF and MRI provides better prediction than either source of data alone. However, MRI provides greater power to effect cross-sectional groupwise discrimination and better correlation with general cognition and functional status cross-sectionally. We therefore conclude that although MRI and CSF provide complementary information, MRI reflects clinically defined disease stage better than the CSF biomarkers tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vemuri
- Aging and Dementia Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Vemuri P, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR. MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects: predicting future clinical change. Neurology 2009; 73:294-301. [PMID: 19636049 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181af79fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between baseline MRI and CSF biomarkers and subsequent change in continuous measures of cognitive and functional abilities in cognitively normal (CN) subjects and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD) and to examine the ability of these biomarkers to predict time to conversion from aMCI to AD. METHODS Data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, which consists of CN, aMCI, and AD cohorts with both CSF and MRI, were used. Baseline CSF (t-tau, Abeta(1-42), and p-tau(181P)) and MRI scans were obtained in 399 subjects (109 CN, 192 aMCI, 98 AD). Structural Abnormality Index (STAND) scores, which reflect the degree of AD-like features in MRI, were computed for each subject. RESULTS Change on continuous measures of cognitive and functional performance was modeled as average Clinical Dementia Rating-sum of boxes and Mini-Mental State Examination scores over a 2-year period. STAND was a better predictor of subsequent cognitive/functional change than CSF biomarkers. Single-predictor Cox proportional hazard models for time to conversion from aMCI to AD showed that STAND and log (t-tau/Abeta(1-42)) were both predictive of future conversion. The age-adjusted hazard ratio for an interquartile change (95% confidence interval) of STAND was 2.6 (1.7, 4.2) and log (t-tau/Abeta(1-42)) was 2.0 (1.1, 3.4). Both MRI and CSF provided information about future cognitive change even after adjusting for baseline cognitive performance. CONCLUSIONS MRI and CSF provide complimentary predictive information about time to conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease and combination of the 2 provides better prediction than either source alone. However, we found that MRI was a slightly better predictor of future clinical/functional decline than the CSF biomarkers tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vemuri
- Aging and Dementia Imaging Research Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Sergeant N, Bretteville A, Hamdane M, Caillet-Boudin ML, Grognet P, Bombois S, Blum D, Delacourte A, Pasquier F, Vanmechelen E, Schraen-Maschke S, Buée L. Biochemistry of Tau in Alzheimer's disease and related neurological disorders. Expert Rev Proteomics 2008; 5:207-24. [PMID: 18466052 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.5.2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated Tau proteins belong to a family of factors that polymerize tubulin dimers and stabilize microtubules. Tau is strongly expressed in neurons, localized in the axon and is essential for neuronal plasticity and network. From the very beginning of Tau discovery, proteomics methods have been essential to the knowledge of Tau biochemistry and biology. In this review, we have summarized the main contributions of several proteomic methods in the understanding of Tau, including expression, post-translational modifications and structure, in both physiological and pathophysiological aspects. Finally, recent advances in proteomics technology are essential to develop further therapeutic targets and early predictive and discriminative diagnostic assays for Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.
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Petzold A, Keir G, Warren J, Fox N, Rossor MN. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of CSF Neurofilament Protein Levels as Biomarkers in Dementia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:185-94. [PMID: 17596713 DOI: 10.1159/000101843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of cortical neurons is a key pathological feature in neurodegenerative dementias. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilaments (Nf) are a biomarker for neuronal death and axonal loss. OBJECTIVE To perform a meta-analysis to investigate the value of CSF Nf levels for the laboratory-supported differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on CSF Nf heavy (NfH) and light (NfL) levels in patients with dementia. The dementia subgroups analysed were Alzheimer (AD), frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD), vascular dementia (SVD), minimal cognitive deficit (MCI). RESULTS We identified 12 studies on CSF NfH and NfL levels which met the inclusion criteria and 11 were of a quality good enough to be used in this meta-analysis. CSF data was available on 818 patients (306 AD, 106 SVD, 98 FTLD, 25 MCI, 283 controls). Overall CSF NfH and NfL levels were higher in patients with AD, FTLD and SVD when compared to controls. The size of the effect ranged from 0.71 to 1.38. The strongest effect was observed for the comparison of FTLD patients with controls, both for NfL (1.38) and NfH (0.74). CSF NfL were also able to separate patients with FTLD from those with AD. CONCLUSION At present we cannot recommend CSF NfH and NfL levels for use as a screening test in the diagnosis of dementia because of the rather small effect size. However, both neurofilament proteins may be of value for targeted investigation of some patients with FTLD, SVD and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petzold
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.
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Abstract
The introduction of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitors as a symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made patients seek medical advice at an earlier stage of the disease. This has highlighted the importance of diagnostic markers for early AD. However, there is no clinical method to determine which of the patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) will progress to AD with dementia, and which have a benign form of MCI without progression. In this paper, the performance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein biomarkers for AD is reviewed. The diagnostic performance of the three biomarkers, total tau, phospho-tau, and the 42 amino acid form of beta-amyloid have been evaluated in numerous studies and their ability to identify incipient AD in MCI cases has also been studied. Some candidate AD biomarkers including ubiquitin, neurofilament proteins, growth-associated protein 43 (neuromodulin), and neuronal thread protein (AD7c) show interesting results but have been less extensively studied. It is concluded that CSF biomarkers may have clinical utility in the differentiation between AD and several important differential diagnoses, including normal aging, depression, alcohol dementia, and Parkinson's disease, and also in the identification of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in cases with rapidly progressive dementia. Early diagnosis of AD is not only of importance to be able to initiate symptomatic treatment with AChE inhibitors, but will be the basis for initiation of treatment with drugs aimed at slowing down or arresting the degenerative process, such as gamma-secretase inhibitors, if these prove to affect AD pathology and to have a clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Blennow
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Experimental Neuroscience, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, SE-43180 Göteborg, Sweden.
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