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Simons JN, van der Graaf R, van Delden JJ. Cardiac organoids do not warrant additional moral scrutiny. BMC Med Ethics 2024; 25:61. [PMID: 38773517 PMCID: PMC11106857 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-024-01064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Certain organoid subtypes are particularly sensitive. We explore whether moral intuitions about the heartbeat warrant unique moral consideration for newly advanced contracting cardiac organoids. Despite the heartbeat's moral significance in organ procurement and abortion discussions, we argue that this significance should not translate into moral implications for cardiac organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannieke N Simons
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Rieke van der Graaf
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Jm van Delden
- Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Yan S, He Y, Zhu Y, Ye W, Chen Y, Zhu C, Zhan F, Ma Z. Human patient derived organoids: an emerging precision medicine model for gastrointestinal cancer research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1384450. [PMID: 38638528 PMCID: PMC11024315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1384450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers account for approximately one-third of the total global cancer incidence and mortality with a poor prognosis. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most of these diseases lack effective treatment, occurring as a result of inappropriate models to develop safe and potent therapies. As a novel preclinical model, tumor patient-derived organoids (PDOs), can be established from patients' tumor tissue and cultured in the laboratory in 3D architectures. This 3D model can not only highly simulate and preserve key biological characteristics of the source tumor tissue in vitro but also reproduce the in vivo tumor microenvironment through co-culture. Our review provided an overview of the different in vitro models in current tumor research, the derivation of cells in PDO models, and the application of PDO model technology in gastrointestinal cancers, particularly the applications in combination with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, tumor microenvironment simulation, drug screening, drug development, and personalized medicine. It also elucidates the ethical status quo of organoid research and the current challenges encountered in clinical research, and offers a forward-looking assessment of the potential paths for clinical organoid research advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Yan
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan He
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuehong Zhu
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wangfang Ye
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, China
| | - Cong Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, China
| | - Fuyuan Zhan
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
- School of Basic Medicine College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Boyd JL. Moral considerability of brain organoids from the perspective of computational architecture. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2024; 3:kvae004. [PMID: 38595940 PMCID: PMC10995847 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Human brain organoids equipped with complex cytoarchitecture and closed-loop feedback from virtual environments could provide insights into neural mechanisms underlying cognition. Yet organoids with certain cognitive capacities might also merit moral consideration. A precautionary approach has been proposed to address these ethical concerns by focusing on the epistemological question of whether organoids possess neural structures for morally-relevant capacities that bear resemblance to those found in human brains. Critics challenge this similarity approach on philosophical, scientific, and practical grounds but do so without a suitable alternative. Here, I introduce an architectural approach that infers the potential for cognitive-like processing in brain organoids based on the pattern of information flow through the system. The kind of computational architecture acquired by an organoid then informs the kind of cognitive capacities that could, theoretically, be supported and empirically investigated. The implications of this approach for the moral considerability of brain organoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lomax Boyd
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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4
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Hartung T, Morales Pantoja IE, Smirnova L. Brain organoids and organoid intelligence from ethical, legal, and social points of view. Front Artif Intell 2024; 6:1307613. [PMID: 38249793 PMCID: PMC10796793 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1307613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoids, aka cerebral organoids or earlier "mini-brains", are 3D cellular models that recapitulate aspects of the developing human brain. They show tremendous promise for advancing our understanding of neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. However, the unprecedented ability to model human brain development and function in vitro also raises complex ethical, legal, and social challenges. Organoid Intelligence (OI) describes the ongoing movement to combine such organoids with Artificial Intelligence to establish basic forms of memory and learning. This article discusses key issues regarding the scientific status and prospects of brain organoids and OI, conceptualizations of consciousness and the mind-brain relationship, ethical and legal dimensions, including moral status, human-animal chimeras, informed consent, and governance matters, such as oversight and regulation. A balanced framework is needed to allow vital research while addressing public perceptions and ethical concerns. Interdisciplinary perspectives and proactive engagement among scientists, ethicists, policymakers, and the public can enable responsible translational pathways for organoid technology. A thoughtful, proactive governance framework might be needed to ensure ethically responsible progress in this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hartung
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- CAAT-Europe, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Itzy E. Morales Pantoja
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (CAAT), Health and Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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5
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Pichl A, Ranisch R, Altinok OA, Antonakaki M, Barnhart AJ, Bassil K, Boyd JL, Chinaia AA, Diner S, Gaillard M, Greely HT, Jowitt J, Kreitmair K, Lawrence D, Lee TN, McKeown A, Sachdev V, Schicktanz S, Sugarman J, Trettenbach K, Wiese L, Wolff H, Árnason G. Ethical, legal and social aspects of human cerebral organoids and their governance in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1194706. [PMID: 38020890 PMCID: PMC10679683 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1194706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral organoids (HCOs) are model systems that enable researchers to investigate the human brain in ways that had previously been impossible. The emergence of HCOs was accompanied by both expert and layperson discussions concerning the possibility of these novel entities developing sentience or consciousness. Such concerns are reflected in deliberations about how to handle and regulate their use. This perspective article resulted from an international and interdisciplinary research retreat "Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects of Human Cerebral Organoids and their Governance in Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States", which took place in Tübingen, Germany, in August 2022. The retreat focused on whether HCO research requires new ethical and regulatory approaches. It addressed epistemic issues around the detection and theorisation of consciousness, ethical concerns around moral status and research conduct, difficulties for legislation and guidelines managing these entities, and public engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Pichl
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Research Unit “Ethics of Genome Editing”, Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Ranisch
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Research Unit “Ethics of Genome Editing”, Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ozan Altan Altinok
- Center for Ethics and Law in the Life Sciences, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melpomeni Antonakaki
- Department of Science, Technology and Society, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Katherine Bassil
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - J. Lomax Boyd
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Sarah Diner
- Institute for Medical Humanities, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maxence Gaillard
- HYBRIDA Project, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway and UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Henry T. Greely
- Stanford Law School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Jowitt
- Newcastle Law School, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Karola Kreitmair
- Department of Medical History and Bioethics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - David Lawrence
- Durham Law School, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Nicholas Lee
- Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex McKeown
- Department of Psychiatry, Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Vorathep Sachdev
- Edinburgh Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Schicktanz
- Institute of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katharina Trettenbach
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Research Unit “Ethics of Genome Editing”, Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lara Wiese
- Institute for Social and Health Law, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Hannes Wolff
- Chair of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law, European and International Economic Law, Faculty of Law, University of Passau, Passau, Germany
| | - Garðar Árnason
- Research Unit “Ethics of Genome Editing”, Institute of Ethics and History of Medicine, The University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
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6
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Zhang Y, Liao B, Lei R. A leap of faith: building the trust in human biobanks. Front Genet 2023; 14:1261623. [PMID: 37928244 PMCID: PMC10621791 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1261623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Human biobanks are an essential resource for contemporary medical research, crucial in treating and preventing human diseases and improving health. Public trust in human biobanks is a vital social prerequisite for their continued operation and related research. Methods: Drawing on the "leap of faith" theory proposed by Georg Simmel and Guido Möllering, this paper first examines the relationship between public trust and human biobanks and the process through which such trust is established. Subsequently, based on the results of this analysis, targeted policy recommendations are put forward to consolidate or enhance public trust in human biobanks. Results: Public trust in human biobanks stems from certain "good reasons," through which uncertainty and vulnerability are "suspended" by faith, leading to a leap toward the "land of expectations." In this progress, the critical factors in building and enhancing public trust in human biobanks are the public's propensity to trust, the inherent trustworthiness of human biobanks, and the security and interactivity of the trust environment. Conclusion: Public trust in human biobanks cannot be determined by any universal formula, as it is influenced by many factors, including intangible elements such as faith that defy empirical understanding. Nonetheless, public trust in human biobanks can be enhanced through measures such as fostering the public's propensity to trust, enhancing the inherent trustworthiness of human biobanks, establishing structural safeguards for the trust environment through ethical norms, systems, and supervision, and promoting public participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Philosophy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Institute of State Governance, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bohua Liao
- School of Philosophy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ruipeng Lei
- School of Marxism, Center for Ethics and Governance of Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Center for Bioethics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Kataoka M, Gyngell C, Savulescu J, Sawai T. The Ethics of Human Brain Organoid Transplantation in Animals. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2023; 16:27. [PMID: 37809032 PMCID: PMC10550858 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-023-09532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we outline how one might conduct a comprehensive ethical evaluation of human brain organoid transplantation in animals. Thus far, ethical concerns regarding this type of research have been assumed to be similar to those associated with other transplants of human cells in animals, and have therefore not received significant attention. The focus has been only on the welfare, moral status, or mental capacities of the host animal. However, the transplantation of human brain organoids introduces several new ethical issues. Many of these are related to uncertainty regarding whether or not brain organoids might be conscious. While these concerns might not be immediately relevant, they warrant closer scrutiny. We discuss how various ethical issues are relevant to different stages of human brain organoid transplantation and can guide the ethical evaluation of research. Our examination would broaden the horizons of the debate on the transplantation of brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Kataoka
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Christopher Gyngell
- Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Philosophy, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsutomu Sawai
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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8
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Iltis AS, Koster G, Reeves E, Matthews KRW. Ethical, legal, regulatory, and policy issues concerning embryoids: a systematic review of the literature. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:209. [PMID: 37605210 PMCID: PMC10441753 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in methods to culture pluripotent stem cells to model human development have resulted in entities that increasingly have recapitulated advanced stages of early embryo development. These entities, referred to by numerous terms such as embryoids, are becoming more sophisticated and could resemble human embryos ever more closely as research progresses. This paper reports a systematic review of the ethical, legal, regulatory, and policy questions and concerns found in the literature concerning human embryoid research published from 2016 to 2022. We identified 56 papers that use 53 distinct names or terms to refer to embryoids and four broad categories of ethical, legal, regulatory, or policy considerations in the literature: research justifications/benefits, ethical significance or moral status, permissible use, and regulatory and oversight challenges. Analyzing the full range of issues is a critical step toward fostering more robust ethical, legal, and social implications research in this emerging area and toward developing appropriate oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Iltis
- Center for Bioethics, Health and Society and Department of Philosophy, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Grace Koster
- Center for Bioethics, Health and Society and Department of Philosophy, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
| | - Emily Reeves
- Center for Bioethics, Health and Society and Department of Philosophy, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27106, USA
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Yang C, Xiao W, Wang R, Hu Y, Yi K, Sun X, Wang G, Xu X. Tumor organoid model of colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 26:328. [PMID: 37415635 PMCID: PMC10320425 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.13914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of self-organizing 'mini-gut' organoid models has brought about a significant breakthrough in biomedical research. Patient-derived tumor organoids have emerged as valuable tools for preclinical studies, offering the retention of genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the original tumor. These organoids have applications in various research areas, including in vitro modelling, drug discovery and personalized medicine. The present review provided an overview of intestinal organoids, focusing on their unique characteristics and current understanding. The progress made in colorectal cancer (CRC) organoid models was then delved into, discussing their role in drug development and personalized medicine. For instance, it has been indicated that patient-derived tumor organoids are able to predict response to irinotecan-based neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Furthermore, the limitations and challenges associated with current CRC organoid models were addressed, along with proposed strategies for enhancing their utility in future basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Wangwen Xiao
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hu
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Ke Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
- Central Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Taicang, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
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10
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Ravn T, Sørensen MP, Capulli E, Kavouras P, Pegoraro R, Picozzi M, Saugstrup LI, Spyrakou E, Stavridi V. Public perceptions and expectations: Disentangling the hope and hype of organoid research. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:841-852. [PMID: 37001517 PMCID: PMC10147824 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoid technologies are rapidly advancing and hold great potential and hope for disease modeling and clinical translational research. Still, they raise a number of complex, ethical questions regarding their current and future use. Patient and public involvement is important in building public trust and helping to secure responsible conduct and valued innovations; nevertheless, research into patient and public perspectives on organoid technologies remains scarce. We report on a first public dialogue on organoid technologies through three cross-country deliberative workshops with a diverse group of stakeholders to identify their perceptions and concerns. Participants generally support organoid technologies on the condition that responsible governance, ethical oversight, and sound informed consent procedures are in place. Yet, a broad set of potential concerns are identified, primarily concerning commercialization, healthcare access, and cerebral organoids. Participants' insights and recommendations can help inform researchers and ethics and policy bodies toward supporting responsible and ethical organoid approaches.
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11
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Barnhart AJ, Dierickx K. A Tale of Two Chimeras: Applying the Six Principles to Human Brain Organoid Xenotransplantation. Camb Q Healthc Ethics 2023; 32:1-17. [PMID: 36847198 DOI: 10.1017/s0963180123000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral organoid models in-of-themselves are considered as an alternative to research animal models. But their developmental and biological limitations currently inhibit the probability that organoids can fully replace animal models. Furthermore, these organoid limitations have, somewhat ironically, brought researchers back to the animal model via xenotransplantation, thus creating hybrids and chimeras. In addition to attempting to study and overcome cerebral organoid limitations, transplanting cerebral organoids into animal models brings an opportunity to observe behavioral changes in the animal itself. Traditional animal ethics frameworks, such as the well-known three Rs (reduce, refine, and replace), have previously addressed chimeras and xenotransplantation of tissue. But these frameworks have yet to completely assess the neural-chimeric possibilities. And while the three Rs framework was a historical landmark in animal ethics, there are identifiable gaps in the framework that require attention. The authors propose to utilize an expanded three Rs framework initially developed by David DeGrazia and Tom L. Beauchamp, known as the Six Principles (6Ps). This framework aims to expand upon the three Rs, fill in the gaps, and be a practical means for assessing animal ethical issues like that of neural-chimeras and cerebral organoid xenotransplantation. The scope of this 6Ps application will focus on two separate but recent studies, which were published in 2019 and 2020. First, they consider a study wherein cerebral organoids were grown from donors with Down syndrome and from neurotypical donors. After these organoids were grown and studied, they were then surgically implanted into mouse models to observe the physiological effects and any behavioral change in the chimera. Second, they consider a separate study wherein neurotypical human embryonic stem cell-derived cerebral organoids were grown and transplanted into mouse and macaque models. The aim was to observe if such a transplantation method would contribute to therapies for brain injury or stroke. The authors place both studies under the lens of the 6Ps framework, assess the relevant contexts of each case, and provide relevant normative conclusions. In this way, they demonstrate how the 6Ps could be applied in future cases of neural-chimeras and cerebral organoid xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Barnhart
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Dierickx
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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12
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de Kanter AFJ, Jongsma KR, Verhaar MC, Bredenoord AL. The Ethical Implications of Tissue Engineering for Regenerative Purposes: A Systematic Review. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B: REVIEWS 2022; 29:167-187. [PMID: 36112697 PMCID: PMC10122262 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2022.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue Engineering (TE) is a branch of Regenerative Medicine (RM) that combines stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds to create living tissue constructs to restore patients' organs after injury or disease. Over the last decade, emerging technologies such as 3D bioprinting, biofabrication, supramolecular materials, induced pluripotent stem cells, and organoids have entered the field. While this rapidly evolving field is expected to have great therapeutic potential, its development from bench to bedside presents several ethical and societal challenges. To make sure TE will reach its ultimate goal of improving patient welfare, these challenges should be mapped out and evaluated. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the ethical implications of the development and application of TE for regenerative purposes, as mentioned in the academic literature. A search query in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PhilPapers yielded 2451 unique articles. After systematic screening, 237 relevant ethical and biomedical articles published between 2008 and 2021 were included in our review. We identified a broad range of ethical implications that could be categorized under 10 themes. Seven themes trace the development from bench to bedside: (1) animal experimentation, (2) handling human tissue, (3) informed consent, (4) therapeutic potential, (5) risk and safety, (6) clinical translation, and (7) societal impact. Three themes represent ethical safeguards relevant to all developmental phases: (8) scientific integrity, (9) regulation, and (10) patient and public involvement. This review reveals that since 2008 a significant body of literature has emerged on how to design clinical trials for TE in a responsible manner. However, several topics remain in need of more attention. These include the acceptability of alternative translational pathways outside clinical trials, soft impacts on society and questions of ownership over engineered tissues. Overall, this overview of the ethical and societal implications of the field will help promote responsible development of new interventions in TE and RM. It can also serve as a valuable resource and educational tool for scientists, engineers, and clinicians in the field by providing an overview of the ethical considerations relevant to their work. Impact statement To our knowledge, this is the first time that the ethical implications of Tissue Engineering (TE) have been reviewed systematically. By gathering existing scholarly work and identifying knowledge gaps, this review facilitates further research into the ethical and societal implications of TE and Regenerative Medicine (RM) and other emerging biomedical technologies. Moreover, it will serve as a valuable resource and educational tool for scientists, engineers, and clinicians in the field by providing an overview of the ethical considerations relevant to their work. As such, our review may promote successful and responsible development of new strategies in TE and RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Floor Johanna de Kanter
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Stratenum 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3508 GA,
| | - Karin Rolanda Jongsma
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands,
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Utrecht, Netherlands,
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- University Medical Centre Utrecht, Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Philosophy, Rotterdam, Netherlands,
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13
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Barnhart AJ, Dierickx K. The Many Moral Matters of Organoid Models: A systematic review of reasons. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2022; 25:545-560. [PMID: 35532849 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-022-10082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the ethical issues, moral arguments, and reasons found in the ethical literature on organoid models. DESIGN In this systematic review of reasons in ethical literature, we selected sources based on predefined criteria: (1) The publication mentions moral reasons or arguments directly relating to the creation and/or use of organoid models in biomedical research; (2) These moral reasons and arguments are significantly addressed, not as mere passing mentions, or comprise a large portion of the body of work; (3) The publication is peer-reviewed and published in an academic article, book, national-level report, working paper, or Ph.D. thesis; (4) The publications collected are in English. ANALYSIS Each article was read in-depth for identifiable moral reasons, arguments, and concerns. These were then inductively classified and synthesized to create broader categories of reasons, and eventually an overarching conceptual scheme was created. RESULTS A total of twenty-three sources were included and analyzed out of an initial 266 collected sources. Five themes of ethical issues and arguments were found: Animal Experimentation; Clinical Applications and Experiments; Commercialization and Consent; Organoid Ontology and Moral Status; and Research Ethics and Research Integrity. These themes are then further broken down into sub-themes and topics. Given the extensive nature of the topics found, we will focus on describing the topics that comprised of more in-depth reasons and arguments rather than few, passing mentions or concerns. CONCLUSIONS The ethics of organoids requires further deliberation in multiple areas, as much of the discussions are not presented as in-depth arguments. Such sentiments are also echoed throughout the organoid ethics literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Barnhart
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kris Dierickx
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Lensink MA, Jongsma KR, Boers SN, Bredenoord AL. Better governance starts with better words: why responsible human tissue research demands a change of language. BMC Med Ethics 2022; 23:90. [PMID: 36050689 PMCID: PMC9438266 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-022-00823-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of precision medicine has led to an unprecedented focus on human biological material in biomedical research. In addition, rapid advances in stem cell technology, regenerative medicine and synthetic biology are leading to more complex human tissue structures and new applications with tremendous potential for medicine. While promising, these developments also raise several ethical and practical challenges which have been the subject of extensive academic debate. These debates have led to increasing calls for longitudinal governance arrangements between tissue providers and biobanks that go beyond the initial moment of obtaining consent, such as closer involvement of tissue providers in what happens to their tissue, and more active participatory approaches to the governance of biobanks. However, in spite of these calls, such measures are being adopted slowly in practice, and there remains a strong tendency to focus on the consent procedure as the tool for addressing the ethical challenges of contemporary biobanking. In this paper, we argue that one of the barriers to this transition is the dominant language pervading the field of human tissue research, in which the provision of tissue is phrased as a 'donation' or 'gift', and tissue providers are referred to as 'donors'. Because of the performative qualities of language, the effect of using 'donation' and 'donor' shapes a professional culture in which biobank participants are perceived as passive providers of tissue free from further considerations or entitlements. This hampers the kind of participatory approaches to governance that are deemed necessary to adequately address the ethical challenges currently faced in human tissue research. Rather than reinforcing this idea through language, we need to pave the way for the kind of participatory approaches to governance that are being extensively argued for by starting with the appropriate terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lensink
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah N Boers
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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15
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de Jongh D, Massey EK, Bunnik EM. Organoids: a systematic review of ethical issues. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:337. [PMID: 35870991 PMCID: PMC9308907 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are 3D structures grown from pluripotent stem cells derived from human tissue and serve as in vitro miniature models of human organs. Organoids are expected to revolutionize biomedical research and clinical care. However, organoids are not seen as morally neutral. For instance, tissue donors may perceive enduring personal connections with their organoids, setting higher bars for informed consent and patient participation. Also, several organoid sub-types, e.g., brain organoids and human-animal chimeric organoids, have raised controversy. This systematic review provides an overview of ethical discussions as conducted in the scientific literature on organoids. The review covers both research and clinical applications of organoid technology and discusses the topics informed consent, commercialization, personalized medicine, transplantation, brain organoids, chimeras, and gastruloids. It shows that further ethical research is needed especially on organoid transplantation, to help ensure the responsible development and clinical implementation of this technology in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dide de Jongh
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma K. Massey
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M. Bunnik
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Vandemeulebroucke T, Denier Y, Mertens E, Gastmans C. Which Framework to Use? A Systematic Review of Ethical Frameworks for the Screening or Evaluation of Health Technology Innovations. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2022; 28:26. [PMID: 35639210 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-022-00377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Innovations permeate healthcare settings on an ever-increasing scale. Health technology innovations (HTIs) impact our perceptions and experiences of health, care, disease, etc. Because of the fast pace these HTIs are being introduced in different healthcare settings, there is a growing societal consensus that these HTIs need to be governed by ethical reflection. This paper reports a systematic review of argument-based literature which focused on articles reporting on ethical frameworks to screen or evaluate HTIs. To do this a four step methodology was followed: (1) Literature search conducted in five electronic literature databases; (2) Identification of relevant articles; (3) Development of data-extraction tool to analyze the included articles; (4) Analysis, synthesis of data and reporting of results. Fifty-seven articles were included, each reporting on a specific ethical framework. These ethical frameworks existed out of characteristics which were grouped into five common ones: (1) Motivations for development and use of frameworks; (2) Objectives of using frameworks; (3) Specific characteristics of frameworks (background context, scope, and focus); (4) Ethical approaches and concepts used in the frameworks; (5) Methods to use the frameworks. Although this multiplicity of ethical frameworks shows an increasing importance of ethically analyzing HTIs, it remains unclear what the specific role is of these analyses. An ethics of caution, on which ethical frameworks rely, guides HTIs in their design, development, implementation, without questioning their technological paradigm. An ethics of desirability questions this paradigm, without guiding HTIs. In the end, a place needs to be found in-between, to critically assess HTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Vandemeulebroucke
- Sustainable AI Lab, Institut Für Wissenschaft Und Ethik, University of Bonn, Bonner Talweg 57, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Denier
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Louvain-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 box 7001, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Mertens
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Louvain-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 box 7001, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Gastmans
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, KU Louvain-University of Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 35 box 7001, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Zhou Z, Cong L, Cong X. Patient-Derived Organoids in Precision Medicine: Drug Screening, Organoid-on-a-Chip and Living Organoid Biobank. Front Oncol 2021; 11:762184. [PMID: 35036354 PMCID: PMC8755639 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.762184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids are in vitro self-assembling, organ-like, three-dimensional cellular structures that stably retain key characteristics of the respective organs. Organoids can be generated from healthy or pathological tissues derived from patients. Cancer organoid culture platforms have several advantages, including conservation of the cellular composition that captures the heterogeneity and pharmacotypic signatures of the parental tumor. This platform has provided new opportunities to fill the gap between cancer research and clinical outcomes. Clinical trials have been performed using patient-derived organoids (PDO) as a tool for personalized medical decisions to predict patients' responses to therapeutic regimens and potentially improve treatment outcomes. Living organoid biobanks encompassing several cancer types have been established, providing a representative collection of well-characterized models that will facilitate drug development. In this review, we highlight recent developments in the generation of organoid cultures and PDO biobanks, in preclinical drug discovery, and methods to design a functional organoid-on-a-chip combined with microfluidic. In addition, we discuss the advantages as well as limitations of human organoids in patient-specific therapy and highlight possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Zhou
- Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Guntram L. May I have your uterus? The contribution of considering complexities preceding live uterus transplantation. MEDICAL HUMANITIES 2021; 47:425-437. [PMID: 33627444 PMCID: PMC8639951 DOI: 10.1136/medhum-2020-011864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Uterus transplantation combined with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) (henceforth called UTx-IVF) as a treatment for infertility caused by an absence or malfunction of the uterus is advancing. About 50 transplantations have been conducted worldwide and at least 14 children have been born-9 of them by women taking part in a Swedish research project on UTx-IVF. The Swedish research protocol initially stated that the potential recipient must 'have her own donor' who is preferably related to the recipient. But what does it mean to ask someone for a uterus? What challenges does this question instigate? And what norms may it enact? In this article, I explore how 10 women-who have considered, and sometimes pursued, UTx-IVF-describe their experiences of searching for a donor. I aim to show how an analysis of such accounts can help us unpack some of the specific relational and gendered dimensions of UTx-IVF and by doing so enrich discussions of risks, benefits, care and support in UTx-IVF. Drawing on research in social sciences and medical humanities that has demonstrated how assisted reproductive technologies and organ donation can provoke social and familial conundrums, with respect to such topics as embodiment and identity, I present three patterns that describe different dimensions of the interviewees' quest for a uterus donor. I discuss the negotiations that took place, how expectations unfolded and how entanglements were managed as the interviewees considered asking someone for a donation. Such an examination, I suggest, contributes to make care and support more attuned to the experiences and entanglements that UTx-IVF entails for those pursuing it. This will become increasingly important if (or when) UTx-IVF becomes part of general healthcare. To conclude, I problematise responsibilities and relational challenges in medical innovation, and in this way provide insights into how the ethical debate over UTx-IVF can broaden its scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Guntram
- TEMA-Department of Thematic Studies, Linkopings universitet Institutionen for Tema, Linkoping, Sweden
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19
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Stoeklé HC, Ivasilevitch A, Marignac G, Hervé C. Creation and use of organoids in biomedical research and healthcare: the bioethical and metabioethical issues. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:285-294. [PMID: 34706616 PMCID: PMC8555554 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1996749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of bioethics, scientific articles have already been published, and have highlighted relatively pluralist reflections concerning the creation and use of organoids. This plurality, rather than simply reflecting the complexity of the subject, may also be a consequence of the multiple theoretical and practical frameworks applied. Moreover, the creation and use of organoids in biomedical research and healthcare is probably in its infancy. This phenomenon is likely to increase in amplitude. Bioethics may be able to provide it with an effective and pertinent moral meaning, provided that a veritable metabioethical reflection is developed in parallel, that is, a reflection on bioethics itself, to provide scientists and clinicians with the best possible assistance in their everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri-Corto Stoeklé
- Department of Ethics and Scientific Integrity, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Achille Ivasilevitch
- Department of Ethics and Scientific Integrity, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France.,Laboratory of Business Law and New Technologies (Dante) (UR4498), Paris-Saclay University (Uvsq), Montigny-Le-Bretonneux, France
| | | | - Christian Hervé
- Department of Ethics and Scientific Integrity, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France.,University of Paris, Paris, France.,International Academy of Medical Ethics and Public Health, University of Paris, Paris, France.,Veterinary Academy of France, Paris, France
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20
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Perrone F, Zilbauer M. Biobanking of human gut organoids for translational research. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1451-1458. [PMID: 34663935 PMCID: PMC8569164 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00606-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of human organoid culture models has led to unprecedented opportunities to generate self-organizing, three-dimensional miniature organs that closely mimic in vivo conditions. The ability to expand, culture, and bank such organoids now provide researchers with the opportunity to generate next-generation living biobanks, which will substantially contribute to translational research in a wide range of areas, including drug discovery and testing, regenerative medicine as well as the development of a personalized treatment approach. However, compared to traditional tissue repositories, the generation of a living organoid biobank requires a much higher level of coordination, additional resources, and scientific expertise. In this short review, we discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with the generation of a living organoid biobank. Focusing on human intestinal organoids, we highlight some of the key aspects that need to be considered and provide an outlook for future development in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perrone
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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21
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What can biofabrication do for space and what can space do for biofabrication? Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:398-411. [PMID: 34544616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofabrication in space is one of the novel promising and prospective research directions in the rapidly emerging field of space STEM. There are several advantages of biofabrication in space. Under microgravity, it is possible to engineer constructs using more fluidic channels and thus more biocompatible bioinks. Microgravity enables biofabrication of tissue and organ constructs of more complex geometries, thus facilitating novel scaffold-, label-, and nozzle-free technologies based on multi-levitation principles. However, when exposed to microgravity and cosmic radiation, biofabricated tissues could be used to study pathophysiological phenomena that will be useful on Earth and for deep space manned missions. Here, we provide leading concepts about the potential mutual benefits of the application of biofabrication technologies in space.
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22
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Bollinger J, May E, Mathews D, Donowitz M, Sugarman J. Patients' perspectives on the derivation and use of organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1874-1883. [PMID: 34329595 PMCID: PMC8365094 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoid research is enhancing understanding of human development and diseases as well as aiding in medication development and selection, raising hopes for even more future therapeutic options. Nevertheless, this work raises important ethical issues and there is a paucity of data regarding patients' perspectives on them. We report on 60 interviews with adult patients or parents of pediatric patients from diverse disease populations who receive medical care at a major academic research institution in the United States. Interviewees expressed broad support for organoid development and use. However, patients viewed brain organoids, and sometimes gonadal organoids, as morally distinct; and some organoid research poses moral concerns. Nonetheless, patients generally understood the potential value of such research and approved of it, provided it was aimed at good intent and conducted with ethical oversight and a robust consent process. These data should help inform conceptual and policy deliberations about appropriate organoid use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli Bollinger
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth May
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Debra Mathews
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, 1809 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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23
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Mollaki V. Ethical Challenges in Organoid Use. BIOTECH 2021; 10:biotech10030012. [PMID: 35822766 PMCID: PMC9245480 DOI: 10.3390/biotech10030012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids hold great promises for numerous applications in biomedicine and biotechnology. Despite its potential in science, organoid technology poses complex ethical challenges that may hinder any future benefits for patients and society. This study aims to analyze the multifaceted ethical issues raised by organoids and recommend measures that must be taken at various levels to ensure the ethical use and application of this technology. Organoid technology raises several serious ethics issues related to the source of stem cells for organoid creation, informed consent and privacy of cell donors, the moral and legal status of organoids, the potential acquisition of human “characteristics or qualities”, use of gene editing, creation of chimeras, organoid transplantation, commercialization and patentability, issues of equity in the resulting treatments, potential misuse and dual use issues and long-term storage in biobanks. Existing guidelines and regulatory frameworks that are applicable to organoids are also discussed. It is concluded that despite the serious ethical challenges posed by organoid use and biobanking, we have a moral obligation to support organoid research and ensure that we do not lose any of the potential benefits that organoids offer. In this direction, a four-step approach is recommended, which includes existing regulations and guidelines, special regulatory provisions that may be needed, public engagement and continuous monitoring of the rapid advancements in the field. This approach may help maximize the biomedical and social benefits of organoid technology and contribute to future governance models in organoid technology.
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24
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Lensink MA, Boers SN, M Gulmans VA, Jongsma KR, Bredenoord AL. Mini-gut feelings: perspectives of people with cystic fibrosis on the ethics and governance of organoid biobanking. Per Med 2021; 18:241-254. [PMID: 33825546 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Organoid technology has enormous potential for precision medicine, such as has recently been demonstrated in the field of cystic fibrosis. However, storage and use of organoids has been associated with ethical challenges and there is currently a lack of harmony in regulation and guidelines to govern the rapid emergence of 'organoid medicine'. Developing sound governance demands incorporation of the perspectives of patients as key stakeholders. Materials & methods: We conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with people with cystic fibrosis to explore their perspectives on the ethics and governance of organoid biobanking. Results: We identified three themes: prioritization of research and trust, ambivalent views on commercial involvement and transparency and control. Conclusion: Our study offers important insights for ethically robust governance of 'organoid medicine'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lensink
- Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, GA Utrecht 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, GA Utrecht 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A M Gulmans
- Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFS), Dr. A. Schweitzerweg 3A, MG Baarn 3744, The Netherlands
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, GA Utrecht 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, GA Utrecht 3508, The Netherlands
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25
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Lensink MA, Jongsma KR, Boers SN, van Delden JJM, Bredenoord AL. Responsible Research with Human Tissues: The Need for Reciprocity Toward Both Collectives and Individuals. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2021; 21:75-78. [PMID: 33825632 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1891346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center, University Medical Center
- Utrecht General Practice Training Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht
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26
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Schutgens F, Rookmaaker M, Verhaar M. A Perspective on a Urine-Derived Kidney Tubuloid Biobank from Patients with Hereditary Tubulopathies. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:177-182. [PMID: 33544041 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited kidney tubulopathies comprise a group of rare diseases with a significant societal impact, as lifelong treatment is often required and no therapies are available to prevent progression of renal damage. Diagnosis of inherited tubulopathies has improved with the advances of next generation sequencing. However, difficulties remain, such as a lack of genotype-phenotype correlation and unknown pathogenicity of newly identified variants. In addition, treatment remains mainly symptomatic. Both diagnosis and treatment can be improved by addition of in vitro functional studies to clinical care. Urine-derived kidney organoids ("tubuloids") are a promising platform for these studies. International collections of patient-derived tubuloids in a living biobank offer additional advantages for drug development and pathophysiological studies. In this review, we discuss how diagnosis and treatment of tubulopathies can be improved by in vitro studies using a tubuloid biobank. We also address practical challenges in the development of such biobank. Impact statement This review provides readers insight into aspects related to diagnosis and treatment of hereditary kidney tubulopathies that can be improved. In addition, it explains why in vitro functional analyses using a kidney organoid model (tubuloids) may be useful as a method to improve these aspects. Finally, the additional advantages and practical hurdles of collecting tubuloid lines in a biobank are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Schutgens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Hubrecht Institute-Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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27
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Haselager DR, Boers SN, Jongsma KR, Vinkers CH, Broekman ML, Bredenoord AL. Breeding brains? Patients' and laymen's perspectives on cerebral organoids. Regen Med 2021; 15:2351-2360. [PMID: 33471559 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore the perspectives of patients and laymen with regard to the development, use and storage of cerebral organoids, in order to contribute to the ethical debate about this technology. Materials & methods: In depth semi-structured interviews with 28 patients and laymen were conducted. A qualitative thematic analysis was undertaken using a constant comparative method. Results: Three interrelated themes emerged from the empirical material: moral value; willingness to donate; and elements of good governance. Conclusion: Patients and laymen are most concerned about cerebral organoids potentially developing consciousness and potential misuse. They support the use of cerebral organoids under the conditions that donors are adequately informed and that there will be good governance. Perspectives of patients and laymen are helpful to enable responsible development and use of cerebral organoids in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly R Haselager
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah N Boers
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan H Vinkers
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center & Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081HV, The Netherlands
| | - Marike L Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, 2501CK The Hague & Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences & Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584CG, The Netherlands
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Lensink MA, Boers SN, Jongsma KR, Carter SE, van der Ent CK, Bredenoord AL. Organoids for personalized treatment of Cystic Fibrosis: Professional perspectives on the ethics and governance of organoid biobanking. J Cyst Fibros 2020; 20:443-451. [PMID: 33303364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organoid technology is emerging rapidly as a valuable tool for precision medicine, particularly in the field of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). However, biobank storage and use of patient-derived organoids raises specific ethical and practical challenges that demand sound governance. We examined the perspectives of professionals affiliated with CF or organoids on the ethical aspects of organoid biobanking for CF precision medicine. By conducting this study parallel to the process of innovation and development of organoid biobanking, its findings are valuable for the design of responsible governance frameworks. METHODS To identify relevant themes and attitudes we conducted 21 semi-structured qualitative interviews with professionals in the field of organoid technology, biobanking, or CF research and care. RESULTS We identified three key challenges, as well as the suggestions of professionals on how to address them: (1) The challenges associated with commercial involvement, trust, and ownership, (2) Navigating the blurring boundary between research and clinical care, (3) Appropriate approaches to the informed consent procedure. CONCLUSION Sound governance of organoid biobanks aimed at precision medicine requires coming to terms with the fact that its stakeholders no longer belong to separate domains. Responsible governance should be aimed at finding a sound, context-sensitive balance between integration of ongoing co-operation and mutual consideration of interests, and maintaining a feasible and sustainable research climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Lensink
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah N Boers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin R Jongsma
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sarah E Carter
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis K van der Ent
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Post KH.01.419.0, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Internal Post Str. 6.131, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Human cerebral organoids (HCOs) are three-dimensional in vitro cell cultures that mimic the developmental process and organization of the developing human brain. In just a few years this technique has produced brain models that are already being used to study diseases of the nervous system and to test treatments and drugs. Currently, HCOs consist of tens of millions of cells and have a size of a few millimeters. The greatest limitation to further development is due to their lack of vascularization. However, recent research has shown that human cerebral organoids can manifest the same electrical activity and connections between brain neurons and EEG patterns as those recorded in preterm babies. All this suggests that, in the future, HCOs may manifest an ability to experience basic sensations such as pain, therefore manifesting sentience, or even rudimentary forms of consciousness. This calls for consideration of whether cerebral organoids should be given a moral status and what limitations should be introduced to regulate research. In this article I focus particularly on the study of the emergence and mechanisms of human consciousness, i.e. one of the most complex scientific problems there are, by means of experiments on HCOs. This type of experiment raises relevant ethical issues and, as I will argue, should probably not be considered morally acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lavazza
- Centro Universitario Internazionale, Via Garbasso, 42, 52100, Arezzo, Italy.
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Lensink MA, Jongsma KR, Boers SN, Noordhoek JJ, Beekman JM, Bredenoord AL. Responsible use of organoids in precision medicine: the need for active participant involvement. Development 2020; 147:147/7/dev177972. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.177972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Organoids are three-dimensional multicellular structures grown in vitro from stem cells and which recapitulate some organ function. They are derivatives of living tissue that can be stored in biobanks for a multitude of research purposes. Biobank research on organoids derived from patients is highly promising for precision medicine, which aims to target treatment to individual patients. The dominant approach for protecting the interests of biobank participants emphasizes broad consent in combination with privacy protection and ex ante (predictive) ethics review. In this paradigm, participants are positioned as passive donors; however, organoid biobanking for precision medicine purposes raises challenges that we believe cannot be adequately addressed without more ongoing involvement of patient-participants. In this Spotlight, we argue why a shift from passive donation towards more active involvement is particularly crucial for biobank research on organoids aimed at precision medicine, and suggest some approaches appropriate to this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Lensink
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin R. Jongsma
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah N. Boers
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacquelien J. Noordhoek
- Dutch Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (NCFS), Dr. A. Schweitzerweg 3A, 3744 MG Baarn, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center, Internal post KH.01.419.0, P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annelien L. Bredenoord
- Department of Medical Humanities, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sugarman J, Bredenoord AL. Real-time ethics engagement in biomedical research: Ethics from bench to bedside. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49919. [PMID: 31944538 PMCID: PMC7001493 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research often raises ethical questions that are usually addressed ad hoc or in retrospective. Real-time ethical engagement as part of research may be better suited to identify ethical issues.
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Lavazza A. What (or sometimes who) are organoids? And whose are they? JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2019; 45:144-145. [PMID: 30580320 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2018-105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In terms of ethical implications, Boers, van Delden and Bredenoord (2018) have made an interesting step forward with their model of organoids as hybrids, which seeks to find a balance between subject-like value and object-like value. Their framework aims to introduce effective procedures not to exploit donors and to increase their engagement, but it does not seem to take sufficient account of how organoids are used and how donors and society as a whole may want to act about such uses. I will concentrate my remarks on three points that I consider relevant. The first comment concerns the so-called mini-brains. The second one is related to the issue of consent and long-term 'control' over the organic material granted by donors. The last comment focuses on 'genetic minorities'.
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