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Zhu S, Yang L, Zhao Y. Ethyl 3-aminobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate Derived Ratiometric Schiff Base Fluorescent Sensor for the Recognition of In 3+ and Pb 2. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-023-03576-7. [PMID: 38206512 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
An ethyl 3-aminobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylate derived ratiometric Schiff base fluorescent sensor R was devised and synthesized. R exhibited a highly sensitive and selective ratiometric response to In3+ in DMF/H2O tris buffer solution. R exhibited a colorimetric/fluorescent dual-channel response to In3+. More importantly, R can distinguish In3+ from Ga3+ and Al3+ in less than 5 min. R exhibited a good linear correlation with the concentration of In3+ in the 5-25 μM range and the limit of detection for In3+ was found to be 8.36 × 10-9 M. According to the job`s plot and MS spectra, R formed a complex with In3+ at 1:2 with a complexation constant of 8.24 × 109 M2. Based on Gaussian theory calculations, the response mechanism of R to In3+ can be explained by photo-induced electron transfer (PET) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanisms. In addition, R can be used for the detection of indium in tap water with satisfactory recoveries. Meanwhile, R displayed a linear relationship to micromolar concentrations (0-50 μM) of Pb2+ and recognized Pb2+ in a ratiometric response with a detection limit of 8.3 × 10-9 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liangru Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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2
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Matsumura N, Tanaka YK, Ogra Y, Koga K, Shiratani M, Nagano K, Tanaka A. Subchronic toxicity study of indium-tin oxide nanoparticles following intratracheal administration into the lungs of rats. J Occup Health 2024; 66:uiae019. [PMID: 38626325 PMCID: PMC11131026 DOI: 10.1093/joccuh/uiae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the subchronic toxicity and tissue distribution of indium after the intratracheal administration of indium-tin oxide nanoparticles (ITO NPs) to the lungs of rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered a single intratracheal dose of 10 or 20 mg In/kg body weight (BW) of ITO NPs. The control rats received only an intratracheal dose of distilled water. A subset of rats was periodically euthanized throughout the study from 1 to 20 weeks after administration. Indium concentrations in the serum, lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, kidneys, liver, and spleen as well as pathological changes in the lungs and kidneys were determined. Additionally, the distribution of ionic indium and indium NPs in the kidneys was analyzed using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS Indium concentrations in the lungs of the 2 ITO NP groups gradually decreased over the 20-week observation period. Conversely, the indium concentrations in the mediastinal lymph nodes of the 2 ITO groups increased and were several hundred times higher than those in the kidneys, spleen, and liver. Pulmonary and renal toxicities were observed histopathologically in both the ITO groups. Both indium NPs and ionic indium were detected in the kidneys, and their distributions were similar to the strong indium signals detected at the sites of inflammatory cell infiltration and tubular epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that intratracheal administration of 10 or 20 mg In/kg BW of ITO NPs in male rats produces pulmonary and renal toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Matsumura
- Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yu-ki Tanaka
- Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Ogra
- Toxicology and Environmental Health, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazunori Koga
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shiratani
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kasuke Nagano
- Nagano Toxicologic-Pathology Consulting, Hadano, Japan
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pang Y, Qu J, Zhang H, Cao Y, Ma X, Wang S, Wang J, Wu J, Zhang T. Nose-to-brain translocation and nervous system injury in response to indium tin oxide nanoparticles of long-term low-dose exposures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167314. [PMID: 37742979 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a semiconductor nanomaterial with broad application in liquid crystal displays, solar cells, and electrochemical immune sensors. It is worth noting that, with the gradual increase in worker exposure opportunities, the exposure risk in occupational production cannot be ignored. At present, the toxicity of ITO mainly focuses on respiratory toxicity. ITO inhaled through the upper respiratory tract can cause pathological changes such as interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis. Still, extrapulmonary toxicity after nanoscale ITO nanoparticle (ITO NPs) exposure, such as long-term effects on the central nervous system, should also be of concern. Therefore, we set up exposure dose experiments (0 mg·kg-1, 3.6 mg·kg-1, and 36 mg·kg-1) based on occupational exposure limits to treat C57BL/6 mice via nasal drops for 15 weeks. Moreover, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the neurotoxicity of ITO NPs (20-30 nm) in vivo. The results indicated that ITO NPs can cause diffuse inflammatory infiltrates in brain tissue, increased glial cell responsiveness, abnormal neuronal cell lineage transition, neuronal migration disorders, and neuronal apoptosis related to the oxidative stress induced by ITO NPs exposure. Hence, our findings provide useful information for the fuller risk assessment of ITO NPs after occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Pang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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4
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Inoue C, Ohkouchi S, Chonan T, Amata A, Hirama T, Saito-Koyama R, Kawabata Y, Suzuki T, Okada Y, Tanaka A, Kurosawa H. A case report of Indium lung with progressive emphysema and fibrosis underwent lung unilateral transplantation 20 years after the end of the exposure. Diagn Pathol 2023; 18:10. [PMID: 36709285 PMCID: PMC9883848 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-023-01303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indium lung is characterized by interstitial pneumonia and/or emphysema which occurs in indium-tin oxide (ITO) workers. Indium lung is now known to progress after stopping exposure to ITO, but the long-term influences of ITO remain unclear. CASE PRESENTATION Forty seven years old, a never-smoker, who had been engaged in an ITO manufacturing process for 8 years. Emphysema was indicated by the medical check-up for ex-ITO workers, and he was diagnosed with indium lung. He underwent partial lung resections for pneumothorax two times, and obstructive pulmonary dysfunction had progressed through the years. He underwent right single lung transplant 20 years after ITO exposure. Pathologically, his lung showed severe distal acinar emphysema and honeycomb change. Fibrosis and destruction of the lung tissue significantly progressed compared to the previous partial resections. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the deposited particles contained indium and tin. After the transplantation, his respiratory function was improved. CONCLUSIONS In this case, ITO resided in the lung tissue for 20 years, and lung tissue destruction kept progressing. Careful medical follow-up is recommended for ITO-workers even if they are asymptomatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Inoue
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohkouchi
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Occupational Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Chonan
- grid.416238.aDepartment of Medicine, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Atsuko Amata
- grid.416238.aDepartment of Medicine, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Hitachi, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirama
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryoko Saito-Koyama
- grid.415495.80000 0004 1772 6692Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Kawabata
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Saitama Prefectural Cardiovascular and Respiratory Center, Kumagaya, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Okada
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Thoracic Surgery, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hajime Kurosawa
- grid.69566.3a0000 0001 2248 6943Department of Occupational Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Sriram A, Miao Y, Subramanian P, Schultz JS, Zhang C. A differential loss of nerve fiber layer thickness and retinal ganglion cell complex in toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2021; 1:100026. [PMID: 37846321 PMCID: PMC10577853 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sriram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Miao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Prem Subramanian
- Sue Anschutz Rodgers/UCHealth Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeffery S. Schultz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Qu J, Wang J, Zhang H, Wu J, Ma X, Wang S, Zang Y, Huang Y, Ma Y, Cao Y, Wu D, Zhang T. Toxicokinetics and systematic responses of differently sized indium tin oxide (ITO) particles in mice via oropharyngeal aspiration exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:117993. [PMID: 34428702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is an important semiconductor material, because of increasing commercial products consumption and potentially exposed workers worldwide. So, urgently we need to assess and manage potential health risks of ITO. Although the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) has been established for ITO exposure, there is still a lack of distinguishing the risks of exposure to particles of different sizes. Therefore, obtaining toxicological data of small-sized particles will help to improve its risk assessment data. Important questions raised in quantitative risk assessments for ITO particles are whether biodistribution of ITO particles is affected by particle size and to what extent systematic adverse responses is subsequently initiated. In order to determine whether this toxicological paradigm for size is relevant in ITO toxic effect, we performed comparative studies on the toxicokinetics and sub-acute toxicity test of ITO in mice. The results indicate both sized-ITO resided in the lung tissue and slowly excreted from the mice, and the smaller size of ITO being cleared more slowly. Only a little ITO was transferred to other organs, especially with higher blood flow. Two type of ITO which deposit in the lung mainly impacts respiratory system and may injure liver or kidney. After sub-acute exposure to ITO, inflammation featured by neutrophils infiltration and fibrosis with both dose and size effects have been observed. Our findings revealed toxicokinetics and dose-dependent pulmonary toxicity in mice via oropharyngeal aspiration exposure, also replenish in vivo risk assessment of ITO. Collectively, these data indicate that under the current OEL, there are potential toxic effects after exposure to the ITO particles. The observed size-dependent biodistribution patterns and toxic effect might be important for approaching the hazard potential of small-sized ITO in an occupational environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jianli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingying Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinmo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shile Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yiteng Zang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuhui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuna Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Daming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Nakano M, Hirata M, Hamasaki M, Tanaka A, Nagata A, Kumazoe H, Wakamatsu K, Shiraishi T, Omae K. Indium kinetics in an indium exposed worker before and after bilateral lung transplantation. J Occup Health 2021; 62:e12165. [PMID: 32951288 PMCID: PMC7507028 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A male worker with indium‐tin oxide (ITO)‐induced pneumoconiosis underwent bilateral lung transplantation (LT). Methods Post‐LT histopathological investigations of the isolated lungs and hilar lymph nodes were performed and indium concentration in serum (In‐S) and serum Krebs von den Lungen‐6 (KL‐6) were tracked for 122 weeks. Results He has attained the ultimate treatment goal of > 2‐year survival. The main histopathological characteristics were pan‐lobular emphysematous change, interstitial fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration in the peribronchiolar/perivascular portions, and numerous cholesterol clefts and giant cells containing brown particles. These findings support the conclusion that the lung injury was caused by the inhalation of ITO. Metal element mapping and indium in the isolated lungs revealed that inhaled ITO particles in humans migrate to the lymph nodes. In‐S remained at remarkably high levels (≥30 ng/mL) and showed wide fluctuation with bimodality until 46 weeks after LT, but KL‐6 remained in the normal range for almost the entire period. The indium concentration in the donor's resection lung at 10 weeks after LT was 143.5 ng/g wet‐weight, which was only one one‐thousandth of the recipient's lung (161 µg/g wet‐weight). After 48 weeks of LT, the recipient's In‐S had gradually decreased; the biological half‐life was 1.2 years. These results clearly suggest that indium remaining in the recipient's tissues did not adversely influence the transplant donor's lungs. Conclusions The transplanted donor's lungs were not influenced by indium in the recipient's organs. Bilateral LT is thus an effective treatment option in severe indium lung disease cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Nakano
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Hamasaki
- Department of Pathology, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Asahi Nagata
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumazoe
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Wakamatsu
- Department of Pulmonology, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiraishi
- Department of General Thoracic, Breast and Pediatric Surgery, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Omae
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Exposure profiles of workers from indium tin oxide target manufacturing and recycling factories in Taiwan. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 233:113708. [PMID: 33588194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide exposure poses a potential health risk, but the exposure assessment in occupational setting remains incomplete and continues to be a significant challenge. To this end, we investigated the association of work type, airborne indium concentration, respirable fraction of total indium, and cumulative indium exposure index (CEI) with the levels of plasma indium (P-In) and urinary indium (U-In) among 302 indium tin oxide target manufacturing and recycling workers in Taiwan. We observed that recycling-crushing produced the highest concentrations of total indium (area: 2084.8 μg/m3; personal: 3494.5 μg/m3) and respirable indium (area: 533.4 μg/m3; personal: 742.0 μg/m3). Powdering produced the highest respirable fraction of total indium (area: 58.6%; personal: 81.5%), where the workers had the highest levels of P-In (geometric mean: 2.0 μg/L) and U-In (1.0 μg/g creatinine). After adjusting for the confounder, the CEIs of powdering (βPR = 0.78; βPR = 0.44), bonding (βPT = 0.61; βPT = 0.37), and processing workers (βPT = 0.43; βPT = 0.28) showed significant associations with P-In and U-In, validating its utility in monitoring the exposure. Also, the respirable fraction of total indium significantly contributed to the increased levels of P-In and U-In among workers. The varying levels of relationship noted between indium exposure and the levels of P-In and U-In among workers with different work types suggested that setting the exposure limits among different work types is warranted.
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Eitaki Y, Nakano M, Omae K, Hirata M, Tanaka A, Miyauchi H, Takebayashi T. [Analysis of indium in indoor air in the workplace by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry]. SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI = JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 63:1-5. [PMID: 32522897 DOI: 10.1539/sangyoeisei.2020-021-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Eitaki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Makiko Nakano
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Kazuyuki Omae
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
| | - Hiroyuki Miyauchi
- Department of Environmental Management, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
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Hirata M, Nakano M, Tanaka A, Omae K. Indium concentration in serum is an excellent predictor for assessing accumulated indium concentration in the lungs. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12207. [PMID: 33626221 PMCID: PMC7904133 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify whether indium in serum (In-S) is an appropriate parameter for assessing accumulated indium concentration in the lungs (In-L). METHODS During our approximately 15-year Japanese cohort follow-up, five male indium-tin oxide (ITO) or/and indium trioxide-exposed workers underwent lung surgical procedures to treat lung diseases or to confirm a diagnosis of lung impairments. We measured In-L of these Cases 1-5 and were able to assess the relationship between In-L and the most recent In-S. Another 1 Japanese case (Case 6) exposed to indium trioxide and indium hydroxide was referred from an article. RESULTS Cases 1 and 3 had lung cancer, Case 2 suffered from recurrent pneumothorax, and Case 4 had interstitial pneumonia with mild emphysema. Case 5 had severe emphysema with pulmonary hypertension and underwent bilateral lung transplantation. In Cases 1-5, In-L and In-S ranged from 3.4 to 161.2 µg/g wet weight and 0.7 to 60.4 ng/mL, respectively, and In-L/In-S ratios ranged from 2484 to 4857. The slope of the single regression equation with zero intercept was 2767 and the correlation coefficient was 0.995. In contrast, Case 6 was extraordinarily outlying, but the reason is unclear. CONCLUSIONS In-S is an excellent predictor for assessing indium load in the lungs in ITO or/and indium trioxide-exposed workers. However, number of cases was only five and not enough to authorize definite conclusion. It is desirable to add more cases to confirm our conclusion.
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Grants
- 15390191 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 17390179 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 20249039 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 23249033 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 16K09107 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
- 19H03906 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Hirata
- Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Makiko Nakano
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Environmental MedicineGraduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Omae
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Li B, Liu Z, Li L, Xing Y, Liu Y, Yang X, Pei M, Zhang G. A Schiff base sensor for relay monitoring of In3+ and Fe3+ through “off–on–off” fluorescent signals. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00929j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Schiff base N′-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4,5-dihydronaphtho[1,2-b]thiophene-2-carbohydrazide (LB2) was designed and synthesized and could be used as a sensor to identify In3+ and Fe3+ through fluorescence ‘off–on–off’ behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Henan Sanmenxia Aoke Chemical Industry Co. Ltd
- Sanmenxia
- China
| | - Linlin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yujing Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yuanying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Meishan Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
| | - Guangyou Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of Jinan
- Jinan
- China
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12
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Li H, Chen Z, Li J, Liu R, Zhao F, Liu R. Indium oxide nanoparticles induce lung intercellular toxicity between bronchial epithelial cells and macrophages. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1636-1646. [PMID: 32608070 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised over the safety and health of industrial workers exposed to indium oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) when working. IO-NPs were previously shown in vitro and in vivo to be cytotoxic, but the mechanism of pathogenesis was unclear. In this study, the effects of IO-NPs on lung cells associated with respiratory and immune barriers and the toxic effects of intercellular cascades were studied. Here IO-NPs had acute toxicity to Wistar rats over a time course (5 days post-intratracheal instillation). Following treatment epithelial cells (16HBE) or macrophages (RAW264.7) with IO-NPs or IO fine particles (IO-FPs), the damage of 16HBE cells caused by IO-NPs was serious, mainly in the mitochondrial and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The lactate dehydrogenase level also showed that cytotoxicity in vitro was more serious for IO-NPs compared with IO-FPs. The level of In3+ (examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) in 16HBE cells was 10 times higher than that in RAW cells. In3+ , releasing from IO-NPs absorbed by 16HBE cells, could not only significantly inhibit the phagocytosis and migration of macrophages (P < .0001), but also stimulate RAW cells to secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines. IO-NPs can directly damage pulmonary epithelial cells. The In3+ released by epithelial cells affect the phagocytosis and migration of macrophages, which may be a new point for the decrease in the clearance of alveolar surfactants and the development of IO-related pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaofang Chen
- Shool of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxia Li
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ru Liu
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- CAS Key Lab for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Kapukıran F, Yılmaz Ö, Tekin Z, Büyükpınar Ç, Özdoğan N, Bakırdere S. Determination of Indium in Lettuce Samples Using Hydrogen Supported-T-cut-slotted Quartz Tube-atom Trap-flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Kapukıran
- Bülent Ecevit University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineer Department, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Özge Yılmaz
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tekin
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Büyükpınar
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nizamettin Özdoğan
- Bülent Ecevit University, Institute of Science, Environmental Engineer Department, 67100, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 34220 İstanbul, Turkey
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14
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Mitsuhashi T. Effects of indium exposure on respiratory symptoms: a retrospective cohort study in Japanese workers using health checkup data. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8413. [PMID: 31988812 PMCID: PMC6969551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indium compounds are known health hazards for lung cancer and interstitial pneumonia. Furthermore, they are related to emphysema, alveolar proteinosis, and cholesterol granuloma. In Japan, laws were revised in 2013 to tighten regulations on indium exposure in workplaces. However, its impact on the health of workers who handle indium has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate whether subjective respiratory symptoms in these workers have reduced after the 2013 amendment in the regulations. Methods The subjects were workers from certain areas of Japan who had undergone health checkups between January 1, 2013, and June 30, 2015. Indium-handling and non-handling workers were categorized into the exposed and less-exposed groups, respectively. Based on the findings of health checkups during this period, the hazard ratio of subjective respiratory symptoms (cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, and palpitation) and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with the less-exposed group as the reference. The Prentice-Williams-Peterson model was used for calculation, and a model that adjusted for coarse analysis and potential confounding factors was adopted. Results Overall, 2,561 workers (from 22 companies) who underwent 6,033 health checkups were included. The total person-years were 2,562.8 years, and 162 outcome events occurred. The hazard ratios of the exposed group were 1.65 (95% CI [1.14–2.39]: p = 0.008) and 1.61 (95% CI [1.04–2.50]: p = 0.032) in the crude and adjusted models, respectively. Conclusion Indium-handling workers had a high hazard of the subjective respiratory symptoms than non-indium -handling workers despite stricter regulations on indium exposure in workplaces. This indicates the need for further changes to the legislation to protect the health of workers exposed to harmful substances in workplaces. Further studies including larger diverse cohorts are needed to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Mitsuhashi
- Center for Innovative Clinical Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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15
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Kim SH, Jeon S, Lee DK, Lee S, Jeong J, Kim JS, Cho WS. The early onset and persistent worsening pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in rats by indium oxide nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:468-478. [PMID: 31775551 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1694184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Workplace inhalation exposure to indium compounds has been reported to produce 'indium lung disease' characterized by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), granulomas, and pulmonary fibrosis. However, there is little information about the pulmonary toxicity of nano-sized indium oxide (In2O3), which is widely used in various applications such as liquid crystal displays. In this study, we evaluated the time-course and dose-dependent lung injuries by In2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) after a single intratracheal instillation to rats. In2O3 NPs were instilled to female Wistar rats at 7.5, 30, and 90 cm2/rat and lung injuries were evaluated at day 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 after a single intratracheal instillation. Treatment of In2O3 NPs induced worsening diverse pathological changes including PAP, persistent neutrophilic inflammation, type II cell hyperplasia, foamy macrophages, and granulomas in a time- and dose-dependent manner. PAP was induced from day 3 and worsened throughout the study. The concentrations of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) showed dose- and time-dependent increases and the levels of these inflammatory mediators are consistent with the data of inflammatory cells in BALF and progressive lung damages by In2O3 NPs. This study suggests that a single inhalation exposure to In2O3 NPs can produce worsening lung damages such as PAP, chronic active inflammation, infiltration of foamy macrophages, and granulomas. The early onset and persistent PAP even at the very low dose (7.5 cm2/rat) implies that the re-evaluation of occupational recommended exposure limit for In2O3 NPs is urgently needed to protect workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Kim
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Jeon
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Keun Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghan Lee
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jeong
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Wan-Seob Cho
- Lab of Toxicology, Department of Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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16
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White SJO, Hemond HF. Emerging investigator series: atmospheric cycling of indium in the northeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:623-634. [PMID: 30920568 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indium is critical to the global economy and is used in an increasing number of electronics and new energy technologies. However, little is known about its environmental behavior or impacts, including its concentrations or cycling in the atmosphere. This study determined indium concentrations in air particulate matter at five locations across the northeastern United States over the course of one year, in 1995. Historical records from a Massachusetts bog core showed that indium atmospheric concentrations in this region changed only modestly between 1995 and 2010. Atmospheric indium concentrations varied significantly both geographically and temporally, with average concentrations in PM3 of 2.1 ± 1.6 pg m-3 (1 standard deviation), and average particle-normalized concentrations of 0.2 ± 0.2 μg In per g PM3. Peaks in the particle-normalized concentrations in two New York sites were correlated with wind direction; air coming from the north contributed higher concentrations of indium than air coming from the west. This correlation, along with measurements of indium in zinc smelter emissions and coal fly ash, suggests that indium in the atmosphere in the northeastern United States comes from a relatively constant low-level input from coal combustion in the midwest, and higher but more sporadic contributions from the smelting of lead, zinc, copper, tin, and nickel north of the New York sample sites. Understanding the industrial sources of indium to the atmosphere and how they compare with natural sources can lead to a better understanding of the impact of human activities on the indium cycle, and may help to establish a baseline for monitoring future impacts as indium use grows.
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17
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Cho H, Chae JB, Kim C. A thiophene-based blue-fluorescent emitting chemosensor for detecting indium (III) ion. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Tabei Y, Sugino S, Nakajima Y, Horie M. Reactive oxygen species independent genotoxicity of indium tin oxide nanoparticles triggered by intracellular degradation. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:264-271. [PMID: 29772267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is widely used as a transparent conducting electrode in photoelectron devices. Because ITO production has soared, the potential health hazards caused by occupational exposure to this material have attracted much attention. However, little is known about the mechanisms of the toxic action of ITO nanoparticles (NPs). The present study was designed to examine the genotoxic mechanisms of ITO NPs using human lung epithelial A549 cells. We found that exposing A549 cells to ITO NPs triggered the intracellular accumulation of ITO NPs, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the induction of DNA damage. Treatment of the cells with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), an ROS quenching agent, decreased intracellular ROS levels but not DNA damage, indicating that the genotoxic effect of ITO NPs is not mediated by intracellular ROS. Interestingly, treatment with ammonium chloride, a lysosomotropic agent, decreased intracellular solubility of ITO NPs and attenuated DNA damage. Nuclear accumulation of indium ions in ITO-NP-exposed cells was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Our results indicate that the ITO-NP-mediated genotoxicity is caused by indium ions that are solubilized in the acidic lysosomal condition and accumulated in the nucleus where they damage DNA, without the involvement of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tabei
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan.
| | - Sakiko Sugino
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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19
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Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
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20
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Bomhard EM. The toxicology of indium oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:250-258. [PMID: 29448164 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indium oxide (In2O3) is a technologically important semiconductor essentially used, doped with tin oxide, to form indium tin oxide (ITO). It is poorly soluble in all so far tested physiologic media. After repeated inhalation, In2O3 particles accumulate in the lungs. Their mobilization can cause significant systemic exposure over long periods of time. An increasing number of cases of severe lung effects (characterized by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, emphysema and/or interstitial fibrosis) in workers of the ITO industry warrants a review of the toxicological hazards also of In2O3. The database on acute and chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity/genotoxicity/reproductive toxicity as well skin/eye irritation and sensitization is very limited or even lacking. Short-term and subchronic inhalation studies in rats and mice revealed persistent alveolar proteinosis, inflammation and early indicators of fibrosis in the lungs down to concentrations of 1 mg/m3. Epidemiological and medical surveillance studies, serum/blood indium levels in workers as well as data on the exposure to airborne indium concentrations indicate a need for measures to reduce exposure at In2O3 workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst M Bomhard
- REAChChemConsult GmbH, Strehlener Str. 14, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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21
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White SJO, Shine JP. Exposure Potential and Health Impacts of Indium and Gallium, Metals Critical to Emerging Electronics and Energy Technologies. Curr Environ Health Rep 2018; 3:459-467. [PMID: 27696281 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-016-0118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of new electronics and energy technologies requires the use of rare elements of the periodic table. For many of these elements, little is known about their environmental behavior or human health impacts. This is true for indium and gallium, two technology critical elements. Increased environmental concentrations of both indium and gallium create the potential for increased environmental exposure, though little is known about the extent of this exposure. Evidence is mounting that indium and gallium can have substantial toxicity, including in occupational settings where indium lung disease has been recognized as a potentially fatal disease caused by the inhalation of indium particles. This paper aims to review the basic chemistry, changing environmental concentrations, potential for human exposure, and known health effects of indium and gallium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane O White
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - James P Shine
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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22
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Stefaniak AB, Virji MA, Badding MA, Cummings KJ. Application of the ICRP respiratory tract model to estimate pulmonary retention of industrially sampled indium-containing dusts. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:169-178. [PMID: 28595469 PMCID: PMC5746041 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1333548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of indium-containing dusts is associated with the development of indium lung disease. Workers may be exposed to several different chemical forms of indium; however, their lung dosimetry is not fully understood. We characterized the physicochemical properties and measured the lung dissolution kinetics of eight indium-containing dusts. Indium dissolution rates in artificial lung fluids spanned two orders of magnitude. We used the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) human respiratory model (HRTM) to estimate pulmonary indium deposition, retention and biokinetic clearance to blood. For a two-year (median workforce tenure at facility) exposure to respirable-sized particles of the indium materials, modeled indium clearance (>99.99% removed) from the alveolar-interstitial compartment was slow for all dusts; salts would clear in 4 years, sintered indium-tin oxide (ITO) would clear in 9 years, and indium oxide would require 48 years. For this scenario, the ICRP HRTM predicted that indium translocated to blood would be present in that compartment for 3.5-18 years after cessation of exposure, depending on the chemical form. For a 40-year exposure (working lifetime), clearance from the alveolar-interstitial compartment would require 5, 10 and 60 years for indium salts, sintered ITO and indium oxide, respectively and indium would be present in blood for 5-53 years after exposure. Consideration of differences in chemical forms of indium, dissolution rates, alveolar clearance and residence time in blood should be included in exposure assessment and epidemiological studies that rely on measures of total indium in air or blood to derive risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Melissa A Badding
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Kristin J Cummings
- a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Morgantown , WV , USA
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23
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IWASAWA S, NAKANO M, MIYAUCHI H, TANAKA S, KAWASUMI Y, HIGASHIKUBO I, TANAKA A, HIRATA M, OMAE K. Personal indium exposure concentration in respirable dusts and serum indium level. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2017; 55:87-90. [PMID: 27644848 PMCID: PMC5285317 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between indium exposure concentration in the respirable dust fraction (In-E) and indium in serum (In-S) in workers. METHODS A total of 39 workers were studied. The study subjects were categorized into 3 groups, namely, smelting workers (n=7), ITO workers (n=6) in an ITO grinding plant, and other workers (n=26). In-E and In-S ranged from 0.004-24.0 μg/m3 and 0.1-8.50 μg/L, respectively. The simple regression equation was log(In-S)=0.322×log(In-E)-0.443. The simple correlation coefficients for the smelting workers, ITO workers and other workers were 0.489, 0.812 and 0.163, respectively. The differences in the relationships among the three groups suggest that In-S may vary with the chemical form to which the workers were exposed. In-E and In-S seem to be positively correlated. The correlation coefficient was higher for both smelting and ITO workers than for other workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko IWASAWA
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan
| | - Makiko NAKANO
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki MIYAUCHI
- Department of Environmental Management, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Shigeru TANAKA
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Jumonji University, Japan
| | - Yaeko KAWASUMI
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Ichiro HIGASHIKUBO
- Occupational Health Research and Development Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, Japan
| | - Akiyo TANAKA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Miyuki HIRATA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki OMAE
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan
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24
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Andersen JCØ, Cropp A, Paradise DC. Solubility of indium-tin oxide in simulated lung and gastric fluids: Pathways for human intake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:628-636. [PMID: 27863865 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
From being a metal with very limited natural distribution, indium (In) has recently become disseminated throughout the human society. Little is known of how In compounds behave in the natural environment, but recent medical studies link exposure to In compounds to elevated risk of respiratory disorders. Animal tests suggest that exposure may lead to more widespread damage in the body, notably the liver, kidneys and spleen. In this paper, we investigate the solubility of the most widely used In compound, indium-tin oxide (ITO) in simulated lung and gastric fluids in order to better understand the potential pathways for metals to be introduced into the bloodstream. Our results show significant potential for release of In and tin (Sn) in the deep parts of the lungs (artificial lysosomal fluid) and digestive tract, while the solubility in the upper parts of the lungs (the respiratory tract or tracheobronchial tree) is very low. Our study confirms that ITO is likely to remain as solid particles in the upper parts of the lungs, but that particles are likely to slowly dissolve in the deep lungs. Considering the prolonged residence time of inhaled particles in the deep lung, this environment is likely to provide the major route for uptake of In and Sn from inhaled ITO nano- and microparticles. Although dissolution through digestion may also lead to some uptake, the much shorter residence time is likely to lead to much lower risk of uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alastair Cropp
- Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE Cornwall, United Kingdom.
| | - Diane Caroline Paradise
- Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE Cornwall, United Kingdom.
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25
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White SJO, Hussain FA, Hemond HF, Sacco SA, Shine JP, Runkel RL, Walton-Day K, Kimball BA. The precipitation of indium at elevated pH in a stream influenced by acid mine drainage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 574:1484-1491. [PMID: 27650647 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indium is an increasingly important metal in semiconductors and electronics and has uses in important energy technologies such as photovoltaic cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). One significant flux of indium to the environment is from lead, zinc, copper, and tin mining and smelting, but little is known about its aqueous behavior after it is mobilized. In this study, we use Mineral Creek, a headwater stream in southwestern Colorado severely affected by heavy metal contamination as a result of acid mine drainage, as a natural laboratory to study the aqueous behavior of indium. At the existing pH of ~3, indium concentrations are 6-29μg/L (10,000× those found in natural rivers), and are completely filterable through a 0.45μm filter. During a pH modification experiment, the pH of the system was raised to >8, and >99% of the indium became associated with the suspended solid phase (i.e. does not pass through a 0.45μm filter). To determine the mechanism of removal of indium from the filterable and likely primarily dissolved phase, we conducted laboratory experiments to determine an upper bound for a sorption constant to iron oxides, and used this, along with other published thermodynamic constants, to model the partitioning of indium in Mineral Creek. Modeling results suggest that the removal of indium from the filterable phase is consistent with precipitation of indium hydroxide from a dissolved phase. This work demonstrates that nonferrous mining processes can be a significant source of indium to the environment, and provides critical information about the aqueous behavior of indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jane O White
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States; Dept. of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Dept. of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States.
| | - Fatima A Hussain
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Harold F Hemond
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah A Sacco
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - James P Shine
- Dept. of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
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IKEGAMI K, HASEGAWA M, ANDO H, HATA K, KITAMURA H, OGAMI A, HIGASHI T. A cohort study of the acute and chronic respiratory effects of toner exposure among handlers: a longitudinal analyses from 2004 to 2013. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2016; 54:448-459. [PMID: 27021062 PMCID: PMC5054286 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the acute and chronic respiratory effects of toner exposure based on markers for interstitial pneumonia, oxidative stress and pulmonary function tests. A total of 112 subjects working in a Japanese toner and photocopier manufacturing company participated in this study in 2004. We annually conducted personal exposure measurements, pulmonary function tests, chest X-ray examinations, biomarkers, and questionnaires on respiratory symptoms to the subjects. We report in this paper the results of the analysis of combined annual survey point data from 2004 to 2008 and data from three annual survey points, 2004, 2008, and 2013. During these survey periods, we observed that none of subjects had a new onset of respiratory disease or died of such a disease. In both the analyses, there were no significant differences in each biomarker and pulmonary function tests within the subjects, nor between a toner-handling group and a non-toner-handling group, except for a few results on pulmonary function tests. The findings of this study suggest that there were no acute and chronic respiratory effects of toner exposure in this cohort group, although the number of subjects was small and the level of toner exposure in this worksite was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori IKEGAMI
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Masayuki HASEGAWA
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hajime ANDO
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Koichi HATA
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Hiroko KITAMURA
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Akira OGAMI
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| | - Toshiaki HIGASHI
- Department of Work Systems and Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Science, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
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Akyıl D, Eren Y, Konuk M, Tepekozcan A, Sağlam E. Determination of mutagenicity and genotoxicity of indium tin oxide nanoparticles using the Ames test and micronucleus assay. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 32:1720-8. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233715579804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of indium tin oxide (ITO) nanomaterial were assessed using two standard genotoxicity assays, the Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test) and the in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay. Seven different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150 µg/plate) of this nanomaterial were tested using the Ames test on the TA98 and TA100 strains in the presence and absence of the S9 mixture. At all the concentrations tested, this substance did not significantly increase the number of revertant colonies compared with the control with or without S9 mixture. The genotoxic effects of ITO were investigated in human peripheral lymphocytes treated with 125, 250, 500, and 750 µg/ml concentrations of this substance for 24- and 48-h treatment periods using an MN test. Nuclear division index (NDI) was also calculated in order to determine the cytotoxicity of ITO. It was determined that ITO increased MN frequency in the 750 µg/ml concentration in 24- and 48-h treatments. In addition, ITO dose dependently decreased the NDI significantly for two treatment periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Akyıl
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Yasin Eren
- Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aykut Tepekozcan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Esra Sağlam
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Altunizade, Istanbul, Turkey
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Bomhard EM. The toxicology of indium tin oxide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 45:282-294. [PMID: 27343753 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a technologically important semiconductor. An increasing number of cases of severe lung effects (characterized by pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and/or interstitial fibrosis) in ITO-exposed workers warrants a review of the toxicological hazards. Short- and long-term inhalation studies in rats and mice revealed persistent alveolar proteinosis, inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs down to concentrations as low as 0.01mg/m(3). In rats, the incidences of bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and carcinomas were significantly increased at all concentrations. In mice, ITO was not carcinogenic. A few bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas occurring after repeated intratracheal instillation of ITO to hamsters have to be interpreted as treatment-related. In vitro and in vivo studies on the formation of reactive oxygen species suggest epigenetic effects as cause of the lung tumor development. Repeated intratracheal instillation of ITO to hamsters slightly affected the male sexual organs, which might be interpreted as a secondary effect of the lung damage. Epidemiological and medical surveillance studies, serum/blood indium levels in workers as well as data on the exposure to airborne indium concentrations indicate a need for measures to reduce exposure at ITO workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst M Bomhard
- REACh ChemConsult GmbH, Strehlener Str. 14, D-01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Cummings KJ, Virji MA, Park JY, Stanton ML, Edwards NT, Trapnell BC, Carey B, Stefaniak AB, Kreiss K. Respirable indium exposures, plasma indium, and respiratory health among indium-tin oxide (ITO) workers. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:522-31. [PMID: 27219296 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers manufacturing indium-tin oxide (ITO) are at risk of elevated indium concentration in blood and indium lung disease, but relationships between respirable indium exposures and biomarkers of exposure and disease are unknown. METHODS For 87 (93%) current ITO workers, we determined correlations between respirable and plasma indium and evaluated associations between exposures and health outcomes. RESULTS Current respirable indium exposure ranged from 0.4 to 108 μg/m(3) and cumulative respirable indium exposure from 0.4 to 923 μg-yr/m(3) . Plasma indium better correlated with cumulative (rs = 0.77) than current exposure (rs = 0.54) overall and with tenure ≥1.9 years. Higher cumulative respirable indium exposures were associated with more dyspnea, lower spirometric parameters, and higher serum biomarkers of lung disease (KL-6 and SP-D), with significant effects starting at 22 μg-yr/m(3) , reached by 46% of participants. CONCLUSIONS Plasma indium concentration reflected cumulative respirable indium exposure, which was associated with clinical, functional, and serum biomarkers of lung disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:522-531, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Cummings
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Ji Young Park
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
- Institute of Health and Environment; Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Marcia L. Stanton
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Nicole T. Edwards
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Bruce C. Trapnell
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Brenna Carey
- Translational Pulmonary Science Center; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Kathleen Kreiss
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown West Virginia
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30
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Krishna Kumar M, Deepak Raj P, Jeyadheepan K, Sridharan M. Effect of Aluminum doping on the properties of magnetron sputtered ZnO films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Liu HH, Chen CY, Lan CH, Chang CP, Peng CY. Effects of a powered air-purifying respirator intervention on indium exposure reduction and indium related biomarkers among ITO sputter target manufacturing workers. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:346-355. [PMID: 26771526 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1125487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) worn by the workers, and to investigate the effect of this application on exposure and preclinical effects in terms of workplace measuring and biomarker monitoring in ITO sputter target manufacturing plants and workers, respectively. Fifty-four workers were recruited and investigated from 2010-2012, during which PAPRs were provided to on-site workers in September 2011. Each worker completed questionnaires and provided blood and urine samples for analysis of biomarkers of indium exposure and preclinical effects. Area and personal indium air samples were randomly collected from selected worksites and from participants. The penetration percentage of the respirator (concentration inside respirator divided by concentration outside respirator) was 6.6%. Some biomarkers, such as S-In, SOD, GPx, GST, MDA, and TMOM, reflected the decrease in exposure and showed lower levels, after implementation of PAPRs. This study is the first to investigate the efficacy of PAPRs for reducing indium exposure. The measurement results clearly showed that the implementation of PAPRs reduces levels of indium-related biomarkers. These findings have practical applications for minimizing occupational exposure to indium and for managing the health of workers exposed to indium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Hsin Liu
- a Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Yuh Chen
- b Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hang Lan
- c Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chung-Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ping Chang
- d Department of Occupational Safety and Health , Chang Jung Christian University , Tainan , Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- e Department of Public Health , Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
- f Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
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32
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Duan H, Hu J, Tan Q, Liu L, Wang Y, Li J. Systematic characterization of generation and management of e-waste in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1929-1943. [PMID: 26408118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been much effort to promote the management of e-waste in China. Policies have been affected to prohibit imports and to control pollution. Research has been conducted in laboratories and on large-scale industrial operations. A subsidy system to support sound e-waste recycling has been put in place. However, the handling of e-waste is still a concern in China and the issue remains unresolved. There has been relatively little work to follow up this issue or to interpret continuing problems from the perspective of sustainable development. This paper first provides a brief overview of conventional and emerging environmental pollution in Chinese "famous" e-waste dismantling areas, including Guiyu in Guangdong and Wenling in Zhejiang. Environmentalists have repeatedly proven that these areas are significantly polluted. Importing and backyard recycling are decreasing but are ongoing. Most importantly, no work is being done to treat or remediate the contaminated environmental media. The situation is exacerbated by the rising tide of e-waste generated by domestic update of various electronics. This study, therefore, employs a Sales Obsolescence Model approach to predict the generation of e-waste. When accounting for weight, approximately 8 million tons of e-waste will be generated domestically in 2015, of which around 50% is ferrous metals, followed by miscellaneous plastic (30%), copper metal and cables (8%), aluminum (5%), and others (7%). Of this, 3.6% will come from scrap PCBs and 0.2% from lead CRT glass. While more and more end-of-life electronics have been collected and treated by formal or licensed recyclers in China in terms of our analysis, many of them only have dismantling and separation activities. Hazardous e-wastes, including those from PCBs, CRT glass, and brominated flame retardant (BFR) plastics, have become problematic and probably flow to small or backyard recyclers without environmentally sound management. Traditional technologies are still being used to recover precious metals--such as cyanide method of gold hydrometallurgy--from e-waste. While recovery rates of precious metals from e-waste are above 50%, it has encountered some challenges from environmental considerations. Worse, many critical metals contained in e-waste are lost because the recovery rates are less than 1%. On the other hand, this implies that there is opportunity to develop the urban mine of the critical metals from e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518060, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jiukun Hu
- Dongjiang Environmental Co., Ltd., 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quanyin Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- Dongjiang Environmental Co., Ltd., 518057, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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33
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Lee KH, Chen HL, Leung CM, Chen HP, Hsu PC. Indium acetate toxicity in male reproductive system in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:68-76. [PMID: 25044390 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Indium, a rare earth metal characterized by high plasticity, corrosion resistance, and a low melting point, is widely used in the electronics industry, but has been reported to be an environmental pollutant and a health hazard. We designed a study to investigate the effects of subacute exposure of indium compounds on male reproductive function. Twelve-week old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into test and control groups, and received weekly intraperitoneal injections of indium acetate (1.5 mg/kg body weight) and normal saline, respectively, for 8 weeks. Serum indium levels, cauda epididymal sperm count, motility, morphology, chromatin DNA structure, mitochondrial membrane potential, oxidative stress, and testis DNA content were investigated. The indium acetate-treated group showed significant reproductive toxicity, as well as an increased percentage of sperm morphology abnormality, chromatin integrity damage, and superoxide anion generation. Furthermore, positive correlations among sperm morphology abnormalities, chromatin DNA damage, and superoxide anion generation were also noted. The results of this study demonstrated the toxic effect of subacute low-dose indium exposure during the period of sexual maturation on male reproductive function in adulthood, through an increase in oxidative stress and sperm chromatin DNA damage during spermiogenesis, in a rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsin Lee
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Man Leung
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 813, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pao Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, E-DA Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chi Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 811, Taiwan
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, 2308, Australia
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34
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Nakano M, Tanaka A, Hirata M, Iwasawa S, Omae K. Pulmonary effects in workers exposed to indium metal: A cross‐sectional study. J Occup Health 2015; 57:346-52. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.14-0262-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Nakano
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthKeio University School of MedicineJapan
| | - Akiyo Tanaka
- Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Miyuki Hirata
- Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical SciencesKyushu UniversityJapan
| | - Satoko Iwasawa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthKeio University School of MedicineJapan
| | - Kazuyuki Omae
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthKeio University School of MedicineJapan
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35
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Badding MA, Fix NR, Orandle MS, Barger MW, Dunnick KM, Cummings KJ, Leonard SS. Pulmonary toxicity of indium-tin oxide production facility particles in rats. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:618-26. [PMID: 26472246 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to make transparent conductive coatings for touch-screen and liquid crystal display electronics. Occupational exposures to potentially toxic particles generated during ITO production have increased in recent years as the demand for consumer electronics continues to rise. Previous studies have demonstrated cytotoxicity in vitro and animal models have shown pulmonary inflammation and injury in response to various indium-containing particles. In humans, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and fibrotic interstitial lung disease have been observed in ITO facility workers. However, which indium materials or specific processes in the workplace may be the most toxic to workers is unknown. Here we examined the pulmonary toxicity of three different particle samples that represent real-life worker exposures, as they were collected at various production stages throughout an ITO facility. Indium oxide (In2O3), sintered ITO (SITO) and ventilation dust (VD) particles each caused pulmonary inflammation and damage in rats over a time course (1, 7 and 90 days post-intratracheal instillation), but SITO and VD appeared to induce greater toxicity in rat lungs than In2O3 at a dose of 1 mg per rat. Downstream pathological changes such as PAP and fibrosis were observed in response to all three particles 90 days after treatment, with a trend towards greatest severity in animals exposed to VD when comparing animals that received the same dose. These findings may inform workplace exposure reduction efforts and provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of an emerging occupational health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Badding
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Natalie R Fix
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Marlene S Orandle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Mark W Barger
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Katherine M Dunnick
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Kristin J Cummings
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Stephen S Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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36
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Systematic characterization of generation and management of e-waste in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26408118 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5428-0)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been much effort to promote the management of e-waste in China. Policies have been affected to prohibit imports and to control pollution. Research has been conducted in laboratories and on large-scale industrial operations. A subsidy system to support sound e-waste recycling has been put in place. However, the handling of e-waste is still a concern in China and the issue remains unresolved. There has been relatively little work to follow up this issue or to interpret continuing problems from the perspective of sustainable development. This paper first provides a brief overview of conventional and emerging environmental pollution in Chinese "famous" e-waste dismantling areas, including Guiyu in Guangdong and Wenling in Zhejiang. Environmentalists have repeatedly proven that these areas are significantly polluted. Importing and backyard recycling are decreasing but are ongoing. Most importantly, no work is being done to treat or remediate the contaminated environmental media. The situation is exacerbated by the rising tide of e-waste generated by domestic update of various electronics. This study, therefore, employs a Sales Obsolescence Model approach to predict the generation of e-waste. When accounting for weight, approximately 8 million tons of e-waste will be generated domestically in 2015, of which around 50% is ferrous metals, followed by miscellaneous plastic (30%), copper metal and cables (8%), aluminum (5%), and others (7%). Of this, 3.6% will come from scrap PCBs and 0.2% from lead CRT glass. While more and more end-of-life electronics have been collected and treated by formal or licensed recyclers in China in terms of our analysis, many of them only have dismantling and separation activities. Hazardous e-wastes, including those from PCBs, CRT glass, and brominated flame retardant (BFR) plastics, have become problematic and probably flow to small or backyard recyclers without environmentally sound management. Traditional technologies are still being used to recover precious metals--such as cyanide method of gold hydrometallurgy--from e-waste. While recovery rates of precious metals from e-waste are above 50%, it has encountered some challenges from environmental considerations. Worse, many critical metals contained in e-waste are lost because the recovery rates are less than 1%. On the other hand, this implies that there is opportunity to develop the urban mine of the critical metals from e-waste.
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37
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Tabei Y, Sonoda A, Nakajima Y, Biju V, Makita Y, Yoshida Y, Horie M. Intracellular accumulation of indium ions released from nanoparticles induces oxidative stress, proinflammatory response and DNA damage. J Biochem 2015; 159:225-37. [PMID: 26378248 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the widespread use of indium tin oxide (ITO), it is important to investigate its effect on human health. In this study, we evaluated the cellular effects of ITO nanoparticles (NPs), indium chloride (InCl3) and tin chloride (SnCl3) using human lung epithelial A549 cells. Transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed to study cellular ITO NP uptake. Interestingly, greater uptake of ITO NPs was observed, as compared with soluble salts. ITO NP species released could be divided into two types: 'indium release ITO' or 'tin release ITO'. We incubated A549 cells with indium release ITO, tin release ITO, InCl3 or SnCl2 and investigated oxidative stress, proinflammatory response, cytotoxicity and DNA damage. We found that intracellular reactive oxygen species were increased in cells incubated with indium release ITO, but not tin release ITO, InCl3 or SnCl2. Messenger RNA and protein levels of the inflammatory marker, interleukin-8, also increased following exposure to indium release ITO. Furthermore, the alkaline comet assay revealed that intracellular accumulation of indium ions induced DNA damage. Our results demonstrate that the accumulation of ionic indium, but not ionic tin, from ITO NPs in the intracellular matrix has extensive cellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tabei
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Akinari Sonoda
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Vasudevanpillai Biju
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yoji Makita
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
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Amata A, Chonan T, Omae K, Nodera H, Terada J, Tatsumi K. High levels of indium exposure relate to progressive emphysematous changes: a 9-year longitudinal surveillance of indium workers. Thorax 2015; 70:1040-6. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Early changes in clinical, functional, and laboratory biomarkers in workers at risk of indium lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 11:1395-403. [PMID: 25295756 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201407-346oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Occupational exposure to indium compounds, including indium-tin oxide, can result in potentially fatal indium lung disease. However, the early effects of exposure on the lungs are not well understood. OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship between short-term occupational exposures to indium compounds and the development of early lung abnormalities. METHODS Among indium-tin oxide production and reclamation facility workers, we measured plasma indium, respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, chest computed tomography, and serum biomarkers of lung disease. Relationships between plasma indium concentration and health outcome variables were evaluated using restricted cubic spline and linear regression models. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Eighty-seven (93%) of 94 indium-tin oxide facility workers (median tenure, 2 yr; median plasma indium, 1.0 μg/l) participated in the study. Spirometric abnormalities were not increased compared with the general population, and few subjects had radiographic evidence of alveolar proteinosis (n = 0), fibrosis (n = 2), or emphysema (n = 4). However, in internal comparisons, participants with plasma indium concentrations ≥ 1.0 μg/l had more dyspnea, lower mean FEV1 and FVC, and higher median serum Krebs von den Lungen-6 and surfactant protein-D levels. Spline regression demonstrated nonlinear exposure response, with significant differences occurring at plasma indium concentrations as low as 1.0 μg/l compared with the reference. Associations between health outcomes and the natural log of plasma indium concentration were evident in linear regression models. Associations were not explained by age, smoking status, facility tenure, or prior occupational exposures. CONCLUSIONS In indium-tin oxide facility workers with short-term, low-level exposure, plasma indium concentrations lower than previously reported were associated with lung symptoms, decreased spirometric parameters, and increased serum biomarkers of lung disease.
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Badding MA, Schwegler-Berry D, Park JH, Fix NR, Cummings KJ, Leonard SS. Sintered indium-tin oxide particles induce pro-inflammatory responses in vitro, in part through inflammasome activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124368. [PMID: 25874458 PMCID: PMC4395338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Indium-tin oxide (ITO) is used to make transparent conductive coatings for touch-screen and liquid crystal display electronics. As the demand for consumer electronics continues to increase, so does the concern for occupational exposures to particles containing these potentially toxic metal oxides. Indium-containing particles have been shown to be cytotoxic in cultured cells and pro-inflammatory in pulmonary animal models. In humans, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and fibrotic interstitial lung disease have been observed in ITO facility workers. However, which ITO production materials may be the most toxic to workers and how they initiate pulmonary inflammation remain poorly understood. Here we examined four different particle samples collected from an ITO production facility for their ability to induce pro-inflammatory responses in vitro. Tin oxide, sintered ITO (SITO), and ventilation dust particles activated nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) within 3 h of treatment. However, only SITO induced robust cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and IL-8) within 24 h in both RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages and BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cells. Our lab and others have previously demonstrated SITO-induced cytotoxicity as well. These findings suggest that SITO particles activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, which has been implicated in several immune-mediated diseases via its ability to induce IL-1β release and cause subsequent cell death. Inflammasome activation by SITO was confirmed, but it required the presence of endotoxin. Further, a phagocytosis assay revealed that pre-uptake of SITO or ventilation dust impaired proper macrophage phagocytosis of E. coli. Our results suggest that adverse inflammatory responses to SITO particles by both macrophage and epithelial cells may initiate and propagate indium lung disease. These findings will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind an emerging occupational health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Badding
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
| | - Ju-Hyeong Park
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
| | - Natalie R. Fix
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
| | - Kristin J. Cummings
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States of America
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Lee KH, Chen HP, Leung CM, Chen HL, Tsai SS, Hsu PC. Effects of indium chloride exposure on sperm morphology and DNA integrity in rats. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:152-160. [PMID: 28911439 PMCID: PMC9351750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsin Lee
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pao Chen
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Man Leung
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Hazard Prevention, Hung Kuang University, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Shyong Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Chi Hsu
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan.
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Choi S, Won YL, Kim D, Lee M, Choi YJ, Park J, Kim H, Jung JI, Lee S, Kim E. Interstitial lung disorders in the indium workers of Korea: an update study for the relationship with biological exposure indices. Am J Ind Med 2015; 58:61-8. [PMID: 25345911 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Korea is one of the highest indium-consuming countries worldwide. The present study aims to determine the relationship between interstitial lung disorders and indium exposure in Korea. METHODS In 50 indium workers from seven plants, the effect of serum indium on the lungs was determined using laboratory tests, spirometry, and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). RESULTS Higher serum indium and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) levels were associated with HRCT-detected interstitial lung changes. Workers with high serum indium levels (≥3 µg/L) had longer exposure durations and a higher prevalence of HRCT-detected interstitial lung changes. KL-6 and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) levels were significantly higher in the highest serum indium quartile than the lowest quartile. Significant dose-effect relationships existed between serum indium levels and KL-6, SP-D levels and the prevalence of HRCT-detected interstitial lung changes. CONCLUSIONS Workforce medical surveillance should be established to prevent indium-induced interstitial lung disease in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyeul Choi
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
| | - Yong Lim Won
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
| | - Dohyung Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
| | - Mi‐Young Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
| | - Yoon jung Choi
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
| | - Jai‐Soung Park
- Department of RadiologySoonchunhyang University Bucheon HospitalBucheonKorea
| | - Hyoung‐Ryoul Kim
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineCollege of MedicineThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Jung Im Jung
- Department of RadiologySeoul St. Mary's HospitalCollege of Medicine, The Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Gil Lee
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
| | - Eun‐A Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research InstituteKorea Occupational Safety and Health AgencyUlsanKorea
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Ciğerci İH, Liman R, Özgül E, Konuk M. Genotoxicity of indium tin oxide by Allium and Comet tests. Cytotechnology 2015; 67:157-63. [PMID: 24337653 PMCID: PMC4294836 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic effects of indium tin oxide (ITO) were investigated on root cells of Allium cepa by employing both Allium and Comet assays. A. cepa roots were treated with the aqueous dispersions of ITO at 5 different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm) for 4 h. Exposure of ITO significantly increased mitotic index, and total chromosomal aberrations by the Allium test. While chromosome laggards, stickiness, disturbed anaphase-telophase and anaphase bridges were observed in anaphase-telophase cells, c-metaphase and binuclear cells were observed in other cells. A significant increase in DNA damage was also observed at all concentrations of ITO by the Comet assay. These results indicate that ITO exhibits genotoxic activity in A. cepa root meristematic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Hakkı Ciğerci
- />Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyon, Turkey
| | - Recep Liman
- />Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Uşak University, 1 Eylül Campus, 64300 Uşak, Turkey
| | - Emre Özgül
- />Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Literatures, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200 Afyon, Turkey
| | - Muhsin Konuk
- />Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Üsküdar University, Altunizade, 34662 Istanbul, Turkey
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Tabei Y, Sonoda A, Nakajima Y, Biju V, Makita Y, Yoshida Y, Horie M. In vitro evaluation of the cellular effect of indium tin oxide nanoparticles using the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Metallomics 2015; 7:816-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00031a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles are taken up by human lung adenocarcinoma cells and the nanoparticles induce oxidative stress and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Tabei
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Akinari Sonoda
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakajima
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Vasudevanpillai Biju
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoji Makita
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Yoshida
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Masanori Horie
- Health Research Institute
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Takamatsu, Japan
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45
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Gwinn WM, Qu W, Bousquet RW, Price H, Shines CJ, Taylor GJ, Waalkes MP, Morgan DL. Macrophage solubilization and cytotoxicity of indium-containing particles as in vitro correlates to pulmonary toxicity in vivo. Toxicol Sci 2014; 144:17-26. [PMID: 25527823 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-solubilized indium-containing particles (ICPs) were previously shown in vitro to be cytotoxic. In this study, we compared macrophage solubilization and cytotoxicity of indium phosphide (InP) and indium-tin oxide (ITO) with similar particle diameters (∼ 1.5 µm) and then determined if relative differences in these in vitro parameters correlated with pulmonary toxicity in vivo. RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with InP or ITO particles and cytotoxicity was assayed at 24 h. Ionic indium was measured in 24 h culture supernatants. Macrophage cytotoxicity and particle solubilization in vitro were much greater for InP compared with ITO. To correlate changes in vivo, B6C3F1 mice were treated with InP or ITO by oropharyngeal aspiration. On Days 14 and 28, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and pleural lavage (PL) fluids were collected and assayed for total leukocytes. Cell differentials, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and protein levels were also measured in BAL. All lavage parameters were greatly increased in mice treated with InP compared with ITO. These data suggest that macrophage solubilization and cytotoxicity of some ICPs in vitro are capable of predicting pulmonary toxicity in vivo. In addition, these differences in toxicity were observed despite the two particulate compounds containing similar amounts of indium suggesting that solubilization, not total indium content, better reflects the toxic potential of some ICPs. Soluble InCl3 was shown to be more cytotoxic than InP to macrophages and lung epithelial cells in vitro further suggesting that ionic indium is the primary cytotoxic component of InP.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gwinn
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Wei Qu
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Ronald W Bousquet
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Herman Price
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Cassandra J Shines
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Genie J Taylor
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Michael P Waalkes
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- *NTP Laboratory, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; and Alion Science and Technology Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Lim JW, Lee YT, Pandey R, Yoo TH, Sang BI, Ju BK, Hwang DK, Choi WK. Effect of geometric lattice design on optical/electrical properties of transparent silver grid for organic solar cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:26891-26899. [PMID: 25401837 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.026891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) grid transparent electrode is one of the most promising transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) to replace conventional indium tin oxide (ITO). We systematically investigate an effect of geometric lattice modifications on optical and electrical properties of Ag grid electrode. The reference Ag grid with 5 μm width and 100 μm pitch (duty of 0.05) prepared by conventional photo-lithography and lift-off processes shows the sheet resistance of 13.27 Ω/sq, transmittance of 81.1%, and resultant figure of merit (FOM) of 129.05. Three different modified Ag grid electrodes with stripe added-mesh (SAM), triangle-added mesh (TAM), and diagonal-added mesh (DAM) are suggested to improve optical and electrical properties. Although all three of SAM, TAM, and DAM Ag grid electrodes exhibit the lower transmittance values of about 72 - 77%, they showed much decreased sheet resistance of 6 - 8 Ω/sq. As a result, all of the lattice-modified Ag grid electrodes display significant improvement of FOM and the highest value of 171.14 is obtained from DAM Ag grid, which is comparable to that of conventional ITO electrode (175.46). Also, the feasibility of DAM Ag gird electrode for use in organic solar cell is confirmed by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. Unlike a conventional ITO electrode, DAM Ag grid electrode can induce light scattering and trapping due to the diffuse transmission that compensates for the loss in optical transparency, resulting in comparable light absorption in the photo active layer of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC₆₀BM). P3HT:PC₆₀BM based OSCs with the DAM Ag grid electrode were fabricated, which also showed the potential for ITO-free transparent electrode.
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47
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Nakano M, Omae K, Uchida K, Michikawa T, Yoshioka N, Hirata M, Tanaka A. Five-Year Cohort Study. Chest 2014; 146:1166-1175. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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48
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Tanaka A, Hirata M. [Health effects of solar cell component material. Toxicity of indium compounds to laboratory animals determined by intratracheal instillations]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 68:83-7. [PMID: 23718969 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.68.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the increasing interest being paid to the issue of the global environment, the production of solar cells has increased rapidly in recent years. Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) is a new efficient thin film used in some types of solar cell. Indium is a constitutive element of CIGS thin-film solar cells. It was thought that indium compounds were not harmful until the beginning of the 1990s because there was little information regarding the adverse health effects on humans or animals arising from exposure to indium compounds. After the mid-1990s, data became available indicating that indium compounds can be toxic to animals. In animal studies, it has been clearly demonstrated that indium compounds cause pulmonary toxicity and that the dissolution of indium compounds in the lungs is considerably slow, as shown by repeated intratracheal instillations in experimental animals. Thus, it is necessary to pay much greater attention to human exposure to indium compounds, and precautions against possible exposure to indium compounds are paramount with regard to health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Tanaka
- Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University
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49
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Amiri Shadmehri E, Dehghani Mohammad Abadi M, Chamsaz M. Sensitive analysis In(III) in various matrices by spectrophotometry after dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427214060044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Levine KE, Han L, Gwinn WM, Morgan DL, Ross GT, Essader AS, Fernando RA, Haines LG, Robinson VG. Development and Optimization of a Procedure for the Determination of Indium-Tin Oxide Particle Size and Concentration in Cellular Media. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2013.878841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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