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Chowdhury MA, Shuvho MBA, Hossain MI, Ali MO, Kchaou M, Rahman A, Yeasmin N, Khan AS, Rahman MA, Mofijur M. Multiphysical analysis of nanoparticles and their effects on plants. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 68:1257-1270. [PMID: 33016525 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are the magic bullets and at the leading edge in the field of nanotechnology, and their unique properties make these materials indispensable and superior in many areas, including the electronic field. Extensive applications of nanomaterials are incontrovertibly entering our living system. The increasing use of nanomaterials into the ecosystem is one of the crucial environmental factors that human being is facing. Nanomaterials raise noticeable toxicological concerns; particularly their accumulation in plants and the resultant toxicity may affect the food chain. Here, we analyzed the characterization of nanomaterials, such as graphene, Al2 O3 , TiO2 , and semi-insulating or conducting nanoparticles. Quantitative evaluation of the nanomaterials was conducted and their commercialization aspects were discussed. Various characterization techniques, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and ultraviolet rays were utilized to identify the morphology, phase, absorbance, and crystallinity. In addition, we analyzed the effects of nanomaterials on plants. The toxicity of nanoparticles has severe effects on loss of morphology of the plants. Potential mechanisms including physical and physiological effects were analyzed. In future studies, it is indispensable to assess widely accepted toxicity evaluation for safe production and use of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Bengir Ahmed Shuvho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh.,Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research (NITER), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Imran Hossain
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Osman Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed Kchaou
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems (LASEM), National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Nilufa Yeasmin
- Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Sabur Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Md Azizur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET), Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - M Mofijur
- School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
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Van Landuyt KL, Cokic SM, Asbach C, Hoet P, Godderis L, Reichl FX, Van Meerbeek B, Vennemann A, Wiemann M. Interaction of rat alveolar macrophages with dental composite dust. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:62. [PMID: 27888833 PMCID: PMC5124269 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental composites have become the standard filling material to restore teeth, but during the placement of these restorations, high amounts of respirable composite dust (<5 μm) including many nano-sized particles may be released in the breathing zone of the patient and dental operator. Here we tested the respirable fraction of several composite particles for their cytotoxic effect using an alveolar macrophage model system. METHODS: Composite dust was generated following a clinical protocol, and the dust particles were collected under sterile circumstances. Dust was dispersed in fluid, and 5-μm-filtered to enrich the respirable fractions. Quartz DQ12 and corundum were used as positive and negative control, respectively. Four concentrations (22.5 μg/ml, 45 μg/ml, 90 μg/ml and 180 μg/ml) were applied to NR8383 alveolar macrophages. Light and electron microscopy were used for subcellular localization of particles. Culture supernatants were tested for release of lactate dehydrogenase, glucuronidase, TNF-α, and H2O2. RESULTS Characterization of the suspended particles revealed numerous nano-sized particles but also many high volume particles, most of which could be removed by filtering. Even at the highest concentration (180 μg/ml), cells completely cleared settled particles from the bottom of the culture vessel. Accordingly, a mixture of nano- and micron-scaled particles was observed inside cells where they were confined to phagolysosomes. The filtered particle fractions elicited largely uniform dose-dependent responses, which were elevated compared to the control only at the highest concentration, which equaled a mean cellular dose of 120 pg/cell. A low inflammatory potential was identified due to dose-dependent release of H2O2 and TNF-α. However, compared to the positive control, the released levels of H2O2 and TNF-α were still moderate, but their release profiles depended on the type of composite. CONCLUSIONS Alveolar macrophages are able to phagocytize respirable composite dust particle inclusive nanoparticles. Since NR8383 cells tolerate a comparatively high cell burden (60 pg/cell) of each of the five materials with minimal signs of cytotoxicity or inflammation, the toxic potential of respirable composite dust seems to be low. These results are reassuring for dental personnel, but more research is needed to characterize the actual exposure and uptake especially of the pure nano fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Van Landuyt
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - S M Cokic
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - C Asbach
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology (IUTA) e.V, BliersheimerStraße 58-60, Duisburg, 47229, Germany
| | - P Hoet
- Research Unit Experimental Toxicology, Center for Environmental and Health Research, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - L Godderis
- Research Unit Experimental Toxicology, Center for Environmental and Health Research, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - F X Reichl
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Nussbaumstraße 26, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - B Van Meerbeek
- KU Leuven BIOMAT, Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Leuven & Dentistry University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - A Vennemann
- IBE, IBE R&D gGmbH, Mendelstraße 11, Münster, 48149, Germany
| | - M Wiemann
- IBE, IBE R&D gGmbH, Mendelstraße 11, Münster, 48149, Germany
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Wiemann M, Vennemann A, Sauer UG, Wiench K, Ma-Hock L, Landsiedel R. An in vitro alveolar macrophage assay for predicting the short-term inhalation toxicity of nanomaterials. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:16. [PMID: 26944705 PMCID: PMC4779246 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most in vitro studies investigating nanomaterial pulmonary toxicity poorly correlate to in vivo inhalation studies. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play an outstanding role during inhalation exposure since they effectively clear the alveoli from particles. This study addresses the applicability of an in vitro alveolar macrophage assay to distinguish biologically active from passive nanomaterials. METHODS Rat NR8383 alveolar macrophages were exposed to 18 inorganic nanomaterials, covering AlOOH, BaSO4, CeO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, and ZnO NMs, amorphous SiO2 and graphite nanoplatelets, and two nanosized organic pigments. ZrO2 and amorphous SiO2 were tested without and with surface functionalization. Non-nanosized quartz DQ12 and corundum were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The test materials were incubated with the cells in protein-free culture medium. Lactate dehydrogenase, glucuronidase, and tumour necrosis factor alpha were assessed after 16 h. In parallel, H2O2 was assessed after 1.5 h. Using the no-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (NOAECs) from available rat short-term inhalation studies (STIS), the test materials were categorized as active (NOAEC < 10 mg/m(3)) or passive. RESULTS In vitro data reflected the STIS categorization if a particle surface area-based threshold of <6000 mm(2)/mL was used to determine the biological relevance of the lowest observed significant in vitro effects. Significant effects that were recorded above this threshold were assessed as resulting from test material-unspecific cellular 'overload'. Test materials were assessed as active if ≥2 of the 4 in vitro parameters undercut this threshold. They were assessed as passive if 0 or 1 parameter was altered. An overall assay accuracy of 95 % was achieved. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro NR8383 alveolar macrophage assay allows distinguishing active from passive nanomaterials. Thereby, it allows determining whether in vivo short-term inhalation testing is necessary for hazard assessment. Results may also be used to group nanomaterials by biological activity. Further work should aim at validating the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Karin Wiench
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GB/TB - Z470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GB/TB - Z470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GB/TB - Z470, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Bugge MD, Kjærheim K, Føreland S, Eduard W, Kjuus H. Lung cancer incidence among Norwegian silicon carbide industry workers: associations with particulate exposure factors. Occup Environ Med 2012; 69:527-33. [PMID: 22611173 PMCID: PMC3400144 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2011-100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An increased lung cancer risk associated with total dust exposure in the silicon carbide (SiC) industry has previously been reported. The aim of the present study was to examine the relative importance of specific exposure factors by using a comprehensive, historic job exposure matrix based on about 8000 measurements. METHODS Cumulative exposure to total and respirable dust, respirable quartz, cristobalite, and SiC particles and SiC fibres was assessed for 1687 long-term workers employed during 1913-2003 in the Norwegian SiC industry. Standardised incidence ratios for lung cancer, with follow-up during 1953-2008, were calculated stratified by cumulative exposure categories. Poisson regression analyses were performed using both categorised and log-transformed cumulative exposure variables. RESULTS The lung cancer incidence was about twofold increased at the highest level of exposure to each of the exposure factors (standardised incidence ratios 1.9-2.3 for all agents). Internal analyses showed associations between exposure level and lung cancer incidence for all investigated factors, but a significant trend only for total dust and cristobalite. In multivariate analyses, cristobalite showed the most consistent associations, followed by SiC fibres. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that crystalline silica in the form of cristobalite was the most important occupational exposure factor responsible for lung cancer excess in the Norwegian SiC industry. SiC fibres seemed to have an additional effect.
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Bugge MD, Føreland S, Kjærheim K, Eduard W, Martinsen JI, Kjuus H. Mortality from non-malignant respiratory diseases among workers in the Norwegian silicon carbide industry: associations with dust exposure. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68:863-9. [PMID: 21364203 PMCID: PMC3212646 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Increased mortality from asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema has previously been reported among workers in the silicon carbide (SiC) industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of specific exposure factors on mortality from obstructive lung diseases (OLD), using a newly revised job-exposure matrix. Materials and methods 1687 long-term workers employed in 1913–2003 in the Norwegian SiC industry were characterised with respect to cumulative exposure to quartz, cristobalite, SiC particles and SiC fibres. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for underlying causes of death, 1951–2007, were calculated stratified by category of cumulative exposure, and Poisson regression analyses of OLD were performed using cumulative exposure variables. Results An increased total mortality (SMR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.2) and increased mortality from cancer, non-malignant respiratory diseases and external factors, were observed. The SMR of OLD was increased at the highest level of cumulative exposure to all investigated exposure factors. In the internal analyses, a twofold increased risk of OLD was observed with increasing levels of cumulative exposure to SiC particles. In a multivariate model, SiC particles showed the most stable increased risk estimate when controlled for other exposure factors, among workers with less than 15 years of employment. Among workers with more than 15 years of employment, crystalline silica, primarily cristobalite, seemed to be the most important exposure factor. Conclusion Exposure to SiC and crystalline silica may contribute to OLD development among SiC industry workers in different time windows, and possibly through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Drevvatne Bugge
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Romundstad P, Andersen A, Haldorsen T. Non-malignant mortality among Norwegian silicon carbide smelter workers. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59:345-7. [PMID: 11983851 PMCID: PMC1740290 DOI: 10.1136/oem.59.5.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate associations between exposures in the silicon carbide (SiC) industry and mortality from non-malignant diseases. METHODS Mortality among 2562 men, working in one of three silicon carbide smelters was investigated, giving 52,618 person-years of follow up from 1962 to 1996. Dose-response relations were investigated by internal comparisons using Poisson regression and by stratified standardised mortality ratio (SMR) analyses. RESULTS Mortality from all causes was significantly raised compared with the Norwegian mortalities among men, SMR=1.12, (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.05 to 1.20). An excess mortality from asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis combined was found, SMR=2.21 (95% CI 1.61 to 2.95), increasing from 1.05 in the unexposed category to 2.64 (95% CI 1.44 to 4.43) in the upper category of exposure to total dust. The Poisson regression analysis confirmed the results from the stratified SMR analyses, and suggested that smoking did not act as a confounder. No association was found for circulatory mortality. CONCLUSIONS There was an increased mortality from asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis combined among SiC workers exposed to dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Romundstad
- Kreftregisteret, Institute for Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
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Nehls P, Seiler F, Rehn B, Greferath R, Bruch J. Formation and persistence of 8-oxoguanine in rat lung cells as an important determinant for tumor formation following particle exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1997; 105 Suppl 5:1291-1296. [PMID: 9400740 PMCID: PMC1470144 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.97105s51291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of rats to quartz (or various other particles) can lead to the development of lung tumors. At the moment, the mechanisms involved in particle-induced tumor formation are not clarified. However, it is suggested that inflammation, in conjunction with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an enhancement of epithelial cell proliferation, may play a key role in the development of lung tumors. ROS induces 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoGua) and other mutagenic DNA oxidation products, which can be converted to mutations in proliferating cells. Mutation formation in cancer-related genes is a critical event with respect to tumor formation. In this study we investigated the effects of quartz (DQ12) and of the nontumorigenic dust corundum on the induction of 8-oxoGua in the DNA of rat lung cells, as well as on cell proliferation and pulmonary inflammation. Wistar rats were exposed by intratracheal instillation to quartz (2.5 mg/rat) or corundum (2.5 mg/rat) suspended in physiological saline; control animals exposed to physiological saline or left untreated. Measurements were carried out 7, 21, and 90 days after the exposures. 8-oxoGua levels were determined in lung tissue sections at the single cell level by immunocytological assay using a rabbit anti-8-oxoGua antibody. After exposure to quartz, 8-oxoGua levels were significantly increased at all time points of investigation. Additionally, we observed inflammation and an enhanced cell proliferation. Exposure to corundum had no adverse effects on the lung; neither increased 8-oxoGua levels nor enhanced cell proliferation or inflammation were detected. These observations support the suggestion that inflammation associated with increased 8-oxoGua levels in lung cells and increased cell proliferation is an important determinant for particle-induced development of lung tumors in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nehls
- Institute of Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, University of Essen Medical School, Germany.
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