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Zhong S, Hu M, Zhang L, Qin X, Zhang Q, Ru X, Wang LA. Toxic metals and the risks of sludge from the treatment of wastewater from beryllium smelting. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138439. [PMID: 36935057 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The release of highly toxic beryllium in sludge (BCS) produced by physico-chemical treatment of beryllium-containing wastewater from Be smelting production has become a growing concern with the widespread use of Be in the defense industry. This work investigated the potential mobility of Be in BCS. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) of BCS showed that the amount of leached Be was up to 202 mg L-1, which exceeded the regulated limit by nearly 10,000 times. The chemical fractionation analysis further revealed that the excessive amount of Be leached from BCS was contributed to the high content of acid-soluble fraction and reducible fraction of Be, which accounted for over 70% of the Be content. The results obtained from mineralogical automatic analyzer (MLA) showed that gypsum (23.23%) and epidote (19.55%) were the two major mineralogical phases of BCS. Both were small and loosely structured agglomerated particles with a D50 of 6.61 μm and 3.31 μm. ToF-SIMS results revealed that the Be distribution on the surface of BCS particles was relatively dispersed, with no aggregation or encapsulation. Be co-precipitated with gypsum and chlorite in the form of unstable Be(OH)2, which attached to the surface of these small particles. The unstable state of Be and the small size, loose structure and high liberation of the host material phases are the main reasons for the high leaching mobility of Be. The results of the risk assessment indicated that BCS posed an extremely high potential ecological risk, with Be being the most significant contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004, PR China.
| | - Min Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004, PR China.
| | - Lishan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004, PR China.
| | - Xiaoqi Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004, PR China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004, PR China.
| | - Xuan Ru
- College of Life Sciences, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 541004, PR China.
| | - Li Ao Wang
- School of Resource and Safety Engineeing, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40044, PR China.
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Toupal L, Jílek R, Kubásek T, Vála L. Beryllium dust generation caused by HHF tests. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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3
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Whole transcriptome analysis of long noncoding RNA in beryllium sulfate-treated 16HBE cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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McKee AS, Atif SM, Falta MT, Fontenot AP. Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Noninfectious Granulomatous Lung Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:1835-1843. [PMID: 35418504 PMCID: PMC9106315 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis and chronic beryllium disease are noninfectious lung diseases that are characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomatous inflammation. Chronic beryllium disease is caused by occupational exposure to beryllium containing particles, whereas the etiology of sarcoidosis is not known. Genetic susceptibility for both diseases is associated with particular MHC class II alleles, and CD4+ T cells are implicated in their pathogenesis. The innate immune system plays a critical role in the initiation of pathogenic CD4+ T cell responses as well as the transition to active lung disease and disease progression. In this review, we highlight recent insights into Ag recognition in chronic beryllium disease and sarcoidosis. In addition, we discuss the current understanding of the dynamic interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems and their impact on disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Shaikh M Atif
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Michael T Falta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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5
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Crooks J, Mroz MM, VanDyke M, McGrath A, Schuler C, McCanlies EC, Virji MA, Rosenman KD, Rossman M, Rice C, Monos D, Fingerlin TE, Maier LA. HLA-DPB1 E69 genotype and exposure in beryllium sensitisation and disease. Occup Environ Med 2022; 79:120-126. [PMID: 34535537 PMCID: PMC8760148 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2021-107736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human leukocyte antigen-DP beta 1 (HLA-DPB1) with a glutamic acid at the 69th position of the ß chain (E69) genotype and inhalational beryllium exposure individually contribute to risk of chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and beryllium sensitisation (BeS) in exposed individuals. This retrospective nested case-control study assessed the contribution of genetics and exposure in the development of BeS and CBD. METHODS Workers with BeS (n=444), CBD (n=449) and beryllium-exposed controls (n=890) were enrolled from studies conducted at nuclear weapons and primary beryllium manufacturing facilities. Lifetime-average beryllium exposure estimates were based on workers' job questionnaires and historical and industrial hygienist exposure estimates, blinded to genotype and case status. Genotyping was performed using sequence-specific primer-PCR. Logistic regression models were developed allowing for over-dispersion, adjusting for workforce, race, sex and ethnicity. RESULTS Having no E69 alleles was associated with lower odds of both CBD and BeS; every additional E69 allele increased odds for CBD and BeS. Increasing exposure was associated with lower odds of BeS. CBD was not associated with exposure as compared to controls, yet the per cent of individuals with CBD versus BeS increased with increasing exposure. No evidence of a gene-by-exposure interaction was found for CBD or BeS. CONCLUSIONS Risk of CBD increases with E69 allele frequency and increasing exposure, although no gene by environment interaction was found. A decreased risk of BeS with increasing exposure and lack of exposure response in CBD cases may be due to the limitations of reconstructed exposure estimates. Although reducing exposure may not prevent BeS, it may reduce CBD and the associated health effects, especially in those carrying E69 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Crooks
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret M Mroz
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael VanDyke
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alison McGrath
- Environmental Health and Safety, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Christine Schuler
- DRDS/Field Studies Branch, U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Erin C McCanlies
- HELD, Health Effects Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - M Abbas Virji
- DRDS/Field Studies Branch, U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kenneth D Rosenman
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Milton Rossman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol Rice
- Department of Environmental & Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dimitri Monos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tasha E Fingerlin
- Center for Genes, Environment & Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Islam MR, Sanderson P, Naidu R, Payne TE, Johansen MP, Bari ASMF, Rahman MM. Beryllium in contaminated soils: Implication of beryllium bioaccessibility by different exposure pathways. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126757. [PMID: 34352522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure and beryllium (Be) toxicity are well-known, but research on bioaccessibility from soils via different exposure pathways is limited. This study examined soils from a legacy radioactive waste disposal site using in vitro ingestion (Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium [SBRC], physiologically based extraction test [PBET], in vitro gastrointestinal [IVG]), inhalation (simulated epithelial lung fluid [SELF]) and dynamic two-stage bioaccessibility (TBAc) methods, as well as 0.43 M HNO3 extraction. The results showed, 70 ± 4.8%, 56 ± 16.8% and 58 ± 5.7% of total Be were extracted (gastric phase [GP] + intestinal phase [IP]) in the SBRC, PBET, and IVG methods, respectively. Similar bioaccessibility of Be (~18%) in PBET-IP and SELF was due to chelating agents in the extractant. Moreover, TBAc-IP showed higher extraction (20.8 ± 2.0%) in comparison with the single-phase (SBRC-IP) result (4.8 ± 0.23%), suggesting increased Be bioaccessibility and toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract when the contamination derives from the inhalation route. The results suggested Be bioaccessibility depends on solution pH; time of extraction; soil reactive fractions (organic-inorganic); particle size, and the presence of chelating agents in the fluid. This study has significance for understanding Be bioaccessibility via different exposure routes and the application of risk-based management of Be-contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rashidul Islam
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Peter Sanderson
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Timothy E Payne
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Mathew P Johansen
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - A S M Fazle Bari
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan Campus, NSW 2308, Australia
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7
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Genomic biomarkers in chronic beryllium disease and sarcoidosis. Respir Med 2021; 187:106390. [PMID: 34399367 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous gene expression studies have identified genes IFNγ, TNFα, RNase 3, CXCL9, and CD55 as potential biomarkers for sarcoidosis and/or chronic beryllium disease (CBD). We hypothesized that differential expression of these genes could function as diagnostic biomarkers for sarcoidosis and CBD, and prognostic biomarkers for sarcoidosis. Study Design/Methods We performed RT-qPCR on whole blood samples from CBD (n = 132), beryllium sensitized (BeS) (n = 109), and sarcoidosis (n = 99) cases and non-diseased controls (n = 97) to determine differential expression of target genes. We then performed logistic regression modeling and generated ROC curves to determine which genes could most accurately differentiate: 1) CBD versus sarcoidosis 2) CBD versus BeS 3) sarcoidosis versus controls 4) non-progressive versus progressive sarcoidosis. Results CD55 and TNFα were significantly upregulated, while CXCL9 was significantly downregulated in CBD compared to sarcoidosis (p < 0.05). The ROC curve from the logistic regression model demonstrated high discriminatory ability of the combination of CD55, TNFα, and CXCL9 to distinguish between CBD and sarcoidosis with an AUC of 0.98. CD55 and TNFα were significantly downregulated in sarcoidosis compared to controls (p < 0.05). The ROC curve from the model showed a reasonable discriminatory ability of CD55 and TNFα to distinguish between sarcoidosis and controls with an AUC of 0.86. There was no combination of genes that could accurately differentiate between CBD and BeS or sarcoidosis phenotypes. Interpretation CD55, TNFα and CXCL9 expression levels can accurately differentiate between CBD and sarcoidosis, while CD55 and TNFα expression levels can accurately differentiate sarcoidosis and controls.
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MacMurdo MG, Mroz MM, Culver DA, Dweik RA, Maier LA. Chronic Beryllium Disease: Update on a Moving Target. Chest 2020; 158:2458-2466. [PMID: 32768458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beryllium exposure remains an ongoing occupational health concern for workers worldwide. Since the initial Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ruling on a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for beryllium in 1971, our understanding of the risks of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) has evolved substantially. A new OSHA ruling released in early 2017 and implemented in late 2018 reduced the PEL for beryllium, increased requirements for medical screening and monitoring, and may ultimately enhance worker protection. This review highlights advances in our understanding of the pathway from beryllium exposure to sensitization and progression to CBD that guided the development of this OSHA ruling. Screening workers exposed to beryllium and management of CBD will also be discussed. Finally, we will discuss the role of beryllium as a cause of morbidity and mortality among exposed workers in this potentially preventable occupational lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret M Mroz
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | | | - Raed A Dweik
- Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Lisa A Maier
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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Wade MF, Collins MK, Richards D, Mack DG, Martin AK, Dinarello CA, Fontenot AP, McKee AS. TLR9 and IL-1R1 Promote Mobilization of Pulmonary Dendritic Cells during Beryllium Sensitization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2232-2243. [PMID: 30185516 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metal-induced hypersensitivity is driven by dendritic cells (DCs) that migrate from the site of exposure to the lymph nodes, upregulate costimulatory molecules, and initiate metal-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a life-threatening metal-induced hypersensitivity, is driven by beryllium-specific CD4+ Th1 cells that expand in the lung-draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) after beryllium exposure (sensitization phase) and are recruited back to the lung, where they orchestrate granulomatous lung disease (elicitation phase). To understand more about how beryllium exposures impact DC function during sensitization, we examined the early events in the lung and LDLNs after pulmonary exposure to different physiochemical forms of beryllium. Exposure to soluble or crystalline forms of beryllium induced alveolar macrophage death/release of IL-1α and DNA, enhanced migration of CD80hi DCs to the LDLNs, and sensitized HLA-DP2 transgenic mice after single low-dose exposures, whereas exposures to insoluble particulate forms beryllium did not. IL-1α and DNA released by alveolar macrophages upregulated CD80 on immature BMDC via IL-1R1 and TLR9, respectively. Intrapulmonary exposure of mice to IL-1R and TLR9 agonists without beryllium was sufficient to drive accumulation of CD80hi DCs in the LDLNs, whereas blocking both pathways prevented accumulation of CD80hi DCs in the LDLNs of beryllium-exposed mice. Thus, in contrast to particulate forms of beryllium, which are poor sensitizers, soluble or crystalline forms of beryllium promote death of alveolar macrophages and their release of IL-1α and DNA, which act as damage-associated molecular pattern molecules to enhance DC function during beryllium sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan F Wade
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Morgan K Collins
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Denay Richards
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Webb Waring Summer Research Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Douglas G Mack
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Allison K Martin
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Andrew P Fontenot
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Amy S McKee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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Research to Practice Implications of High-Risk Genotypes for Beryllium Sensitization and Disease. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:855-60. [PMID: 27414009 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Beryllium workers may better understand their genetic susceptibility to chronic beryllium disease (CBD) expressed as population-based prevalence, rather than odds ratios from case-control studies. METHODS We calculated CBD prevalences from allele-specific DNA sequences of 853 workers for Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DPB1 genotypes and groups characterized by number of E69-containing alleles and by calculated surface electronegativity of HLA-DPB1. RESULTS Of 18 groups of at least 10 workers with specific genotypes, CBD prevalence was highest, 72.7%, for the HLA-DPB102:01:02/DPB117:01 genotype. Population-based grouped genotypes with two E69 alleles wherein one allele had -9 surface charge had a beryllium sensitization (BeS) of 52.6% and a CBD prevalence of 42.1%. CONCLUSIONS The high CBD and BeS prevalences associated with -9-charged E69 alleles and two E69s suggest that workers may benefit from knowing their genetic susceptibility in deciding whether to avoid future beryllium exposure.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metals can cause disease of the upper and lower respiratory tract that mirror disease due to other causes, such as asthma, rhinosinusitis, acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, acute pneumonitis, bronchogenic carcinoma, and interstitial lung disease. This article will describe some uncommon and unique lung diseases that can be induced by metals. RECENT FINDINGS Our understanding of old occupational lung diseases, such as chronic beryllium disease, continues to increase. New exposures in the workplace, such as indium, have been identified as novel occupational hazards. New forms of exposure, such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles, create risk of lung disease that is not seen with larger particles. SUMMARY Knowledge of several unusual and/or unique occupational lung diseases should prompt questioning about a patient's occupational history, which may uncover an occupational, rather than an idiopathic, lung disease.
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Rousset D, Durand T. Beryllium solubility in occupational airborne particles: Sequential extraction procedure and workplace application. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2016; 13:71-83. [PMID: 26327570 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1078467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Modification of an existing sequential extraction procedure for inorganic beryllium species in the particulate matter of emissions and in working areas is described. The speciation protocol was adapted to carry out beryllium extraction in closed-face cassette sampler to take wall deposits into account. This four-step sequential extraction procedure aims to separate beryllium salts, metal, and oxides from airborne particles for individual quantification. Characterization of the beryllium species according to their solubility in air samples may provide information relative to toxicity, which is potentially related to the different beryllium chemical forms. Beryllium salts (BeF(2), BeSO(4)), metallic beryllium (Bemet), and beryllium oxide (BeO) were first individually tested, and then tested in mixtures. Cassettes were spiked with these species and recovery rates were calculated. Quantitative analyses with matched matrix were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Method Detection Limits (MDLs) were calculated for the four matrices used in the different extraction steps. In all cases, the MDL was below 4.2 ng/sample. This method is appropriate for assessing occupational exposure to beryllium as the lowest recommended threshold limit values are 0.01 µg.m(-3) in France([) (1) (]) and 0.05 µg.m(-3) in the USA.([ 2 ]) The protocol was then tested on samples from French factories where occupational beryllium exposure was suspected. Beryllium solubility was variable between factories and among the same workplace between different tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davy Rousset
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Département Métrologie des Polluants , Vandoeuvre , France
| | - Thibaut Durand
- a Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) , Département Métrologie des Polluants , Vandoeuvre , France
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Heldt GH, Deubner DC. The beryllium bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte proliferation test: indicator of beryllium sensitization, inflammation or both? Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:262-71. [PMID: 25942054 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1038670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT We had available records on over 300 workers evaluated with the beryllium bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocyte proliferation test (BeBALLPT) at three expert chronic beryllium disease (CBD) diagnostic centers. OBJECTIVE The objective was to describe the contribution of the BeBALLPT to classification of workers with respect to beryllium sensitization (BeS) and beryllium-induced lung inflammation. METHODS Company records were used to identify beryllium workers who had undergone diagnostic bronchoscopy with BeBALLPT. Clinical, work and smoking information was abstracted from electronic and paper databases. We analyzed factors influencing BeBALLPT outcome, and its relation to blood-determined BeS and granulomatous inflammation. RESULTS Positive BeBALLPTs contributed evidence of BeS in subjects without prior positive beryllium blood lymphocyte proliferation tests (BeBLPTs) and of pulmonary inflammation in persons without granulomata evident on lung biopsy. Positive BeBALLPTs were associated with positive BeBLPTs and more strongly with granulomata. The rate of both positive BeBALLPT and granulomata increased with time worked through 4 years and were lower in smoking subjects. The false negative rate of the BeBALLPT was 20%. CONCLUSION A positive BeBALLPT is closely linked to the presence of granulomata on lung biopsy and can be considered as an indicator of lung inflammation in addition to BeS. The ability to use BeBALLPT as a substitute for the more risky lung biopsy is limited by the BeBALLPT false negative rate and lack of information on the false positive rate. It is not recommended that a positive BeBALLPT be considered sufficient evidence for both lung inflammation and BeS.
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Balmes JR, Abraham JL, Dweik RA, Fireman E, Fontenot AP, Maier LA, Muller-Quernheim J, Ostiguy G, Pepper LD, Saltini C, Schuler CR, Takaro TK, Wambach PF. An official American Thoracic Society statement: diagnosis and management of beryllium sensitivity and chronic beryllium disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 190:e34-59. [PMID: 25398119 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201409-1722st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Beryllium continues to have a wide range of industrial applications. Exposure to beryllium can lead to sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this statement is to increase awareness and knowledge about beryllium exposure, BeS, and CBD. METHODS Evidence was identified by a search of MEDLINE. The committee then summarized the evidence, drew conclusions, and described their approach to diagnosis and management. MAIN RESULTS The beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test is the cornerstone of both medical surveillance and the diagnosis of BeS and CBD. A confirmed abnormal beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test without evidence of lung disease is diagnostic of BeS. BeS with evidence of a granulomatous inflammatory response in the lung is diagnostic of CBD. The determinants of progression from BeS to CBD are uncertain, but higher exposures and the presence of a genetic variant in the HLA-DP β chain appear to increase the risk. Periodic evaluation of affected individuals can detect disease progression (from BeS to CBD, or from mild CBD to more severe CBD). Corticosteroid therapy is typically administered when a patient with CBD exhibits evidence of significant lung function abnormality or decline. CONCLUSIONS Medical surveillance in workplaces that use beryllium-containing materials can identify individuals with BeS and at-risk groups of workers, which can help prioritize efforts to reduce inhalational and dermal exposures.
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16
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Peeples JL, Stokely MH, Poorman MC, Bida GT, Wieland BW. Simulation, design, and testing of a high power collimator for the RDS-112 cyclotron. Appl Radiat Isot 2015; 97:87-92. [PMID: 25562677 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A high power [F-18] fluoride target package for the RDS-112 cyclotron has been designed, tested, and commercially deployed. The upgrade includes the CF-1000 target, a 1.3kW water target with an established commercial history on RDS-111/Eclipse cyclotrons, and a redesigned collimator with improved heat rejection capabilities. Conjugate heat transfer analyses were employed to both evaluate the existing collimator capabilities and design a suitable high current replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L Peeples
- BTI Targetry LLC (formerly Bruce Technologies Inc.), 1939 Evans Rd., Cary, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew H Stokely
- BTI Targetry LLC (formerly Bruce Technologies Inc.), 1939 Evans Rd., Cary, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Poorman
- BTI Targetry LLC (formerly Bruce Technologies Inc.), 1939 Evans Rd., Cary, NC, USA
| | - Gerald T Bida
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bruce W Wieland
- BTI Targetry LLC (formerly Bruce Technologies Inc.), 1939 Evans Rd., Cary, NC, USA
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Armstrong JL, Day GA, Park JY, Stefaniak AB, Stanton ML, Deubner DC, Kent MS, Schuler CR, Virji MA. Migration of Beryllium via Multiple Exposure Pathways among Work Processes in Four Different Facilities. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:781-792. [PMID: 25357184 PMCID: PMC5003170 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.919392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of beryllium is associated with the development of sensitization; however, dermal exposure may also be important. The primary aim of this study was to elucidate relationships among exposure pathways in four different manufacturing and finishing facilities. Secondary aims were to identify jobs with increased levels of beryllium in air, on skin, and on surfaces; identify potential discrepancies in exposure pathways, and determine if these are related to jobs with previously identified risk. Beryllium was measured in air, on cotton gloves, and on work surfaces. Summary statistics were calculated and correlations among all three measurement types were examined at the facility and job level. Exposure ranking strategies were used to identify jobs with higher exposures. The highest air, glove, and surface measurements were observed in beryllium metal production and beryllium oxide ceramics manufacturing jobs that involved hot processes and handling powders. Two finishing and distribution facilities that handle solid alloy products had lower exposures than the primary production facilities, and there were differences observed among jobs. For all facilities combined, strong correlations were found between air-surface (rp ≥ 0.77), glove-surface (rp ≥ 0.76), and air-glove measurements (rp ≥ 0.69). In jobs where higher risk of beryllium sensitization or disease has been reported, exposure levels for all three measurement types were higher than in jobs with lower risk, though they were not the highest. Some jobs with low air concentrations had higher levels of beryllium on glove and surface wipe samples, suggesting a need to further evaluate the causes of the discrepant levels. Although such correlations provide insight on where beryllium is located throughout the workplace, they cannot identify the direction of the pathways between air, surface, or skin. Ranking strategies helped to identify jobs with the highest combined air, glove, and/or surface exposures. All previously identified high-risk jobs had high air concentrations, dermal mass loading, or both, and none had low dermal and air. We have found that both pathways are relevant. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: a file describing the forms of beryllium materials encountered during production and characteristics of the aerosols by process areas.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Armstrong
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Gregory A. Day
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ji Young Park
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Marcia L. Stanton
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | | | - Christine R. Schuler
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - M. Abbas Virji
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Fireman E, Lerman Y, Stark M, Pardo A, Schwarz Y, Van Dyke MV, Elliot J, Barkes B, Newman L, Maier L. A novel alternative to environmental monitoring to detect workers at risk for beryllium exposure-related health effects. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:809-818. [PMID: 24856577 PMCID: PMC4347844 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.922689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe a methodology for surveillance and monitoring of beryllium exposure using biological monitoring to complement environmental monitoring. Eighty-three Israeli dental technicians (mean age 41.6 ± 1.36 years) and 80 American nuclear machining workers (54.9 ± 1.21 years) were enrolled. Biological monitoring was carried out by analyzing particle size (laser technique) and shape (image analysis) in 131/163 (80.3%) induced sputum samples (Dipa Analyser, Donner Tech, Or Aquiva, Israel). Environmental monitoring was carried out only in the United States (Sioutas impactor, SKC, Inc., Eighty Four, Pa.). Pulmonary function testing performance and induced sputum retrieval were done by conventional methods. Sixty-three Israeli workers and 37 American workers were followed up for at least 2 years. Biological monitoring by induced sputum indicated that a >92% accumulation of <5 μm particles correlated significantly to a positive beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test result (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.2-11.4, p = 0.015) among all participants. Environmental monitoring showed that beryllium particles were <1 μm, and this small fraction (0.1-1 μ) was significantly more highly accumulated in nuclear machining workers compared to dental technicians. The small fractions positively correlated with induced sputum macrophages (r = 0.21 p = 0.01) and negatively correlated with diffusion lung carbon monoxide single breath (DLCO-SB r = 0.180 p = 0.04) in all subjects. Years of exposure were positively correlated to the number of accumulated particles 2-3 μ in diameter (r = 0.2, p = 0.02) and negatively correlated to forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity findings (r = -0.18, p = 0.02). DLCO was decreased in both groups after two years of monitoring. Biological monitoring is more informative than environmental monitoring in the surveillance and monitoring of workers in beryllium industries. Induced sputum is a feasible and promising biomonitoring method that should be included in the surveillance of exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fireman
- Institute of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Lerman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Occupational Health Department, Clalit Medical Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moshe Stark
- Institute of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Asher Pardo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Schwarz
- Institute of Pulmonary and Allergic Diseases, National Laboratory Service for ILD, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael V. Van Dyke
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jill Elliot
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Briana Barkes
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lee Newman
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lisa Maier
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Thomas CA, Deubner DC, Stanton ML, Kreiss K, Schuler CR. Long-term efficacy of a program to prevent beryllium disease. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:733-41. [PMID: 23450749 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2000, a manufacturer of beryllium materials and products introduced a comprehensive program to prevent beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). We assessed the program's efficacy in preventing sensitization 9 years after implementation. METHODS Current and former workers hired since program implementation completed questionnaires and provided blood samples for the beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test (BeLPT). Using these data, as well as company medical surveillance data, we estimated beryllium sensitization prevalence. RESULTS Cross-sectional prevalence of sensitization was 0.7% (2/298). Combining survey results with surveillance results, a total of seven were identified as sensitized (2.3%). Early Program workers were more likely to be sensitized than Late Program workers; one of the latter was newly identified. All sensitization was identified while participants were employed. One worker was diagnosed with CBD during employment. CONCLUSIONS The combination of increased respiratory and dermal protection, enclosure and improved ventilation of high-risk processes, dust migration control, improved housekeeping, and worker and management education showed utility in reducing sensitization in the program's first 9 years. The low rate (0.6%, 1/175) among Late Program workers suggests that continuing refinements have provided additional protection against sensitization compared to the program's early years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A. Thomas
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | | | - Marcia L. Stanton
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Kathleen Kreiss
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
| | - Christine R. Schuler
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Morgantown West Virginia
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Shay E, De Gandiaga E, Madl AK. Considerations for the development of health-based surface dust cleanup criteria for beryllium. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:220-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2013.767308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Boffetta P, Fryzek JP, Mandel JS. Occupational exposure to beryllium and cancer risk: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:107-18. [PMID: 22276590 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.631898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is controversy on whether occupational exposure to beryllium causes lung cancer. We conducted a systematic review of epidemiologic studies on cancer among workers exposed to beryllium, including a study of seven U.S. production plants which has been recently updated, a study of patients with beryllium disease (largely overlapping with the former study) and several smaller studies. A small excess mortality from lung cancer was detected in the large cohort, which was partially explained by confounding by tobacco smoking and urban residence. Other potential confounders have not been addressed. The excess mortality was mainly among workers employed (often for a short duration) in the early phase of the manufacturing industry. There was no relation with duration of employment or cumulative exposure, whereas average and maximum exposure were associated with lung cancer risk. The use of lagged exposure variables resulted in associations with lung cancer risk; however, these associations were due to confounding by year of birth and year of hire. The studies of beryllium disease patients do not provide independent evidence and the results from other studies do not support the hypothesis of an increased risk of lung cancer or any other cancer. Overall, the available evidence does not support a conclusion that a causal association has been established between occupational exposure to beryllium and the risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Boffetta
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
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22
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Workshop summary: epidemiologic design strategies for studies of nanomaterial workers. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:S87-90. [PMID: 21654425 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31821b1af5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The potential health consequences of exposure to nanomaterials have yet to be elucidated though increasing evidence points to the potential for nanomaterials to cause adverse human health effects. This workshop addressed the feasibility of developing studies to measure health risks among nanomaterial workers. METHODS Breakout groups discussed different epidemiologic designs and methods to encourage companies to collect and retain exposure and health data. RESULTS Major challenges include defining and recruitment of appropriate study populations and obtaining adequate exposure data. Both prospective cohort studies and small cross-sectional panel studies utilizing biomarkers of exposure and effect offer approaches to study occupational groups. CONCLUSIONS Potential exists to assemble cohorts to study the human health effects associated with nanomaterial exposure. Stakeholder partnerships are critical to the success of these studies and international partnerships hold great potential.
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23
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Solubility and Chemistry of Materials Encountered by Beryllium Mine and Ore Extraction Workers. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:1187-93. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31822cfe38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stefaniak AB, Virji MA, Day GA. Dissolution of beryllium in artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:1181-1187. [PMID: 21251696 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution of a lung burden of poorly soluble beryllium particles is hypothesized to be necessary for development of chronic beryllium lung disease (CBD) in humans. As such, particle dissolution rate must be sufficient to activate the lung immune response and dissolution lifetime sufficient to maintain chronic inflammation for months to years to support development of disease. The purpose of this research was to investigate the hypothesis that poorly soluble beryllium compounds release ions via dissolution in lung fluid. Dissolution kinetics of 17 poorly soluble particulate beryllium materials that span extraction through ceramics machining (ores, hydroxide, metal, copper-beryllium [CuBe] fume, oxides) and three CuBe alloy reference materials (chips, solid block) were measured over 31 d using artificial lung alveolar macrophage phagolysosomal fluid (pH 4.5). Differences in beryllium-containing particle physicochemical properties translated into differences in dissolution rates and lifetimes in artificial phagolysosomal fluid. Among all materials, dissolution rate constant values ranged from 10(-5) to 10(-10)gcm(-2)d(-1) and half-times ranged from tens to thousands of days. The presence of magnesium trisilicate in some beryllium oxide materials may have slowed dissolution rates. Materials associated with elevated prevalence of CBD had faster beryllium dissolution rates [10(-7)-10(-8)gcm(-2)d(-1)] than materials not associated with elevated prevalence (p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Road, Mail Stop H-2703, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Van Dyke MV, Martyny JW, Mroz MM, Silveira LJ, Strand M, Cragle DL, Tankersley WG, Wells SM, Newman LS, Maier LA. Exposure and genetics increase risk of beryllium sensitisation and chronic beryllium disease in the nuclear weapons industry. Occup Environ Med 2011; 68:842-8. [PMID: 21460389 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2010.064220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Beryllium sensitisation (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are caused by exposure to beryllium with susceptibility affected by at least one well-studied genetic host factor, a glutamic acid residue at position 69 (E69) of the HLA-DPβ chain (DPβE69). However, the nature of the relationship between exposure and carriage of the DPβE69 genotype has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between DPβE69 and exposure in BeS and CBD. METHODS Current and former workers (n=181) from a US nuclear weapons production facility, the Y-12 National Security Complex (Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA), were enrolled in a case-control study including 35 individuals with BeS and 19 with CBD. HLA-DPB1 genotypes were determined by PCR-SSP. Beryllium exposures were assessed through worker interviews and industrial hygiene assessment of work tasks. RESULTS After removing the confounding effect of potential beryllium exposure at another facility, multivariate models showed a sixfold (OR 6.06, 95% CI 1.96 to 18.7) increased odds for BeS and CBD combined among DPβE69 carriers and a fourfold (OR 3.98, 95% CI 1.43 to 11.0) increased odds for those exposed over an assigned lifetime-weighted average exposure of 0.1 μg/m(3). Those with both risk factors had higher increased odds (OR 24.1, 95% CI 4.77 to 122). CONCLUSION DPβE69 carriage and high exposure to beryllium appear to contribute individually to the development of BeS and CBD. Among workers at a beryllium-using facility, the magnitude of risk associated with either elevated beryllium exposure or carriage of DPβE69 alone appears to be similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Van Dyke
- Hollis Laboratory, Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Van Dyke MV, Martyny JW, Mroz MM, Silveira LJ, Strand M, Fingerlin TE, Sato H, Newman LS, Maier LA. Risk of chronic beryllium disease by HLA-DPB1 E69 genotype and beryllium exposure in nuclear workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1680-8. [PMID: 21471109 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201002-0254oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Beryllium sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD) are determined by at least one genetic factor, a glutamic acid at position 69 (E69) of the HLA-DPB1 gene, and by exposure to beryllium. The relationship between exposure and the E69 genotype has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVES The study goal was to define the relationship between beryllium exposure and E69 for CBD and BeS. METHODS Workers (n = 386) from a U.S. nuclear weapons facility were enrolled into a case-control study (70 BeS, 61 CBD, and 255 control subjects). HLA-DPB1 genotypes were determined by sequence-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction. Beryllium exposures were reconstructed on the basis of worker interviews and historical exposure measurements. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Any E69 carriage increased odds for CBD (odds ratio [OR], 7.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.66-15.84) and each unit increase in lifetime weighted average exposure increased the odds for CBD (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.26-4.09). Compared with E69-negative genotypes, a single E69-positive *02 allele increased the odds for BeS (OR, 12.01; 95% CI, 4.28-33.71) and CBD (OR, 3.46; 95% CI, 1.42-8.43). A single non-*02 E69 allele further increased the odds for BeS (OR, 29.54; 95% CI, 10.33-84.53) and CBD (OR, 11.97; 95% CI, 5.12-28.00) and two E69 allele copies conferred the highest odds for BeS (OR, 55.68; 95% CI, 14.80-209.40) and CBD (OR, 22.54; 95% CI, 7.00-72.62). CONCLUSIONS E69 and beryllium exposure both contribute to the odds of CBD. The increased odds for CBD and BeS due to E69 appear to be differentially distributed by genotype, with non-*02 E69 carriers and E69 homozygotes at higher odds than those with *02 genotypes.
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Mikulski MA, Sanderson WT, Leonard SA, Lourens S, Field RW, Sprince NL, Fuortes LJ. Prevalence of Beryllium Sensitization Among Department of Defense Conventional Munitions Workers at Low Risk for Exposure. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:258-65. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31820a408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Association between IL-1A single nucleotide polymorphisms and chronic beryllium disease and beryllium sensitization. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:680-4. [PMID: 20595916 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181e48ec8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin (IL) IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-2, IL-9, and IL-9R were associated with chronic beryllium disease (CBD) and beryllium sensitization (BeS). METHODS Forty SNPs in six IL genes were evaluated in 85 individuals with CBD, 61 individuals with BeS, and 730 individuals without BeS or CBD (nonsensitized) using a 5' nuclease polymerase chain reaction assay. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between IL SNPs, CBD, and BeS, adjusting for plant-site and HLA-DPB1Glu69 in additive, dominant, and recessive inheritance models. RESULTS IL-1A-1142, IL-1A-3769, and IL-1A-4697 were significantly associated with CBD in both the additive and dominant models compared to individuals with BeS or the nonsensitized. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that genetic variations in the IL-1A gene may play a role in the development of CBD but not BeS.
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Characteristics of Beryllium Exposure to Small Particles at a Beryllium Production Facility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 55:70-85. [DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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Stefaniak AB, Virji MA, Day GA. Release of beryllium from beryllium-containing materials in artificial skin surface film liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 55:57-69. [PMID: 20729394 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meq057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skin exposure to soluble beryllium compounds causes systemic sensitization in humans. Penetration of poorly soluble particles through intact skin has been proposed as a mechanism for beryllium sensitization; however, this mechanism is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that particulate beryllium compounds in contact with skin surface release ions via dissolution in sweat. METHODS Dissolution of 11 particulate beryllium materials (hydroxide, metal, oxides and copper-beryllium fume), 3 copper-beryllium alloy reference materials (chips and solid block), and 4 copper-beryllium alloy tools was measured over 7 days in artificial sweat buffered to pH 5.3 and pH 6.5. RESULTS All test materials released beryllium ions in artificial sweat. Particulate from a reduction furnace that contained both crystalline and amorphous beryllium was the most soluble compound-40% dissolved in 8 h. Rates of beryllium release from all other particulate and reference materials were faster at pH 5.3 than at pH 6.5 (P < 0.05). At pH 5.3, values of the chemical dissolution rate constant, k [g (cm² day)⁻¹] differed significantly for hydroxide, metal, and oxide -1.7 ± 0.0 × 10⁻⁷, 1.7 ± 0.6 × 10⁻⁸, and 1.0 ± 0.5 × 10⁻⁹, respectively (P < 0.05). Up to 30 μg of beryllium was released from the alloy tools within 1 h. Dissolution rates in artificial sweat were equal to or faster than values previously determined for these materials in lung models. CONCLUSIONS Poorly soluble beryllium materials undergo dissolution in artificial sweat, suggesting that skin exposure is a biologically plausible pathway for development of sensitization. Skin surface acidity, which is regulated by sweat chemistry and bacterial hydrolysis of sebum lipids varies by anatomical region and may be an exposure-modifying factor for beryllium particle dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Evaluation of a preventive program to reduce sensitization at a beryllium metal, oxide, and alloy production plant. J Occup Environ Med 2010; 52:505-12. [PMID: 20431418 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3181d6c338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated a workplace preventive program's effectiveness, which emphasized skin and respiratory protection, workplace cleanliness, and beryllium migration control in lowering beryllium sensitization. METHODS We compared sensitization prevalence and incidence rates for workers hired before and after the program using available cross sectional and longitudinal surveillance data. RESULTS Sensitization prevalence was 8.9% for the Pre-Program Group and 2.1% for the Program Group. The sensitization incidence rate was 3.7/1000 person-months for the Pre-Program Group and 1.7/1000 person-months for the Program Group. After making adjustments for potential selection and information bias, sensitization prevalence for the Pre-Program Group was 3.8 times higher (95% CI = 1.5 to 9.3) than the Program Group. The sensitization incidence rate ratio comparing the Pre-Program Group to the Program Group was 1.6 (95% CI = 0.8 to 3.6). CONCLUSIONS This preventive program reduced the prevalence of but did not eliminate beryllium sensitization.
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McCleskey TM, Scott BL. Beryllium and strong hydrogen bonds. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:751-757. [PMID: 19894176 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903025574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We compare beryllium to H+ and show that beryllium can displace H+ in many "strong hydrogen bonds" where Be as a "tetrahedral proton" (O-Be-O angle is tetrahedral as opposed to the nearly linear O-H-O angle) is thermodynamically preferred. The strong hydrogen bond provides two advantages. First, the O-X distance in a strong hydrogen bond is in the range 2.4-2.8 A, which brings two oxygen atoms into a predefined chelating binding site for beryllium. Second, the strong hydrogen bond provides a low barrier pathway to displace the proton without breaking a strong covalent O-H bond by shifting the proton to the more acidic site as Be interacts with the basic oxygen. The low barrier to proton transfer associated with a strong hydrogen bond provides a kinetic pathway for Be binding, and the binding strength increases with the increasing basicity of the site as indicated by the pKa. The physiological importance of this type of interaction is demonstrated with the solubility of a variety of Be complexes at pH 7. Based on this concept, new ligands have been designed for Be binding that solubilize Be in phosphate media and can be used as fluorescent imaging agents. Finally, the binding of Be to the iron transport protein transferrin is discussed as it relates to the same type of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mark McCleskey
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
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McCawley M. A rationale for sampling deposited submicrometer beryllium particulate matter. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2009; 6:789-793. [PMID: 19894182 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903430600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The established particle size-selective criteria are based on the probability of an aerosol penetrating into the lung rather than depositing. For submicrometer particulate matter, penetration is a constant 100%, while deposition fluctuates. The deposited submicrometer particulate criterion has been suggested as a more appropriate measure of exposure for particles less than 1 mu m in size. There is some preliminary evidence that these smaller particles may be of significance for chronic beryllium disease. It has also been suggested that particle number might provide a better surrogate of exposure than total mass for beryllium sampling. There are two basic approaches that can be used for sampling for a deposition based criterion. The first is to determine the overall size distribution and apply a deposition factor based on the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation to the total amount of material collected. The second approach is to have specifically designed equipment for the deposition criterion of interest. This second approach is more practical, and methods are available and are being developed to make it available to the hygienist. Although there are reasons to believe that submicrometer-deposited beryllium particles are associated with the risk of beryllium disease, these measures need to be made so that epidemiologists will have the data available to fully confirm their relevance. Where the data already exist, epidemiologists need to be aware that there is evidence supporting using it their analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McCawley
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
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Tarantino-Hutchison LM, Sorrentino C, Nadas A, Zhu Y, Rubin EM, Tinkle SS, Weston A, Gordon T. Genetic determinants of sensitivity to beryllium in mice. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:130-5. [PMID: 19589099 DOI: 10.1080/15476910902977399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an irreversible, debilitating granulomatous lung disease is caused by exposure to beryllium. This occupational hazard occurs in primary production and machining of Be-metal, BeO, beryllium - containing alloys, and other beryllium products. CBD begins as an MHC Class II-restricted, T(H)1 hypersensitivity, and the Human Leukocyte Antigen, HLA-DPB1E(69), is associated with risk of developing CBD. Because inbred strains of mice have not provided good models of CBD to date, three strains of HLA-DPB1 transgenic mice in an FVB/N background were developed; each contains a single allele of HLA-DPB1 that confers a different magnitude of risk for chronic beryllium disease: HLA-DPB1*0401 (OR approximately 0.2), HLA-DPB1*0201 (OR approximately 3), and HLA-DPB1*1701 (OR approximately 46). The mouse ear swelling test (MEST) was employed to determine if these different alleles would support a hypersensitivity response to beryllium. Mice were first sensitized on the back and subsequently challenged on the ear. In separate experiments, mice were placed into one of three groups (sensitization/challenge): C/C, C/Be, and Be/Be. In the HLA-DPB1*1701 mice, the strain with the highest risk transgene, the Be/Be group was the only group that displayed significant maximum increased ear thickness of 19.6% +/- 3.0% over the baseline measurement (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the other transgenic strains for any treatment condition. In addition, inter-strain differences in response to beryllium in seven inbred strains were investigated through use of the MEST, these included: FVB/N, AKR, Balb/c, C3H/HeJ, C57/BL6, DBA/2, and SJL/J. The FVB/N strain was least responsive, while the SJL/J and C57/BL6 strains were the highest responders. Our results suggest that the HLA-DPB1*1701 transgene product is an important risk factor for induction of the beryllium-sensitive phenotype. This model should be a useful tool for investigating beryllium sensitization.
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Mroz MM, Maier LA, Strand M, Silviera L, Newman LS. Beryllium lymphocyte proliferation test surveillance identifies clinically significant beryllium disease. Am J Ind Med 2009; 52:762-73. [PMID: 19681064 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace surveillance identifies chronic beryllium disease (CBD) but it remains unknown over what time frame mild CBD will progress to a more severe form. METHODS We examined physiology and treatment in 229 beryllium sensitization (BeS) and 171 CBD surveillance-identified cases diagnosed from 1982 to 2002. Never smoking CBD cases (81) were compared to never smoking BeS patients (83) to assess disease progression. We compared CBD machinists to non-machinists to examine effects of exposure. RESULTS At baseline, CBD and BeS cases did not differ significantly in exposure time or physiology. CBD patients were more likely to have machined beryllium. Of CBD cases, 19.3% went on to require oral immunosuppressive therapy. At 30 years from first exposure, measures of gas exchange were significantly worse and total lung capacity was lower for CBD subjects. Machinists had faster disease progression as measured by pulmonary function testing and gas exchange. CONCLUSIONS Medical surveillance for CBD identifies individuals at significant risk of disease progression and impairment with sufficient time since first exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Mroz
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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Thomas CA, Bailey RL, Kent MS, Deubner DC, Kreiss K, Schuler CR. Efficacy of a program to prevent beryllium sensitization among new employees at a copper-beryllium alloy processing facility. Public Health Rep 2009; 124 Suppl 1:112-24. [PMID: 19618813 DOI: 10.1177/00333549091244s113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2000, 7% of workers at a copper-beryllium facility were beryllium sensitized. Risk was associated with work near a wire annealing/pickling process. The facility then implemented a preventive program including particle migration control, respiratory and dermal protection, and process enclosure. We assessed the program's efficacy in preventing beryllium sensitization. METHODS In 2000, the facility began testing new hires (program workers) with beryllium lymphocyte proliferation tests (BeLPTs) at hire and at intervals during employment. We compared sensitization incidence rates (IRs) and prevalence rates for workers hired before the program (legacy workers) with rates for program workers, including program worker subgroups. We also examined trends in BeLPTs from a single laboratory. RESULTS In all, five of 43 legacy workers (IR = 3.8/1,000 person-months) and three of 82 program workers (IR = 1.9/1,000 person-months) were beryllium sensitized, for an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5, 10.1). Two of 37 pre-enclosure program workers (IR = 2.4/1,000 person-months) and one of 45 post-enclosure program workers (IR = 1.4/1,000 person-months) were beryllium sensitized, for IRRs of 1.6 (95% CI 0.3, 11.9) and 2.8 (95% CI 0.4, 66.2), respectively, compared with legacy workers. Test for trend in prevalence rates was significant. Among 2,159 first-draw BeLPTs during 95 months, we identified seven months when high numbers of redraws were required, with one possible misclassification in this facility. CONCLUSIONS Fewer workers became sensitized after implementation of the preventive program. However, low statistical power due to the facility's small workforce prevents a definitive conclusion about the program's efficacy. These findings have implications for other copper-beryllium facilities, where program components may merit application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Thomas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, Field Studies Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd., MS-2800, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Cummings KJ, Stefaniak AB, Virji MA, Kreiss K. A reconsideration of acute Beryllium disease. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:1250-6. [PMID: 19672405 PMCID: PMC2721869 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is clearly an immune-mediated granulomatous reaction to beryllium, acute beryllium disease (ABD) is commonly considered an irritative chemical phenomenon related to high exposures. Given reported new cases of ABD and projected increased demand for beryllium, we aimed to reevaluate the patho physiologic associations between ABD and CBD using two cases identified from a survey of beryllium production facility workers. CASE PRESENTATION Within weeks after exposure to beryllium fluoride began, two workers had systemic illness characterized by dermal and respiratory symptoms and precipitous declines in pulmonary function. Symptoms and pulmonary function abnormalities improved with cessation of exposure and, in one worker, recurred with repeat exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analyses and blood beryllium lymphocyte proliferation tests revealed lymphocytic alveolitis and cellular immune recognition of beryllium. None of the measured air samples exceeded 100 microg/m(3), and most were < 10 microg/m(3), lower than usually described. In both cases, lung biopsy about 18 months after acute illness revealed noncaseating granulomas. Years after first exposure, the workers left employment because of CBD. DISCUSSION Contrary to common understanding, these cases suggest that ABD and CBD represent a continuum of disease, and both involve hypersensitivity reactions to beryllium. Differences in disease presentation and progression are likely influenced by the solubility of the beryllium compound involved. RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE ABD may occur after exposures lower than the high concentrations commonly described. Prudence dictates limitation of further beryllium exposure in both ABD and CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J Cummings
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Harber P, Bansal S, Balmes J. Progression from beryllium exposure to chronic beryllium disease: an analytic model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:970-974. [PMID: 19590692 PMCID: PMC2702415 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the progression from beryllium exposure (BeE) to chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is essential for optimizing screening and early intervention to prevent CBD. METHODS We developed an analytic markov model of progression to cbd that assigns annual probabilities for progression through three states: from BeE to beryllium sensitization and then to CBD. We used calculations of the number in each state over time to assess which of several alternative progression models are most consistent with the limited available empirical data on prevalence and incidence. We estimated cost-effectiveness of screening considering both incremental (cost/case) and cumulative program costs. RESULTS No combination of parameters for a simple model in which risk of progression remains constant over time can meet the empirical constraints of relatively frequent early cases and continuing development of new cases with long latencies. Modeling shows that the risk of progression is initially high and then declines over time. Also, it is likely that there are at least two populations that differ significantly in risk. The cost-effectiveness of repetitive screening declines over time, although new cases will still be found with long latencies. However, screening will be particularly cost-effective when applied to persons with long latencies who have not been previously screened. CONCLUSIONS To optimize use of resources, the intensity of screening should decrease over time. Estimation of lifetime cumulative CBD risk should consider the declining risk of progression over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Harber
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA.
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Salehi F, Zayed J, Audusseau S, Muller C, Truchon G, Plamondon P, L'espérance G, Chevalier G, Mazer B. Immunological responses in C3H/HeJ mice following nose-only inhalation exposure to different sizes of beryllium metal particles. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:61-8. [PMID: 18980269 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beryllium is used in a wide variety of industries. Chronic beryllium disease is the most common occupational disease among workers following exposure to Be. The objective of this study was to determine the immunologic effects of two different particle sizes of Be metal, <2.5 microm (fine Be or Be-F) and <10 microm (inhalable Be or Be-I) on C3H/HeJ mice following 3 weeks of nose-only inhalation exposure at a target concentration of 250 microg m(-3). Mice were sacrificed either on day 28 or day 42 (Be-F group only) after exposure. The mass median aerodynamic diameter obtained in the inhalation chamber was 1.5 +/- 0.1 microm for Be-F and 4.1 +/- 0.6 microm for Be-I. Results showed peri-bronchial inflammation with early granulomatous changes in exposed mice. The extent of the inflammation appeared more severe for mice sacrificed at day 42. Splenocyte proliferation was higher for mice exposed to fine particles compared with Be-I and control animals. Flow-cytometric analysis indicated a significantly greater expression of CD4(+), CD8(+) and intracellular IFN-gamma expression for both Be particle sizes, particularly for fine particles. Cytokine assays of bronchoalveolar lavage revealed significantly greater levels of IL-12, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma for mice exposed to fine particles. Our findings suggest that exposure to fine particles may induce more pronounced immunological effects than inhalable particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Salehi
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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Ding J, Lin L, Hang W, Yan X. Beryllium uptake and related biological effects studied in THP-1 differentiated macrophages. Metallomics 2009; 1:471-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b913265a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cumulative Sensitization and Disease in a Beryllium Oxide Ceramics Worker Cohort. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50:1343-50. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31818def24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cher DJ, Deubner DC, Kelsh MA, Chapman PS, Ray RM. Assessment of the Beryllium Lymphocyte Proliferation Test Using Statistical Process Control. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 18:901-10. [PMID: 16864408 DOI: 10.1080/08958370600822631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite more than 20 years of surveillance and epidemiologic studies using the beryllium blood lymphocyte proliferation test (BeBLPT) as a measure of beryllium sensitization (BeS) and as an aid for diagnosing subclinical chronic beryllium disease (CBD), improvements in specific understanding of the inhalation toxicology of CBD have been limited. Although epidemiologic data suggest that BeS and CBD risks vary by process/work activity, it has proven difficult to reach specific conclusions regarding the dose-response relationship between workplace beryllium exposure and BeS or subclinical CBD. One possible reason for this uncertainty could be misclassification of BeS resulting from variation in BeBLPT testing performance. The reliability of the BeBLPT, a biological assay that measures beryllium sensitization, is unknown. To assess the performance of four laboratories that conducted this test, we used data from a medical surveillance program that offered testing for beryllium sensitization with the BeBLPT. The study population was workers exposed to beryllium at various facilities over a 10-year period (1992-2001). Workers with abnormal results were offered diagnostic workups for CBD. Our analyses used a standard statistical technique, statistical process control (SPC), to evaluate test reliability. The study design involved a repeated measures analysis of BeBLPT results generated from the company-wide, longitudinal testing. Analytical methods included use of (1) statistical process control charts that examined temporal patterns of variation for the stimulation index, a measure of cell reactivity to beryllium; (2) correlation analysis that compared prior perceptions of BeBLPT instability to the statistical measures of test variation; and (3) assessment of the variation in the proportion of missing test results and how time periods with more missing data influenced SPC findings. During the period of this study, all laboratories displayed variation in test results that were beyond what would be expected due to chance alone. Patterns of test results suggested that variations were systematic. We conclude that laboratories performing the BeBLPT or other similar biological assays of immunological response could benefit from a statistical approach such as SPC to improve quality management.
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Scott BL, McCleskey TM, Chaudhary A, Hong-Geller E, Gnanakaran S. The bioinorganic chemistry and associated immunology of chronic beryllium disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2837-47. [PMID: 18566702 PMCID: PMC4793722 DOI: 10.1039/b718746g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a debilitating, incurable, and often fatal disease that is caused by the inhalation of beryllium particulates. The growing use of beryllium in the modern world, in products ranging from computers to dental prosthetics (390 tons of beryllium in the US in the year 2000) necessitates a molecular based understanding of the disease in order to prevent and cure CBD. We have investigated the molecular basis of CBD at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the past six years, employing a multidisciplinary approach of bioinorganic chemistry and immunology. The results of this work, including speciation, inhalation and dissolution, and immunology will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Scott
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - T. Mark McCleskey
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA
| | - Anu Chaudhary
- Biosciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - S. Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
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Rodrigues EG, McClean MD, Weinberg J, Pepper LD. Beryllium sensitization and lung function among former workers at the Nevada Test Site. Am J Ind Med 2008; 51:512-23. [PMID: 18459143 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beryllium use at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) was not acknowledged until the late 1990's. Subsequently, the ongoing U.S. DOE funded medical screening program, which began in 1998, started testing former workers of the NTS for beryllium sensitization (BeS) in 2001 to identify individuals who may be at higher risk of developing chronic beryllium disease (CBD). METHODS An observational study was conducted to identify work-related factors associated with the odds of having BeS. Work history questionnaires were administered and principal components analysis was used to identify categories of related tasks associated with BeS. RESULTS Of the 1,786 former workers tested for BeS, 23 had a confirmed positive result. An increased risk of BeS was found among workers who performed cleanup (OR = 2.68, 95% CI: 1.10, 6.56) and those who worked in Building B where beryllium parts were machined (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 1.02, 6.19), though no significant increased risk was found when categories of related tasks were used. Additionally, the number of years worked at the NTS was associated with increased risk of BeS. There was no difference in pulmonary function, chest X-ray abnormalities, or respiratory symptoms between those who were sensitized and normal. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of BeS among former workers of the NTS who participated in our screening program was 1.3%. Former workers who performed specific job tasks may be at greater risk of developing BeS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema G Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA. er
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Wambach PF, Laul J. Beryllium health effects, exposure limits and regulatory requirements. ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchas.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Michaels D, Monforton C. Beryllium's public relations problem: protecting workers when there is no safe exposure level. Public Health Rep 2008; 123:79-88. [PMID: 18348484 DOI: 10.1177/003335490812300112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Michaels
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Health Services, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Stefaniak AB, Chipera SJ, Day GA, Sabey P, Dickerson RM, Sbarra DC, Duling MG, Lawrence RB, Stanton ML, Scripsick RC. Physicochemical characteristics of aerosol particles generated during the milling of beryllium silicate ores: implications for risk assessment. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:1468-1481. [PMID: 18836922 DOI: 10.1080/15287390802349883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of beryllium dusts generated during milling of ores and cutting of beryl-containing gemstones is associated with development of beryllium sensitization and low prevalence of chronic beryllium disease (CBD). Inhalation of beryllium aerosols generated during primary beryllium production and machining of the metal, alloys, and ceramics are associated with sensitization and high rates of CBD, despite similar airborne beryllium mass concentrations among these industries. Understanding the physicochemical properties of exposure aerosols may help to understand the differential immunopathologic mechanisms of sensitization and CBD and lead to more biologically relevant exposure standards. Properties of aerosols generated during the industrial milling of bertrandite and beryl ores were evaluated. Airborne beryllium mass concentrations among work areas ranged from 0.001 microg/m(3) (beryl ore grinding) to 2.1 microg/m(3) (beryl ore crushing). Respirable mass fractions of airborne beryllium-containing particles were < 20% in low-energy input operation areas (ore crushing, hydroxide product drumming) and > 80% in high-energy input areas (beryl melting, beryl grinding). Particle specific surface area decreased with processing from feedstock ores to drumming final product beryllium hydroxide. Among work areas, beryllium was identified in three crystalline forms: beryl, poorly crystalline beryllium oxide, and beryllium hydroxide. In comparison to aerosols generated by high-CBD risk primary production processes, aerosol particles encountered during milling had similar mass concentrations, generally lower number concentrations and surface area, and contained no identifiable highly crystalline beryllium oxide. One possible explanation for the apparent low prevalence of CBD among workers exposed to beryllium mineral dusts may be that characteristics of the exposure material do not contribute to the development of lung burdens sufficient for progression from sensitization to CBD. In comparison to high-CBD risk exposures where the chemical nature of aerosol particles may confer higher bioavailability, respirable ore dusts likely confer considerably less. While finished product beryllium hydroxide particles may confer bioavailability similar to that of high-CBD risk aerosols, physical exposure factors (i.e., large particle sizes) may limit development of alveolar lung burdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA.
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Wambach PF. Comments on the choice of exposure metrics as risk indicators. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2007; 4:D103-4; author reply D104-8. [PMID: 17763067 DOI: 10.1080/15459620701583535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
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49
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McCanlies EC, Schuler CR, Kreiss K, Frye BL, Ensey JS, Weston A. TNF-alpha polymorphisms in chronic beryllium disease and beryllium sensitization. J Occup Environ Med 2007; 49:446-52. [PMID: 17426528 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31803b9499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent cytokine involved in normal immune functions. The aim of this study was to investigate if there is an association between chronic beryllium disease or beryllium sensitization and two variants of the TNF-alpha gene located at -308 and -238 called TNF-alpha-308*02 and TNF-alpha-238*02. METHODS TNF-alpha-308 and TNF-alpha-238 genotyping was conducted in a large, population-based cohort consisting of 886 beryllium workers (92 individuals with chronic beryllium disease, 64 who were beryllium sensitized, and 730 individuals without sensitization or disease). RESULTS The odds of chronic beryllium disease in the presence of at least one TNF-alpha-308*02 or TNF-alpha-238*02 allele was not significant (OR=1.0; 95% CI=0.7, 1.7 and OR=0.8; 95% CI=0.4, 1.6). This was true regardless of whether a worker was homozygous or heterozygous for TNF-alpha-308*02 or TNF-alpha-238*02. Similarly, neither allele was associated with sensitization (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Unlike an earlier report, there was no association between these specific TNF-alpha alleles and either chronic beryllium disease or sensitization to beryllium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C McCanlies
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA. EIM4@CDC/GOV
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Madl AK, Unice K, Brown JL, Kolanz ME, Kent MS. Exposure-response analysis for beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease among workers in a beryllium metal machining plant. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2007; 4:448-66. [PMID: 17474035 DOI: 10.1080/15459620701354747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The current occupational exposure limit (OEL) for beryllium has been in place for more than 50 years and was believed to be protective against chronic beryllium disease (CBD) until studies in the 1990s identified beryllium sensitization (BeS) and subclinical CBD in the absence of physical symptoms. Inconsistent sampling and exposure assessment methodologies have often prevented the characterization of a clear exposure-response relationship for BeS and CBD. Industrial hygiene (3831 personal lapel and 616 general area samples) and health surveillance data from a beryllium machining facility provided an opportunity to reconstruct worker exposures prior to the ascertainment of BeS or the diagnosis of CBD. Airborne beryllium concentrations for different job titles were evaluated, historical trends of beryllium levels were compared for pre- and postengineering control measures, and mean and upper bound exposure estimates were developed for workers identified as beryllium sensitized or diagnosed with subclinical or clinical CBD. Five approaches were used to reconstruct historical exposures of each worker: industrial hygiene data were pooled by year, job title, era of engineering controls, and the complete work history (lifetime weighted average) prior to diagnosis. Results showed that exposure metrics based on shorter averaging times (i.e., year vs. complete work history) better represented the upper bound worker exposures that could have contributed to the development of BeS or CBD. Results showed that beryllium-sensitized and CBD workers were exposed to beryllium concentrations greater than 0.2 microg/m3 (95th percentile), and 90% were exposed to concentrations greater than 0.4 microg/m3 (95th percentile) within a given year of their work history. Based on this analysis, BeS and CBD generally occurred as a result of exposures greater than 0.4 microg/m3 and maintaining exposures below 0.2 microg/m3 95% of the time may prevent BeS and CBD in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- ChemRisk, Inc.. San Francisco, California 94105, USA.
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